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Survey of the Pests and Diseases of Honeybees in Sudan

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Survey of the pests and diseases of honeybees in Sudan By Mogbel Ahmed Abdalla El-Niweiri B.Sc. (Agric.) Honours, Faculty of Agriculture ١٩٩٨ University of Khartoum A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture Supervisor Prof. Mohammed S.A. El-Sarrag Department of Crop Protection Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum ٢٠٠٤-April ١ Dedication To my beloved family and to all who work in beekeeping ٢ Acknowledgements Thanks and praise first and last to my god the most Gracious and the most Merciful who enabled me to performance this research I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor professor M.S.A.El-Sarrag for introducing me to the subject and for his guidance and patience during my study I am extremely grateful to The beekeepers union in Kabom, south Darfur, El wiam Apiary in Kordfan, and Ais Eldin Elnobi apiary in Halfa for their assistant in inspecting honeybee colonies. I am so grateful to all owners of apiary in Khartoum My deep thanks to my teacher Abu obida O. Ibrahim for his assistance in inspecting imported colonies Thanks are also extended to the following; Insects collection, Agriculture Research Corporation, Sudan Institute for Natural Sciences and Wild life Research Center for their assistance in identification insects, birds, and animals samples. I would like to thank all my colleagues in the Environment and Natural Resources Institute specially thanks due to Satti and Seif Eldin Thanks are also extended to Awad M. E. and Aiad from Seismology research Institute for their help in drawing maps ٣ Table of contents Dedication i Acknowledgments ii Table of contents iii Abstract v Arabic Abstract vi ١ ١ Chapter ١ Introduction ٨ ٢ Chapter ٨ Review of literature ٨ Bacterial Diseases ٢٫١ ٨ American Foul Brood Disease .٢٫١٫١ ٨ European Foul Brood .٢٫١٫٢ ١١ Serratia marcescens .٢٫١٫٣ Septicemia .٢٫١٫٤ ١١ ١١ Fungal Diseases .٢٫٢ ١١ Chalkbrood.٢٫٢٫١ ١٢ Stonebrood .٢٫٢٫٢ ١٢ Protozoan Disease .٢٫٣ ١٢ Nozema Disease.٢٫٣٫١ ١٢ Viral Diseases.٢٫٤ ١٣ :Sac brood .٢٫٤٫١ ١٣ Chronic Bee Paralysis .٢٫٤٫٢ ١٤ :Acute paralysis bee virus and Kashmir virus .٢٫٤٫٣ ١٤ :Noninfectious Diseases .٢٫٥ ١٦ Parasitic Mites of honeybees .٢٫٦ ١٦ Varroa jacobsoni.٢٫٦٫١ ١٧ Acarapis woodi .٢٫٦٫٢ ١٨ Euvarroa sinhai and Tropilaelaps clereae .٢٫٦٫٣ ١٨ Hygienic behaviour.٢٫٧ ٢٠ Insects.٢٫٨ ٢٠ Moths.٢٫٨٫١ ٢٢ Wasps.٢٫٨٫٢ ٢٤ Beetles.٢٫٨٫٣ ٢٧ Ants.٢٫٨٫٤ ٢٨ Other insect.٢٫٨٫٥ ٢٩ Birds.٢٫٩ ٢٩ (Meropidae (Bee-eaters.٢٫٩٫١ ٣٠ Distribution and identification of bee-eater in Sudan .٢٫٩٫٢ ٣٣ Ground horn bill Bucorvus abyssinicus.٢٫٩٫٣ ٣٣ (Indicatoridae (Honey guides.٢٫٩٫٤ ٣٤ :Other birds.٢٫٩٫٥ ٤ ٣٤ Mammals.٢٫١٠ ٣٦ ٣ Chapter ٣٦ Material and Methods ٣٦ :Sampling techniques.٣٫١ ٣٦ Diseases diagnosis.٣٫٢ ٣٨ Bacterial diseases.٣٫٢٫١ Foul brood.٣٫٢٫١٫١ ٣٨ ٣٩ :Identification of Serratia marcescen .٣٫٢٫١٫٢ ٣٩ ;Methods for bacterial isolation and Identification.٣٫٢٫١٫٢٫١ ٣٩ Biochemical test .٣٫٢٫١٫٢٫١٫١ ٤١ (Protozoan disease (Diagnose of Nosema Disease.٣٫٢٫٢ ٤٢ mites ٣٫٣ ٤٢ ٣٫٣٫١Washing of adult bees Inspection of capped brood cells of both A florea and A.mellifera ٣٫٣٫٢ ٤٣ ٤٣ Tobacco smoke Detection Technique ٣٫٣٫٣ ٤٤ (Inspection of tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi ٣٫٣٫٤ ٤٤ Insects ٣٫٤ ٤٤ Mammals ٣٫٥ ٤٥ Birds ٣٫٦ ٤٥ Questionnaire ٣٫٧ ٤٥ Testing for Hygienic Behaviour in Sudanese HoneyBees ٣٫٨ ٤٨ ٤ Chapter ٤٨ Results ٤٨ :Diseases diagnosis ٤٫١ ٤٨ :Identification of Serratia marcescens .٤٫١٫١ .Detection of Paenibacillus larvae spores in hive products.٤٫١٫٢ ٥٢ ٥٢ Investigations of mites.٤٫١٫٣ ٥٩ Insects.٤٫٢ ٦٥ Mammals .٤٫٣ ٦٥ Birds .٤٫٤ ٧١ Lizards.٤٫٥ ٧٤ Questionnaire .٤٫٦ ٧٨ Testing for Hygienic Behaviour in Sudanese Honey Bee.٤٫٧ ٧٨ Distribution of honeybee pests and diseases in surveyed.٤٫٨ ٩٣ ٥ Chapter Discussion ٩٣ ٥ ٩٣ Disease diagnosis.٥٫١ ٩٦ Mites .٥٫٢ ١٠٠ nsects ٥٫٣ ١٠٢ Mammals .٥٫٤ ١٠٤ Birds .٥٫٥ ١٠٥ Bee poisoning .٥٫٦ ١٠٥ :Testing for Hygienic Behaviour in Sudanese Honey Bee.٥٫٧ ١٠٦ :Questionnaire .٥٫٨ ١٠٧ References Appendix Abstract A survey of the honeybee pests and diseases in Sudan were curried ٣٢٤pakages of colonies were inspected in addition to ١١٧ out. About colonies of Apis florea. All inspected ٢٥ imported honeybee colonies and colonies in all locations were found to be free of American foul brood, European foulbrood, Chalkbrood, Sackbrood and Stonebrood. The only out ٣ brood disease found was Serratia marcescens, in Khartoum State Dysentery was the only adult disease found during this .(٪٢٫٥٦٣) ١١٧ of ١١٧ out of ٢ survey in Kordofan State and its percent infestation was .(٪١٫٧٠٩) The parasitic mite Varroa. jacobsoni was discovered in Sudan in this study for the first time. All Khartoum apiaries were infested with this of the inspected colonies had positive infestation. High ٪٧٥ mite and followed by E-l kadaro ٪١٠٠ incidence was found in Shambat apiary Among bees the mean .