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India-Pakistan Dialogue: Bringing the Society In INDIA-PAKISTAN DIALOGUE: BRINGING THE SOCIETY IN The Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS) is an independent, non-profit and non-governmental organization for collaborative research, networking and interaction on strategic and international issues pertaining to South Asia. Set up in 1992, the RCSS is based in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The RCSS is a South Asian forum for studies, training and multi-track dialogue and deliberation on issues of regional interest. All activities of RCSS are designed with a South Asia focus and are usually participated by experts from all South Asian countries. The Centre is envisaged as a forum for advancing the cause of cooperation, security, conflict resolution, confidence building, peace and development in the countries of the South Asian region. The RCSS serves its South Asian and international constituency by: (a) networking programmes that promote interaction, communication and exchange between institutions and individuals within and outside the region engaged in South Asian strategic studies; (b) organizing regional workshops and seminars and sponsoring and coordinating collaborative research; and (c) disseminating output of the research through publications which include books, monographs and a quarterly newsletter. The RCSS facilitates scholars and other professionals of South Asia to address, mutually and collectively, problems and issues of topical interest for all countries of the region. Queries may be addressed to: Regional Centre for Strategic Studies 410/27 Bauddhaloka Mawatha Colombo 7 SRI LANKA Tel: (94-11) 2690913-4 Fax: 2690769; e-mail: [email protected] RCSS website: http://www.rcss.org RCSS Policy Studies 39 India Pakistan Dialogue: Bringing the Society in ASMA-UL-HUSNA FAIZ REGIONAL CENTRE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES COLOMBO Published by Regional Centre for Strategic Studies 410/27, Bauddhaloka Mawatha Colombo 7, Sri Lanka. Tel: (94-11) 2690913/4 Fax: (94-11) 2690769 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.rcss.org © Regional Centre for Strategic Studies, 2007 First published 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form Or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Regional Centre for Strategic Studies. It is distributed with the understanding that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise be sold, lent, hired or otherwise circulated without the prior consent of the RCSS. Views expressed in materials published in RCSS Policy Studies are of contributors, and not necessarily of the Regional Centre for Strategic Studies. ISBN 978-955-8051-35-1 Printed at Design Systems (Pvt) Ltd. 23/1, 1st Maligakanda Lane Colombo 10, Sri Lanka Contents Acknowledgements I Introduction 09 II Towards a Conceptual Framework 14 III Conflict and Conflict Resolution in South Asia 52 IV Dialogue between India and Pakistan: Theory and Practice 83 V Citizen Diplomacy: Case of India and Pakistan 111 VI Conclusion 153 Endnotes 159 RCSS is grateful to the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) for its generous support of the RCSS-NTI Award on which this report is based. Acknowledgements This study is the outcome of a research grant that I received from the Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS) and the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) in March 2005. I am grateful to Prof. Sridhar Khatri and RCSS for giving me an opportunity to undertake this study. I appreciate the generous contribution of all the citizen peace activists who shared their experiences with me and thus provided an insight into the operational dynamics of the peace process to enrich this study. God has been very kind to me in giving me strength to overcome all the obstacles. The support extended by my family, friends and colleagues at the Area Study Center, Quaid-i-Azam University, is priceless. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, teacher and mentor Prof. Mohammad Waseem. This study would not have been possible without his guidance, kindness and patience. CHAPTER I Introduction This study aims to evaluate the contribution of citizen diplomacy to the Indo-Pakistan peace process. The linkage patterns, effectiveness, and impact of people power on conflict resolution and peace building in South Asia are the focal points of this project. The last two decades have seen the rise of people- to-people contact between India and Pakistan. Various non-state elements such as the business community, media, and prominent citizens like entertainment and sports celebrities have increasingly interacted with each other in various manners. We plan to develop an understanding of the impact of people-to-people contact on Indo-Pakistan relations. In this regard, we shall analyse the origin, development, working, efficacy and challenge of citizen peace initiatives to facilitate normalization of relations between India and Pakistan. We shall explore a variety of concepts and approaches to