Roads & Transport Determination of the intervention point for rehabilitation of dense graded asphalt wearing courses – the Western Australian experience Martyn Glover

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Determination of the intervention point for rehabilitation of dense graded asphalt wearing courses – the Western Australian Experience.

Author: Martyn Glover

 Introduction  ,  Isolated City  2,138Km from Adelaide  5,441Km from Rotorua  Minimal research but good data  MRWA is central repository  Papers purpose is to present the final findings of a significant study which develops a intervention point and subsequent life cycle for asphalt wear courses in the Perth metropolitan area.  Study Area  Perth Metropolitan Area  Swan Coastal Plain Wanneroo in north to in south and Mundaring to the East.  Participating Local Governments  30 metropolitan Local Governments were invited to be part of the study.  14 Local Governments provided permission to use their data.  Participating Local Governments  Divided into three distinctive geological areas:  Perth Coastal including Belmont, Cottesloe, , Melville, Nedlands, South Perth and Wanneroo.  Darling Scarp including Armadale, Gosnells, Kalamunda and Mundaring.  Murray Coastal including Mandurah and Rockingham.  Collectively the participants have 9,378Km of sealed roads which provides a significant dataset  Swan Coastal Plain  30 Km wide strip  Cape Naturaliste in the south to North of Perth  to the west and Darling Scarp to the east  Predominantly sand  Bassendean sand  Spearwood sand (Tamala Limestone)  Quindalup sand (Safety Bay Sand)

 Study Data Sets  Roman II Road management System utilised by 134 of 140 of Local Governments in WA  Data collected includes road lengths, construction dates, resurfacing dates and road condition  Provided asset management tool for WA Local Government since the 1970’s  Provides for road data as far back as 1914 which was a Macadam pavement in Cottesloe  WALGA Report on Local Government Road Assets and Expenditure provides data on road lengths, road condition and annual expenditure  ARRB Field Studies between 2003 and 2007  Road Pavements  High quality sub-grades  Ultra-thin pavements  Local Government Guidelines for Subdivisional Development  Minimum Standard The Guidelines prescribe the anticipated design life of pavements as follows:

Unless specified otherwise by the local government, the permanent deformation of the granular pavement must have a minimum design life of 40 years. Unless specified otherwise by the local government asphalt must have the following minimum design life:

open graded asphalt – 10 years; dense graded asphalt 50 millimetres total thickness or less – 20 years fatigue life; and dense graded asphalt greater than 50 millimetres total thickness – 40 years fatigue life.

The Guidelines provide three typical pavements ranging from:

250mm to 280mm thick including an asphalt layer between 25mm and 65mm thick overlaying an unbound base of crushed rock and/or crushed limestone between 200mm and 250mm thick.  Asphalts  In the past all wear courses were 10mm dense grade asphalt at 25mm thick and manufactured with class 170 bitumen  More recently use both dense grade or stone mastic asphalts with thicknesses at 30mm up to 40mm  Most Local Governments use the IPWEA/AAPA Technical Specification, Tender Form and Schedule for Supply and Laying of Hot Asphalt Road Surfacing  Climate  Mediterranean Climate promotes longevity of road pavements  Temperature  Average Max 24.7oC  Average Min 12.8oC  Seasonal Rainfall  Average 734.1mm per annum  Average Period of 104.1 days per annum  No Freeze/Thaw  Climate change  By 2100 rainfall decreasing Participating Local Governments’ Road Networks

Length of Asphalt Road Totals Group Local Government Sealed Road Area Reseal Percentage Area (m2) (km) (m2) Resealed Swan Coastal Plain 229.28 220890 67350 30.49% 48.47 29120 22780 78.23% 1009.64 2627560 89785 3.42%* 733.65 521344 189480 36.34% 147.00 131210 173290 132.07% 197.77 193480 38250 19.77% 1291.52 1028770 147140 14.30% Murray Coastal Group 667.16 441322 9140 2.07% 961.42 895201 46722 5.22% Darling Range Group 683.66 549108 103567 18.86% 855.05 689125 147564 21.41% Shire of Kalamunda 645.00 209450 100240 47.86% 602.75 129200 122970 95.18% 1306.97 691640 139117 20.11%  Road Network  The older Local Governments (100 years) have statistically resealed most or all of their roads  The younger Local Governments have replaced proportionately less  There can be anomalies as is the case with the split of Joondalup and Wanneroo  The average proportion of reseals across the data set was 16.7% of the road network  WALGA Local Government Road Assets and Expenditure reports on the condition rating and expenditures of WA Local Governments on their road networks  WALGA Key Financial Indicators  Road Condition (Written Down Value/Current Replacement Value)  Preservation Performance (Actual Expenditure/Status Quo Cost) Road Condition Indicator =WDV/CRV Road Condition Group Local Government 2000/012001/022002/032003/042004/052005/062006/072007/082008/092009/102010/112011/12Average Swan Coastal Plain City of Belmont 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.69 Town of Cottesloe 0.67 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.67 0.64 0.64 0.56 0.56 0.64 City of Joondalup 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.68 0.69 0.75 City of Melville 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.66 0.56 0.56 0.58 0.58 0.64 City of Nedlands 0.67 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.64 0.64 0.54 0.54 0.63 City of South Perth 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.70 0.70 0.68 City of Wanneroo 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.71 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.75 Averages 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.68 Murray Coastal GroupCity of Mandurah 0.75 0.64 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.68 0.67 0.68 0.77 0.77 0.73 City of Rockingham 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.67 0.82 0.82 0.75 0.75 0.75 Averages 0.75 0.69 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.68 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.74 Darling Range Group City of Armadale 0.70 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.70 City of Gosnells 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.64 0.71 0.71 0.68 0.68 0.69 Shire of Kalamunda 0.71 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.70 Shire of Mundaring 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.62 0.62 0.66 City of Swan 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.64 0.62 0.63 0.68 0.68 0.68 Averages 0.70 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.65 0.68 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.69  Road Condition Indicator  Highest value is 0.79 at the City of Wanneroo, currently the fastest developing Local Government and consequently the most new roads  Lowest value is 0.54 at the City of Nedlands which has some of the oldest pavements in WA  Average indicator is around 0.70 which could be utilised as the preferred level for Road Condition in metropolitan Perth  Based on the data, the average road condition for the participating LG’s is meeting the proposed level at current intervention levels Preservation Performance = Actual Expenditure/SQC

