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Amber with Mite Inclusion
Editor Nathan Renfro Contributing Editors Elise A. Skalwold and John I. Koivula The purpose of this new quarterly column in Gems & may seem elusive, even daunting. Continual practice, care- Gemology is to encourage the appreciation of inclusions ful observation, and patience will refine both technique and in forensic gemology and to help build the observational interpretive prowess for both new and experienced inclu- skill set of the practicing gemologist. By providing concise sionists. Observation through the microscope serves as the information and vividly clear photomicrographs and pho- very foundation for many conclusions drawn on a speci- tomacrographs of new or otherwise interesting inclusion men. This can include identification, treatment detection, specimens, the column aims to narrow the knowledge gap separation of natural and synthetic materials, and geo- between advanced inclusionists and gemologists working graphic origin—even secrets of a gem’s genesis and the se- in mainstream general practice. crets of the earth’s depths may ultimately be revealed. The micro-world of gems lies at the very core of gemol- In building proficiency of the micro-world through this ogy. Sometimes its nature contributes to the allure of a column, readers will also expand their personal knowledge gem, as is the case with such coveted gems as sunstones, base and ability with a microscope. Mastery of microscopy, star sapphires, and cat’s-eye chrysoberyls. At other times combined with at least a basic grasp of mineralogy, is es- that world may seem a dreadful distraction to an otherwise sential for understanding the nature of gems and the geo- beautiful, marketable specimen. -
Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals in the Beo
American Mineralogist, Volwne 71, pages 277-300, 1986 Phaseequilibria and thermodynamic properties of mineralsin the BeO-AlrO3-SiO2-H2O(BASH) system,with petrologicapplications Mlnx D. B.qnroN Department of Earth and SpaceSciences, University of California, Los Angeles,Los Angeles,California 90024 Ansrru,cr The phase relations and thermodynamic properties of behoite (Be(OH)r), bertrandite (BeoSirOr(OH)J, beryl (BerAlrSiuO,r),bromellite (BeO), chrysoberyl (BeAl,Oo), euclase (BeAlSiOo(OH)),and phenakite (BerSiOo)have been quantitatively evaluatedfrom a com- bination of new phase-equilibrium, solubility, calorimetric, and volumetric measurements and with data from the literature. The resulting thermodynamic model is consistentwith natural low-variance assemblagesand can be used to interpret many beryllium-mineral occurTences. Reversedhigh-pressure solid-media experimentslocated the positions of four reactions: BerAlrSiuO,,: BeAlrOo * BerSiOo+ 5SiO, (dry) 20BeAlSiOo(OH): 3BerAlrsi6or8+ TBeAlrOo+ 2BerSiOn+ l0HrO 4BeAlSiOo(OH)+ 2SiOr: BerAlrSiuO,,+ BeAlrOo+ 2H2O BerAlrSiuO,,+ 2AlrSiOs : 3BeAlrOa + 8SiO, (water saturated). Aqueous silica concentrationswere determined by reversedexperiments at I kbar for the following sevenreactions: 2BeO + H4SiO4: BerSiOo+ 2H2O 4BeO + 2HoSiOo: BeoSirO'(OH),+ 3HrO BeAlrOo* BerSiOo+ 5H4Sio4: Be3AlrSiuOr8+ loHro 3BeAlrOo+ 8H4SiO4: BerAlrSiuOrs+ 2AlrSiO5+ l6HrO 3BerSiOo+ 2AlrSiO5+ 7H4SiO4: 2BerAlrSiuOr8+ l4H2o aBeAlsioloH) + Bersio4 + 7H4sio4:2BerAlrsiuors + 14Hro 2BeAlrOo+ BerSiOo+ 3H4SiOo: 4BeAlSiOr(OH)+ 4HrO. -
Tiger's Eye Is Not a Pseudomorph Glenn Morita in the Early 1800’S, Mineralogists Recognized That Tiger’S Eye Was a Fibrous Variey of Quartz
Minutes of the 05/20/03 Westside Board Meeting VP Stu Earnst opened the meeting at 7:31pm. Treasurer’s report read by Kathy Earnst. Minutes approved as published in the newsletter. Old business: Lease on Walker valley discussed. The expiration notice was sent but we are not sure who it went to. We do not see any obstacle to renewal as communication between the council and DNR are open and ongoing. Special thanks, to DNR representative, Laurie Bergvall and DNR staff for their time and effort in hearing our concerns and working towards mutually beneficial solutions on the Walker Valley issues. Sign production is on hold until the sign committee decides where and what the signs will say. We have decided that they will not be on the gate but separate from it. There will be a gate going up at Walker Valley but we will have access to that lock and it will probably be a combo type of thing that we can easily give to other rockhound clubs going there. Talked about the possibility of posing the combo on website but that will depend on the type of gate they put up and what ends up being possible with the mechanics of that gate. New business: Thank you from Bob Pattie and Ed Lehman to Bruce Himko and AAA Printing for donation of the paper. Thank you to Danny Vandenberg for providing sample Walker Valley Material to DNR to show the value of the material we are trying to preserve and enjoy. Bob Pattie is pursuing with the retrieval of our state seized funds through the unclaimed property process. -