conflict resolution and peace building developed by peace theorists. As the roots of citizen peace activism are often found in the failure of official and semi-official processes to produce any improvement in the situation, we shall look into Track One and Two diplomacy in South Asia and discuss their failures. This project is an attempt to understand the theory and practice of citizen diplomacy in the context of Indo-Pakistan relations. The Indian and Pakistani governments revived the Composite Dialogue Process in 2004. This process includes a number of confidence-building measures (CBMs), such as the return of diplomatic missions to full strength, restoration of sports ties, resumption of travel links, and exchange of visits by parliamentarians, businessmen, journalists, writers, artists, academics and students. A bus service between the Indian- and Pakistani-controlled Kashmir was started in April 2005. It was hailed as an important CBM, only 10 India-Pakistan Dialogue: Bringing the Society in disrupted by the devastating earthquake of 8 October 2005. Lately, the rail link between Khokhrapar in Pakistan and Munnabao in India was revived after a break of four decades. The Indian and Pakistani governments recently held talks on the proposed Iran– India gas pipeline project which would further the process of trust- building between the two sides. There appears to be a change in the official postures of India and Pakistan after decades of hostility. It is essential that new academic research is conducted into various aspects of the current trend towards peacemaking in South Asia. We aim to develop a perspective on the challenges of peace building between India and Pakistan. This monograph seeks to analyse the influence and contribution of citizen diplomacy to the Indo-Pakistan dialogue. There has been an evident rise in popular interaction in South Asia during the last two decades, a new factor in Indo-Pakistan relations. As we witness the increasing people-to-people interaction, there has been a parallel process of official efforts at conflict resolution and reconciliation. We shall attempt to develop a linkage between the two phenomena as we examine the trend of citizen peace activism in South Asia. The current negotiations between India and Pakistan enjoy widespread legitimacy amongst the people. There is tremendous pressure on the governments in India and Pakistan to sustain this process. The citizen peace community has grown significantly during the last two decades. There is strong linkage between popular peace activism and the melting of ice between the two governments. It is only pertinent that this phenomenon be studied by the academics of South Asia. To date, this development has received scant consideration in the discourses on South Asian politics. The present project is an effort to fill a void in the current debate on South Asia by understanding the potential of citizen peace initiatives. This is especially true for Pakistan, where hardly any research into the dimensions of Track Three diplomacy has been conducted in a systematic way. In other words, this study endeavours to study a critical and as yet not-fully- explored aspect of the Indo-Pakistan dialogue. There has been increase in the pressure put on the two governments by external parties and the civil society to show Introduction 11 restraint and flexibility in their pursuit of strategic goals. The end of the Cold War led to peace building and cooperation in various regions around the world. But the Cold War in South Asia continued unremittingly. Indo-Pakistan relations gained added significance in the aftermath of the 1998 nuclear tests. The campaign for peace gained momentum due to the shadow of nuclear weapons hanging over the subcontinent. Moreover, the arms race between the two is a direct consequence of the unsettled disputes. In order for stability and prosperity to prevail in South Asia, a successful resolution of disputes is indispensable. This project seeks to explore the challenges of peace building in South Asia from outside the regular channels of state-to-state dialogues. The current dialogue between India and Pakistan appears to be the best opportunity for peace in a long time. The process enjoys enormous popular support. It is true that the conflicts between India and Pakistan are enormously complex. However, the current dialogue is unique due to the tremendous participation of the civil society through people- to-people contact. At present, the Indo-Pakistan dialogue is taking place at various levels in the form of Track One, Track Two, and Track Three diplomacy. The Track Three process is far from a high- profile exchange of ideas and persons. Instead, this society-based dialogue is a long-term process, aiming at gradual normalization of relations between the two nations. It is high time that this novel development be subjected to serious academic inquiry. This study relies on the concepts, theories and frameworks developed by theorists in dealing with issues of conflict resolution and peace building.
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