Preservation Performance Group Local Government 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Average Swan Coastal Plain City of Belmont 1.76 1.59 1.29 1.12 1.10 1.23 1.03 0.87 1.27 1.43 1.56 1.62 1.32 Town of Cottesloe 1.66 2.38 2.48 2.26 1.75 1.94 1.64 1.88 1.77 1.73 1.67 1.79 1.91 City of Joondalup 0.91 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.71 0.81 0.49 0.53 0.79 0.81 0.95 1.03 0.82 City of Melville 1.32 2.04 1.04 0.83 0.87 0.88 0.93 0.92 1.02 1.00 1.53 1.28 1.14 City of Nedlands 2.47 2.90 2.16 2.24 2.07 2.04 1.35 1.71 2.19 1.93 2.26 2.13 2.12 City of South Perth 0.32 1.35 1.11 0.88 0.83 0.71 0.91 1.00 1.32 1.24 1.22 1.63 1.04 City of Wanneroo 0.68 0.70 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.44 0.55 0.58 0.48 0.47 0.57 0.49 0.57 Averages 1.30 1.70 1.38 1.27 1.13 1.15 0.99 1.07 1.26 1.23 1.39 1.42 1.28 Murray Coastal Group City of Mandurah 0.81 0.85 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.46 0.46 0.49 0.71 0.77 0.65 0.80 0.69 City of Rockingham 0.65 0.56 0.63 0.65 0.51 0.61 0.78 0.72 0.74 0.54 0.80 1.06 0.69 Averages 0.73 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.64 0.54 0.62 0.61 0.73 0.66 0.73 0.93 0.69 Darling Range Group City of Armadale 1.09 1.26 1.08 1.27 1.16 0.97 1.01 0.85 0.97 0.88 0.52 0.73 0.98 City of Gosnells 0.46 0.85 0.78 0.90 0.57 0.69 0.61 0.58 0.81 0.96 0.91 0.84 0.75 Shire of Kalamunda 0.67 0.71 0.80 0.72 0.72 0.53 0.72 0.83 0.56 0.62 0.60 0.42 0.66 Shire of Mundaring 0.92 1.02 0.88 0.83 0.78 0.65 0.68 0.73 0.91 0.85 0.71 0.87 0.82 City of Swan 0.87 0.72 0.83 0.88 1.07 0.92 1.04 1.02 0.90 0.90 1.05 1.31 0.96 Averages 0.80 0.91 0.87 0.92 0.86 0.75 0.81 0.80 0.83 0.84 0.76 0.83 0.83  Preservation Performance  Fully developed Local Governments are required to spend more of their own funds to maintain the road to the required condition  The developing Local Governments can spend less because so much of their network is new and funded by developer Actual Expenditure per lane kilometre

