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To view the reconstructed contents, please SCROLL DOWN to next page. Baseline Study to Develop Waste Management Plan for Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve and Adjacent Area

Syeda Sajeda Haider (Natasha)

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Baseline Study to Develop Waste Management Plan for Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve and Adjacent Areas

Syeda Sajeda (Natasha) Haider Registration No: 811119-298-080, MES MSc Internship Report 3rd March – 30th June, 2008

Internship report submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Science at Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands

Supervised By:

Dr. Simon Bush Wayne Erlank Environmental Policy Group, Regional Manager Wageningen University Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve www.enp.wur.nl/uk [email protected] Eastern Cape Parks Board (ECPB) Matthew Zylstra [email protected], and Dieter Van den Broek [email protected] EarthCollective

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Preface

This study was conducted in order to provide a baseline document for development of a future waste management plan for Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve. Reserve officials - mainly the regional manager of Eastern Cape Parks Board (ECPB) - were interested in compiling the waste management study in order to obtain an overview of the present scenario and future possibilities concerning better waste management. The adjacent area of western Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve was included on request from the local residents/stakeholders. Serious concern was raised regarding waste management by farmers and other land owners living in that area. To respond to this concern, EarthCollective decided to include western Baviaanskloof into the study. I am sincerely obliged to Matthew Zylstra and Dieter Van den Broeck for their constant on field support and supervision. I am especially thankful to Dr. Simon Bush, faculty member Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University for academic supervision. I am also thankful to Wayne Erlank, Regional Manager of ECPB for facilitating the study. I would like to thank all the officials of ECPB and municipality of Baviaans and Kouga for giving their precious time for interview. And finally to the residents of the western Baviaanskloof for their cooperation and genuine interest in assisting with this study.

S. S. Haider July, 2008

For further information, contact Matthew Zylstra, [email protected], and Dieter van den Broeck, [email protected], EarthCollective. Telephone: +27 (0)422 830242, Cell: +27 (0)739 503 851, Address: C/- GIB P.O. Box 237, Patensie 6335, South Africa iii

Summary

Improper waste management is a major environmental problem in most developing countries. South Africa is no exception from that. At present Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve which is a World Heritage Site has no formal waste management plan and this was the main reason to conduct this study which will provide a baseline survey to develop a waste management plan for the Reserve. Presently there is lack of collaboration and communication between Eastern Cape Parks Board (ECPB) who is managing the Reserve and Baviaans municipality. The study shows that there is potential for recycling the waste generated from the reserve which is not done currently. Recycling is good for the environment and at the same time it will create job opportunity for the local people. Constrains for improved waste management are the road condition, distance between the reserve and the dumping site, and insufficient vehicle for waste transportation. The western Baviaanskloof where the white farmers, other landowners and colored communities are living is also suffering from improper waste management. As those are private property no waste collection service is provided from the local municipality. Wastes are generally burned and buried in the farms which consequently contribute to air and soil pollution. Wastes are frequently found along the road sides and in the river water. This has harmful effect on human and animal health as well as on tourism as most of the farmers have their own tourism facility. This study shows that majority of the farmers are willing to pay and participate for the improved waste management options. In addition, community members are also willing to participate in contract for waste collection and transport. This study mostly analyzed the present situation and explored the future possibilities for better waste management for Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve as well as the adjacent western area.

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Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION...... 1

1.1 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION ...... 1 1.2 BACKGROUND ...... 3 1.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT (ISWM) ...... 4

2. STAKEHOLDERS ...... 6

3. WASTE SYSTEM ELEMENTS ...... 8

3.1 BAVIAANSKLOOF NATURE RESERVE ...... 8 3.1.1 GENERATION AND SEPARATION ...... 8 3.1.2 COLLECTION ...... 9 3.1.3 TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT ...... 10 3.1.4 DISPOSAL ...... 10 3.1.5 ENERGY RECOVERY ...... 11 3.1.6 FINAL TREATMENT ...... 11 3.2 WESTERN BAVIAANSKLOOF (FARMERS & COMMUNITIES) ...... 11 3.2.1 GENERATION AND SEPARATION ...... 11 3.2.2 COLLECTION ...... 12 3.2.3 TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT ...... 12 3.2.4 DISPOSAL ...... 13 3.2.5 REUSE OR RECYCLE ...... 13

