DOCSLIB.ORG

Greek and Coptic Range: 0370–03FF the Unicode Standard, Version 4.0

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Greek and Coptic Range: 0370–03FF the Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 Greek and Coptic Range: 0370–03FF The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. Characters in this chart that are new for The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 are shown in conjunction with any existing characters. For ease of reference, the new characters have been highlighted in the chart grid and in the names list. This file will not be updated with errata, or when additional characters are assigned to the Unicode Standard. See http://www.unicode.org/charts for access to a complete list of the latest character charts. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the on-line reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this excerpt file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 (ISBN 0-321-18578-1), as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24 and #29, the other Unicode Technical Reports and the Unicode Character Database, which are available on-line. See http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UCD.html and http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation. Fonts The shapes of the reference glyphs used in these code charts are not prescriptive. Considerable variation is to be expected in actual fonts. The particular fonts used in these charts were provided to the Unicode Consortium by a number of different font designers, who own the rights to the fonts. See http://www.unicode.org/charts/fonts.html for a list. Terms of Use You may freely use these code charts for personal or internal business uses only. You may not incorporate them either wholly or in part into any product or publication, or otherwise distribute them without express written permission from the Unicode Consortium. However, you are welcome to provide links to these charts. The fonts and font data used in production of these Code Charts may NOT be extracted or otherwise used in any commercial product without permission or license granted by the typeface owner(s). The information in this file may be updated from time to time. The Unicode Consortium is not liable for errors or omissions in this excerpt file or the standard itself. Information on characters added to the Unicode Standard since the publication of Version 4.0 as well as on characters currently being considered for addition to the Unicode Standard can be found on the Unicode web site. See http://www.unicode.org/pending/pending.html and http://www.unicode.org/unicode/alloc/Pipeline.html. Copyright © 1991-2003 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. 0370 Greek and Coptic 03FF 037 038 039 03A 03B 03C 03D 03E 03F 0 ΐ Π ΰ π 0390 03A0 03B0 03C0 03D0 03E0 03F0 1 Α Ρ α ρ 0391 03A1 03B1 03C1 03D1 03E1 03F1 2 Β β ς 0392 03B2 03C2 03D2 03E2 03F2 3 Γ Σ γ σ 0393 03A3 03B3 03C3 03D3 03E3 03F3 4 ΄ ∆ Τ δ τ 0374 0384 0394 03A4 03B4 03C4 03D4 03E4 03F4 5 ΅ Ε Υ ε υ 0375 0385 0395 03A5 03B5 03C5 03D5 03E5 03F5 6 Ά Ζ Φ ζ φ 0386 0396 03A6 03B6 03C6 03D6 03E6 03F6 7 Η Χ η χ 0387 0397 03A7 03B7 03C7 03D7 03E7 03F7 8 Έ Θ Ψ θ ψ 0388 0398 03A8 03B8 03C8 03D8 03E8 03F8 9 Ή Ι Ω ι ω 0389 0399 03A9 03B9 03C9 03D9 03E9 03F9 A ͺ Ί Κ Ϊ κ ϊ 037A 038A 039A 03AA 03BA 03CA 03DA 03EA 03FA B Λ Ϋ λ ϋ 039B 03AB 03BB 03CB 03DB 03EB 03FB C Ό Μ ά µ ό 038C 039C 03AC 03BC 03CC 03DC 03EC D Ν έ ν ύ 039D 03AD 03BD 03CD 03DD 03ED E ; Ύ Ξ ή ξ ώ 037E 038E 039E 03AE 03BE 03CE 03DE 03EE F Ώ Ο ί ο 038F 039F 03AF 03BF 03DF 03EF 38 The Unicode Standard 4.0, Copyright © 1991–2003, Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. 