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The Continuum of Space Architecture: from Earth to Orbit
42nd International Conference on Environmental Systems AIAA 2012-3575 15 - 19 July 2012, San Diego, California The Continuum of Space Architecture: From Earth to Orbit Marc M. Cohen1 Marc M. Cohen Architect P.C. – Astrotecture™, Palo Alto, CA, 94306 Space architects and engineers alike tend to see spacecraft and space habitat design as an entirely new departure, disconnected from the Earth. However, at least for Space Architecture, there is a continuum of development since the earliest formalizations of terrestrial architecture. Moving out from 1-G, Space Architecture enables the continuum from 1-G to other gravity regimes. The history of Architecture on Earth involves finding new ways to resist Gravity with non-orthogonal structures. Space Architecture represents a new milestone in this progression, in which gravity is reduced or altogether absent from the habitable environment. I. Introduction EOMETRY is Truth2. Gravity is the constant.3 Gravity G is the constant – perhaps the only constant – in the evolution of life on Earth and the human response to the Earth’s environment.4 The Continuum of Architecture arises from geometry in building as a primary human response to gravity. It leads to the development of fundamental components of construction on Earth: Column, Wall, Floor, and Roof. According to the theoretician Abbe Laugier, the column developed from trees; the column engendered the wall, as shown in FIGURE 1 his famous illustration of “The Primitive Hut.” The column aligns with the human bipedal posture, where the spine, pelvis, and legs are the gravity- resisting structure. Caryatids are the highly literal interpretation of this phenomenon of standing to resist gravity, shown in FIGURE 2. -
Composite Concave Cupolae As Geometric and Architectural Forms
Journal for Geometry and Graphics Volume 19 (2015), No. 1, 79–91. Composite Concave Cupolae as Geometric and Architectural Forms Slobodan Mišić1, Marija Obradović1, Gordana Ðukanović2 1Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia emails: [email protected], [email protected] 2Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Serbia email: [email protected] Abstract. In this paper, the geometry of concave cupolae has been the starting point for the generation of composite polyhedral structures, usable as formative patterns for architectural purposes. Obtained by linking paper folding geometry with the geometry of polyhedra, concave cupolae are polyhedra that follow the method of generating cupolae (Johnson’s solids: J3, J4 and J5); but we removed the convexity criterion and omitted squares in the lateral surface. Instead of alter- nating triangles and squares there are now two or more paired series of equilateral triangles. The criterion of face regularity is respected, as well as the criterion of multiple axial symmetry. The distribution of the triangles is based on strictly determined and mathematically defined parameters, which allows the creation of such structures in a way that qualifies them as an autonomous group of polyhedra — concave cupolae of sorts II, IV, VI (2N). If we want to see these structures as polyhedral surfaces (not as solids) connecting the concept of the cupola (dome) in the architectural sense with the geometrical meaning of (concave) cupola, we re- move the faces of the base polygons. Thus we get a deltahedral structure — a shell made entirely from equilateral triangles, which is advantageous for the purpose of prefabrication. -
Greek Character Sets