4. SUSTAINABILITY ASPECT ANALYSIS ...... 16

4.1. BAVIAANSKLOOF NATURE RESERVE ...... 16 4.1.1 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ...... 16 4.1.2 INSTITUTIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS ...... 18 4.2 WESTERN BAVIAANSKLOOF (FARMERS AND COMMUNITIES) ...... 18 4.2.1 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ...... 18 4.2.2 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS...... 19 4.2.3 SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS ...... 20 4.2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASPECTS ...... 21 4.2.5 INSTITUTIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS ...... 22 4.2.6 TECHNICAL ASPECTS ...... 23

5. CONCLUSION & FUTURE POSSIBILITIES ...... 24

5.1 AWARENESS BUILDING ...... 24 v

5.2 RECYCLING ...... 26 5.2.1 WASTE SEPARATION IN CAMP SITES ...... 27 5.2.2 PLASTIC, CAN, PAPER AND GLASS RECYCLING ...... 28 5.2.3 WASTE STATIONS IN WESTERN BAVIAANSKLOOF ...... 29 5.3 ORGANIC WASTE RECOVERY ...... 31 5.4 CONTRACTING OUT OF WASTE COLLECTION SERVICE TO PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURS ...... 32

6. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 33

REFERENCES ...... 36

APPENDICES ...... 38

APPENDIX A: LIST OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ...... 38 APPENDIX B: CONTACT DETAIL OF RECYCLING COMPANIES ...... 40 APPENDIX C: WASTE DATABASE FOR BAVIAANSKLOOF NATURE RESERVE ...... 42 APPENDIX D: NUMBER OF TOURISTS IN BAVIAANSKLOOF NATURE ...... 45

Disclaimer:

The views and opinions expressed within in this report are solely that of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of EarthCollective, Eastern Cape Parks or any of the other stakeholders/contributors to the study. In this sense, the report is entirely of the author’s own work and has not been edited or thoroughly checked for errors in any way by the collaborating organizations. Readers should keep in mind that this is a student report and that the information and results presented should thus be interpreted in this way accordingly.

Any questions can be directed to: Dieter Van den Broeck, [email protected]

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1. Introduction

1.1 Problem Description

The study area for waste management was the Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve and adjacent areas of western side (see Figure 1). The Baviaanskloof “Valley of Baboons” lies roughly 120 km west of Port Elizabeth in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.

Figure 1: Map of Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve, source: Heritage Assessment Study, Undated

There is no formal waste management plan for Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve or for the adjacent private lands. In addition, Baviaans municipality also has no waste management plan. There are very few refuse dumping sites present but none of the dumping sites in the municipal area are legal (Baviaans Local Municipality IDP, 2007). So, it is clear that the area is suffering from waste related problems and there is a serious need for a sustainable waste management plan. Improper waste management can lead to negative environmental and health impacts. It is expected that in the near future the number of tourists coming to Baviaanskloof Reserve will increase significantly. Figure 2 show the trend of increasing number of tourists in

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Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve over the years. Number of tourists and waste generation goes hand in hand.

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 80/81 81/82 82/83 83/84 84/85 85/86 86/87 87/88 98/99

Figure 2: Visitor numbers to BWA. Data for 80-88 are from Kerley and Els (1989), and that for 98/99 from D Clark (pers comm).

There is no single national or provincial Act governing waste is available in South Africa, although number of other legislations such as National Water Act, Nuclear Energy Act, and Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act address waste management indirectly. South African policy on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management (2000) (ref 4-23) stress the importance of integrated waste management with priority given to waste prevention and minimization. A goal was set to reduce waste generation and disposal by 50% and 25% respectively by 2012 and to develop a plan for zero waste by 2022 at the Polokwane Declaration on Waste Management (2001) (ref 4-66). In South Africa, waste management has traditionally been left to local authorities. National constitution mentions the right of municipality to govern its own initiative, the local government affairs of its community in regard with national and provincial legislation. Objectives of local government should be to ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner and to promote a safe and healthy environment (City of Cape Town Integrated Waste Management Plan, 2004).