0374 Greek and Coptic 03AC Based on ISO 8859-7 038C Ό GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON 0374 , WITH TONOS GREEK NUMERAL SIGN ≡ 039F Ο 0301 = dexia keraia 038D " • <reserved> indicates numeric use of letters 038E Ύ → 02CA . modifier letter acute accent GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH TONOS ≡ 02B9 ʹ modifier letter prime ≡ 03A5 Υ 0301 0375 0 GREEK LOWER NUMERAL SIGN 038F Ώ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA = aristeri keraia • WITH TONOS indicates numeric use of letters ≡ 03A9 Ω 0301 → 02CF 1 modifier letter low acute accent 0390 ΐ 0376 " GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH <reserved> DIALYTIKA AND TONOS 0377 " <reserved> ≡ 03CA ϊ 0301 0378 " <reserved> 0391 Α GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA 0379 " <reserved> 0392 Β GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA 037A ͺ GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI 0393 Γ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA = iota subscript = gamma function → 0345 3 combining greek ypogegrammeni 0394 ∆ 4 0020 0345 3 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA → 2206 ∆ increment 037B " <reserved> 0395 Ε GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON 037C " <reserved> 0396 Ζ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA 037D " <reserved> 0397 Η GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA 037E ; GREEK QUESTION MARK 0398 Θ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA = erotimatiko 0399 Ι GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA • sentence-final punctuation • 003B ; = iota adscript is the preferred character 039A Κ → 003F ? GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA question mark 039B Λ ≡ 003B ; semicolon GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA 039C Μ 037F " <reserved> GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU 039D Ν 0380 " <reserved> GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU 039E Ξ 0381 " <reserved> GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI 039F Ο 0382 " <reserved> GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON 0383 " 03A0 Π GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI <reserved> → 220F ∏ 0384 ΄ n-ary product GREEK TONOS 03A1 Ρ → 00B4 ´ acute accent GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO 03A2 " → 030D : combining vertical line above <reserved> 4 0020 0301 03A3 Σ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA → 01A9 Ʃ 0385 ΅ GREEK DIALYTIKA TONOS latin capital letter esh → 2211 ∑ ≡ 00A8 ¨ 0301 n-ary summation 03A4 Τ 0386 Ά GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU WITH TONOS 03A5 Υ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON ≡ 0391 Α 0301 03A6 Φ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI 0387 > GREEK ANO TELEIA 03A7 Χ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI • functions in Greek like a semicolon 03A8 Ψ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI • 00B7 ? is the preferred character 03A9 Ω GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA ≡ 00B7 ? middle dot → 2126 % ohm sign 0388 Έ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON → 2127 & inverted ohm sign WITH TONOS 03AA Ϊ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH ≡ 0395 Ε 0301 DIALYTIKA 0389 Ή GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH ≡ 0399 Ι 0308 ( TONOS 03AB Ϋ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON ≡ 0397 Η 0301 WITH DIALYTIKA 038A Ί GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH ≡ 03A5 Υ 0308 ( TONOS 03AC ά GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH ≡ 0399 Ι 0301 TONOS 038B " <reserved> ≡ 03B1 α 0301 The Unicode Standard 4.0, Copyright © 1991–2003, Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. 39 03AD Greek and Coptic 03D5 03AD έ GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON 03C6 φ GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI WITH TONOS → 0278 ɸ latin small letter phi ≡ 03B5 ε 0301 → 03D5 E greek phi symbol 03AE ή GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH • the ordinary Greek letter, showing TONOS considerable glyph variation ≡ 03B7 η 0301 • in mathematical contexts, the loopy glyph 03AF ί GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH is preferred, to contrast with 03D5 E TONOS 03C7 χ GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI ≡ 03B9 ι 0301 03C8 ψ GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI 03B0 ΰ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON 03C9 ω GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS 03CA ϊ GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH ≡ 03CB ϋ 0301 DIALYTIKA 03B1 α GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA ≡ 03B9 ι 0308 ( → 0251 ɑ latin