N. Кіchata, V. Zaplatynskyi. Environmental assessment of suburban areas of Kyiv 95 ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION UDC 504.06(477.25)(045) Natalia Кіchata1 Vasyl Zaplatynskyi2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF SUBURBAN AREAS OF KYIV National Aviation University Kosmonavta Komarova avenue 1, 03680, Kyiv, Ukraine Е-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract. Nowadays the investigation of ecological state of suburban areas in Ukraine is one of the leading problems. The suburban areas of Kyiv, environmental problems and their causes are described. Some ways and measures for improvement of environmental situation in the suburbs of Kyiv were revealed. The conclusion of the importance of suburban areas for city life activity was made and the urgent necessity for further all-round investigation of ecological issues of suburban area was shown. Keywords: ecological indicators; ecological problems; suburban area. 1. Introduction According to Sh.I. Ibatullin [2007], the borders of suburban area are based on the comprehensive Suburban area of large industrial city is a place of survey of the city and the study of its natural various environmental problems occurrence. Suburban areas are multipurpose areas. They environment, the identification of economic, cultural, must ensure an environmental safety of urban social relations, the analysis of historical factors of population, largely solve recreation problems of the city, etc. townspeople, supply the population with everyday At the moment the question of ecological status consumption products, and perform industrial, of suburban areas is becoming more and more actual. scientific, transport, cultural and welfare and other 2. Analysis of studies and publications important functions, in terms of the viability of the city. According to linguists, the word suburb (with Eng. – Today, an increasing part of industry, transport, “Suburbs”) initially had dismissive, negative trade and habitation of Kyiv is moving into suburban connotation. Suburbs of large cities were mainly the areas, which in turn are converted into new capital workers' settlements, inhabited by representatives of districts. Earlier, administrative integration processes the poorest. Already in the XIX century, due to the always followed the classical dimensional growth of development of transportation and utility infrastructure cities, sometimes even followed by it, but now we in Europe and America, the prestigious suburbs of can about some institutional weakness of largest large cities were founded, where very rich families cities [Gaevskii, Rebkalo 1998]. settled. Gradually, the word “suburb” lost its Building and development of new non-urban negative connotation. But there were still small areas should be organically combined with islands of prestigious suburban construction. The preservation of ecological situation of Kyiv’s green real extent of these processes met significantly later. zone and forest-park zone of the city, including Massive suburbanization began in the United States conservation measures and subsequent formation of after World War II [Pchelintsev 2004]. open spaces and landscaping systems, as elements of Since the 90s of the twentieth century in Podillia national ecological network on nationwide, regional the trend of suburbanization has been observed, and local levels, the introduction of Nation Reserve especially in urban areas [Denysyk, Babchinska mode for elements of the national ecological 2005]. network, such as Holosiivsky forest, Dnipro islands, Population and employment grew in suburban Dnipro-Desna interfluve. areas (before the crisis of social and economic Suburban area (especially for large cities), is a development, where the recession was caused by real provider of fresh air, a place of recreation, it the state of economic conditions on European and creates appropriate sanitary conditions for the city, world markets), the rate of their development and supplies city with needed material goods. significant recreational activity increased. Copyright © 2013 National Aviation University http://www.nau.edu.ua 96 ISSN 1813-1166 print / ISSN 2306-1472 online. Proceedings of the National Aviation University. 