Fall 1996 Gems & Gemology Gem News
GEM Editors Mary L. Johnson and John I. Koivula Contributing Editors Dino DeGhionno, Robert C. Kammerling, Shane F, McClure, GIA GTL, Santa Monica, California Henry A. Hanni, SSEF, Basel, Switzerland Karl Schmetzer, Petershausen, Germany DIAMONDS plus other types, whereas type Da near-colorless natural Chatham synthetic "white" diamonds at JCK show. diamonds are relatively rare. Three years ago, Tom Chatham of Chatham Created Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF] spec- Gems, San Francisco, California, announced that he troscopy disclosed both iron (Fe)and germanium (Gel in would be marketing "white" synthetic diamonds from all four crystals. GIA Research had not previously detect- Russia for jewelry use. Although it took longer than he ed germanium in any diamond, natural or synthetic. originally anticipated, Mr. Chatham offered for sale a They suspect that Ge is being added to the growth envi- number of near-colorless synthetic diamond crystals at ronment of these crystals to prevent nitrogen from incor- the June 1996 JCK show in Las Vegas, Nevada. porating into the crystal structure of the synthetic dia- Mr. Chatham offered GLA Research a brief opportu- monds, as the nitrogen would color them yellow. nity to examine about 100 of these synthetic diamond Although all of these properties indicated that these crystals (which ranged from about 10 points to almost a samples were synthetics, conclusive proof was provided carat) before the show. Most were of small size and had most readily by the metallic inclusions, which were eye- too many inclusions for faceting. Research Associate visible in all four samples, and were easily identified with Sam Muhlmeister and Research Gemologist Shane Elen magnification. -
Taaffeite, a New Beryllium Mineral, Found As a Cut Gem- Stone.I
765 Taaffeite, a new beryllium mineral, found as a cut gem- stone.I By B. W. ANDERSON,B.Sc., F.C.S., C. J. PAYNE, B.Sc. Laboratory of the Diamond, Pearl, and Precious Stone Trade Section of the London Chamber of Commerce. and G. F. CLARINGBULL,B.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S. With microchemical analysis by M. H. HEY, M.A., D.Sc. Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. [Read June 7, 1951.] ------ N October 1945 Count Taaffe,2 a brilliant if unorthodox Dublin I gemmologist, in the course of examining a motley collection of gem- stones, came across a small mauve stone which puzzled him greatly. The stone had the appearance, and most of the characters, of spinel, but afforded clear evidence of double refraction. As recounted below, this stone was later found to belong to an entirely new mineral species-the only c~se hitherto known where a mineral has been first encountered as a faceted gem. Since the precise circumstances of such a discovery have both human and technical interest, it seemed best to obtain from Count Taaffe his own account of the event. This is accordingly given below before pro- ceeding to the more formal presentation of the data on the new mineral, which has been named taaffeite in honour of its discoverer. On one of my rounds in search of gems I came to Mr. Robert Dobbie, watchmaker and working jeweller in Fleet Street, Dublin; he allowed me in his genial way to go through all his boxes in which he kept stones, to pick out any that were real-most of them were glass-and to make him an offer for them. -
Compilation of Reported Sapphire Occurrences in Montana
Report of Investigation 23 Compilation of Reported Sapphire Occurrences in Montana Richard B. Berg 2015 Cover photo by Richard Berg. Sapphires (very pale green and colorless) concentrated by panning. The small red grains are garnets, commonly found with sapphires in western Montana, and the black sand is mainly magnetite. Compilation of Reported Sapphire Occurrences, RI 23 Compilation of Reported Sapphire Occurrences in Montana Richard B. Berg Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology MBMG Report of Investigation 23 2015 i Compilation of Reported Sapphire Occurrences, RI 23 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 Descriptions of Occurrences ..................................................................................................7 Selected Bibliography of Articles on Montana Sapphires ................................................... 75 General Montana ............................................................................................................75 Yogo ................................................................................................................................ 75 Southwestern Montana Alluvial Deposits........................................................................ 76 Specifi cally Rock Creek sapphire district ........................................................................ 76 Specifi cally Dry Cottonwood Creek deposit and the Butte area .................................... -
Pyrophyllite Solid Solutions in the System A|,O,-S|O,-H,O