Greek Character set Sets a. monotonic b. basic polytonic c. extended polytonic d. archaic a. Monotonic Greek upper case: ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩ Ά Έ Ή Ί Ό Ύ Ώ ΪΫ U0386, U0388-U038A, U038C, U038E-U038F, U0391-U03A1, U03A3-U03AB lower case: αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρστυφχψως άέήίόύώ ΐϋϊϋ U0390, U03AC-U03CE punctuation: · anoteleia, U0387 the equivalent of semicolon ; greekquestionmark, U037E accents: ΄ tonos, U0384 ΅ dieresistonos, U0385 and dieresis that we take from the latin set proposed additions to monotonic set: ϗ greek kai symbol (greek ampersand), U03D7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_(conjunction) Ϗ greek Kai symbol (greek cap ampersand), U03CF http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3122.pdf ʹ ͵ greek numeral signs or keraia, U0374, U0375 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_numerals#Table https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_numerals#Description GRKCharsetIV20170104 b. Basic Polytonic Greek upper case: ᾺΆἈἉᾸᾹἊἋἌἍἎἏᾼᾈᾉᾊᾋᾌᾍᾎᾏΈἘἙῈἚἛἜἝ ῊΉἨἩἪἫἬἭἮἯῌᾘᾙᾚᾛᾜᾝᾞᾟΊἸἹῚῘῙΪἺἻἼἽἿΌ ὈὉῸὊὋὌὍῬΎΫὙῪῨῩὛὝὟΏὨὩῺὪὫὬὮὯ ῼᾨᾩᾪᾫᾬᾭᾮᾯ U1F08-U1F0F, U1F18-U1F1D, U1F28-U1F2F, U1F38-U1F3F, U1F48-U1F4D, U1F59, U1F5B, U1F5D, U1F5F, U1F68-U1F6F, U1F88-U1F8F, U1F98-U1F9F, U1FA8-U1FAF, U1FB8-U1FBC, U1FC8-U1FCC, U1FD8-U1FDB, U1FE8-U1FEC, U1FF8-U1FFC �������������������� ������� stylistic alternates to UC with iota subscript, using the iota adscript lower case: ὰάἀἁᾰᾱᾶἂἃἄἅἆἇᾳᾲᾴᾀᾁᾂᾃᾄᾅᾆᾇᾷέἐἑὲἒἓἔἕὴήἠἡἢἣἤἥἦἧῃῂῄ ῇᾐᾑᾒᾓᾔᾕᾖᾗίἰἱὶῐῑῖϊΐἲἳἴἵἶἷῒΐόὀὁὸὂὃὄὅῤῥύὐὑὺῠῡῦϋΰὒὓὔὕὖὗῢΰῧ ώὠὡὼῶῳὢὣὤὥὦὧᾠᾡῲῴῷᾢᾣᾤᾥᾦᾧ U1F00-1F07, U1F10-U1F15, UF20-U1F27, U1F30-U1F37, U1F40-U1F45, U1F50-U1F57, U1F60-U1F67, U1F70-U1F7D, -
Geometrical and Static Aspects of the Cupola of Santa Maria Del Fiore, Florence (Italy)
Structural Analysis of Historic Construction – D’Ayala & Fodde (eds) © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-46872-5 Geometrical and static aspects of the Cupola of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence (Italy) A. Cecchi & I. Chiaverini Department of Civil Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy A. Passerini Leonardo Società di Ingegneria S.r.l., Florence, Italy ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research is to clarify, in the language of differential geometry, the geometry of the internal surface of Brunelleschi’s dome, in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence; the statics of a Brunelleschi-like dome have also been taken into consideration. The masonry, and, in particular, the “lisca pesce” one, together with the construction and layout technologies, have been main topics of interest for many researchers: they will be the subjects of further research. 1 INTRODUCTION: THE DOME OF THE CATHEDRAL OF FLORENCE The construction of the cathedral of Firenze was begun in the year 1296, with the works related to the exten- sion of the ancient church of Santa Reparata: it was designed byArnolfo (1240,1302).The design included a great dome, based on an octagonal base, to be erected in the eastern end of the church.The dome is an unusual construction of the Middle Ages, (Wittkower 1962): Arnolfo certainly referred to the nearby octagonal bap- tistery San Giovanni, so ancient and revered that the Florentines believed it was built by the Romans, as the temple of Ares, hypothesis which was not con- firmed by excavations, that set the date of foundation Figure 1. -
TECH TALK • Minnesota's Architecture
TECH TALK MINNESOTA HISTORICAL Minnesota’s Architecture • Part II SOCIETY POST-CIVIL WAR ARCHITECTURE by Charles Nelson Historical Architect, Minnesota Historical Society EDITOR’S NOTE: After a brief lull in construction during the Civil contribution to the overall aesthetic. Common materials This is the War, Minnesota witnessed a building boom in the for construction ranged from wood to brick and stone. second in a decades of the 1870s and 1880s. During these years many The Villa Style was popular from 1860 through series of five communities virtually tripled in size. Population numbers 1875. Its common characteristics include either a Tech Talk exploded and industries produced their goods around the symmetrical or an asymmetrical plan, two or three stories articles on Minnesota’s clock. The pioneer era of settlement in eastern Minnesota in height, and low-pitched hipped or gable roofs with architectural was over. Rail lines were extended to the west, and by the prominent chimneys. Ornamental treatments include styles. The end of the 1880s virtually no burgeoning town SHPO file photo next one is was without a link to another. The era of the scheduled for Greek and Gothic Revival style came to an end, the Sept. 1999 issue of only to be replaced by a more exuberant and The Interpreter. substantial architecture indicative of affluence and permanence. These expressions of progress became known as the “Bracketed Styles” and the later part of the period as the “Brownstone Era.” Figure 1, right above: the Villas Thorne-Lowell The villa as an architectural style was house in the W. introduced to the masses in Andrew Jackson 2nd St. -
