N. Кіchata, V. Zaplatynskyi. Environmental assessment of suburban areas of Kyiv 95
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
UDC 504.06(477.25)(045) Natalia Кіchata1 Vasyl Zaplatynskyi2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF SUBURBAN AREAS OF KYIV National Aviation University Kosmonavta Komarova avenue 1, 03680, Kyiv, Ukraine Е-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract. Nowadays the investigation of ecological state of suburban areas in Ukraine is one of the leading problems. The suburban areas of Kyiv, environmental problems and their causes are described. Some ways and measures for improvement of environmental situation in the suburbs of Kyiv were revealed. The conclusion of the importance of suburban areas for city life activity was made and the urgent necessity for further all-round investigation of ecological issues of suburban area was shown. Keywords: ecological indicators; ecological problems; suburban area.
1. Introduction According to Sh.I. Ibatullin [2007], the borders of suburban area are based on the comprehensive Suburban area of large industrial city is a place of survey of the city and the study of its natural various environmental problems occurrence. Suburban areas are multipurpose areas. They environment, the identification of economic, cultural, must ensure an environmental safety of urban social relations, the analysis of historical factors of population, largely solve recreation problems of the city, etc. townspeople, supply the population with everyday At the moment the question of ecological status consumption products, and perform industrial, of suburban areas is becoming more and more actual. scientific, transport, cultural and welfare and other 2. Analysis of studies and publications important functions, in terms of the viability of the city. According to linguists, the word suburb (with Eng. – Today, an increasing part of industry, transport, “Suburbs”) initially had dismissive, negative trade and habitation of Kyiv is moving into suburban connotation. Suburbs of large cities were mainly the areas, which in turn are converted into new capital workers' settlements, inhabited by representatives of districts. Earlier, administrative integration processes the poorest. Already in the XIX century, due to the always followed the classical dimensional growth of development of transportation and utility infrastructure cities, sometimes even followed by it, but now we in Europe and America, the prestigious suburbs of can about some institutional weakness of largest large cities were founded, where very rich families cities [Gaevskii, Rebkalo 1998]. settled. Gradually, the word “suburb” lost its Building and development of new non-urban negative connotation. But there were still small areas should be organically combined with islands of prestigious suburban construction. The preservation of ecological situation of Kyiv’s green real extent of these processes met significantly later. zone and forest-park zone of the city, including Massive suburbanization began in the United States conservation measures and subsequent formation of after World War II [Pchelintsev 2004]. open spaces and landscaping systems, as elements of Since the 90s of the twentieth century in Podillia national ecological network on nationwide, regional the trend of suburbanization has been observed, and local levels, the introduction of Nation Reserve especially in urban areas [Denysyk, Babchinska mode for elements of the national ecological 2005]. network, such as Holosiivsky forest, Dnipro islands, Population and employment grew in suburban Dnipro-Desna interfluve. areas (before the crisis of social and economic Suburban area (especially for large cities), is a development, where the recession was caused by real provider of fresh air, a place of recreation, it the state of economic conditions on European and creates appropriate sanitary conditions for the city, world markets), the rate of their development and supplies city with needed material goods. significant recreational activity increased. Copyright © 2013 National Aviation University http://www.nau.edu.ua 96 ISSN 1813-1166 print / ISSN 2306-1472 online. Proceedings of the National Aviation University. 2013. N 4 (57): 95–99