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1.2 Background

“Waste management is a priority for all South Africans” - The Polokwane Declaration, 2001

The Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve is the southern mountainous portion of the Eastern Cape Province (see Figure 3). Baviaanskloof protected area together with seven other protected area is referred as World Heritage Site by UNESCO. This World Heritage Site is considered as part of the Cape Floral Region1 Protected Areas and possesses extraordinary natural heritage Figure 3: Location of Baviaanskloof Mega-Reserve (Heritage Assessment study BMR, 2006). The Reserve is managed by the Eastern Cape Parks Board. The Mega Reserve covers 90% of the local municipality area. Pollution from waste can result in environmental degradation and consequently reduce tourist attraction. On the other hand, proper waste management can provide opportunity for employment as only 19% of the people in the area are employed (Baviaans Local Municipality IDP, 2007). Proper waste management is necessary to ensure better health of the resident. If the waste management plan of Baviaanskloof is successful, this can act as a model for other Reserves of ECP.

1 The Cape Floral Region is recognized globally as one of the world‟s richest floral regions, and has the distinction of being the smallest by far of the world‟s six Floral Kingdoms, with some 9,000 species in only 90,000 km2. Almost 70% of its plant species are endemic. Its plant richness is comparable to most tropical plant diversity hotspots of similar size, which is remarkable for a temperate region. The Cape Floral Region has been identified as one of the world‟s 34 biodiversity hot spots (Heritage Assessment Study BMR, 2006).

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1.3 Conceptual Framework: Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM)

The concept of Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) is introduced and used here. Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) consists of three basic dimensions of waste management: 1) stakeholders involvement in waste management, 2) the practical and technical elements of waste management, and 3) the sustainability aspects of the local context (Anschutz et al., 2004). The model of ISWM is shown below:

Stakeholders  Local authority  NGOs/CBOs  Service users S  Private sector u  Donor agencies s Waste system t elements a Generation & Collection Transfer & Treatment & i separation transport disposal Process n a Reduction Re-use Recycling Recovery b i Sustainability Aspects l  Technical i t  Environmental y  Economic  Socio-cultural  Institutional  Policy/political Figure 4: The ISWM model

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This chapter gives brief description of each dimensions of ISWM model.

1) Stakeholder Stakeholder participation and motivation are key factors in waste management (Anschutz et al., 2004). If people are aware and motivated to have a change in their life style regarding waste management, the ultimate result will be long term and sustainable. In any waste management plan public awareness and participation is just as important as legislation, technical assistance and funding. If people are not aware of the problem associated form waste mismanagement, no waste management plan can be successful (Hasan, 2004). Much research shows that public awareness and technology are the two most important factors for future waste management. Actors can be involved formally or informally such as some have influence on rules and regulations; others have influence on planning and operation (Nielsen et al., 2000).

2) Waste System Elements Waste System Elements are generally technical components of waste management. Most Waste System Elements are found in- life cycle of materials shown in Figure 4, starting from extraction of natural resource through processing, production and consumption towards final treatment and disposal (Anschutz et al., 2004).

3) Sustainability Aspects Sustainability aspects like technical performance, environmental health, economic benefit, socio-cultural to institutional and political aspects influence the waste management system in various way and accordingly determines the sustainability of the entire system (Anschutz et al., 2004).

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2. Stakeholders

Main stakeholders of this study are: Eastern Cape Parks Board (ECPB), Baviaans Municipality, Community, Farmers and other Land Owners.

Eastern Cape Parks Board (ECPB)‟s main objective is devoted to “responsible conservation management and utilization of natural resources within the Eastern Cape‟s protected areas, in a manner that promotes broad community involvement and upholds the principles of custodianship, sustainability and excellence in all its activities” (ECPB website). ECPB provides different types of tourism and accommodation facilities inside the Reserve. ECPB has a plan to develop a formal waste management plan for Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve. For that they were interested to have baseline information‟s regarding existing waste management practices inside the Reserve.