Convex Polytopes and Tilings with Few Flag Orbits
Convex Polytopes and Tilings with Few Flag Orbits by Nicholas Matteo B.A. in Mathematics, Miami University M.A. in Mathematics, Miami University A dissertation submitted to The Faculty of the College of Science of Northeastern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 14, 2015 Dissertation directed by Egon Schulte Professor of Mathematics Abstract of Dissertation The amount of symmetry possessed by a convex polytope, or a tiling by convex polytopes, is reflected by the number of orbits of its flags under the action of the Euclidean isometries preserving the polytope. The convex polytopes with only one flag orbit have been classified since the work of Schläfli in the 19th century. In this dissertation, convex polytopes with up to three flag orbits are classified. Two-orbit convex polytopes exist only in two or three dimensions, and the only ones whose combinatorial automorphism group is also two-orbit are the cuboctahedron, the icosidodecahedron, the rhombic dodecahedron, and the rhombic triacontahedron. Two-orbit face-to-face tilings by convex polytopes exist on E1, E2, and E3; the only ones which are also combinatorially two-orbit are the trihexagonal plane tiling, the rhombille plane tiling, the tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb, and the rhombic dodecahedral honeycomb. Moreover, any combinatorially two-orbit convex polytope or tiling is isomorphic to one on the above list. Three-orbit convex polytopes exist in two through eight dimensions. There are infinitely many in three dimensions, including prisms over regular polygons, truncated Platonic solids, and their dual bipyramids and Kleetopes. There are infinitely many in four dimensions, comprising the rectified regular 4-polytopes, the p; p-duoprisms, the bitruncated 4-simplex, the bitruncated 24-cell, and their duals. -
[ENTRY POLYHEDRA] Authors: Oliver Knill: December 2000 Source: Translated Into This Format from Data Given In
ENTRY POLYHEDRA [ENTRY POLYHEDRA] Authors: Oliver Knill: December 2000 Source: Translated into this format from data given in http://netlib.bell-labs.com/netlib tetrahedron The [tetrahedron] is a polyhedron with 4 vertices and 4 faces. The dual polyhedron is called tetrahedron. cube The [cube] is a polyhedron with 8 vertices and 6 faces. The dual polyhedron is called octahedron. hexahedron The [hexahedron] is a polyhedron with 8 vertices and 6 faces. The dual polyhedron is called octahedron. octahedron The [octahedron] is a polyhedron with 6 vertices and 8 faces. The dual polyhedron is called cube. dodecahedron The [dodecahedron] is a polyhedron with 20 vertices and 12 faces. The dual polyhedron is called icosahedron. icosahedron The [icosahedron] is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 20 faces. The dual polyhedron is called dodecahedron. small stellated dodecahedron The [small stellated dodecahedron] is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 12 faces. The dual polyhedron is called great dodecahedron. great dodecahedron The [great dodecahedron] is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 12 faces. The dual polyhedron is called small stellated dodecahedron. great stellated dodecahedron The [great stellated dodecahedron] is a polyhedron with 20 vertices and 12 faces. The dual polyhedron is called great icosahedron. great icosahedron The [great icosahedron] is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 20 faces. The dual polyhedron is called great stellated dodecahedron. truncated tetrahedron The [truncated tetrahedron] is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 8 faces. The dual polyhedron is called triakis tetrahedron. cuboctahedron The [cuboctahedron] is a polyhedron with 12 vertices and 14 faces. The dual polyhedron is called rhombic dodecahedron. -
Volume 75 (2019)