This has led to the increase of the intensity of Due to this method, suburban area is limited nature using in urban areas and, accordingly, by distance of 60−80 km from the city, namely worsening of environmental processes. in the zone of hour transport accessibility to the Suburban territories of Kyiv are quite saturated capital. with industrial and other objects that have a This area consists of 10 districts and 6 cities of significant impact on its ecology. regional significance, and the zone area is Negative impact of urban agglomerations on the approximately 1,175.74 hectares − almost half of the environment is evident. Industrial plants, rail and territory of Kyiv region. road transport pollute soil, surface and ground water, Territorial development of suburban areas is air, plants by highly toxic compounds. And the rate specified by necessity of rational land use. of suburban areas pollution by road transport is Therefore, in the suburb zone, close to Kyiv, being constantly increased as increasing of its placement of residential, municipal and recreational quantity. Changing of chemical composition and construction objects is primarily provided − as a microflora of soil is also observed. Soils, adjacent to result of complex of communication, economic, the city areas, are polluted in different extent by geographic and demographic factors. heavy metals and their compounds (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, On the base of analysis of industrial zones Mn) [Molchak et al. 2008]. placement in the suburban areas of Kyiv it was Most of scientific studies are focused on found, that some areas of Kyiv region are investigation of ecological situation in big cities, but developing as industrial and have a tendency to there is only small number of studies, dedicated to further development. ecological situation of suburban areas. Sh.I. Ibatullin This areas include Brovary and some village [2007], O.I. Cherechon [1997], D.J. Schemo [1994] councils of Brovary area (Velykodymerska, worked on the problems of suburban areas. Kalynivska), Vyshneve and neighboring village Steady urban development largely depends on the councils (Petrivska, Tarasivska) of Kyiv- ecological condition of the surrounding area. And Sviatoshynsky area, new industrial-warehouse unfortunately, at present the risk of environmental complex is constructed in the area between degradation of the area is increasing. Petrivske, Bilohorodka and Tarasivka (promuzel Thus, the ecological conditions of Kyiv suburban “Zhuliani-3, Zhuliani-4”), Industrial Zone of areas can be important scientific and practical Obukhiv and Ukrainka, Industrial Zone to the west problem for today. of Vyshhorod, in Makarov area − along the highway 3. Statement of the problem Kyiv-Chop. To investigate the state of the development of issues Along the major highways within 30−50 km from related to ecology of suburban areas. To show the the border of Kyiv so-called logistic centers are complex of reasons, that leads to deterioration of the formed, where industry is combined with storage environment of such areas on the example of and packing and maneuvering of large trucks suburban territory of Kyiv. [National…2010]. In the suburbs of Kyiv there are 335 large and 4. The ecological problems medium industrial objects, some of which are Kyiv City and its suburban area form a single environmentally hazardous. economic and social complex – Kyiv agglomeration. The emissions of pollutants in 2011 were 269.0 To explore the ecological assessment of suburban thousand tons, 39% of which are emissions of areas it is necessary to analyze the indicators of air, industrial enterprises, 61% − are emissions from ecological conditions of water basin, soil and so on. motor vehicles. The composition of suburb area is defined by the The largest amount of emissions from stationary areas of borders, where the impact of Kyiv is active, sources is made by Tripilska TPP (Obukhiv area), as on production processes, as on exploitation of solid waste landfill №5 (v. Podhirtcs, Obukhiv area), land, labor, recreation, water resources, as on natural CJSC “Rosava” (Bila Tserkva), “Brovary Plastics environment. Plant” (Brovary), CE “Vasylkiv leather factory” For separation of suburban areas in Kyiv we use (Vasylkiv). the method of determining the impact zones of Kyiv Region is one of the energy-rich regions. cities, based on the use of settlement field potential On its territory, except Tripoli TPP, other power [Topchiiev 2001]. generating companies are placed: Kyiv HPP cascade N. Кіchata, V. Zaplatynskyi. Environmental assessment of suburban areas of Kyiv 97
and PSP, TPP of Bila Tserkva, small hydroelectric The third part of unusable pesticides is power station on the river Ros (v. Dybentsi downloaded and stored in special, adapted for long- and Bohuslav) and distributing company JSC term storage, concrete containers. Another, much “Kyivoblenergo”. larger part is stored in temporary containers; most of These companies have significant impact on the them are ordinary iron barrels and bags that are ecological situation of not only adjacent areas, but exposed to corrosion. also the country as a whole. In most villages and settlements the system of Power generating companies have negative regular sanitation cleaning of subordinated territories impact on air (combustion of various kinds of duel), is not organized. The problems of collection and cluttering of large areas of slag waste, pollution removal of garbage from the private sector and of river water, as well as a number of issues that horticultural societies are still actual. have an impact on the environmental dimension The settlements, which initially were built as a of development (high