Baviaanskloof Municipality covers an area of 7727 km2 with two urban nodes, namely Willowmore and Steytlerville (see Figure 5). The Baviaanskloof Wilderness Area is situated to the south. The Mega-Reserve covers 90% of the local municipality area. Agriculture, tourism and service industries form the basis of the area‟s economy (Baviaans Local Municipality website). As Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve falls under their jurisdiction and it is also a huge tourist attraction, waste management of the Reserve as well as the adjacent area is Figure 5: Baviaans municipality, source: concern of Baviaans municipality. http://baviaans.gov.za/boundaries.htm

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Farmers and other land owners are based in the western part of Baviaanskloof. These are all privately owned properties by white farmers and other land owners with approximately 50,000 ha area. Their population is about 1000 with 15 households. These properties are entirely surrounded by protected area. Farmers are practicing both pastoralism (cattle, goats, sheep, ostrich) and irrigated cropping mostly for vegetable seed production and fruits. At present many farmers and other land owners are becoming involved in tourism sector such as tourist accommodation (camp sites and guest houses), recreational activities (hiking roads, game viewing, 4*4 routes, quad biking) (Noirtin, 2008). Therefore, the numbers of tourists are increasing in this area. Consequently, farmers now not only have their own waste to account for but they also accumulate the waste produced by visiting tourists. This is creating a problematic situation in this area.

Local communities are consists of two coloured communities: Sewefontein and Zaaimanshoek. Another one known as Colseskeplaas is situated inside Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve and currently subject to an advanced negotiation process with respect to relocation. Because of this reason Colseskeplaas was not included in this study. These communities comprise over 70% of the western Baviaanskloof community (Crane, 2006). “Sewefontein” is a community farm owned by approximately seventy five colored shareholders, with twenty households. They were basically landless people from Baviaanskloof who shared their government housing grants for purchasing the farm (Crane, 2006). The farm area is 1300 ha. People here mainly derive their income from livestock farming (e.g. goat, sheep, cattle, donkeys, and chickens), and the governmental pensions which is given to old and disadvantaged people on a monthly basis (Cilliers, 2007). “Zaaimanshoek” is community land bought by The Congregational Church as a farm in 1931. It lies at the foot of the Baviaanskloof Mountains. Baviaanskloof River flows through Zaaimanshoek. The community comprises about forty households with an average of six people per household (Noirtin, 2008). The majority of the people here are pensioners with some working in the farms. There is a school in Zaaimanshoek which also serves as a church.

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As no waste service is provided to these communities, people living there are suffering from several waste related problems. It is necessary to have an improved waste management in these areas for wellbeing of people and environment. Following chapter gives description of current waste management practices of some of the above mentioned stakeholders.

3. Waste System Elements

3.1 Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve

In order to prepare a baseline, field visits and observations of the Reserve‟s waste collection, transfer and disposal practices were carried out. As shown in Figure 4 following waste system elements of ISWM model is used for developing the baseline.

3.1.1 Generation and Separation

In the reserve, wastes are generated mostly in the camp sites, day visitor‟s centers and staff houses in Cambria. There are four camp sites: 1) Doodsklip, 2) Rooihoek, 3) Bergplaas and 4) Kondomo. One day visitor center (Smitskraal), World Heritage Site Interpretive Centre and the Kondomo office of ECP. Staff houses are located in Boosdorp, Cambria. Tourism is on the rise and as such there will be more and more waste generated from increasing amount of tourists coming into the Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve. During holiday season the number of tourist may reach up to 100-200 people (see Appendix D).

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At present, tourists have to bring their own black bags for waste disposal. However, they are not properly informed about that. In Cambria, there are about 27 staff houses. A substantial amount of waste is generated from this place also which is situated inside the Reserve. . Figure 6: Scattered wastes in Dorenkraal staff house , April, 2008

3.1.2 Collection

Wastes are collected once or twice a week depending on the number of tourists. Waste collection is performed by park rangers when they go for checking the permits of tourists staying at the camp sites. For the month of May, 2008 majority of the black bags were collected from Kondomo camp site flowed by Rooihoek (see Figure 7).

16% 10%

Bergplaas Kondomo Rooihoek 22% Doodskip

52%

Figure 7: Percentage of refuse bags collected from different camp sites for the month of May, 2008

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3.1.3 Transfer and Transport

Wastes are normally transported to Kondomo waste disposal site and when there is sufficient waste it is ultimately transported and disposed at the Ramaphosa villange, Patensie waste disposal site. Most of the camp sites are on average 20-50 km away from the Kondomo office. The road is very rough and during flooding the road condition is worse. As a result to transport waste from the camp sites is a challenge. At present the ECPB „bakkie‟ is used for waste collection. Previously, one truck was used for waste collection but now according to one park manager, the truck is used for transporting road workers. As a result, presently there are insufficient vehicles available to transport the waste.

