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Viroids and Rootstocks on Field Performance of Tahiti Acid Lime

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Viroids and Rootstocks on Field Performance of Tahiti Acid Lime Article/Artigo Citrus Res. Technol., 41, e1063, 2020 ISSN 2236-3122 (Online) https://doi.org/10.4322/crt.20420 Viroids and rootstocks on field performance of Tahiti acid lime Eduardo Sanches Stuchi1,2*, Simone Rodrigues da Silva3, Otávio Ricardo Sempionato2, Eduardo Toller Reiff2, Luiz Gustavo Parolin2 & Dilermando Perecin4 SUMMARY Tahiti acid lime [Citrus latifolia (Yu.Tanaka) Tanaka] is relevant in the Brazilian citrus industry, and it represents 7.5% of the total world production of lemons and acid limes. Here, the effects of two citrus viroids inoculation and six rootstocks on the vegetative growth and yield of Tahiti acid lime [Citrus latifolia (Yu.Tanaka) Tanaka] were evaluated: (i) FCAV and (ii) Rubidoux trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], (iii) FCAV and (iv) Limeira Rangpur lime [Citrus limonia (L.) Osbeck], (v) Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Obsbeck x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] and (vi) Sunki mandarin [Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka]) were inoculated with the viroids mixtures [CEVd + HSVd (a non-cachexia variant) + CDVd] and [HSVd (a non-cachexia variant) + CDVd]. Non-inoculated trees of each rootstock were used as control. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a split-plot scheme with three replications and one plant per plot. The inoculation was done under field conditions using infected bud and grafting ten months after planting. From the 33 months after inoculation, both viroid mixtures reduced tree growth of all rootstocks except Sunki. Trees grafted on trifoliate oranges rootstocks were less vigorous 55 months after inoculation. From 36 to 60 months after planting, the yield of non-inoculated trees was significantly higher than inoculated ones, regardless of the rootstock. Scion trees grafted on FCAV and Limeira Rangpur lime showed higher yields. Viroids mixtures did not affect drought tolerance. Scion trees grafted on the Rangpur lime clones or Sunki mandarin showed the highest drought tolerance. In conclusion, there was no evidence of yield and drought tolerance advantage, neither production of out-of-season fruits compared to the non inoculated control in the use of the viroids mixtures evaluated for Tahiti lime plantings. Index terms: Citrus spp, fruit yield, exocortis, tree size control, planting density. Desempenho de limeira ácida Tahiti em função de viroides e porta-enxertos RESUMO A lima ácida Tahiti [Citrus latifolia (Yu.Tanaka) Tanaka] apresenta grande importância na citricultura brasileira, representando 7,5% da produção total de limas ácidas e limões. Neste estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos da inoculação de viróides dos citros e de porta-enxertos no crescimento 1 Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil 2 Estação Experimental do Agronegócio de Bebedouro, Bebedouro, SP, Brasil 3 Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Campus de Piracicaba, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil 4 USP/ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil Autor de correspondencia: Eduardo Sanches Stuchi, Estação Experimental do Agronegócio de Bebedouro, Rodovia Faria Lima, Km 384, CEP 14713-000, Bebedouro, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Stuchi et al. 2/12 vegetativo, produtividade da lima ácida Tahiti [Citrus latifolia (Yu.Tanaka) Tanaka]. Plantas da cultivar enxertadas em seis cultivares de porta-enxertos: trifoliatas FCAV e Rubidoux [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], limoeiro Cravo FCAV e Limeira [Citrus limonia (L.) Osbeck], citrangeiro Carrizo [C. sinensis (L.) Obsbeck x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] e tangerineira Sunki [Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka]) foram inoculadas com duas misturas diferentes de viróides compostos de combinações de espécies e viróides: 1) CEVd) + HSVd (variante não-cachexia) + CDVd; e 2) HSVd (variante não cachexia) + CDVd. Árvores não-noculadas de cada porta-enxerto foram utilizadas como controle. As inoculações foram realizadas em condições de campo por enxertia de borbulhas, dez meses após o plantio. A partir do 33º mês após a inoculação, os dois isolados de viróides reduziram o crescimento das árvores em todos os porta-enxertos, exceto a tangerineira Sunki. As plantas enxertadas nos porta-enxertos de trifoliata foram menos vigorosas 55 meses após a inoculação. De 2004 a 2006 (36 a 60 meses após o plantio), a produção de frutos das plantas não inoculadas foi significativamente maior do que a das inoculadas. A limeira ácida Tahiti enxertada em FCAV e Limeira Cravos apresentou altos rendimentos em frutos. As misturas de isolados de viróides não tiveram efeito na tolerância à seca. Plantas sobre porta-enxerto de limoeiro Cravo ou em tangerineira Sunki apresentaram a maior tolerância à seca. Concluiu-se que não houve evidência de vantagem na produção de frutos em época normal e extemporânea e tolerância à seca no uso das misturas de viróides