٪٥٠ and El-faki Hashim apiary ٪٧٥ apiary high infestation was found ,٪١٫٠٩٠٢ incident percent in Khartoum was and El-faki ٪١٫٢٠٤٦ followed by E-l kadaro ٪١٫٤٧٥٦ in Shambat of wild colonies were % ٢٧٫٢٧٢٧ In addition to that .٪٠٫٥٩٠٤ Hashim ٪٠٫٢٥٥٣ infested with mites, incidence of The mean percentage of infested colonies by Greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella), Ants (different spp), Small hive beetle (Aethina tumida), large hive beetle (Hyplostoma fuligineus) and Hawk moth ٦ ٢٫١٩٤i % and ,٪٢٫٣٨٩ ,٪٧٧٫٢٩٥ ٪٨٦٫٣٢٥ ,Acherontia atropos was respectively. The Small hive beetle (Aethina tumida), the large ٪٠٫٥٤٣ hive beetle (Hyplostoma fuligineus) and the Bee wolf (Palarus latifrons) were recorded for the first time in Sudan. Some insects such as Earwigs Silverfish, Cockroaches, Praying Mantids, Dragonflies, Termites, Locust, Dwarf bee (Apis florea) and the sting less bees were also reported as a pest of honeybees The major mammalian pests that found in Sudan were Man (honey hunters), Livestock (Cattle and Camels), Squirrel and Honeybadger (Mellivora capensis). The last one was reported as a pest of honeybee colonies in Sudan in this study for the first time. The bee-eaters birds of honeybee colonies were: Merops apiaster, M.nubicus, M.albicolus, M.orientalis and M.pusilus. The honey guide Indicator indicator and the ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus were recorded as a pest of honeybee colonies for the first time in Sudan. It was found that Sudanese honeybees were hygienic colonies resist of the preventive methods % ٨٠ pests and diseases. It was found that were the main control measure of the bee pests and diseases in Sudan .used chemical methods ٪٢٠ and only ٧ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺴﺢ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻟﺤﺼﺭ ﺁﻓﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺃﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟـﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺨـﻼل ﺍﻟﻸﻋﻭﺍﻡ (٢٠٠٢/٢٠٠٣) ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻡ ﻓﺤﺹ ١١٧ ﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ ﻨﺤل ﺒﺎﻹﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟـﻰ ٣٢٤ ﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ ﻨﺤل ﻤﺭﺯﻭﻡ ﺒﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ ﻭ٢٥ ﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ . ﺃﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺨﻠﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍ ﻟﺤﻀﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻋ ﺎ ﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎﹰ ﻤﺜل ﻤﺭﺽ ﺘﻌﻔﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻤﺭﺽ ﺘﻌﻔﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒـﻲ ﻭ ﻤـﺭﺽ ﺘﻜﻠﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﻨﺔ ﻭ ﻤﺭﺽ ﺘﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﻨﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﻤﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﺎﺘﻴﺎ ﺒﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺔ ٢,٥٦٣ (٣ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ١١٧) ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺘـﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﻤﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺴﻨﺘﺎﺭﻴﺎ ﻜﺄﺤﺩ ﺃﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﻜﺭﺩﻓﺎﻥ. ﺘﻡ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻁﻔﻴل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻭﺍ(Varroa jacobsoni) ﻷﻭل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻨﺎﺤل ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ ﻤﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻴل ﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺔ ٧٥% ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ. ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺤ ل ﺸﻤﺒﺎﺕ ١٠٠% ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﻜﺩﺭﻭ ٧٥% ﺜـﻡ ﻤﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﻲ ﻫﺎﺸﻡ ٥٠% ﻭ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـل ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﻟﻎ ﻓـﻲ ﻭﻻﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ ١,٠٩٠٢% ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺤل ﺸﻤﺒﺎﺕ ١,٤٧٥٦% ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﻜﺩﺭﻭ ١,٢٠٤٦% ﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﻲ ﻫﺎﺸﻡ ٠,٠٩٠٤% ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ٢٧,٢٧٢٧% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺌ ﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﻻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ ﻤﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﻁﻔﻴل ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ٠,٢٥٥٣%. ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺒﻠﻐـﺕ ﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺼـﺎﺒﺔ ٨٦,٣٢٥%، ٧٧,٢٩٥%، ٢,٣٨٩%، ٢,١٩٤%، ٠٫٥٤٣ % ﻟﺤــــﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟــــﺸﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ(Galleria mellonella) ﺍﻟﻨﻤل، ﺨﻨﻔﺴﺎﺀ ﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟـﺼﻐﺭﻯ Aethina) (tumida، ﺨﻨﻔﺴﺎﺀ ﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ (Hyplostoma fuligineus)، ﻓﺭﺍﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺴﻡ (Acherontia atropos)ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ. ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺨﻨﻔﺴﺎﺀ ﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ ٨ ﻭ ﺨﻨﻔﺴﺎﺀ ﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻭ ﺫﺌﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل (Palarus latifrons)ﻷﻭل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ. ﺘﻡ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﺂﻓﺎﺕ ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺇﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻭﺯ، ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻲ، ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﺼﻴﺭ، ﻓﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ، ﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﺸﺎﺕ، ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺩ،ﺍﻷﺭﻀﺔ، ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ، ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﻊ. ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺘـﻡ ﺃﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻨـﺴﺎﻥ (ﺼـﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـل ) ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ(ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺸﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺒل ) ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺎﺠﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﺒﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺎﻟﻰ ﻜﺂﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـ ﻰ ﻁﺎﺌﻔـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ. ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻴـﻭﺭ ﺘـﻡ ﺘـﺴﺠﻴل ﺁﻜـﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـل ﺍﻟـﻭﺭﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒﻲ(Merops apiaster) ﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻲ(M.orientalis) ﻭ ﺍﻟـﻭﺭﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺒﻲ(M.nubicus) ﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻭﺍﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺽ (M.albicolus) ﻭ ﺁﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ.(M.pusilus) ﻜﺂﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﺸـﺩ ﺍﻟﻌـﺴل ( Indicator indicator) ﻭ ﻁﺎﺌﺭ "ﺃﺒﻭ ﺃﻨﺩﻟﻙ" (Bucorvus abyssinicus )ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﻷﻭل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻜﺂﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺒﺎﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ. ﺍﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍ ﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻴﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟـﺼﺤﻲ (Hygienic behaviour) ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺅﻫﻠﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤ ﻘ ﺎ ﻭ ﻤ ﺎﹰ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل .
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    ©Entomologischer Verein Apollo e.V. Frankfurt am Main; download unter www.zobodat.at Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, Suppl. 17: 17-132 (1998) 17 The Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) of the Philippines Willem H o g e n e s and Colin G. T r e a d a w a y Willem Hogenes, Zoologisch Museum Amsterdam, Afd. Entomologie, Plantage Middenlaan 64, NL-1018 DH Amsterdam, The Netherlands Colin G. T readaway, Entomologie II, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Abstract: This publication covers all Sphingidae known from the Philippines at this time in the form of an annotated checklist. (A concise checklist of the species can be found in Table 4, page 120.) Distribution maps are included as well as 18 colour plates covering all but one species. Where no specimens of a particular spe­ cies from the Philippines were available to us, illustrations are given of specimens from outside the Philippines. In total we have listed 117 species (with 5 additional subspecies where more than one subspecies of a species exists in the Philippines). Four tables are provided: 1) a breakdown of the number of species and endemic species/subspecies for each subfamily, tribe and genus of Philippine Sphingidae; 2) an evaluation of the number of species as well as endemic species/subspecies per island for the nine largest islands of the Philippines plus one small island group for comparison; 3) an evaluation of the Sphingidae endemicity for each of Vane-Wright’s (1990) faunal regions. From these tables it can be readily deduced that the highest species counts can be encountered on the islands of Palawan (73 species), Luzon (72), Mindanao, Leyte and Negros (62 each).
  • Epigaeic Invertebrate Community Structure in Two Subtropical Nature Reserves, Eastern Cape, South Africa: Implications for Conservation Management