small letter alpha 03CB ϋ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON → 221D ∝ proportional to WITH DIALYTIKA 03B2 β GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA ≡ 03C5 υ 0308 ( → 00DF ß latin small letter sharp s 03CC ό GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON → 0180 b latin small letter b with stroke WITH TONOS 03B3 γ GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA ≡ 03BF ο 0301 → 0263 d latin small letter gamma 03CD ύ GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON 03B4 δ GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA WITH TONOS ≡ 03C5 υ 0301 03B5 ε GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON → 025B ɛ latin small letter open e 03CE ώ GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH 03B6 ζ GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA TONOS ≡ 03C9 ω 0301 03B7 η GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA 03B8 θ GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA Variant letterforms → 0275 h latin small letter barred o 03D0 P GREEK BETA SYMBOL → 0473 ѳ cyrillic small letter fita 03B9 ι = GREEK SMALL LETTER CURLED GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA BETA → 0269 ɩ latin small letter iota 4 03B2 β greek small letter beta → 2129 k turned greek small letter iota 03D1 R GREEK THETA SYMBOL 03BA κ GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA = GREEK SMALL LETTER SCRIPT 03BB λ GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA THETA = lambda • used as a technical symbol 03BC µ GREEK SMALL LETTER MU 4 03B8 θ greek small letter theta → 00B5 µ micro sign 03D2 T GREEK UPSILON WITH HOOK 03BD ν GREEK SMALL LETTER NU SYMBOL 03BE ξ GREEK SMALL LETTER XI = GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON 03BF ο GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON HOOK 4 03A5 Υ 03C0 π GREEK SMALL LETTER PI greek capital letter upsilon • math constant 3.141592... 03D3 U GREEK UPSILON WITH ACUTE AND 03C1 ρ GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO HOOK SYMBOL 03C2 ς = GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA HOOK TONOS = stigma (the Modern Greek name for this ≡ 03D2 T 0301 letterform) 03D4 V • not to be confused with the actual stigma GREEK UPSILON WITH DIAERESIS letter AND HOOK SYMBOL → 03DB t greek small letter stigma = GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON HOOK DIAERESIS 03C3 σ GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA ≡ 03D2 T 0308 ( • used symbolically with a numeric value 03D5 E 200 GREEK PHI SYMBOL • used as a technical symbol, with a stroked 03C4 τ GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU 03C5 υ glyph GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON • maps to “phi1” symbol entities → 028A ʊ latin small letter upsilon 4 03C6 φ greek small letter phi → 028B ʋ latin small letter v with hook 40 The Unicode Standard 4.0, Copyright © 1991–2003, Unicode, Inc.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nl 6 1999-2000
    & ST. SHENOUDA COPTIC NEWSLETTER SUBSCRIBER'S EDITION Quarterly Newsletter Published by the St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies 1494 S. Robertson Blvd., Ste. 204, LA, CA 90035 Tel: (310) 271-8329 Fax: (310) 558-1863 Mailing Address: 1701 So. Wooster St. Los Angeles, CA 90035, U.S.A. October, 1999 Volume 6(N.S. 3), No. 1 In This Issue: The Second St. Shenouda Conference of Coptic Studies (4) by Hany N. Takla ............1 Conference Abstracts (2) by Hany N. Takla ...................................................................7 The 7th International Congress of Coptic Studies by Dr. J. van der Vliet......................10 A Tribute to Professor Paul van Moorsel by Dr. Mat Immerzeel ...................................12 News by Hany N. Takla ..................................................................................................14 The Second St. Shenouda Conference of Coptic StudiesNewsletter (August 13 - 14, 1999 - Los Angeles, California) (4) (by Hany N. Takla) Introduction: For a second time in as many years, scholar, Bishop Samuel of Shibin al-Qanatar, the Society held its annual Conference of Coptic Egypt. Notably present was Prof. James Robinson, Studies. This time it was held at, its probable