American Minerulogist, Volume 59, pages 254-260, 1974 PyrophylliteSolid Solutions in the SystemA|,O,-S|O,-H,O Pnrr,rp E. RoseNnenc D ep art ment ol G eolo gy, 14as hing ton Stat e U nio er sity, P ullman, 14as hington 99 I 6 3 Abstract Pyrophyllite solid solutions have been synthesized in the system Al,O'-SiOr-H,O between 400' and 565'C at 2 kbar from a variety of starting materials using sealed gold tubes and conventional hydrothermal techniques. The duration of experiments was 3-9 weeks. Products were characterized by X-ray measurementsand by infrared spectroscopy. Appreciably larger basal spacings were observed for pyrophyllite synthesized from gels than for natural pyrophyllite; small amounts of quartz were present in these samples. Basal spacings of pyrophyllite synthesized from mixtures of kaolinite and quartz approach but do not equal those of natural pyrophyllite. Rehydroxylation of dehydroxylated pyrophyllite under hydrothermal conditions suggests that enlargement of basal spacings cannot be due to dehydroxylation. Substitution of the type Al"* + H* : Sia* is proposed to explain the observed variations. The coupled substitution of Al3* and (OH)- for Sin*and O- results in expanded basal spacingsdue largely to the formation of OH on the basal surface and in increased thermal stability due to the formation of H-bonds between oxygens in adjacent silica sheets.Analyses of natural pyrophyllite also suggest limited substitution of this type. Failure to recognize these substitutions in synthetic samples accounts, in part, for dis- crepancies in the reported thermal stability of pyrophyllite. Phase characterization, often lack- ing, is essentialin experimentalstudies of mineral stabilities. -
AMETHYSTINE CHALCEDONY by James E
NOTES ANDa NEW TECHNIQUES AMETHYSTINE CHALCEDONY By James E. Shigley and John I. Koivula A new amethystine chalcedony has been discovered in that this is one of the few reported occurrences Arizona. The material, marketed under the trade name where an amethyst-like, or amethystine, chalced- "Damsonite," is excellent for both jewelry and carv- ony has been found in quantities of gemological ings. The authors describe thegemological properties of importance (see Frondel, 1962). Popular gem this new type of chalcedony, and report the effects of hunters' guides, such as MacFall (1975) and heat treatment on it. Although this purple material is Anthony et al. (19821, describe minor occurrences apparently b.new color type of chalcedony, it has the same gemological properties as the other better-known in Arizona of banded purple agate, but give no types. It corresponds to a microcrystalline form of ame- indication of deposits of massive purple chalced- thyst which, when heat treated at approximately ony similar to that described here. This article 500°C becomes yellowish orange, as does some briefly summarizes the occurrence, gemological single-crystal amethyst. properties, and reaction to heat treatment of this material. LOCALITY AND OCCURRENCE The purple chalcedony described here has been Chalcedony is a microcrystalline form of quartz found at a single undisclosed locality in central that occurs in a wide variety of patterns and colors. Arizona. It was first noted as detrital fragments in Numerous types of chalcedony, such as chryso- the bed of a dry wash that cuts through a series of prase, onyx, carnelian, agate, and others, have been sedimentary rocks. -
Origin of Fibrosity and Banding in Agates from Flood Basalts: American Journal of Science, V
Agates: a literature review and Electron Backscatter Diffraction study of Lake Superior agates Timothy J. Beaster Senior Integrative Exercise March 9, 2005 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Arts degree from Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota. 2 Table of Contents AGATES: A LITERATURE REVEW………………………………………...……..3 Introduction………………....………………………………………………….4 Structural and compositional description of agates………………..………..6 Some problems concerning agate genesis………………………..…………..11 Silica Sources…………………………………………..………………11 Method of Deposition………………………………………………….13 Temperature of Formation…………………………………………….16 Age of Agates…………………………………………………………..17 LAKE SUPERIOR AGATES: AN ELECTRON BACKSCATTER DIFFRACTION (EBSD) ANALYSIS …………………………………………………………………..19 Abstract………………………………………………………………………...19 Introduction……………………………………………………………………19 Geologic setting………………………………………………………………...20 Methods……………………………………………………...…………………20 Results………………………………………………………….………………22 Discussion………………………………………………………………………26 Conclusions………………………………………………….…………………26 Acknowledgments……………………………………………………..………………28 References………………………………………………………………..……………28 3 Agates: a literature review and Electron Backscatter Diffraction study of Lake Superior agates Timothy J. Beaster Carleton College Senior Integrative Exercise March 9, 2005 Advisor: Cam Davidson 4 AGATES: A LITERATURE REVEW Introduction Agates, valued as semiprecious gemstones for their colorful, intricate banding, (Fig.1) are microcrystalline quartz nodules found in veins and cavities -