3.1.4 Disposal

Normally visitors of camp sites bring their own black bags for wastes and take the waste either with them or they dispose the bags at the Kondomo disposal site. The disposal site of Kondomo requires improvement. It needs proper storage facility for waste and closed structure to keep the animal away from waste. According to park manager, closed Figure 8: Kondomo waste disposal site, April, bins should be provided so that baboons or any2008 other animal cannot get into them. The Baviaans and Kouga River are flowing nearby the Kondomo office. Therefore, if the wastes are kept there for long time and there is prolonged rain, there is a chance that they may wash into the river water which is used as drinking water by local people downstream.

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3.1.5 Energy recovery

At present, there is no energy recovery from the wastes in the Reserve.

3.1.6 Final treatment

Patensie dumping site has no waste treatment facility like most of the landfill sites of South Africa.

3.2 Western Baviaanskloof (Farmers & Communities)

3.2.1 Generation and Separation

Normal waste generation per household/property is approximately 3-7 black bags per week. However, in peak season the number may raise to as much as 20 black bags per week. At present, no separation or collection of waste are done. The waste generation on the farmers‟ properties differs significantly depending on the (holiday) seasons. Most of farmers are positive about sorting their waste for recycling however the picture is different in the communities. This study shows that, people of the community are not willing to separate their waste (see Figure 9).

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Will you sort your waste if recycling option is given?

22%

Yes No

78%

Figure 9: Willingness to sort waste by community people

3.2.2 Collection

The Baviaans IDP states that none of the dumping sites in the municipality are legal. Figure 10 shows that the municipal refuse removal has actually reduced from year 1996 to 2001. However, no waste collection service is available in the western Baviaanskloof.

Figure 10: Refuse Removal, source: Baviaans IDP, 2007

3.2.3 Transfer and Transport

Some of the farmers transfer their waste by their own bakkie when they go to Willowmore or any other nearby town. According to many of the farmers, transporting wastes to Willowmore is not a good option as the Willowmore waste dumping site is also overloaded and not properly managed.

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3.2.4 Disposal

On the farmers‟ property, the usual practice is to dig a big hole on the farmland and dump all kinds of wastes in that. The wastes which can be burnt are then burned. Community members are mostly dumping their wastes in a hole and burning using paper or paraffin (see Figure 11). Sometimes waste is also burnt in drums. Most of the households burn their wastes once or twice a week.

Figure 11: Dumping and burning practice in Zaaimanshoek

3.2.5 Reuse or Recycle

Table 2 shows some reuse or recycling activity practiced in the western Baviaanskloof (see also example in Box 1).

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Table 2: Different reuse/recycle by community people: Waste type Reuse Plastic bottle carry water buy petrol or paraffin Plastic bag for shopping Can different purposes in the kitchen Glass bottle sold in the liquor shop for 40 cents Organic waste fed to domestic animals such as pigs, donkeys, chickens etc Ash in the toilets to reduce the bad smell in the garden as fertilizer

Figure 12: Organic wastes are mostly fed to domestic animals; plastic bottles used in garden

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Box 1: Michelle is Reusing Various Waste Products in her Daily Life

Michelle lives at the western end of the Baviaanskloof. i. Final treatment She is using whatever can be reused from her house.

For example, she uses her organic wastes in her garden

and also to feed her chickens; glass bottles are used for

selling homemade jams; paper is used in the chicken

house and also to make fire in winter; egg boxes are

used to fix her tree house; and plastic bags she uses for

shopping. The things which are not reusable, she

dumps in dongas to prevent erosion.

Michelle in her organic garden

Reuse of bottles, plastic bags, and paper for different purposes. Also, use of waste to prevent erosion.

In this chapter, different elements of waste stream starting from waste generation to final disposal of waste were discussed. It‟s essential to know about these elements in order to locate where the actual problem is generating and how that can be solved. After discovering the problem, it would be necessary to know about various sustainability factors which are influencing the waste management system. Next chapter deals with those aspects of sustainability.