the retired director of the Claremont Institute for permanent future site, the Campus of the CopticChristianity and Antiquity (ICA). University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Several of the presenters came from different parts As planned, this gathering brought together several of the United States: Prof. Boulos Ayad Ayad, segments of the population that had the common Boulder Co; Dr. Bastiaan Van Elderen, Grand interest of Coptic Studies. This mixture of the Haven MI; Dr. Fawzy Estafanous, Cleveland OH; young and old, the amateurs and professionals, and Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Use of Coptic Numerals in Egypt in the 16 Th Century
    ON THE USE OF COPTIC NUMERALS IN EGYPT IN THE 16 TH CENTURY Mutsuo KAWATOKO* I. Introduction According to the researches, it is assumed that the culture of the early Islamic period in Egypt was very similar to the contemporary Coptic (Qibti)/ Byzantine (Rumi) culture. This is most evident in their language, especially in writing. It was mainly Greek and Coptic which adopted the letters deriving from Greek and Demotic. Thus, it was normal in those days for the official documents to be written in Greek, and, the others written in Coptic.(1) Gold, silver and copper coins were also minted imitating Byzantine Solidus (gold coin) and Follis (copper coin) and Sassanian Drahm (silver coin), and they were sometimes decorated with the representation of the religious legends, such as "Allahu", engraved in a blank space. In spite of such situation, around A. H. 79 (698), Caliph 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan implemented the coinage reformation to promote Arabisation of coins, and in A. H. 87 (706), 'Abd Allahi b. 'Abd al-Malik, the governor- general of Egypt, pursued Arabisation of official documentation under a decree by Caliph Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik.(2) As a result, the Arabic letters came into the immediate use for the coin inscriptions and gradually for the official documents. However, when the figures were involved, the Greek or the Coptic numerals were used together with the Arabic letters.(3) The Abjad Arabic numerals were also created by assigning the numerical values to the Arabic alphabetic (abjad) letters just like the Greek numerals, but they did not spread very much.(4) It was in the latter half of the 8th century that the Indian numerals, generally regarded as the forerunners of the Arabic numerals, were introduced to the Islamic world.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 a Study for the Library of Congress
    1 Assessment of Options for Handling Full Unicode Character Encodings in MARC21 A Study for the Library of Congress Part 1: New Scripts Jack Cain Senior Consultant Trylus Computing, Toronto 1 Purpose This assessment intends to study the issues and make recommendations on the possible expansion of the character set repertoire for bibliographic records in MARC21 format. 1.1 “Encoding Scheme” vs. “Repertoire” An encoding scheme contains codes by which characters are represented in computer memory. These codes are organized according to a certain methodology called an encoding scheme. The list of all characters so encoded is referred to as the “repertoire” of characters in the given encoding schemes. For example, ASCII is one encoding scheme, perhaps the one best known to the average non-technical person in North America. “A”, “B”, & “C” are three characters in the repertoire of this encoding scheme. These three characters are assigned encodings 41, 42 & 43 in ASCII (expressed here in hexadecimal). 1.2 MARC8 "MARC8" is the term commonly used to refer both to the encoding scheme and its repertoire as used in MARC records up to 1998. The ‘8’ refers to the fact that, unlike Unicode which is a multi-byte per character code set, the MARC8 encoding scheme is principally made up of multiple one byte tables in which each character is encoded using a single 8 bit byte. (It also includes the EACC set which actually uses fixed length 3 bytes per character.) (For details on MARC8 and its specifications see: http://www.loc.gov/marc/.) MARC8 was introduced around 1968 and was initially limited to essentially Latin script only.