    Epigaeic Invertebrate Community Structure in Two Subtropical Nature Reserves, Eastern Cape, South Africa: Implications for Conservation Management

    © Arachnologische Gesellschaft e.V. Frankfurt/Main; http://arages.de/ Arachnologische Mitteilungen / Arachnology Letters 52: 7-15 Karlsruhe, September 2016 Epigaeic invertebrate community structure in two subtropical nature reserves, Eastern Cape, South Africa: Implications for conservation management Augustine S. Niba & Inam Yekwayo doi: 10.5431/aramit5203 Abstract. Epigaeic invertebrates were sampled at non-invaded (‘Indigenous Forest’ and ‘Indigenous Grassland’) and alien-invaded (‘Eu- calyptus’ and ‘Mixed alien’) sub-sites in the Nduli and Luchaba Nature Reserves using pitfall traps. A total of 2054 specimens belonging to three phyla (Arthropoda, Mollusca and Annelida) was caught and sorted into seven orders, 18 families, one tribe, 45 genera (22 identified to species level) and 20 morphospecies. Higher species richness occurred in ‘Indigenous Forest’ and ‘Mixed Alien’ sub-sites while higher specimen counts were made in invaded (‘Mixed Alien’ and ‘Eucalyptus’) sub-sites during summer months, peaking in January. Canonical Correspondence Analysis results show that some measured site variables, e.g. litter depth, grazing intensity, percentage of alien vege- tation cover, and soil chemical properties accounted for invertebrate taxa composition and distribution trends at sub-sites. Although habitat-patch level characteristics (including abiotic factors) were important for determining species distributions, increased levels of infestation by invasive alien vegetation across sub-sites did not necessarily impact on epigaeic invertebrates
  • Effectiveness of Three Pesticides Against Carmine Spider Mite (Tetranychus Cinnabarinus Boisduval) Eggs on Tomato in Botswana