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4. Sustainability Aspect Analysis

Six sustainability aspects2 analysis used in ISWM3 concept were used to identify priority areas, and to create measures for better practice.

4.1. Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve

4.1.1 Legal and Policy Framework

General objectives of the Waste Management Bill, 2007 are- (a) to protect health, well-being and the environment by providing reasonable measures; (b) to ensure that people are aware of the impacts of waste on health and the environment; (c) to provide for compliance with the standard measures; and (d) to secure an environment that is not harmful to the health and well-being of people.

Waste management for Nature Reserves of South Africa is addressed in National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (NEMPAA), 2003 (Act 57 of 2003) and National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS), 1999 which falls under National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), 1998 (see Figure 13).

2 Sustainability aspects like technical performance, environmental health, economic benefit, socio-cultural to institutional and political aspects influence the waste management system in various way and accordingly determines the sustainability of the entire system (Anschutz et al., 2004).

3 ISWM- Integrated Sustainable Waste Management 16

Consultative National Environmental Policy Process (CONNEPP)

National Environmental Management Draft White Paper on Integrated Act (NEMA), 1998 Pollution and Waste Management (IP&WM), 1998

National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS) and Action Plans, 1999

National Environmental National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act Management: (NEMPAA), 2003 Waste Bill, 2007

Figure 13: Hierarchy of waste legislation and policies

Some of the objectives of Integrated Management Plan of Baviaanskloof Cluster, 2007 regarding waste management system were to,  investigate and develop a more effective waste storage and disposal system at Geelhoutbos  develop and implement a waste management system at Coleske area that conforms with minimum legal requirements  investigate and develop more effective waste storage and disposal system at Riverside Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve falls within the area of jurisdiction of the Baviaans local municipality which in turn falls within the jurisdiction of the Cacadu District Municipality. Although the IDP states that tourism is one the main form of employment of this area and recognizes the importance of tourism but does not mention about any service provided to the Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve.

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4.1.2 Institutional and Organizational Aspects

ECBP is responsible for managing the Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve and generally waste management also falls under their jurisdiction. NEMPAA and the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act states that there should be appropriate planning alignment between the Nature Reserve and the surrounding area which should be recognized through the Integrated Development Plans and Spatial Development Framework of the relevant municipalities. At present there is a lack of collaboration and communication between ECPB and Baviaans municipality. One of the managers of People & Parks Programme ECPB says that for better management of waste, emphasis should be given on partnership with local municipalities and other private organizations. In order for any waste management plan of the Reserve to be successful, it should be aligned with the waste management plan of Baviaans municipality. The eastern section of the Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve is nearer to the Kouga Municipality. As a majority of the camp sites are situated in the eastern part, wastes are at present being dumped in Ramaphosa village of Patensie which falls under Kouga municipality. This is why it is necessary to communicate with Kouga municipality regarding waste management of the eastern part of the Reserve. According to the Kouga IDP, the Patensie dumping site is in process of being closed and rehabilitated.

4.2 Western Baviaanskloof (Farmers and Communities)

4.2.1 Legal and Policy Framework

The Baviaans Municipality provides waste removal and waste management services to Willowmore and Steytlerville. The municipality performs the waste collection services in its area in terms of the power provided in section 84(1)(e) of the Municipal Structures Act, 1998. It states,

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“Solid waste disposal sites in so far as it relates to determination of a waste disposal strategy; the regulation of waste disposal; the establishment, operation and control of waste disposal sites, bulk waste transfer facilities and waste disposal facilities for more than one local municipality in the district” -84(1)(e)

There is no formal waste management plan for Baviaanskloof municipality. One of the objectives of Baviaanskloof Integrated Development Plan (IDP), 2007 is “Sustainable basic infrastructure to all inhabitants of Baviaans: Refuse Removal and Management of Dumping Sites”. Two strategies mentioned for this objective are: Legal compliance of all dumping sites and Improve refuse removal plans. For this objective some of the projects of the municipality are:  Legalize dumping site in Steytlerville or look for alternative site  Investigate dumping in Fullarton and Baviaanskloof  Better management of dumping sites in Willowmore & Steytlerville  Controls over the sites- fencing very important  Appoint a person to supervise dumping sites  Make municipal vehicle available for hiring to remove garden/building or other waste that is not normally carried in black bags  Enforce By-Laws and educate community on implications of dumping randomly

4.2.2 Economic and Financial Aspects

The Baviaans municipality has inadequate financial capacity. The municipality‟s medium- term revenue & expenditure of Sewerage/Sanitation for budget year 2008/2009 is R 1,899,458. According to Baviaans municipality, waste collection service is only provided to residential areas. As farmers and community are living on private property, no service for waste collection is provided to that area. In addition according to municipality, it is not economically feasible to provide waste collection services in that part as the distance (approximately 100 km) is too far to transport waste.

