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Comparing the Vascular Thromboembolic Events Following Zhou et al. BMC Nephrology (2018) 19:376 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-018-1166-0 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Comparing the vascular thromboembolic events following arteriovenous fistula in Chinese population with end-stage renal diseases receiving Clopidogrel versus Beraprost sodium therapy: a retrospective cohort study Yu Zhou1†, Ling Du2†,BoTu3, Qiquan Lai1, Xiaonan Du2†,BoXu4, Fan Zhang5, Mingdong Zhao6*, Ziming Wan1* and Jiajie Lai7* Abstract Background: To assess the time to first on-study vascular thromboembolic events (VTEs) of clopidogrel (CL) or beraprost sodium (BPS) in Chinese population with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with arteriovenous fistula (AVF) surgery. Methods: From Jan 2009 to May 2015, 346 ESRD cases suffering an AVF surgery and undergoing oral administration of 75 mg CL (initial dose of 300 mg), 1 time/day, for 4 weeks or 40 μg BPS, 3 times/day, for 4 weeks were retrospectively assessed. The primary outcome was time to first on-study VTE. Results: In total, 222 ESRD cases (CL, n = 112; BPS, n = 110) were assessed, with a median follow-up time of 38.1 months (range, 37–40 months). The mean time to first on-study VTE was 1.2 weeks (0.5–2.3) and 1.8 weeks (1.2–3.8) for CL and BPS, respectively (HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.16–1.45; P = 0.00). An increased incidence of VTEs was found during the 1th-month follow-up, with rates of 14.2 and 5.5% for CL and BPS, respectively (P = 0.03). The difference persisted over time, with rates of 24.1 and 11.8% at final follow-up, respectively (P = 0.02). Conclusion: CL with an increased risk of VTEs tended to have a VTE within the 1st month after cessation compared with BPS. Keywords: Clopidogrel, Beraprost sodium, Vascular thromboembolic event, Arteriovenous fistula, Chinese population * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] †Yu Zhou, Ling Du and Xiaonan Du contributed equally to this work. 6Department of Orthopaedics, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Longhang Road No. 1508, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China 1Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Youyi Road No.1, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China 7Department of Gynaecology and obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Huangpu East Road No. 183, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510700, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Zhou et al. BMC Nephrology (2018) 19:376 Page 2 of 7 Background clinical data which might lead to informative censoring Establishing and maintaining long-term vascular access is for time to first on-study VTEs; loss of follow-up; a prerequisite for hemodialysis in patients with end-stage interruption or modification of BPS or CL regimen; renal disease (ESRD) [1–4]. An ideal vascular access dropout owing to or severe infection; life expectancy less should provide sufficient blood flow for hemodialysis to than 2 years; concomitant mental illness; an American ensure the completion of hemodialysis procedures, as well Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of IV or V. Pa- as long enough use time and as few complications as tients would be censored at any time when they were loss possible, which is an important condition for sustaining to follow-up for the follow-up period, for whatever reason. long-term survival [5]. During the treatment of arterioven- Data collection for these cases was censored at completion ous fistula (AVF), it is possible that anastomotic embolism of the study. can often lead to failure of fistula [6, 7]. Therefore, long-term dialysis patients have to face treatment trouble Surgical technique and mental pain [8, 9]. ESRD patients are considered at Preoperatively, the arteries with strong fluctuation and increased risk for vascular thromboembolic events (VTEs) thick veins were marked. After local anesthesia, the lon- after an AVF surgery [6]. The use of antiplatelet medica- gitudinal incision of the skin was performed in the view tions, specifically clopidogrel (CL) and beraprost sodium of the microscope for 1.5–2 cm, following by exposure, (BPS), is steadily increasing [10, 11]. Previous studies show dissociation of cephalic vein and artery. The distal end that patients receiving either of these medications are at of the cephalic vein was ligated. After the expansion of decreased risk for VTEs after an AVF surgery, but the risk the proximal cephalic vein, the intravenous injection of in a large, generalizable Chinese population is unknown heparin saline is used to test whether the cephalic vein [12, 13]. To our knowledge, a direct