    Effectiveness of Three Pesticides Against Carmine Spider Mite (Tetranychus Cinnabarinus Boisduval) Eggs on Tomato in Botswana

    Vol. 17(8), pp. 1088-xxx, August, 2021 DOI: 10.5897/AJAR2021.15591 Article Number: 3489C4F67485 ISSN: 1991-637X Copyright ©2021 African Journal of Agricultural Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR Research Full Length Research Paper Effectiveness of three pesticides against carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval) eggs on tomato in Botswana Mitch M. Legwaila1, Motshwari Obopile2 and Bamphitlhi Tiroesele2* 1Botswana National Museum, Box 00114, Gaborone, Botswana. 2Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P/Bag 00114, Gaborone, Botswana. Received 13 April, 2021; Accepted 16 July, 2021 The carmine spider mite (CSM; Tetranychus cinnabarinus Bois.) is one of the most destructive pests of vegetables, especially tomatoes. Its management in Botswana has, for years, relied on the use of pesticides. This study evaluated the efficacy of abamectin, methomyl and chlorfenapyr against CSM eggs under laboratory conditions in Botswana. Each treatment was replicated three times. The toxic effect was evaluated in the laboratory bioassay after 24, 48 and 72 h of application of pesticides. This study revealed that chlorfenapyr was relatively more effective since it had lower LD50 values than those for abamectin and methomyl. It was further revealed that at recommended rates, 90% mortalities occurred 48 h after application of methomyl and chlorfenapyr, while abamectin did not achieve 90% mortality throughout the study period. This implies that abamectin requires extra dosages to achieve mortalities comparable to those of the other two pesticides. The study has found that chlorfenapyr was the most effective insecticide followed by methomyl and then abamectin when applied on CSM eggs.
  • Evidence for Synonymy Between Tetranychus Urticae And

    Evidence for Synonymy Between Tetranychus Urticae And

    Evidence for synonymy between Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae): Review and new data Philippe Auger, Alain Migeon, Edward A. Ueckermann, Louwrens Tiedt, Maria Navajas Navarro To cite this version: Philippe Auger, Alain Migeon, Edward A. Ueckermann, Louwrens Tiedt, Maria Navajas Navarro. Ev- idence for synonymy between Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae): Review and new data. Acarologia, Acarologia, 2013, 53 (4), pp.383-415. 10.1051/ac- arologia/20132102. hal-00979843 HAL Id: hal-00979843 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00979843 Submitted on 16 Apr 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Acarologia 53(4): 383–415 (2013) DOI: 10.1051/acarologia/2013XXXX EVIDENCE FOR SYNONYMY BETWEEN TETRANYCHUS URTICAE AND TETRANYCHUS CINNABARINUS (ACARI, PROSTIGMATA, TETRANYCHIDAE): REVIEW AND NEW DATA Philippe AUGER1,*, Alain MIGEON1, Edward A. UECKERMANN2, 3, Louwrens TIEDT3 and Maria NAVAJAS1 (Received 19 April 2013; accepted 02 June 2013; published online 19 December 2013) 1 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR CBGP (INRA / IRD / CIRAD / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus international de Baillarguet, CS 30016, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France.
  • Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia Styx Westwood

    Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia Styx Westwood

    Halteres, Vol.1, No.2, 2010 70 Bioecology of Til Hawk Moth, Acherontia styx Westwood R.M. Ahirwar# and M.P. Gupta Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh-472 001 M.P., India. (#e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract The bioecology of til hawk moth, Acherontia styx Westwood was studied on Sesamum indicum (Linn.) variety TKG-22 under field and lab. condition during 2004-06. The eggs were globular in shape, yellow in colour with 0.70-0.95 mm in size. The incubation period of the eggs was 2-4 days with the neonate period of 10-15 minutes. There were five larval instars and length of the completely developed larva was 68-79 mm with larval period of 20-21 days. The maximum larvae were obtained during late August to September. The pre-pupal and pupal periods were 3-4 and 14-23 days respectively, with pupae conical in shape. The mating was always at morning (0.07-0.10 minutes) followed by oviposition (24 to 36 hours) with fecundity of 5-8. Life span of the adult was 3-5 days, total life cycle was completed in 39-52 days. Mean adult emergence (%), sex ratio and growth index were 95 to 100%, 1:1 and 2.64 to 2.27 respectively. There are only three generations in a year. The plants were infested to the extent of 31.6% by this insect. Maximum damage is caused during September-October. Keywords: Bioecology, Acherontia styx Westwood. Introduction Sesame Sesamum indicum Linn. is the Materials and Methods oldest indigenous oilseed crop of the world and Studies on the bionomics of til hawk moth, also a major oilseed crop of India.
  • Status of Beekeeping in Ethiopia- a Review