Acta Cryst. (2019). B75, doi:10.1107/S2052520619010047 Supporting information Volume 75 (2019) Supporting information for article: Lanthanide coordination polymers based on designed bifunctional 2-(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridin-4′-yl)benzenesulfonate ligand: syntheses, structural diversity and highly tunable emission Yi-Chen Hu, Chao Bai, Huai-Ming Hu, Chuan-Ti Li, Tian-Hua Zhang and Weisheng Liu Acta Cryst. (2019). B75, doi:10.1107/S2052520619010047 Supporting information, sup-1 Table S1 Continuous Shape Measures (CShMs) of the coordination geometry for Eu3+ ions in 1- Eu. Label Symmetry Shape 1-Eu EP-9 D9h Enneagon 33.439 OPY-9 C8v Octagonal pyramid 22.561 HBPY-9 D7h Heptagonal bipyramid 15.666 JTC-9 C3v Johnson triangular cupola J3 15.263 JCCU-9 C4v Capped cube J8 10.053 CCU-9 C4v Spherical-relaxed capped cube 9.010 JCSAPR-9 C4v Capped square antiprism J10 2.787 CSAPR-9 C4v Spherical capped square antiprism 1.930 JTCTPR-9 D3h Tricapped trigonal prism J51 3.621 TCTPR-9 D3h Spherical tricapped trigonal prism 2.612 JTDIC-9 C3v Tridiminished icosahedron J63 12.541 HH-9 C2v Hula-hoop 9.076 MFF-9 Cs Muffin 1.659 Acta Cryst. (2019). B75, doi:10.1107/S2052520619010047 Supporting information, sup-2 Table S2 Continuous Shape Measures (CShMs) of the coordination geometry for Ln3+ ions in 2- Er, 4-Tb, and 6-Eu. Label Symmetry Shape 2-Er 4-Tb 6-Eu Er1 Er2 OP-8 D8h Octagon 31.606 31.785 32.793 31.386 HPY-8 C7v Heptagonal pyramid 23.708 24.442 23.407 23.932 HBPY-8 D6h Hexagonal bipyramid 17.013 13.083 12.757 15.881 CU-8 Oh Cube 11.278 11.664 8.749 11.848 -
MYSTERIES of the EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE, First Published 2010
MYSTERIES OF THE EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE Brian J. McCartin Applied Mathematics Kettering University HIKARI LT D HIKARI LTD Hikari Ltd is a publisher of international scientific journals and books. www.m-hikari.com Brian J. McCartin, MYSTERIES OF THE EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE, First published 2010. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the publisher Hikari Ltd. ISBN 978-954-91999-5-6 Copyright c 2010 by Brian J. McCartin Typeset using LATEX. Mathematics Subject Classification: 00A08, 00A09, 00A69, 01A05, 01A70, 51M04, 97U40 Keywords: equilateral triangle, history of mathematics, mathematical bi- ography, recreational mathematics, mathematics competitions, applied math- ematics Published by Hikari Ltd Dedicated to our beloved Beta Katzenteufel for completing our equilateral triangle. Euclid and the Equilateral Triangle (Elements: Book I, Proposition 1) Preface v PREFACE Welcome to Mysteries of the Equilateral Triangle (MOTET), my collection of equilateral triangular arcana. While at first sight this might seem an id- iosyncratic choice of subject matter for such a detailed and elaborate study, a moment’s reflection reveals the worthiness of its selection. Human beings, “being as they be”, tend to take for granted some of their greatest discoveries (witness the wheel, fire, language, music,...). In Mathe- matics, the once flourishing topic of Triangle Geometry has turned fallow and fallen out of vogue (although Phil Davis offers us hope that it may be resusci- tated by The Computer [70]). A regrettable casualty of this general decline in prominence has been the Equilateral Triangle. Yet, the facts remain that Mathematics resides at the very core of human civilization, Geometry lies at the structural heart of Mathematics and the Equilateral Triangle provides one of the marble pillars of Geometry. -
Greek and Coptic Range: 0370–03FF the Unicode Standard, Version 4.0