    [Show full text]
  • Typing in Greek Sarah Abowitz Smith College Classics Department
    Typing in Greek Sarah Abowitz Smith College Classics Department Windows 1. Down at the lower right corner of the screen, click the letters ENG, then select Language Preferences in the pop-up menu. If these letters are not present at the lower right corner of the screen, open Settings, click on Time & Language, then select Region & Language in the sidebar to get to the proper screen for step 2. 2. When this window opens, check if Ελληνικά/Greek is in the list of keyboards on your ​ ​ computer under Languages. If so, go to step 3. Otherwise, click Add A New Language. Clicking Add A New Language will take you to this window. Look for Ελληνικά/Greek and click it. When you click Ελληνικά/Greek, the language will be added and you will return to the previous screen. 3. Now that Ελληνικά is listed in your computer’s languages, click it and then click Options. 4. Click Add A Keyboard and add the Greek Polytonic option. If you started this tutorial without the pictured keyboard menu in step 1, it should be in the lower right corner of your screen now. 5. To start typing in Greek, click the letters ENG next to the clock in the lower right corner of the screen. Choose “Greek Polytonic keyboard” to start typing in greek, and click “US keyboard” again to go back to English. Mac 1. Click the apple button in the top left corner of your screen. From the drop-down menu, choose System Preferences. When the window below appears, click the “Keyboard” icon.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Character Sets
    Greek Character set Sets a. monotonic b. basic polytonic c. extended polytonic d. archaic a. Monotonic Greek upper case: ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩ Ά Έ Ή Ί Ό Ύ Ώ ΪΫ U0386, U0388-U038A, U038C, U038E-U038F, U0391-U03A1, U03A3-U03AB lower case: αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρστυφχψως άέήίόύώ ΐϋϊϋ U0390, U03AC-U03CE punctuation: · anoteleia, U0387 the equivalent of semicolon ; greekquestionmark, U037E accents: ΄ tonos, U0384 ΅ dieresistonos, U0385 and dieresis that we take from the latin set proposed additions to monotonic set: ϗ greek kai symbol (greek ampersand), U03D7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_(conjunction) Ϗ greek Kai symbol (greek cap ampersand), U03CF http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3122.pdf ʹ ͵ greek numeral signs or keraia, U0374, U0375 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_numerals#Table https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_numerals#Description GRKCharsetIV20170104 b. Basic Polytonic Greek upper case: ᾺΆἈἉᾸᾹἊἋἌἍἎἏᾼᾈᾉᾊᾋᾌᾍᾎᾏΈἘἙῈἚἛἜἝ ῊΉἨἩἪἫἬἭἮἯῌᾘᾙᾚᾛᾜᾝᾞᾟΊἸἹῚῘῙΪἺἻἼἽἿΌ ὈὉῸὊὋὌὍῬΎΫὙῪῨῩὛὝὟΏὨὩῺὪὫὬὮὯ ῼᾨᾩᾪᾫᾬᾭᾮᾯ U1F08-U1F0F, U1F18-U1F1D, U1F28-U1F2F, U1F38-U1F3F, U1F48-U1F4D, U1F59, U1F5B, U1F5D, U1F5F, U1F68-U1F6F, U1F88-U1F8F, U1F98-U1F9F, U1FA8-U1FAF, U1FB8-U1FBC, U1FC8-U1FCC, U1FD8-U1FDB, U1FE8-U1FEC, U1FF8-U1FFC �������������������� ������� stylistic alternates to UC with iota subscript, using the iota adscript lower case: ὰάἀἁᾰᾱᾶἂἃἄἅἆἇᾳᾲᾴᾀᾁᾂᾃᾄᾅᾆᾇᾷέἐἑὲἒἓἔἕὴήἠἡἢἣἤἥἦἧῃῂῄ ῇᾐᾑᾒᾓᾔᾕᾖᾗίἰἱὶῐῑῖϊΐἲἳἴἵἶἷῒΐόὀὁὸὂὃὄὅῤῥύὐὑὺῠῡῦϋΰὒὓὔὕὖὗῢΰῧ ώὠὡὼῶῳὢὣὤὥὦὧᾠᾡῲῴῷᾢᾣᾤᾥᾦᾧ U1F00-1F07, U1F10-U1F15, UF20-U1F27, U1F30-U1F37, U1F40-U1F45, U1F50-U1F57, U1F60-U1F67, U1F70-U1F7D,
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek Alphabet & Pronunciation