    Status of Beekeeping in Ethiopia- a Review

    Journal of Dairy & Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 2573-2196 Review Article Dairy and Vet Sci J Volume 8 Issue 4 - December 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Kenesa Teferi DOI: 10.19080/JDVS.2018.08.555743 Status of Beekeeping in Ethiopia- A Review Kenesa Teferi* College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, Ethiopia Submission: November 16, 2018; Published: December 06, 2018 *Corresponding author: Kenesa Teferi, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, Ethiopia Summary Beekeeping practices is an oldest agricultural activity in Ethiopia. It is a major integral component in agricultural economy of the country. It contributes to the economy of the country directly and indirectly. Its direct contributions are collection of the honey and hive products such as bees wax, and bee colonies whereas its indirect contributions are increase in crop production and conservation of the natural environment through pollination. Despite all the potentials the subsector can offer, the apiculture in Ethiopia has suffered from under estimation of its potential and its role for socioeconomic development. The country’s potential for honey and beeswax production is expected to be 500,000 and 50, 000 tons per year for honey and beeswax respectively, but only approximately about 10% of the honey and wax potential have been tapped, and the commercialization of other high value bee products such as pollen, propolis and bee venom is not yet practiced at a marketable volume, even not yet recognized. Ethiopia ranks ninth in honey and third in beeswax production in the world. All regions of Ethiopia produce honey, but their production potential is different based on suitability of the regions for beekeeping i.e., density of bee’s forages across the region is different and the techniques varies also.
  • Biodiversiteitsopname Biodiversity Assessment

    Biodiversiteitsopname Biodiversity Assessment

    Biodiversiteitsopname Biodiversity Assessment Bome - Trees (77 sp) Veldblomme - Flowering veld plants (65 sp) Grasse - Grasses (41 sp) Naaldekokers - Dragonflies (46 sp) Skoenlappers - Butterflies (81 sp) Motte - Moths (95 sp) Nog insekte - Other insects (102 sp) Spinnekoppe - Spiders (53 sp) Paddas - Frogs (14 sp) Reptiele - Reptiles (22 sp) Voëls - Birds (185 sp) Soogdiere - Mammals (23 sp) 4de uitgawe: Jan 2015 Plante/Plants Diere/Animals (24 000 spp in SA) Anthropoda Chordata (>150 000 spp in SA) Arachnida Insecta (spinnekoppe/spiders, 2020 spp in SA) Neuroptera – mayflies, lacewings, ant-lions (385 spp in SA) Odonata – dragonflies (164 spp in SA) Blattodea – cockroaches (240 spp in SA) Mantodea – mantids (185 spp in SA) Isoptera – termites (200 spp in SA) Orthoptera – grasshoppers, stick insects (900 spp in SA) Phthiraptera – lice (1150 spp in SA) Hemiptera – bugs (>3500 spp in SA) Coleoptera – beetles (18 000 spp in SA) Lepidoptera – butterflies (794 spp in SA), moths (5200 spp in SA) Diptera – flies (4800 spp in SA) Siphonoptera – fleas (100 spp in SA) Hymenoptera – ants, bees, wasps (>6000 spp in SA) Trichoptera – caddisflies (195 spp in SA) Thysanoptera – thrips (230 spp in SA) Vertebrata Tunicata (sea creatures, etc) Fish Amphibia Reptiles Birds Mammals (115 spp in SA) (255 spp in SA) (858 spp in SA) (244 spp in SA) Bome – Trees (n=77) Koffiebauhinia - Bauhinia petersiana - Dainty bauhinia Rooi-ivoor - Berchemia zeyheri - Red ivory Witgat - Boscia albitrunca - Shepherd’s tree Bergvaalbos - Brachylaena rotundata - Mountain silver-oak
  • Hemiptera: Coccoidea)

