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Taking Habermas to Task on Kosovo: a Critical Review of the Habermasian Cosmopolitan Interpretation

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Taking Habermas to Task on Kosovo: a Critical Review of the Habermasian Cosmopolitan Interpretation Taking Habermas to Task on Kosovo: A Critical Review of the Habermasian Cosmopolitan Interpretation Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Todd Wendell Rho’Dess, B.A. Graduate Program in Political Science The Ohio State University 2010 Thesis Committee: Michael Neblo, Advisor William Minozzi Copyright by Todd Wendell Rho’Dess 2010 Abstract In the spring of 1999, the same year as its 50th anniversary, NATO made history by conducting an 11 week bombing campaign with the declared goal of forcing Slobodon Milosovic to stop the ethnic cleansing of ethnic Kosovar-Albanians. Harking back to the brutality of Auschwitz, Secretary of State Madeline Albright praised the intervention as a rare point in history where nations stand in defense against the ‘evil’ of criminal regimes. Another notable figure in the praise for the intervention was Jurgen Habermas. The acclaimed philosopher endorsed the intervention as a step toward the Kantian “cosmopolitan condition” whereby states lend world organizations their monopoly of force for a normative goal---in defense of populations held hostage by oppressive governments. The aim of the thesis is to take a critical look at Habermas’s optimistic assessment of the Kosovo intervention. It starts with a detailed appraisal of each of Habermas’s key truth claims on Kosovo ---namely that (1) NATO acted in outrage over the mass crimes and imminent ethnic cleansing in the province, and (2) that Serbian rejectionism of the ‘liberal solution’ to the question of Kosovo (i.e. significant autonomy) robbed the Western alliance of a viable peace option. The approach taken is to look at Western documentary records to gleam the NATO and international understanding of the pre-bombing situation in 1999. The thesis finds that on both counts the Habermasian interpretation falls woefully short of capturing the Western view --- international perception that the Albanian separatist movement purposely used urban terror to incite a ii brutal Serb response and NATO intervention. The second part of the thesis traces flaws in the Habermasian interpretation of reality on ground to its failure to anticipate realpolitik as a motivation for EU member state, and US intervention. It critiques Habermas’s belief in a US normative power politics, for instance, by showing US failure to reduce support for client states engaged in comparable ethnic cleansing in the same period of the Kosovo intervention. The thesis cautions future endorsement of independent military alliance actions without authorization, however flawed, by the United Nations Security Council. iii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my wife, for her loving moral and emotional support through the dimmest darkest times and helping me to learn the value of family, love, and loyalty. iv Acknowledgements My sincere thanks and appreciation are extended to Professor Michael Neblo for his invaluable support and encouraging words throughout the course of my research whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way. I am forever indebted to his help in making my degree possible. I also offer my sincere gratitude to Professor William Minozzi who worked diligently to make this study a reality. His valuable recommendations and ideas helped me a great deal. v Vita 2009 to 2010………………………………………......... Graduate Research Associate, Ohio State University 2007 to 2008………………….. ……………………….. Interac Co. Ltd., English Language Instructor, Japan 2006 to 2007……………………………………………. Helena English School, English Language Instructor, Japan 2003 to 2004…………………........................................ AEON Co. Ltd., English Language Instructor, Japan 1997-2001………………………………………….…... United States Air Force, Transportation Officer 1992-1996…………………………………………….... B.A. Government, University of Notre Dame Publications Rho’Dess, Todd with Fatemeh Masouleh and Yuji Murayama. “The Application of GIS in Education Administration: Protecting Students from Hazardous Roads.” Transactions in GIS 13:1(2009): 105–123. Fields of Study Major Field: Political Science International Politics vi Table of Contents Abstract ...............................................................................................................................ii Dedication ..........................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................iv Vita.......................................................................................................................................v Chapter 1: Introduction.......................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: The Habermasian Truth Claims on Kosovo.......................................................5 Chapter 3: Empirical Objections to the Habermasian Truth Claims.................................12 Chapter 4: Anticipating Counter-Arguments from the Habermasian Perspective............26 Chapter 5: Assessing the Moral Credentials of the ‘First World’.....................................38 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................51 References ........................................................................................................................52 vii Chapter 1: Introduction Prior to the Kosovo intervention, rapturous expressions about the good will surrounding military intervention was considered taboo -- a far-fetched proposition. Events in the spring of 1999 temporarily changed that. It was the year that NATO launched an unprecedented military campaign with the expressed aim of halting mass killings and the expulsion of ethnic Albanians from the province of Kosovo. The 11-week bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was unique in several ways. First, it marked a transformation of NATO from a largely political body into an action- oriented military alliance. Second, it was one of the first post-Cold War uses of armed force to halt human rights violations occurring within a repressive state’s own borders. Third, the campaign represented a new ‘humanitarian impulse’ albeit one absent formal Security Council authorization. Optimism about the deeper import of the intervention was immediate. As the bombing operation commenced, leaders of the allied countries portrayed it as a revolutionary break from the past, heralding the start of a ‘humanitarian era’ in international relations. With historical memories of Auschwitz in mind, for instance, Secretary of State Madeline Albright stated that democracies were finally “standing up against this kind of evil” (Gellman 1999). Clinton’s speech the night before US-led NATO forces launched air strikes drove home a similar point. Armed intervention represented a “just and necessary war” given that failure to act would be tantamount to a 1 “moral and strategic disaster” for the region (Clinton 1999). Clinton’s European Union partners also concurred. German Foreign Minister Joshua Fischer, for instance, referring to the optimistic assessments of German intellectual Urlrich Beck, expressed that NATO’s actions symbolized a ‘new military humanism.’ Another notable voice in the chorus of approbation was Jürgen Habermas. Repulsed by the mass crimes perpetrated by Germany in his life time and hopeful about resuscitating the normative thrust of Kant’s cosmopolitan vision, the influential philosopher ardently cast the Kosovo intervention in a positive light. For Habermas, NATO actions represented not only a step away from the classical power politics of states but also progress towards the moral politics of a cosmopolitan society. It signified “a leap from the classical international law of states to a cosmopolitan law of global civil society” (Habermas 1999, 264). He argued that even without Security Council authorization the allied countries (of which the US and EU were standouts) acquied sufficient legitimation by falling back on erga omnes principles of international law in the face of gross violations of human rights. In this view, the NATO war over Kosovo represented positive advances towards the ‘constitutionalization of international law.’ To be fair, the German philosopher’s support for the NATO campaign was not without qualifications. The author also couched his endorsement of the NATO intervention with caution. Human rights enforcement absent “compulsory legal action legitimated by a democratic civil society of global citizens” would result in the “transitory paternalism” of states, he warned (Habermas 1999, 270). Despite this shortcoming, Habermas felt that legitimation problems were sufficiently overcome by the “undisputed democratic and constitutional character” of coalition members like the US 2 and Western European member nations (Habermas 2006a, 29). Taking the promise offered by a Habermasian cosmopolitan model seriously, this thesis questions the philosopher’s hopeful assessment of the 1999 Kosovo case. The main crux of the analysis is to take a closer look at Habermas’s optimism about the Kosovo intervention’s status as a symbol of an emerging cosmopolitan order. Toward this end, it poses several critical questions about the deliberation process leading up to the spring 1999 intervention, the outcome of the path chosen, and the overall legitimacy of the process. According
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