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Dissertationlouiskwakuamprako.Pdf (3.643Mb) Challenges to ecosystem services of sustainable agriculture in West Africa Amprako, Louis Dissertation for the acquisition of the academic degree Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) Presented to the Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS) First supervisor: Prof. Dr. Andreas Buerkert Second supervisor: Dr. habil. Regina Roessler University of Kassel, Witzenhausen Germany Date of submission: 10.06.2020 Date of defence : 15.07.2020 Contents 1 Chapter 1 1 1.1 General introduction ....................... 2 1.2 Population development in West Africa ............. 2 1.3 Agroecosystems in Africa ..................... 3 1.4 The African livestock revolution: an option for enhanced sus- tainability? ............................ 4 1.5 The biochar revolution: an option for agricultural efficiency and sustainability in Africa? ................... 5 1.6 Study area ............................. 6 1.7 Study objectives and hypotheses ................. 7 1.8 References . 8 2 Chapter 2 12 2.1 Introduction ............................ 14 2.1.1 Livestock production in the Sahel . 14 2.1.2 Livestock production in Mali . 14 2.1.3 Site description ...................... 15 2.2 Methods .............................. 16 2.2.1 Data collection: Primary data on flows of livestock and animal feed ........................ 16 2.2.2 Data processing and analysis . 18 2.2.3 Limitations of the study . 19 2.3 Results and discussion ...................... 20 2.3.1 Scale, seasonality, and sources of livestock flows . 20 2.3.2 Direction of livestock flows . 23 2.3.2.1 Incoming livestock flows . 23 2.3.2.2 Outgoing livestock flows . 24 2.3.2.3 Transits ..................... 24 2.3.2.4 Incoming feed flows . 27 2.4 Conclusions ............................ 28 2.5 Implications ............................ 28 2.6 References . 31 3 Chapter 3 35 3.1 Introduction ............................ 36 3.2 Material and methods ....................... 37 3.2.1 Experimental birds . 37 3.2.2 Dietary treatments . 38 3.2.3 Growth performance, excreta colour and consistency . 39 3.2.4 Nutrient accretion and utilisation . 39 3.2.5 Statistical analyses . 40 3.3 Results and discussion ...................... 40 3.3.1 Effects of dietary wood charcoal on growth performance of male broiler chickens . 40 3.3.2 Effects of dietary wood charcoal on nutrient accretion and utilization in male broiler chickens . 42 3.3.3 Effects of dietary wood charcoal on excreta quality of male broiler chickens . 43 3.4 Conclusions ............................ 45 3.5 References . 46 4 Chapter 4 48 4.1 Introduction ............................ 50 4.2 Materials and methods ...................... 51 4.3 Results ............................... 60 4.4 Discussion ............................. 68 4.5 Conclusions ............................ 70 4.6 References . 72 5 Chapter 5 76 5.1 Introduction ............................ 79 5.2 Materials and methods ...................... 80 5.2.1 Study area . 80 5.2.2 Site description . 81 5.2.3 Arthropod collection and species functions . 84 5.2.4 Species indices and multivariate statistics . 85 5.3 Results ............................... 86 5.3.1 Arthropod communities' structure . 86 5.3.2 Effect of farmers' management on arthropod species . 91 5.4 Discussion ............................. 92 5.4.1 Richness and function of arthropod species in the con- text of UPA-systems . 92 5.4.2 Effects of water irrigation sources on arthropod com- munity structure . 93 5.4.3 Ecology of the dominant arthropod species . 94 5.5 Evaluation and reliability of the data . 96 5.6 Conclusions ............................ 98 5.7 References . 99 6 Chapter 6 114 6.1 Food security and Africa . 115 6.2 Review of livestock traffic . 115 6.3 Review of the potential of biochar as a poultry feed additive . 117 6.4 Effects of agricultural management practices on arthropod ecol- ogy .................................118 6.5 Conclusions ............................119 6.6 References . 121 List of Figures 1 Data collection points on major and minor access roads leading to the city of Bamako, Mali. Note: Due to the diversion of the road leading from Kati to Bamako, data were collected at two other check points. Duplicates were removed before analysis. 18 2 Daily incoming, outgoing, and transit numbers of cattle, sheep, and goat during different seasons from 2015 - 2017 in Bamako, Mali. 22 3 Geographical sources of livestock recorded in Bamako (Mali) during the hot, rainy, and harvest season of 2015 - 2017. 24 4 Map of incoming livestock flows into Bamako (Mali) for cattle, sheep and goat in the hot, rainy, and harvest season of 2015 - 2017. Line thickness is proportional to livestock volume link- ing sources and destinations. 24 5 Map of outgoing livestock flows from Bamako (Mali) for cat- tle, sheep and goat in the hot, rainy, and harvest season of 2015 - 2017. Line thickness is proportional to livestock vol- ume linking sources and destinations. 24 6 Map of transiting livestock flows through Bamako for cattle, sheep and goat. Line thickness is proportional to livestock volume linking sources and destinations. Data were collected in the hot, rainy, and harvest season of 2015 - 2017. 