2013. N 4 (57): 95–99 This has led to the increase of the intensity of Due to this method, suburban area is limited nature using in urban areas and, accordingly, by distance of 60−80 km from the city, namely worsening of environmental processes. in the zone of hour transport accessibility to the Suburban territories of Kyiv are quite saturated capital. with industrial and other objects that have a This area consists of 10 districts and 6 cities of significant impact on its ecology. regional significance, and the zone area is Negative impact of urban agglomerations on the approximately 1,175.74 hectares − almost half of the environment is evident. Industrial plants, rail and territory of Kyiv region. road transport pollute soil, surface and ground water, Territorial development of suburban areas is air, plants by highly toxic compounds. And the rate specified by necessity of rational land use. of suburban areas pollution by road transport is Therefore, in the suburb zone, close to Kyiv, being constantly increased as increasing of its placement of residential, municipal and recreational quantity. Changing of chemical composition and construction objects is primarily provided − as a microflora of soil is also observed. Soils, adjacent to result of complex of communication, economic, the city areas, are polluted in different extent by geographic and demographic factors. heavy metals and their compounds (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, On the base of analysis of industrial zones Mn) [Molchak et al. 2008]. placement in the suburban areas of Kyiv it was Most of scientific studies are focused on found, that some areas of Kyiv region are investigation of ecological situation in big cities, but developing as industrial and have a tendency to there is only small number of studies, dedicated to further development. ecological situation of suburban areas. Sh.I. Ibatullin This areas include Brovary and some village [2007], O.I. Cherechon [1997], D.J. Schemo [1994] councils of Brovary area (Velykodymerska, worked on the problems of suburban areas. Kalynivska), Vyshneve and neighboring village Steady urban development largely depends on the councils (Petrivska, Tarasivska) of Kyiv- ecological condition of the surrounding area. And Sviatoshynsky area, new industrial-warehouse unfortunately, at present the risk of environmental complex is constructed in the area between degradation of the area is increasing. Petrivske, Bilohorodka and Tarasivka (promuzel Thus, the ecological conditions of Kyiv suburban “Zhuliani-3, Zhuliani-4”), Industrial Zone of areas can be important scientific and practical Obukhiv and Ukrainka, Industrial Zone to the west problem for today. of Vyshhorod, in Makarov area − along the highway 3. Statement of the problem Kyiv-Chop. To investigate the state of the development of issues Along the major highways within 30−50 km from related to ecology of suburban areas. To show the the border of Kyiv so-called logistic centers are complex of reasons, that leads to deterioration of the formed, where industry is combined with storage environment of such areas on the example of and packing and maneuvering of large trucks suburban territory of Kyiv. [National…2010]. In the suburbs of Kyiv there are 335 large and 4. The ecological problems medium industrial objects, some of which are Kyiv City and its suburban area form a single environmentally hazardous. economic and social complex – Kyiv agglomeration. The emissions of pollutants in 2011 were 269.0 To explore the ecological assessment of suburban thousand tons, 39% of which are emissions of areas it is necessary to analyze the indicators of air, industrial enterprises, 61% − are emissions from ecological conditions of water basin, soil and so on. motor vehicles. The composition of suburb area is defined by the The largest amount of emissions from stationary areas of borders, where the impact of Kyiv is active, sources is made by Tripilska TPP (Obukhiv area), as on production processes, as on exploitation of solid waste landfill №5 (v. Podhirtcs, Obukhiv area), land, labor, recreation, water resources, as on natural CJSC “Rosava” (Bila Tserkva), “Brovary Plastics environment. Plant” (Brovary), CE “Vasylkiv leather factory” For separation of suburban areas in Kyiv we use (Vasylkiv). the method of determining the impact zones of Kyiv Region is one of the energy-rich regions. cities, based on the use of settlement field potential On its territory, except Tripoli TPP, other power [Topchiiev 2001]. generating companies are placed: Kyiv HPP cascade N. Кіchata, V. Zaplatynskyi. Environmental assessment of suburban areas of Kyiv 97 and PSP, TPP of Bila Tserkva, small hydroelectric The third part of unusable pesticides is power station on the river Ros (v. Dybentsi downloaded and stored in special, adapted for long- and Bohuslav) and distributing company JSC term storage, concrete containers. Another, much “Kyivoblenergo”. larger part is stored in temporary containers; most of These companies have significant impact on the them are ordinary iron barrels and bags that are ecological situation of not only adjacent areas, but exposed to corrosion. also the country as a whole. In most villages and settlements the system of Power generating companies have negative regular sanitation cleaning of subordinated territories impact on air (combustion of various kinds of duel), is not organized.