    Lesson 1 tHe Greek aLPHaBet & Pronunciation n this lesson, we learn how to identify and pronounce the letters of I the Greek alphabet. We also distinguish smooth and rough breathing marks and learn the sounds of Greek diphthongs. Finally, we practice reading a few Greek words, such as Ἀχαιός, ἴφθιμος, and προϊάπτω. The classical Greek alphabet has 24 letters (plus two archaic letters that help explain older forms of Greek). Greek Latin Greek Latin Letter Equivalents Sound Name Transcription a as in father (when short, as Α, α A, a ἄλφα alpha in aha) Β, β B, b b as in bite βῆτα beta always g as in get (never soft, Γ, γ G, g γάμμα gamma as in gym) Δ, δ D, d d as in deal δέλτα delta Ε, ε E, e e as in red ἒ ψιλόν epsilon zd as in Mazda (many also pronounce this dz or simply z, Ζ, ζ Z, z because these are simpler to ζῆτα zeta pronounce for native English speakers) long a as in gate or as in Η, η E, e ἦτα eta (French) fête Θ, θ th th as in thick θῆτα theta long e as in feet and police or , ι I, i ἰῶτα iota short i as in hit 2 , κ K, k or C, c k as in kill κάππα kappa , λ L, l l as in language λάμβδα lambda , μ M, m m as in man μῦ mu , ν N, n n as in never νῦ nu , ξ X, x x as in box ξῖ xi o as in ought, but shorter (that is, a “closed” o), or as , ο O, o ὂ μικρόν omicron in the British pronunciation of pot , π P, p p as in pie πῖ pi a trilled r (as in continental , ρ R, r ῥῶ rho European languages) Σ, σ, ς S, s s as in sing σίγμα sigma Τ, τ T, t t as in tip ταῦ tau u as in (French) tu or U, u or (German) Müller, but the u in Υ, υ ὖ ψιλόν upsilon
    [Show full text]
  • Polytonic Transliteration of Ancient Greek (P-TAG) 16.06.2006 / 30.11.2010 / 01.12.2013, W.S
    Polytonic Transliteration of Ancient Greek (P-TAG) 16.06.2006 / 30.11.2010 / 01.12.2013, W.S. There seems to be no transliteration scheme for Ancient Greek that is at the same time - precise in representing data that are phonologically or grammatically relevant; - economical, dispensing with signs that have lost their significance (final sigma, smooth breathing/coronis); - comfortable in data entry and robust in transmission, avoiding uncommon characters; - easily understood, being based on common ways of spelling Greek loan words. Current transliteration schemes either demand special training (e.g. Beta Code) or do not support polytonic pronunciation (see e.g. The Perseus Project) or utilize rare signs that are not easy to enter and not always preserved in data transmission. P-TAG is expected to fulfil these requirements. It seems to be especially appropriate for rendering chunks of Greek that occur in Roman script documents. As our scheme ignores a few niceties of Greek orthography, if converted, it will yield no 100% Beta Code transcript or Unicode Greek script, but the result will surely be intelligible. So far, however, conversion has not been tested. We used the new transliteration scheme in the ITALI section when rendering Greek terms contained in headings or index entries: e.g. { anagnó:risis }. The present proposal is limited to the typographical signs that occur in standard editions of classical Greek literature, excluding special signs that are used in editions of inscriptions, very early texts and dialect texts (other than those written in the major "literary dialects"), as well as editorial signs used in the apparatus criticus or in editions of fragments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Coptic Language
    The Coptic Language Introduction The Coptic (Egyptian) language is the fourth and final development of the ancient Egyptian language of the hieroglyphics. Much of the Scriptures and Christian literature at the time were translated into Coptic. During the tenure of the famous Pantaenus, dean of the Catechetical School of Alexandria in 190 A.D., the language evolved into its final stage as the standardized written grammatical, alphabetical and numerical linguistic system which is essentially the same as it is to this present day. Rich in breadth and depth, 2nd century Coptic scholars (Pantaenus and his disciples) translated the Holy Bible from its original Hebrew and Greek to Coptic. Soon it became the official language of Egypt as well as the language of the Church. As a matter of fact, the Coptic language was the real key to the deciphering of the Hieroglyphic and Demotic scripts by Champollion, who unlocked the secrets of the Rosetta stone. Facilitating the Development of Writing