Expenditure per Lane Km in $,000s (Built up Areas) Group Local Government 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Average Swan Coastal Plain City of Belmont $13,730 $13,165 $10,105 $8,966 $8,933 $11,033 $9,907 $9,240 $10,242 $11,524 $12,019 $13,663 $11,044 Town of Cottesloe $9,715 $14,175 $15,164 $14,129 $11,244 $15,668 $14,142 $17,474 $13,838 $13,533 $12,738 $14,866 $13,891 City of Joondalup $3,604 $4,338 $4,227 $4,168 $3,359 $4,253 $2,750 $3,167 $6,000 $6,124 $6,859 $8,189 $4,753 City of Melville $5,243 $8,420 $4,854 $3,982 $4,237 $4,729 $5,313 $5,628 $7,765 $7,545 $11,212 $10,158 $6,591 City of Nedlands $13,729 $16,314 $13,522 $14,355 $13,600 $15,335 $11,031 $14,689 $16,184 $14,146 $16,096 $16,346 $14,612 City of South Perth $1,910 $8,200 $7,584 $6,163 $5,966 $5,610 $7,777 $9,152 $10,518 $9,934 $9,387 $13,673 $7,990 City of Wanneroo $2,152 $2,234 $2,330 $1,557 $2,004 $1,652 $2,275 $2,948 $3,023 $3,140 $3,484 $3,328 $2,511 Averages $7,155 $9,549 $8,255 $7,617 $7,049 $8,326 $7,599 $8,900 $9,653 $9,421 $10,256 $11,460 $8,770 Murray Coastal Group City of Mandurah $3,565 $4,572 $4,733 $3,528 $3,986 $3,572 $2,260 $3,000 $4,920 $5,546 $5,134 $6,753 $4,297 City of Rockingham $3,241 $2,965 $3,351 $3,928 $3,229 $3,301 $4,135 $4,955 $5,167 $4,325 $6,571 $9,044 $4,518 Averages $3,403 $3,769 $4,042 $3,728 $3,608 $3,437 $3,198 $3,978 $5,044 $4,936 $5,853 $7,899 $4,408 Darling Range Group City of Armadale $4,946 $7,307 $6,076 $7,078 $7,221 $6,803 $6,274 $7,127 $9,389 $7,882 $4,615 $5,476 $6,683 City of Gosnells $2,614 $5,456 $5,165 $6,655 $4,375 $5,873 $5,857 $5,685 $6,725 $6,518 $7,495 $7,405 $5,819 Shire of Kalamunda $3,734 $3,473 $5,170 $3,552 $4,922 $3,341 $5,892 $5,650 $3,020 $5,129 $4,021 $3,738 $4,304 Shire of Mundaring $4,160 $3,924 $3,478 $4,941 $2,951 $3,756 $3,555 $4,832 $6,602 $5,639 $5,952 $4,261 $4,504 City of Swan $3,547 $3,598 $4,528 $4,993 $5,597 $5,141 $7,977 $6,534 $3,023 $7,217 $9,130 $11,510 $6,066 Averages $3,800 $4,752 $4,883 $5,444 $5,013 $4,983 $5,911 $5,966 $5,752 $6,477 $6,243 $6,478 $5,475  Actual Expenditure per Kilometre  Fully developed Local Governments eg Cottesloe spend nearly $15,000 per Km and 79% in excess of the Status Quo Cost to maintain a road condition of 0.56  The developing Local Governments eg Wanneroo spend around $3,300 per Km and 51% under Status Quo Cost to maintain a road condition of 0.79  Both Local Governments maintain similar levels of service  ARRB Research  ARRB conducted FWD testing across Australia between 2003 and 2007  Four sections have been correlated with other study data sets  Roman II data provided insufficient deviation but very generally replicated the ARRB research  Considered ARRB roughness count, deflection and rut depth Roughness was a function of asphalt type (DG vs SMA) Deflection provided minimal variability Rut depth was the most consistent indicator  ARRB Research  Rut depth was a linear function  Could be an indicator of the resurfacing decision

4

3.5

3

2.5

2 Rut Depth

Depth (mm) Depth 1.5 Linear (Rut Depth)

1

0.5

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Age (Years)  Roman Resurfacing Periods

Group Local Government Length of Sealed Road (km) Resurfacing Period Swan Coastal Plain City of Belmont 229.28 12.7 Town of Cottesloe 48.47 27.3 City of Joondalup 1009.64 23.9 City of Melville 733.65 16.2 City of Nedlands 147.00 16.7 City of South Perth 197.77 10.3 City of Wanneroo 1291.52 20.5 Average resurfacing period 18.2 Murray Coastal Group City of Mandurah 667.16 22.0 City of Rockingham 961.42 12.7 Average resurfacing period 17.4 Darling Range Group City of Armadale 683.66 18.9 City of Gosnells 855.05 14.7 Shire of Kalamunda 645.00 13.9 Shire of Mundaring 602.75 22.3 City of Swan 1306.97 19.5 Average resurfacing period 17.9  Observations  Re-surfacing low at 10.3 years  Re-surfacing high at 27.3 years  Swan Coastal Group have longest average at 18.2 years  Murray Coastal Group shortest at 17.4 years  The variation is not significant so there would appear to be a very consistent quality of road construction across the Perth metropolitan area.

 Conclusions  Road construction conditions conducive to long lasting pavements  Good data sets have established an actual intervention point which maintains a good road condition and that is 18 years.  Rut depth is a good indicator of age of wear course and need for intervention maintenance  Further research required to ascertain impact of ecological and social factors

 Acknowledgements  Participating Local Governments  ARRB  WALGA  Curtin University  Roads2000

 Thank you and any questions

Roads & Transport Determination of the intervention point for rehabilitation of dense graded asphalt wearing courses – the Western Australian experience Martyn Glover

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