    Hemiptera: Coccoidea)

    Journal of Agricultural Science; Vol. 10, No. 4; 2018 ISSN 1916-9752 E-ISSN 1916-9760 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Efficacy of Libidibia ferrea var. ferrea and Agave sisalana Extracts against Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) Rosineide S. Lopes1, Luciana G. Oliveira1, Antonio F. Costa1, Maria T. S. Correia2, Elza A. Luna-Alves Lima3 & Vera L. M. Lima2 1 Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco (IPA), Recife, Brazil 2 Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil 3 Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil Correspondence: Vera L. M. Lima, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP: 50670-420, Brazil. Tel: 55-(81)-2126-8576. E-mail: [email protected] Received: December 18, 2017 Accepted: January 24, 2018 Online Published: March 15, 2018 doi:10.5539/jas.v10n4p255 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n4p255 The research is financed by “Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco” (FACEPE), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level -or Education- Personnel) (CAPES), and “Banco do Nordeste do Brasil” (BNB). Abstract The carmine cochineal (Dactylopius opuntiae) is an insect-plague of Opuntia ficus-indica palm crops, causing losses in the production of the vegetable used as forage for the Brazilian semiarid animals. The objective of this work was to analyze the efficacy of plant extracts, insecticides and their combination in the control of D. opuntiae. Leaf and pod extracts of Libidibia ferrea var.
  • Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) W

    Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) W

    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Technical Bulletins Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station 5-1-1972 TB55: Food Lists of Hippodamia (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) W. L. Vaundell R. H. Storch Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/aes_techbulletin Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Vaundell, W.L. and R.H. Storch. 1972. Food lists of Hippodamia (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 55. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Technical Bulletins by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Food Lists of Hippodamia (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) W.L. Vaundell R.H. Storch UNIVERSITY OF MAINE AT ORONO LIFE SCIENCES AND AGRICULTURE EXPERIMENT STATION MAY 1972 ABSTRACT Food lists for Hippodamia Iredecimpunctata (Linnaeus) and the genus Hippodamia as reported in the literature are given. A complete list of citations is included. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are indebted to Dr. G. W. Simpson (Life Sciences Agriculture Experiment Station) for critically reading the manus and to Drs. M. E. MacGillivray (Canada Department of Agricull and G. W. Simpson for assistance in the nomenclature of the Aphid Research reported herein was supported by Hatch Funds. Food List of Hippodamia (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) W. L. Vaundell1 and R. H. Storch The larval and adult coccinellids of the subfamily Coccinellinae, except for the Psylloborini, are predaceous (Arnett, 1960). The possi­ ble use of lady beetles to aid in the control of arthropod pests has had cosmopolitan consideration, for example, Britton 1914, Lipa and Sem'yanov 1967, Rojas 1967, and Sacharov 1915.
  • Arachnologische Arachnology

    Arachnologische Arachnology

    Arachnologische Gesellschaft E u Arachnology 2015 o 24.-28.8.2015 Brno, p Czech Republic e www.european-arachnology.org a n Arachnologische Mitteilungen Arachnology Letters Heft / Volume 51 Karlsruhe, April 2016 ISSN 1018-4171 (Druck), 2199-7233 (Online) www.AraGes.de/aramit Arachnologische Mitteilungen veröffentlichen Arbeiten zur Faunistik, Ökologie und Taxonomie von Spinnentieren (außer Acari). Publi- ziert werden Artikel in Deutsch oder Englisch nach Begutachtung, online und gedruckt. Mitgliedschaft in der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft beinhaltet den Bezug der Hefte. Autoren zahlen keine Druckgebühren. Inhalte werden unter der freien internationalen Lizenz Creative Commons 4.0 veröffentlicht. Arachnology Logo: P. Jäger, K. Rehbinder Letters Publiziert von / Published by is a peer-reviewed, open-access, online and print, rapidly produced journal focusing on faunistics, ecology Arachnologische and taxonomy of Arachnida (excl. Acari). German and English manuscripts are equally welcome. Members Gesellschaft e.V. of Arachnologische Gesellschaft receive the printed issues. There are no page charges. URL: http://www.AraGes.de Arachnology Letters is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Autorenhinweise / Author guidelines www.AraGes.de/aramit/ Schriftleitung / Editors Theo Blick, Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt/M. and Callistus, Gemeinschaft für Zoologische & Ökologische Untersuchungen, D-95503 Hummeltal; E-Mail: [email protected], [email protected] Sascha
  • DECEMBER 2018 TREE of the MONTH Scarlet Oak ● Quercus Coccinea RED OAK • BLACK OAK • SPANISH OAK