estudadas para plantios de lima ácida Tahiti. Palavras-chave: Citrus spp, produção de frutos, exocorte, controle do tamanho de plantas, densidade de plantio. INTRODUCTION longitudinal cracks or sunken areas in the bark of the trunk and branches in five of six studied clones. The exocortis- The Tahiti acid lime [Citrus latifolia (Yu.Tanaka) free clone was then named IA-5 (Bearss lime). Tanaka] is cultivated in around 48,000 ha in Brazil. In Sao The same clones were tested by Figueiredo et al. Paulo state there is a production area of about 26,000 ha (1976) and the absence of exocortis was confirmed in (IBGE, 2019). The Brazilian annual production, with the IAC 5, the most productive one. The second position approximately 1.3 million tons, is the fourth largest in the in yield was recorded for the IAC 2 plants, which had world, which represents 7.5% of the total production of maximum production for exocortis-infected clones. lemon/acid limes (FAO, 2019). Its fresh fruit exportation The clones IAC 1, IAC 3, and IAC 4 behaved in an reached US$ 89 million in 2016 (FAO, 2019). intermediate way. The distribution of fruit production The two major clones of Tahiti acid lime cultivated in along the year of IAC 1 was the most favorable and Brazil are IAC-5 (a line free of viroids and also known as IAC 2 had the worst. Peruano) and Quebra-Galho, having almost all plants the Probably, Quebra-galho clone budwood is derivated Rangpur lime [Citrus limonia (L.) Osbeck] as rootstock from the IAC clones aforementioned, except IAC 5, without (Figueiredo; Stuchi; 2003). mother plants or breeding programs reported. Thus, the Quebra-Galho clone is naturally infected by the Citrus Quebra-galho multiplication can be considered clandestine exocortis viroid - CEVd (commonly related to the exocortis and could affect another citrus more sensitive to exocortis disease), alone or in mixture with other viroids as Hop as trifoliate orange and Rangpur lime rootstocks. On the stunt viroid - HSVd and Citrus dwarfing viroid - CDVd other hand, no cachexia/xyloporosis, psorosis, or severe (Eiras et al., 2010). The infected trees show differences tristeza was found in Quebra-galho plants from differents in size and shape of the canopy, and yield, compared to farms in northern São Paulo state (Silva, 2007). healthy IAC-5 trees (Targon et al., 2006). Infected trees Also, the viroids (i.e. Citrus exocortis viroid) are of Quebra-Galho acid lime clone have early production reported as drought-tolerance inducers (Moreira, 1956, and usually give some out-of-season fruits (Figueiredo; Salibe, 1986; Müller and Costa, 1993; Rodriguez et al., Stuchi; 2003). The name Quebra-Galho (Break-Branch) 1974; Pompeu Júnior et al., 1976), earlier and out-of-season derives from the bark-cracking symptom which results in fruit production inducers and tree-size control agents. brittle branches, probably associated with viroid infection These characteristics could be explored in high plantings (Eiras et al., 2010). densities (Bar-Joseph, 1993; Broadbent et al., 1994; Van The presence of exocortis in Tahiti acid lime in Vuuren & Graça, 1997a, b; Semancik et al., 1997, 2002; Brazil was firstly reported by Salibe & Moreira (1965). Stuchi et al., 2007; Vernière et al., 2006; Vidalakis et al., The viroid presence was associated with the development of 2010, 2011; Murcia et al., 2015), which may provide a Citrus Res. Technol., 41, e1063, 2020 Viroids and rootstocks on field performance... 3/12 higher yield (t ha-1) than conventional plantings densities trifoliata (L.) Raf.], and Sunki mandarin [Citrus sunki (Tucker et al., 1991; Wheaton et al., 1991). In Australia, Hort. ex Tanaka]} were evaluated. CVd-IIIb inoculation is a recommended horticultural practice for dwarfing in high density plantings and is based on officially published guidelines (Hardy et al., 2007). Viroids and inoculation description To achieve a better comprehension of viroids infecting Tahiti acid lime, we assessed the effects of two well-known Trees were inoculated with two viroids mixtures, citrus viroids mixtures, composed of viroids species and composed of viroids species and variant combinations: variant combinations, on the vegetative growth (tree size), 1) Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) + Hop stunt viroid yield, out-of-season fruit production, and drought tolerance (HSVd - CVd-II, a non-cachexia variant) + Citrus of Tahiti acid lime trees grafted onto six rootstocks. dwarfing viroid (CDVd), and 2) Hop stunt viroid (HSVd - CVd-II, a non-cachexia variant) + Citrus dwarfing viroid. The inoculation was carried out as described by Stuchi et al. (2007): trees were inoculated in field MATERIAL AND METHODS conditions ten months after planting by grafting of two infected buds per tree one in the scion trunk and another Experimental site in the rootstock trunk. After sprouting, buds were blinded. Non-inoculated plants of each rootstock were used as The experiment was installed in February 2001 in control. The two evaluated mixtures containing CEVd Bebedouro (Lat. 20º 53’ 16” S; Long. 48º 28’ 11” W, 601 m (1) and without CEVd (2) were previously reported as above sea level), Sao Paulo State, Brazil.
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