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Notes and References Notes and References 1 Samizdat: A Return to the Pre-Gutenberg Era Published originally in Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series IV, XIX (1981), pp. 51-66; reprinted in Cross Currents: A Yearbook of Central European Culture (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1980), I, pp. 64-80. 1. D. S. Mirsky, A History of Russian Literature, from Its Beginnings to 1900 (New York, 1958), pp. 182-3. 2. Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (London, New Haven, 1981), p. 545. 3. Gayle Durham Hollander, 'Political Communication and Dissent in the Soviet Union', in Rudolf L. Tokes, ed., Dissent in the USSR: Politics, Ideology and People (Baltimore, 1975), pp. 263-4. On the dissemination of 'secret' works by the young Pushkin and Ryleev, see also N. L. Stepanov, in Ocherki po istorii russkoi zhurnalistiki i kritiki (Leningrad, 1950), I, p. 194. Other writers refer to the letters of Prince Kurbskii to the tsar during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, unpublished letters of Chaadayev, and in the 1820s the dissemination among the peasants of a handwritten text of the New Testament in Russian (instead of the usual Church Slavonic); Michael Meerson-Aksenov and Boris Shragin, eds, The Political, Social and Religious Thought of Russian 'Samizdat': An Anthology (Belmont, MA, 1977), pp. 25,439. Another example of early 'proto-samizdat' was the encyclicals of Patriarch Tikhon which the government printing establishments refused to print; D. Pospielovsky, 'From Gosizdat to Samizdat and Tamizdat', Canadian Slavonic Papers, XX, no. 1 (March 1978), p. 46. 4. Cited by Hollander, 'Political Communication,' p. 264, from N. Man­ delshtam, Hope against Hope. 5. This phrase she took apparently from G. K. Zaitsev; see Julius Telesin, 'Inside "Samizdat", , Encounter, February 1973, p. 25. 6. Meerson-Aksenov and Shragin, eds, Russian 'Samizdat', p. 25. 7. F. J. M. Feldbrugge, Samizdat and Political Dissent in the Soviet Union (Leyden, 1975), p. 4. 8. A. Solzhenitsyn, 'The Writer Underground', in The Oak and the Calf: A Memoir (New York, 1979-80), pp. 3,5. 9. Hollander, 'Political Communication', p. 264. 10. Meerson-Aksenov and Shragin, eds, Russian 'Samizdat', p. 25-6. 11. Telesin, 'Inside "Samizdat"', p. 25. 12. Feldbrugge, Samizdat, pp. 3-4. 13. In Ukrainian samvydav is used. There is no Polish or Czech equivalent. 14. Feldbrugge, Samizdat, p. 4. In 1978 the Soviet Small Political Dictionary for the first time included the word 'dissidents', defined as 'those who 239 240 Notes and References to pp. 5-8 deviate from the doctrine of the church (heterodox)', and used, it was added, by imperialist propaganda to designate 'isolated renegades' who engaged in anti-Soviet activity. For this, see Mikhail Heller and Aleksandr Nekrich, Utopia in Power (New York, 1986), p. 662. 15. For a discussion of kolizdat, see Meerson-Aksenov and Shragin, eds, Russian 'Samizdat', pp. 446ft. 16. Feldbrugge, Samizdat, p. 4. For a full discussion of musical magnitizdat, by Gene Sosin, see Tokes, ed., Dissent, pp. 276-309. 17. Pospielovsky, 'From Gosizdat', pp. 48, 50; Meerson-Aksenov and Shra­ gin, eds, Russian 'Samizdat', pp. 57-8. 18. For a full discussion, see Solzhenitsyn, 'Out of Hiding', The Oak and the Calf, pp. 18ft. On the relationship of samizdat and tamizdat, see Pospielovsky, 'From Gosizdat', pp. 44 passim. 19. Meerson-Aksenov and Shragin, eds, Russian 'Samizdat', pp. 2&-9n; Feldbrugge, Samizdat, pp. 3-4; Telesin, 'Inside "Samizdat''', p. 26. 20. Feldbrugge, Samizdat, p. 1. 21. Pospielovsky, 'From Gosizdat', p. 44. The Oxford Russian-English dictionary defines samizdat as 'unofficial reproduction of unpublished MSS'. 22. Meerson-Aksenov and Shragin, eds, Russian 'Samizdat', Part I, Intro­ duction, pp. 2&-30, esp. n. 19. 23. Pospielovsky, 'From Gosizdat', p. 51. 24. Meerson-Aksenov and Shragin, eds, Russian 'Samizdat', pp. 33-4, 22&- 9. For analysis of the Chronicle, see Peter Reddaway, ed., Uncensored Russia: The Human Rights Movement in the Soviet Union (London, 1972), Introduction, and pp. 350-1. This book is an analysis of the first eleven issues of the Chronicle in English. From no. 28 A Chronicle of Current Events (in Russian, Khronika tekushchix sobytii) was published in English by Amnesty International in London, England. A good history of the Chronicle is given in Mark Hopkins, Russia's Underground Press: The Chronicle of Current Events (New York, 1983). 25. For Ukrainian human rights documents, see L. Verba and B. Yasen, eds, The Human Rights Movement in Ukraine: Documents of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group 1976-1980 (Baltimore, 1980). 26. Meerson-Aksenov and Shragin, eds, Russian 'Samizdat', pp. 35-7. 27. Cited by Pospielovsky, 'From Gosizdat', pp. 5&-9. 28. Abraham Tertz (pseudonym), 'Literarnii protsess v Rossii' (The Literary Process in Russia), Kontinent, I (1974), pp. 154-5, cited in English in Leonid Vladimirov, Soviet Media and Their Message (The American Bar Association, Washington DC, 1977), p. 37. 