System The rapid development of the Egyptian writing system was facilitated by their discovery of methods to make paper and ink. Walter A. Fairservis, Jr. in his book Egypt; Gift of the Nile state s that, “One of the most important contributions made by ancient Egypt was papermaking. Paper was made from the papyrus plant that grows abundantly in the marshes of the Nile Valley. Before the Egyptians invented paper, writing was done on clay tablets, which crumble, or on stone, which is heavy and hard to carve. Unlike the rest of the ancient world, the Egyptians required only a brush and some ink, and they could easily carry these materials anywhere they want.” Donald Jackson in his book The Story of Writing also affirms that, “Indeed the marriage of liquid ink, pen and paper first brought about by the Egyptians was such a revolutionary step that it is still the fundamental bases of most handwritten communication today.” Source of Western Alphabet 1 / 5 The Coptic Language The Egyptians developed the Hieroglyphic Writing around 3000 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Presentation of the Possibilities Offered by IFAO-Grec Unicode in Greek and Coptic, Especially in the PUA
    DESCRIPTION OF THE IFAO-GREC UNICODE FONT This font is first of all a Greek and Coptic font which contains the most important critical and diacritical signs, and the sigla and symbols used in editing papyrological and epigraphical texts, as well as Greek texts of specialized content such as mathematics, astronomy, magic, music, and poetry. The font is naturally compatible with other Greek fonts in standard Unicode format (Main Plane 0) and tries to be as compatible as possible with e.g. NewAthenaUnicode in the Private Use Area (PUA) and the new Plane 1 area. But it offers several possibilities that do not exist in other fonts. The font is designed to harmonise with Times New Roman, in both style and dimensions. It was conceived by Jean-Luc Fournet, and the Unicode version is the work of Ralph Hancock. Adam Bülow-Jacobsen helped in various ways. IFAO-Grec Unicode is issued free of all rights. Since no font is perfect or complete, please notify Jean-Luc Fournet ([email protected]) of any errors or omissions so that we can correct them in future versions. Below you will find a brief presentation of the possibilities offered by IFAO-Grec Unicode in Greek and Coptic, especially in the PUA. Characters are designated by their Unicode number, e.g. ‘0353’, ‘E504’, or ‘1F00’. The official area, Main Plane 0. 1) 0300-0385: mostly diacritics, both normally spaced and zero-width (combining). Accents, breathings, iota subscript, diaeresis, macron and/or breve already exist in combination with letters (1F00 sqq. and EAF3 sqq.), but can also be typed separately after the letters as combining marks from this series or the series E501-E50B in the PUA.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposals from the Script Encoding Initiative
    UC Berkeley Proposals from the Script Encoding Initiative Title Revision of the Coptic block under ballot for the BMP of the UCS Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3408594m Authors Everson, Michael Emmel, Stephen Publication Date 2004-04-20 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2744 L2/04-130 2004-04-20 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Revision of the Coptic block under ballot for the BMP of the UCS Source: Michael Everson and Stephen Emmel Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2004-04-20 This document requests additional characters to be added to the UCS and contains the proposal summary form. It replaces contains characters accepted in N2636 along with additional characters and rationale for their inclusion. A. Administrative 1. Title Revision of the Coptic under ballot for the BMP of the UCS. 2. Requesterʼs name Michael Everson and Stephen Emmel 3. Requester type (Member body/Liaison/Individual contribution) Individual contribution. 4. Submission date 2004-04-20 5. Requesterʼs reference (if applicable) NN2611 (2003-08024), N2444 (2002-05-08), N2636 6. Choose one of the following: 6a. This is a complete proposal Yes. 6b. More information will be provided later No. B. Technical – General 1. Choose one of the following: 1a. This proposal is for a new script (set of characters) No, but it is a proposal for a new block of Coptic characters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Brill Typeface User Guide & Complete List of Characters