ash content of coal, high sanatorium and resort areas can be considered energy intensity of power generation, significant asrelatively clean: Irpin, Vorzel, Lisova Bucha, environmental payments, etc.). Pushcha-Vodytsya, Boyarka in Kyiv-Svyatoshinsky Regarding ecological status of the water basin, area. In Obukhiv area such settlements are referred: the main rivers of suburban areas of Kyiv are Kozyn, Konche-Zaspa, in Boryspil area – Gora and tributaries of Dnipro: Desna, Irpin Grouse, Stugna, Vyshenky, Kruglyk, in Vyshhorod area – Lyutezh Trubizh, Ros and small rivers that have mainly and Hotyanivka [Savitska 2003]. satisfactory state as in hydrobiological, as in Suburban area of Kyiv has 75 objects of natural hydrochemical indicators, in middle and lower reserve fund (NRF). Their total area is 1723.89 hectares reaches of these rivers processes of eutrophication (1.5% of the territory) and it is an important part are observed. But often, the excess of normative of nature protection and formation of future values in terms of BOD (biological oxygen regional ecological network [National…2010]. demand), ammonia content, sulfates, chlorides, Most part is reserves (44 objects) and natural suspended solids is diagnosed. monuments (25 objects), 12 of which have national One of the most contaminated are: Stugna, which importance. is polluted by CE “Vasylkiv leather factory” Next activities of NRF development are (Vasylkiv), Kizka, which is polluted by CJSC predicted: “Complex Agromars” (Vyshhorod), where the − preservation of existing objects of NRF and reconstruction and building of water treatment ensuring of nature protection regime within their facilities is still continuing. Sewage treatment borders according to existing laws; facilities of Ivankiv hasn’t worked for years. Waste − creation of new NRF objects in reserved water without any cleaning was discharged to river areas, including landscape and forest reserves, Bolotna for a long time, but now to Teteriv River. natural monuments and others to increase the Another cause of deterioration of the water basin protected area up to 3−5%; is aggradation of Dnipro banks. − establishing the limits of all objects of natural In the structure of suburban lands agricultural reserve fund and imposition them in situ; lands are dominative − 58.38%. − development of projects of buffer zones of Allocation of garbage dumps, cattle cemeteries, objects of natural reserve fund to reduce the impact most of which do not meet sanitary requirements of economic activities on NRF areas; and often are unauthorized, the existence of 88 − conducting of scientific research to identify warehouses storing unusable pesticides − all this objects and areas that have significant nature factors significantly affect the sanitary condition protection value for further reservation, creation of of soils. such objects cadastre; Most part of pesticides is accumulated in: − maintaining of proper ecological conditions of − Zhurivsky (18% of total accumulation of recreational areas and agricultural lands, as well as pesticides in the region); various types of protective forest plantations, which − Kaharlytsky (16% of total accumulation of should be included into the econetwork; pesticides in the region); − completion of econetwork forming of − Tarashchansky areas (11% of total suburban area of Kyiv as the part of regional accumulation of pesticides in the region). econetwork of Kyiv region. 98 ISSN 1813-1166 print / ISSN 2306-1472 online. Proceedings of the National Aviation University. 2013. N 4 (57): 95–99
Today it is proposed to make 12 recreation zones Not in the best way the Obukhiv Roads (Old and on the territory of suburban area around Kyiv. New) affect on the purity of air. These are such zones as Boyarska, Obukhivska, In the plans of Kyiv city administration we can Rzhyshchivska, Dniprovska, Plesetska, Klavdievo- see the construction of the incineration plant on Tarasivska, Borodyanska, Lyutyzhska, Katyuzhanska, the right bank of Dnipro, which, as experts believe, Zalisska, Dubechanska and historical and cultural will significantly worsen the environment of this tourist complex ”Park Kievska Rus” in the area of suburb. Kopachivska Village. In the article the causes of deterioration of These areas are characterized by availability of suburban areas of Kyiv were specified and the forest and water resources, in the vast majority, analysis of ecological status of these territories was which contribute to the creation of recreational done. The measures to improve the suburban areas areas. These areas are intended for recreation of around Kyiv were proposed. residents of the capital and suburbs. References It is necessary to reconstruct treatment facilities of Bortnychi aeration station, treatment facilities Cherechon, O.I. 1997. Problems of commuters of Vasylkiv, Kaharlyk, Fastiv, Borodyanka, suburban areas of Lviv. Journal DAU. Problems of Dmytrivka, Gorenichi and Yurevka villages land reform in Western Ukraine. Lviv, LDAU. N 1: (Kyiv-Svyatoshinsky area). 