29. For an analysis of samizdat and of dissent in all aspects, see her book, Soviet Dissent: Contemporary Movements for National, Religious and Human Rights (Middletown, Ct, 1985), citation on p. 284. 30. Feldbrugge, Samizdat, with a summary of the main themes on pp. 7- 10. For similar lists of categories see Tokes, ed., Dissent, p. 265; Telesin, 'Inside "Samizdat''', pp. 26-7; Meerson-Aksenov and Shragin, eds, Russian 'Samizdat'. 31. Stephen F. Cohen, An End to Silence: Uncensored Opinion in the Soviet Union (New York, 1982). Notes and References to pp. 8-15 241 32. Published abroad in The Samizdat Register, edited by Roy Medvedev, vol. 1-(1977- ). 33. Feldbrugge, Samizdat, facing p. 12. 34. See S. Topolev (pseudonym), in Meerson-Aksenov and Shragin, eds, Russian 'Samizdat', pp.489-501; Feldbrugge, Samizdat, pp. 15-19; Tokes, ed., Dissent, pp. 266-8; Telesin, 'Inside "Samizdat", , pp. 30-3; Hopkins, Russia's Underground Press, Chapters 7 and 8. 35. Feldbrugge, Samizdat, p. 18. 36. Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typo­ graphical Man (Toronto, 1962), p. 95. 37. Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (Cambridge, 1979), I, pp. 11,37, 91n. 38. McLuhan, Gutenberg, p. 78. 39. Eisenstein, Printing Press, esp. pp. 37,45. 40. Meerson-Aksenov and Shragin, eds, Russian 'Samizdat', p. 40 41. 'Quinientos an os despues de Gutenberg .. .' (typescript). 42. H. Gordon Skilling, Charter 77 and Human Rights in Czechoslovakia (London, 1981), Chapter 6. 43. See Jift Grusa's interesting discussion of this 'unpublishable literature', as he called it, as an integral part of Czech literature as a whole, including that which was published abroad (J. Grusa et aI., eds, Stunde namens Hoftnung, Almanach tschechischer Literatur 1968-1978 (Lucerne, 1978), pp. 47-56). See also the essay by Jan Lopatka on the 'literature of the catacombs', ibid., pp. 300-10. 44. Skilling, Charter 77, Chapter 5. 45. Typescript, April 1977, also in Listy (Rome), VII, no. 3-4 (July 1977), p.26. 46. 'Onion-skin paper, white, 30 gr/m2', typescript, Prague (n.d.), published in Czech in Spektrum (London, 1978), no. 1. 47. Typescript, Bratislava, 20 February 1979, published in English under the title 'Home-made books', Index on Censorship, VIII, no. 5 (September/October 1979), pp. 24-5. 48. For the above, see special issue on Poland, Survey, XXIV, no. 4 (109) (Autumn 1979), in particular Lidia Ciolkosz, 'The Uncensored Press', pp. 56-67, and passim, pp. 9-10, 18,37,46-7,55. See also the regular summaries of 'Poland's Uncensored Publications', Radio Free Europe, Research, beginning with III, no. 16 (9-15 February 1978), and continuing in subsequent issues. See Chapter 2, below, pp. 13-14. 49. Stanislaw Baranczak, 'The Gag and the Word', Survey, special issue on Poland, XXV, no. 11 (110) (Winter 1980), pp. 66-7. 50. David Jim-tat Poon, 'Tatzepao: Its History and Significance as a Communication Medium', Chapter 7 in Godwin C. Chu, ed., Popular Media in China: Shaping New Cultural Patterns (Honolulu, 1978), pp. 184, 187, 201. This chapter gives a full analysis of the role of datzepao (modern spelling) in communist China. 51. Poon, 'Tatzepao', p. 189ft., 193ff., respectively. See also B. Michael Frolic, Mao's People: Sixteen Portraits of Life in Revolutionary China (Cambridge, Mass, 1980), pp. 169ft. 52. Roger Garside, Coming Alive: China after Mao (London, 1981), p. 102. 242 Notes and References to pp. 15-20 53. James D. Seymour, ed., The Fifth Modernization: China's Human Rights Movement, 1978-79 (Stanfordville, NY, 1980), esp. the introduction by Mab Huang and Seymour. The volume contains the texts of many documents of the democratic movement. 54. Ibid., pp. 12-13. For a vivid personal account of the events at the Xidan Wall, see John Fraser, The Chinese: Portrait of a People (Toronto, 1980), Chapter 12. See also Garside, Coming Alive, Chapter 10. 55. US Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS) 73421, 10 May 1979, p.66. 56. Poon, 'Tatzepao,' p. 221. 57. For a survey of these journals, see Seymour, Fifth Modernization, Introduction. Seymour lists thirty organizations and periodicals in an appendix, p. 291. See also Garside, Coming Alive, Chapters 11, 12. 58. Freedom Appeals, no. 9 (March-April 1981), pp. 21-4. This included seventeen in Beijing and eleven in Shanghai. 59. Peter Reddaway, 'Policy towards Dissent since Khrushchev', in T. H. Rigby, A. Brown, and P. Reddaway, eds, Authority, Power and Policy in the USSR (New York, 1980), pp. 158--92. See also Alexeyeva, Soviet Dissent, p. 452. 60. Andrew J. Nathan, Chinese Democracy (New York, 1985), pp. 230, 241-4. For discussion of the heyday of the democracy movement, see Nathan, Chapters 1 and 2; also David S. G. Goodman, Beijing Street Voices: The Poetry and Politics of China's Democracy Movement (London, Boston, 1981). For the events of 1980 and 1981, see Robin Munro, 'China's Democracy Movement: A Midwinter Spring', Survey, XXVIll, no.
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