Spring 1982 Gems & Gemology
SPRING 1982 Volume 18 Number 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL 1 The Gems & Gemology Most Valuable Article Award Richard T. Lid~licoat,Ir. FEATURE 3 The Jade Enigma ARTICLES \ill M. Hobbs 20 Jade Forms from Ancient China Evelyn Tucker 32 Some Observations on the Treatment of Lavender Jadeite Iohn I. Koivula NOTES 36 Cultured 314 Blister Pearls AND NEW Robert Crowningshield TECHNIQUES 39 The Natural Formation and Occurrence of Green Quartz Xhomas R. Paradise REGULAR 43 Editorial Forum FEATURES 44 Gem Trade Lab Notes 50 Gemological Abstracts 58 Gem News ABOUT THE COVER: The jadeite necklace and earrings illustrated here give some indication of the beauty and mystery of this material. The identification of jade and some of its simulants is comprehensively examined in the article by ]ill Hobbs. The motifs that the Chinese have used for centuries to carve jade-for example, these earrings have been formed in the shape of a pi, a symbol of heaven-are reviewed in the article by Evelyn Tucker. The natural green jadeite beads are 30 inches (75 cm) long; the largest bead is 9.5 mm in diameter. The natural green jadeite earrings are 25 mm in diameter. Courtesy of the Crystalite Corporation. Photograph s?Y81 Harold and Erica Van Pelt-Photographers, Los Angeles, CA. Composition for Gems & Gemology is by Printed Page Graphics, Fullerton, CA. The color separations are by Effective Graphics, Compton, CA. Printing is by Waverly Press, Easton, MD. "1982 Gemological Institute of America. All rights reserved. ISSN 001 6-626X EDITORIAL Editor-in-Chief Managing Editor Editor, Gem Trade Lab Notes STAFF Richard T. -
Z Thornton Sep 14.Qxp
Fig 2. A late 19thC Scottish dirk brooch, with three Fig 5. A lava cameo bracelet, designed as a series tiered hardstone and smokey quartz panels, to the of oval-shape vari-shade cameos depicting various faceted smokey quartz terminal, with engraved profiles of gentlemen in period dress, some with detail. £200. laurel details. £190. Victorian Vintage Jewellery Fig 3. A selection of Scottish jewellery, to include a hardstone rectangular panel bracelet and twelve brooches, four brooches of thistle design, ten with and Accesories at Fellows marks to indicate silver. £180. By Zita Thornton Victorian jewellery was very well represented who were clamouring for cameos. Shell was at Fellows in May. The choice included Scottish softer and easier to carve and cameos could be agate pieces, cameos, lockets, momento and produced more quickly and cheaply. In the mid sentimental items. There was also a selection of nineteenth century a shell cameo was likely to decorative jewellery in gold or silver, set with cost around £1-£8 compared to a hardstone gems or carved from ivory, jet, jade and coral. cameo at £5-£40. Victorian cameo jewellery was Agate and other hardstone jewellery was a most often set into gold mounts with closed or favourite of the Victorians and was made in open backs. The more elaborate the setting, the Scotland using locally found stones. Bands of more expensive the cameo, then as now. Values coloured agate, carnelian or bloodstone would for a shell cameo in the Fellows sale reached be set, usually in silver, in traditional shapes £500, Fig 4, for a cameo brooch mounted in an such as an anchor or shield, or might encircle a elaborate 18ct gold surround with blue enamel cut stone such as smokey quartz. -
Crystal Chemistry
Crystal chemistry About a girl’s best friend - diamonds Diamonds, a crystalline form of the chemical element carbon, are the most romantic of crystals, given as symbols of love and permanence. They were first discovered around 800 BC in riverbeds in India. One of the world’s richest source of diamonds is South Africa, where they are mined from rock called ‘Kimberlite pipe’, named after the town Kimberley. Other countries rich in diamonds are Australia, Botswana, Zaire and the former Soviet Union. Diamonds formed in volcanic magma about 170 miles below the Earth’s surface, solidifying as the magma moved upwards and cooled. This took a long time! Diamond The Cullinan diamond, with a mass of 621.2 g, was the largest diamond ever found, mined in 1895. This was a bit big for one engagement ring, so it was decided to cut the diamond into smaller pieces. The diamond cutter spent months deciding how to go about the task, and apparently fainted with shock after first splitting the stone in two. He recovered, and finally nine large and 96 smaller diamonds were produced. The most famous large diamond, called ‘Cullinan I’ or the ‘Star of Africa’ is in the Royal Sceptre and can be seen on a visit to the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London. The Cullinan 1 Crown © / The Royal Collection © 2004, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Diamond is the hardest known substance, so can only be cut with a diamond-edged saw! Diamond mass is measured in ‘carats’. One carat is equal to 0.2 g.