    The Brill Typeface User Guide & Complete List of Characters Version 2.06, October 31, 2014 Pim Rietbroek Preamble Few typefaces – if any – allow the user to access every Latin character, every IPA character, every diacritic, and to have these combine in a typographically satisfactory manner, in a range of styles (roman, italic, and more); even fewer add full support for Greek, both modern and ancient, with specialised characters that papyrologists and epigraphers need; not to mention coverage of the Slavic languages in the Cyrillic range. The Brill typeface aims to do just that, and to be a tool for all scholars in the humanities; for Brill’s authors and editors; for Brill’s staff and service providers; and finally, for anyone in need of this tool, as long as it is not used for any commercial gain.* There are several fonts in different styles, each of which has the same set of characters as all the others. The Unicode Standard is rigorously adhered to: there is no dependence on the Private Use Area (PUA), as it happens frequently in other fonts with regard to characters carrying rare diacritics or combinations of diacritics. Instead, all alphabetic characters can carry any diacritic or combination of diacritics, even stacked, with automatic correct positioning. This is made possible by the inclusion of all of Unicode’s combining characters and by the application of extensive OpenType Glyph Positioning programming. Credits The Brill fonts are an original design by John Hudson of Tiro Typeworks. Alice Savoie contributed to Brill bold and bold italic. The black-letter (‘Fraktur’) range of characters was made by Karsten Lücke.
    [Show full text]
  • Recognition of Greek Polytonic on Historical Degraded Texts Using Hmms
    2016 12th IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems Recognition of Greek Polytonic on Historical Degraded Texts using HMMs Vassilis Katsouros1, Vassilis Papavassiliou1, Fotini Simistira3,1, and Basilis Gatos2 1Institute for Language and Speech Processing (ILSP) Athena Research and Innovation Center, Athens, Greece Email: {vpapa, fotini, vsk}@ilsp.gr 2Computational Intelligence Laboratory, Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications 1DWLRQDO&HQWHUIRU6FLHQWLILF5HVHDUFK³'HPRNULWRV´$WKHQV*UHHFH [email protected] 3DIVA Research Group University of Fribourg, Switzerland Email: [email protected] Abstract² Optical Character Recognition (OCR) of ancient SODFHGDERYHWKHYRZHOVWKHDFXWHDFFHQWHJȐWRPDUNKLgh Greek polytonic scripts is a challenging task due to the large pitch on a short vowel, the grave accent, e.g. ੹, to mark normal number of character classes, resulting from variations of or low pitch, and the circumflex, e.g. ઼, to mark high and diacritical marks on the vowel letters. Classical OCR systems falling pitch within one syllable; the second category involves require a character segmentation phase, which in the case of two breathings placed also above vowels, the rough breathing, Greek polytonic scripts is the main source of errors that finally e.g. ਖ, to indicate a voiceless glottal fricative (/h/) before a affects the overall OCR performance. This paper suggests a vowel and the smooth breathing, e.g. ਕ, to indicate the absence character segmentation free HMM-based recognition system and RIKWKHGLDHUHVLVDSSHDUVRQWKHOHWWHUVȚDQGȣHJȧDQGȨ
    [Show full text]