    DECEMBER 2018 TREE of the MONTH Scarlet Oak ● Quercus Coccinea RED OAK • BLACK OAK • SPANISH OAK

    DECEMBER 2018 TREE OF THE MONTH Scarlet Oak ● Quercus coccinea RED OAK • BLACK OAK • SPANISH OAK Scarlet oak is a medium-sized tree native to eastern and central North America. Scarlet oaks are popular landscape trees because of their fast growth and brilliant autumn color. Scarlet oak grows on sandy and acidic soils, reaching 20-30 meters in height with an open, rounded crown and an alternate branching pattern. Scarlet oaks are fast-growing, shade-intolerant trees that often associate with black oaks (Quercus velutina) and red oaks (Quercus rubra). OPPOSITE BRANCHING PATTERN ALTERNATE BRANCHING PATTERN POINTY LEAVES The leaves are shiny with deep, rounded sinuses, and each lobe has three teeth on the 6p. The leaves turn bright scarlet in autumn. Characteris6cally for oaks, the buds are clustered around the terminal bud at the end of the twig. Each bud is covered with whi6sh hairs on the upper half. The inner bark is pinkish brown and, unusually for oaks, is not bi>er. SPRING BLOOMERS Scarlet oaks Mlower in mid-spring, often May, and bear drooping male catkins (clusters) and female Mlowers singly or in groups of two or three. Acorns develop later in the season in singles or pairs and drop in late Autumn. FOOD FOR ALL Scarlet oak acorns are popular for many wildlife species, from squirrels, mice, and chipmunks, to deer, wild turkeys, and woodpeckers, and jays. TRICKY FELLOW Quercus coccinea is often be confused with the northern red oak (Quercus rubra), black oak (Quercus velutina) and pin oak (Quercus palustris). Tree of the Month is a collabora1on between BEAT, the City of Pi:sfield and Pi:sfield Tree Watch.
  • The Sphingidae of Jordan: Distribution, Phenology & Ecology (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) by G Unter C

    The Sphingidae of Jordan: Distribution, Phenology & Ecology (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) by G Unter C

    ©Ges. zur Förderung d. Erforschung von Insektenwanderungen e.V. München, download unter www.zobodat.at Atalanta (Juli 2005) 36 (1/2): 209-221, Würzburg, ISSN 0171-0079 The Sphingidae of Jordan: Distribution, Phenology & Ecology (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) by G unter C. M üller 1, V asilyi K ravchenko 2, C huang L i', U lf E itschberger 3 M ichael A. M iller “1, O lga O rlova 2, W olfgang S peidel 5 & T homas W itt5 received 23.III.2005 |. department of Parasitology, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University - Hadassah-Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel. Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. V Entomologisches Museum E itschberger , Humboldstraße 13a, D-95168 Marktleuthen. T Zoologische Staatssammlung, Münchhausenstraße 23, D-81247 München. Museum W itt, Tengstr. 33, D-80796 München. Corresponding author: Dr. G. C. M üller : [email protected] Abstract: During a survey of seven years 21 Sphingid species belonging to 16 genera were collected in Jordan. Ten species were new records for the country [Acherontia styx styx (Westwood , 1848), Dolbina elegans A. B ang -H aas , 1912, Akbesia davidi (O berthür , 1884), Hemaris syra (D aniel , 1939), Hemaris molli E itschberger , M üller & K ravchenko , 2005, Hemaris croatica croatica croatica (E sper , 1800), Pterodonta gorgoniadespfeifferi (Z erny , 1933), Proserpinus proserpina proserpina (P allas , 1772), Hyles nicaea Hbanotica (G ehlen , 1932) and Rethera komarovi drilon R ebel & Z erny , 1932]. Some parasitic Tachainidae were recorded. The distribution, phenology, ecology, abundance and the association of all species to the main phyto-geographical zones of Jordan is discussed.