241−243 (in Ukrainian). In the localities of Vyshhorod, Brovary, Fastiv, Denysyk, G.I.; Babchinska, O.I. 2005. Vasylkiv areas (total length 51 km) coastal Residential landscapes skirts. Vinnitsia, Thesis. protection measures are needed. 255 p. (in Ukrainian). At the moment, it is necessary to build bypass Gaevskii, B.A.; Rebkalo, V.A. 1998. Culture of roads around settlements, which would in turn government: organizing aspect. Kyiv, Type of reduce traffic of transit transport in Kyiv and big UADA (in Ukrainian). cities of Kyiv region (Boryspil, Boyarka, Fastiv, Ibatullin, Sh.I. 2007. Capitalization of land Kaharlyk) and decreased the mobile emissions. suburbs of large cities: theory, methodology, Thus, the ecological problems of Kyiv region, as practice. Kyiv, National Aviation University. 260 p. well as all regions of Ukraine, belong to the most (in Ukrainian). urgent and require immediate solution. Molchak, I.A.; Klimenko, M.O.; Fesiuk, V.A.; Zaleskii, I.I. 2008. Rivne: nature, economy and 5. Conclusions environmental problems. Monograph. Rivne, The ecological safety of suburban areas of Kyiv NUVGP. 314 p. (in Ukrainian). requires creation there the most favorable conditions National report on the state of the environment in for life and health, work and recreation, because the the Kyiv region in 2010. Kyiv, State Administration environment of the city – is very complicated of Environmental Protection in the Kyiv region, industrial, natural and social complex. 2010. P. 4 (in Ukrainian). Every year the intensity of land degradation in Pchelintsev, O.S. 2004. Regional Economy in a Kyiv region increases, the state of which influences system of sustainable development. Moscow, Nauka: not only the efficiency of agriculture and 44−51 (in Russian). environmental safety in general, but also on the level Savitska, O.V. 2003. Landscape-ecological analysis of economic independence. of green space capital city (for example, Berlin and And most importantly, the statements about the Kyiv). Abstract. dis. candidate Geography Science. ecological well-being of Kiev region are not always Kyiv. 18 p. (in Ukrainian). true. Their appearance can be easily explained: the Schemo, D.J. 1994. Facing Big-City Problems, developers of cottage settlements endeavor to L. I. Suburbs Try to Adapt. New York Times. increase the value of their objects. For example, the 16 March. P. B5. “elite” today Obukhiv area is quite dirty due to the Topchiiev, O.G. 2001. Fundamentals of Public close proximity of the Landfill number 5, Tripilska geography. Educational textbook. Odesa, Astroprint. TEP and landfill of construction waste number 1. 556 p. (in Ukrainian).
Received 10 October 2013.
N. Кіchata, V. Zaplatynskyi. Environmental assessment of suburban areas of Kyiv 99
Н.М. Кічата1, В. М. Заплатинський2. Оцінка екологічного стану приміських територій Києва Національний авіаційний університет, просп. Космонавта Комарова, 1, Київ, Україна, 03680 Е-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Досліджено екологічний стан приміських територій України. Розглянуто приміську територію Києва. Показано екологічні проблеми та причини їх виникнення. Описано заходи поліпшення екологічної ситуації в приміській зоні Києва. Зроблено висновок щодо важливості приміської території для життєдіяльності міста та необхідності комплексних досліджень екології приміської території. Ключові слова: екологічні показники; екологічні проблеми; приміська територія.
Н.Н. Кичатая1, В.М. Заплатинский2. Оценка экологического состояния пригородных территорий Киева Национальный авиационный университет, просп. Космонавта Комарова, 1, Киев, Украина, 03680 Е-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Исследовано экологическое состояние пригородных территорий Украины. Рассмотрена пригородная территория Киева. Показаны экологические проблемы и причины их возникновения. Описаны пути улучшения экологической ситуации в пригородной зоне Киева. Сделан вывод о важности пригородной территории для жизнедеятельности города и необходимости комплексных исследований экологии пригородной территории. Ключевые слова: пригородная территория; экологические показатели; экологические проблемы.
Кіchata Natalia. Postgraduate Student. Department of Safety of Life Activities, National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine. Education: National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine (2006). Research area: ecological safety. Publications: 14. Е-mail: [email protected]
Zaplatynskyi Vasyl. Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Associate Professor. President of Academy of Safety and Bases of Health. Vice-president of the European Association for Security. Department of Safety of Life Activities, National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine. Education: Institure of Agriculture of UAAS, Chabany, Kyivsky region, Ukraine (1992). Research area: international and national safety. Publications: 227. Е-mail: [email protected]