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Multidisciplinary Framework on Commons Collaborative Economy

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Multidisciplinary Framework on Commons Collaborative Economy Multidisciplinary Framework on Commons Collaborative Economy H2020–ICT-2016-1 DECODE D.2.1 Multidisciplinary framework on commons collaborative economy 0 0 Project no. 732546 DECODE DEDEDEcentralisedDE centralised Citizens Owned Data Ecosystem D2.1 Multidisciplinary Framework on Commons Collaborative Economy Version Number: V1.3 Lead beneficiary: IN3 UOC Due Date: July 2017 Author(s): Mayo Fuster Morell (Principal investigator), Bruno Carballa Smichowski, Guido Smorto, Ricard Espelt, Paola Imperatore, Manel Rebordosa, Marc Rocas, Natalia Rodríguez, Enric Senabre (Dimmons IN3 UOC), Marco Ciurcina (NEXA) Editors and reviewers: Francesca Bria (IMI), Eleonora Bassi (NEXA), Marco Ciurcina (NEXA), and Stefano Lucarelli (CNRS). Dissemination level: PU Public PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission RE Services) Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission CO Services) Approved by: Francesca Bria (IMI) Date: 31/07/2017 This report is currently awaiting approval from the EC and cannot be not considered to be a final version. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License . H2020–ICT-2016-1 DECODE D.2.1 Multidisciplinary framework on commons collaborative economy 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Part 1 - Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Multidisciplinary Commons Collaborative Economy Framework: A Commons Balance of the Collaborative Economy .............................................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Commons Balance of 10 Cases of Collaborative Economy at Barcelona......................................... 23 Part 2 - Commons Collaborative Economy: Multidisciplinary State of the Art ............................................ 32 Social Responsibility Regarding Externalizations Impact ........................................................................ 32 2.1 Environmental Sustainability of the Collaborative Economy: An Open Debate ................................ 32 2.2 Gender, Discrimination and Collaborative Economy ......................................................................... 40 Business Models ...................................................................................................................................... 44 2.3 A Review of the Business Models of the Digital Collaborative Economy: Digital and Digitally- Supported Commons and Open Data ..................................................................................................... 44 Legal and Public Policies ......................................................................................................................... 70 2.4 A Legal Analysis of the Collaborative Economy ................................................................................ 70 Part 3 - Empirical analysis: Barcelona case ................................................................................................ 84 3.1 The Stage of Development of Blockchain in Barcelona in 2017 ....................................................... 84 3.2 Assessment of Blockchain Potential for Transforming the Collaborative Economy towards Commons and Platform-coop Models ....................................................................................................................... 89 3.3 Technological Sovereignty and FLOSS trends in Barcelona region ................................................. 94 3.4 The Transformation of Urban Space between AirBnb and Urban Movements. The Case of Barcelona ................................................................................................................................................................. 99 Final Remarks and Future Work ............................................................................................................... 110 References ................................................................................................................................................ 114 About Dimmons and authors .................................................................................................................... 128 Annex I: A Glossary on Commons Collaborative Economy ...................................................................... 131 Annex II. Barcelona Case: Sample of Cases of Commons Collaborative Economy ................................ 140 H2020–ICT-2016-1 DECODE D2.1 Multidisciplinary Framework on Commons Collaborative Economy 2 Executive Summary The collaborative economy (or collaborative platform economy) is used as a "floating signifier" for interactions among distributed groups of people supported by digital platforms that enable them to exchange (matching supply and demand), share and collaborate in the consumption and production of activities leveraging capital and goods assets, and labour. It is growing rapidly and exponentially, creating great interest, and has become a top priority for governments around the globe. However, it suffers from important challenges. We would like to highlight and address two of these challenges with this work: (1) platform collaborative economy is creating high sustainability expectations for its potential to contribute to a sustainable development of society, and for its potential to contribute to the democratization of economy. However, platform collaborative economy lacks a holistic and multidisciplinary framework for assessment of these sustainability and pro democratization qualities. Furthermore, the sustainable design of platform has considered questions of technological and economic aspects, but has not integrated other sustainability relevant questions, such as environmental impact, gender and inclusion, or legal implications, lacking a proper multidisciplinary perspective to platform economy. (2) There is a confusion about the platforms which present themselves as collaborative while actually they are not; and similar uncertainties and ambiguities associated with diverse models. The disruptive impact of the best known platform economy model, that of Unicorn extractionist corporation platforms like Uber and Airbnb, is provoking huge controversy (Codagnone et al., 2016). Successful "alternative" and truly collaborative models exist, such as open commons, platform cooperativism and decentralized organizations based on a social economy and open knowledge, but these have received neither policy nor research attention. Additionally, there is a lack of a classification system that helps to establish the difference between the different models. In order to contribute to address these challenges, this work primarily will provide a commons balance of the platform collaborative economy. The commons balance is an analytical tool that helps to characterize the platforms, differentiate models by visualizing the commons qualities of platform collaborative economy initiatives, and provide insights of the sustainability implications of their design and performance from several perspectives. This commons balance considers the dimensions of governance, economical strategy, technological base, knowledge policies, and social responsibility towards the externalities of the platforms. On the basis of the commons balance of collaborative platforms economy, commons collaborative economy can be defined as a tendency, a set of qualities, and a modality of collaborative platform economy - regarding both the design and the performance of the process - characterized by a commons approach regarding the dimensions of governance, economic strategy, technological base, knowledge policies, and social responsibility of the externalizations impacts of the platforms. In this regard, commons collaborative economy is characterized by favouring: 1) peer to peer relations -in contrast to the traditionally hierarchical command and contractual relationships detach from sociability, and menelly mercantile exchange - and the involvement of the community of peers generating in the governance of the platform; 2) it is based on value distribution and governance among the community of peers, and the profitability is not its main driving force; 3) it developed over privacy aware public infrastructure, and results in the (generally) open access provision of commons resources that favour access, reproducibility and derivativeness; 4) and, finally, the responsibility with the externalities generated by the process. The design of the commons balance is informed and based on a multidisciplinary analysis and state of the art of the collaborative economy from an economic, environmental, gender and inclusion, legal and policy perspectives, and an empirical analysis of most prominent cases of commons collaborative economy, as well as the empirical analysis of the case of Barcelona commons collaborative economy ecosystem. The applicability of the commons balance will be illustrated in the deliverable with 10 cases of collaborative H2020–ICT-2016-1 DECODE D2.1 Multidisciplinary
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