comparison between is obstructed or not. The 45 ° Angle pruning of the anas- CL and BPS has rarely been reported in the previous litera- tomosis was performed. The peripheral membrane of ture. Despite poor efficacy in ESRD patients, BPS and CL the vascellum was clipped and the vascellum was repeat- remain promising options to decrease AVF-related VTEs. edly washed with heparin saline. The radial artery Nevertheless, several unanswered questions remain. between the vascular clamps was distended by injection The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of CL of heparin saline with a fine needle. The radial artery or BPS using time to first on-study VTEs as the primary was opened longitudinally with a sharp knife, about 4–5 endpoint in ESRD cases suffering an AVF surgery in mm in length. End-to-side continuous anastomosis of Chinese population to further improve the design of the the cephalic vein and radial artery was performed in line therapeutic regime. with relatively mature surgical techniques [15, 16]. Anas- tomoses were formed using 8.0 prolene. It should be Methods noted that blood vessels should not be warped or sub- Study population jected to pressure. During the suture process, the needle All ESRD cases who were diagnosed according to stand- spacing should be as consistent as possible. After the ard criteria [14] and underwent an AVF surgery, follow- completion of the anastomosis, the arterial clip was re- ing by peroral administration of 40 μg BPS(Beijing Ted leased and then clamped, followed by the intravenous Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., China, drug specifications: clip. After 5 min, all the vascular clips were released. A 20 μg), 3 times per day, for 1 month or 75 mg CL (initial small amount of blooding at the vascular anastomosis dose of 300 mg, Hangzhou Sanofi Pharmaceutical Co., point can be gently pressed to stop the bleeding. LTD., China, drug specifications: 75 mg), 1 time per day, for 1 month were identified from three medical centers Definitions of main descriptive variables (Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University; the First Affiliated The primary endpoint was time to first on-study VTEs. Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; the First Affiliated Hos- Prior to the start of the study, an Endpoint Judgment pital of Chongqing Medical University) between Jan 2009 Committee (EJC) that comprised of 3 independent and May 2015. Inclusion criteria: age ranging 20–50 years; ultrasound doctors who are not involved directly in the within 4 weeks prior to surgery, no cardiovascular-related study was established in each institution. VTEs were medications were applied in any case; dialysis was defined as an interruption of blood flow owing to performed for 3 times/week, 3~4 h/time. Main exclusion anastomosis-related stenosis or thrombus, which was criteria: chronic wasting disease; myelodysplastic syn- determined by an EJC based on colour Doppler ultra- drome; cardiovascular dynamic instability; coagulopathy; sonography. Primary patency at the anastomoses was hemorrhagic endovasculitis; a long-term history of defined as the interval from the time of access to any receiving the BPS or CL treatment; deterioration of renal intervention which involved in restoring or sustaining function during follow-up; co-occurring tumour; Child- patency. Patency was censored by three independent Turcotte-Pugh classification of C for liver function; ultrasound doctors at the date of on-study VTE survey. Zhou et al. BMC Nephrology (2018) 19:376 Page 3 of 7 A venous diameter greater than 5 mm can be adapted to in the CL-treated cohort. However, it failed to be ob- the need for dialysis and is not easily clogged. The served or was not apparent in the BPS-treated cohort. success rate of internal fistula = patency number/total num- During the 1st month after cessation, 6 patients (3/110) ber *100%. The analysis of the rate for time to first and had a VTE; during the 2nd month, 2 (2/110) underwent subsequent on-study VTEs is basedonanAndersen-Gill a VTE; from 3rd month to data cut-off, 5 (5/110) under- model [17]. Major bleeding events were defined as prior went a VTE. A decrease risk of VTEs by 47% was de- statements [18]. tected in BPS compared with CL (HR, 2.04; 95% CI 0.12–2.17; P = 0.001), as presented in Table 3 and Fig. 2. Statistical analysis The data up to the primary analysis cut-off were valid Adverse events data. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies A major bleeding event happened among 5.4% of and percentages. Quantitative variables are presented as CL-treated cohort; and such event occurred in 4.5% of either the mean +/− standard deviation (SD) or median BPS-treated cohorts (P = 0.78).
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