26 7 Animal feed transported by a motorised tricycle and a motor- cycle in Bamako, Mali. Animal feed heap for sale by the side of the road in Bamako. 27 8 Locations of important sources of animal feed in Bamako. Red bubbles represent locations and their diameter proportional to the total feed count. Data were collected in the hot, rainy, and harvest season of 2015 - 2017. 28 9 Accretion of a) dry matter b) carbon, c) nitrogen and d) phos- phorous (all in g/day; P > 0.05, ANOVA) by broiler chickens fed with different substitution level of charcoal using total exc- reta collection. T-0 %: Commercial broiler feed with 0 % char- coal, T-1.5 %: Commercial broiler feed with 1.5 % charcoal, T-3 %: Commercial broiler feed with 3 % charcoal, T-6 %: Commercial broiler feed with 6 % charcoal. n = 5 replicates for each dietary treatment. 42 10 Utilization of a) dry matter b) carbon, c) nitrogen and d) phos- phorous (all in %; P > 0.05, ANOVA) by broiler chickens fed with different substitution level of charcoal using total excreta collection. T-0 %: Commercial broiler feed with 0 % charcoal, T-1.5 %: Commercial broiler feed with 1.5 % charcoal, T-3 %: Commercial broiler feed with 3 % charcoal, T-6 %: Commer- cial broiler feed with 6 % charcoal. n = 5 replicates for each dietary treatment. 43 11 Average body weight of broiler chickens at the start of each week . 63 12 Average daily feed intake of broiler chickens for each experi- mental week . 65 13 Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red blood cell count (RBC) of broiler chickens fed false yam tuber meals . 67 14 Map of Ghana with major cities (left) and Tamale in the Northern Region of Ghana (right) showing the location of the studied urban and peri-urban production systems. Data retrieved from www.openstreetmap.org (OpenStreetMap con- tributors 2019). Figure produced in R version 3.6.0 (R Devel- opment Core Team 2018) . 81 15 Abundance of arthropod orders caught with pitfall and pan traps during a 72-hour sampling in 36 vegetable fields of Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana in August 2016. 86 16 Arthropod species accumulation curves (Mao Tao estimator standard deviation) of vegetable fields under different irriga- tion sources (four UPA locations) of Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana in August 2016. 87 17 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) biplot based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity of all 36 arthropod communities caught on vegetable fields considering irrigation regime, namely rain- fed (RF; green), tap water (Tap; yellow), well water (Well; purple), wastewater (WW; magenta) and crop type by using the 24 most abundant and equally distributed species sam- pled in UPA systems in Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana in August 2016. 91 18 RDA (redundancy analysis) triplot (scaling 1) showing the relationship between soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N), soil electric conductivity (EC), soil phosphorous content (P), and soil pH to the shortlisted 24 arthropod species sampled for 72 h in UPA systems of Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana, in August 2016 . 92 List of Tables 1 Transportation mode, livestock type and its capacity . 18 2 Livestock flows (in numbers per day) in Bamako (Mali) in the hot, rainy, and harvest season of 2015 - 2017. 30 3 Analysed chemical composition (g/kg DM) of experimental diets and dietary wood charcoal used fed to male broiler chickens 38 4 Growth performance of male broiler chickens fed different sub- stitution levels of charcoal in commercial broiler feed (day 42 - 45) . 41 5 Chemical composition (g/kg DM; mg/kg DM for P) of total excreta of male broiler chickens fed with different substitution level of charcoal . 44 6 Consistency and color of total excreta of male broiler chickens fed with different substitution level of charcoal . 45 7 Analysed chemical composition of feed components and di- etary treatments used in the broiler chicken experiment (g/kg DM) . 53 8 Amino acid profile of dietary treatments used in the broiler experiment . 55 9 Pimarane-type diterpenoid compound candidates detected in false yam tubers (UPLC-MS) . 58 10 Mean performances of experimental broiler chickens fed a con- trol diet and different false yam tuber meals without wood charcoal . 60 11 Effect of varying inclusion levels of wood charcoal to false yam tuber meals on daily weight gain, daily feed intake, feed con- version rate and mortality rate of experimental broiler chickens 61 12 Haematology of experimental broiler chickens fed a control diet and different false yam tuber meals without wood charcoal 66 13 Serology of experimental broiler chickens fed a control diet and different false yam tuber meals without wood charcoal . 68 14 Mean standard deviation of soils' electrical conductivity (EC), carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N), total phosphorous (P), pH, and counts of Escherichia coli and Enterococccus spp. (in most probable count number (MPN) 100 ml -1) within the irriga- tion water source measured in vegetable fields under different irrigation sources in four UPA locations in Tamale, Ghana in August 2016.
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