Greek and Coptic Range: 0370–03FF The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. Characters in this chart that are new for The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 are shown in conjunction with any existing characters. For ease of reference, the new characters have been highlighted in the chart grid and in the names list. This file will not be updated with errata, or when additional characters are assigned to the Unicode Standard. See http://www.unicode.org/charts for access to a complete list of the latest character charts. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the on-line reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this excerpt file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 (ISBN 0-321-18578-1), as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24 and #29, the other Unicode Technical Reports and the Unicode Character Database, which are available on-line. See http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UCD.html and http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation. Fonts The shapes of the reference glyphs used in these code charts are not prescriptive. Considerable variation is to be expected in actual fonts. -
Polygloss V0.05
PolyGloss PolyGloss v0.05 This is my multidimensional glossary. This is a cut on the terms as viewed by someone who can visualise four and higher dimensions, and finds the commonly used terms to be more of a hinderance. Normal Entry A normal entry appears in this style. The header appears in normal bold font. Comment A comment appears with the header in italics, such as this entry. Comments are not suggested for use based on this glossary, but are more in line to allow the reader to find the preferred entry. Decimal (dec) Numbers written in groups of three, or continuous, and using a full stop, are decimal numbers. Each column is 10 times the next. If there is room for doubt, the number is prefixed with "dec", eg dec 288 = twe 248. There are no special symbols for the teenties (V0) or elefties (E0), as these carry. twe V0 = dec 100, twe E0 = dec 110. The letter E is used for an exponent, but of 10, not 100, so 1E5 is 100 000, not 10 000 000 000, or 235. ten 10 10 ten million 10 000000 594 5340 hundred 100 V0 100 million 100 000000 57V4 5340 thousand 1000 840 1 milliard 1000 000000 4 9884 5340 10 thous 10000 8340 100 thous 100000 6 E340 1 million 1000000 69 5340 Twelfty (twe) Numbers written in groups of two or four, and using a colon (:) for a radix are numbers in base 120. Pairs of digits make up a single place, the first is 10 times the second: so in 140: = 1 40, the number is 1*120+40. -
Automatically Extraction and Reconstruction of Cupola Geometries of Orthodox Churches from Precision Point Clouds
37. Wissenschaftlich-Technische Jahrestagung der DGPF in Würzburg – Publikationen der DGPF, Band 26, 2017 Automatically Extraction and Reconstruction of Cupola Geometries of Orthodox Churches from Precision Point Clouds MARIA CHIZHOVA1, ANDREY GURIANOV2, DMITRII KOROVIN3, ANSGAR BRUNN4 & UWE STILLA5 Abstract: Complex geometry extraction from point clouds is an actual problem in reverse engineering. Simple geometrical models (like parallelepipeds, prisms, pyramids, cones, spheres) were already applied in construction and machine-building modeling, but are not sufficient for high quality BIM now. This work, which is carried out in the context of virtual reconstruction of destroyed orthodox churches, presents a robust and efficient method of cupola (domes) and tambour geometry extraction from precise point clouds. The rich diversity of architectural forms, which are defined by many parameters, does not allow to consider this problem as a trivial duty, because usual geometry extraction methods fail for these object types. The new developed algorithm is presented and realized. 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation Ancient cultural and science developments, accumulations of practical human experience, led to fantastic achievements in industrial and civil constructions. These achievements are reflected in various architectural forms, construction materials, and technologies. Simple geometrical models (like parallelepipeds, prisms, pyramids, cones, spheres) were already applied in construction and machine-building modeling. However, such geometrical forms are insufficient for modern industry requirements, which arises the need for more difficult mathematical models, and, therefore, the identification relations between the parameters of the geometrical models and the projected constructions. This work is carried out in the context of actual research in the virtual reconstruction of destroyed orthodox churches, in which the cupola (dome) geometry extraction plays an important role.