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Farmers of Baviaanskloof who previously used to depend of farming are now more focused on tourism. The reason is the large distance to the agriculture market from the farms and increasing number of tourists visiting the adjacent Reserve. As a result, many of the farmers have their own lounges/guest houses as tourist accommodation. Zaimaanshoek is not a private property and thus the community benefits from the Baviaanskloof municipality services (Noirtin, 2008). Results show that most of the farmers are willing to pay for the waste collection services. However, this is not the case in the communities. Positive thing is that the community people are willing to take contract for waste collection or other waste related services (see Figure 14).

Are you w illing to take contract for w aste collection from the community?

38% Yes No

62%

Figure 14: Willingness to take contract of waste collection among community people

4.2.3 Socio-Cultural Aspects

Alcoholism, poverty, unemployment and HIV Aids are major social problems of Baviaans local municipality. In the year 2007 about 1902 people of this municipality were different social grant beneficiaries. Among them child support grant are the highest number of grants paid (Baviaans IDP, 2007).

Figure 15: Employment level Baviaans population, source: Baviaans IDP, 2007 20

Study shows that people in the community are willing to sort and recycle their waste if proper incentive is given (see Figure 16).

What w ill you prefer for future w aste management?

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% Sorting and Compost organic Bury Burn Transport to recycling w astes Willow more

Figure 16: Preference of different waste management options by community people

4.2.4 Environmental and Health Aspects

As no waste collection service is provided to the communities and due to lack of proper waste management, waste normally end up in the streets and other open areas where children normally play and people walk barefoot. This can result in spread of diseases. The Baviaans River is flowing through Zaaimanshoek and during the rain wastes are mixed with river water which people are using for drinking purposes (see Figure 17). Some people complained about having coughing and breathing problems from the smoke of burning waste. Also some said that they suffer from diarrhea from improper waste management. Figure 17: Tire and bottle in Baviaans river, Zaaimanshoek. May, 2008

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Dumping and burning waste is leading to both air and soil pollution. As plastics and other metal substances take a long time to degrade; they remain in the soil for a long time and thus create soil contamination (see Figure 18). Farmers are aware of environmental and economic impact of burning waste. They normally burn waste away from their house as its not healthy for their family. Figure 18: Metal wastes are often dumped openly. May, 2008 Some farmer complained that their beehives suffer from the smoke from burning. In addition, as Baviaanskloof is a mountainous area smoke from the burning sometimes remain between the mountains and create black cloud (see Figure 19).

Figure 19: Burning in Kouga mountain which has very similar landscape and situated just beside Baviaanskloof, June, 2008

4.2.5 Institutional and Organizational Aspects

According to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996), responsibility for waste management functions is to be devolved to the lowest possible level of government. However, provincial and local government level generally suffers from limited resources that are available to cover the additional waste management responsibilities. The Baviaans municipality is suffering from insufficient institutional capacity. Several institutional problems such as inadequate funds, limited equipments, shortage of trained staffs and expertise, lack of communication etc are evident (Baviaans IDP, 2007).

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There are two landfills in Baviaans municipality; one in Willowmore and one in Steytlerville. According to project manager of Baviaans municipality, wastes are burned in the landfills. The landfill in Willowmore has no permit; it‟s fully visible, and close to residential areas. There is no site office or access control, no compaction and covering of waste, excessive uncontrolled salvaging, no equipment, no waste separation (Cacadu IDP, 2007/08).

4.2.6 Technical Aspects

Some of the technical challenges are:  Transferring wastes to Willowmore is expensive and time consuming  Lack of available vehicle for waste collection in municipality  No proper waste management option in Willowmore  Road condition is not good  Requirement of proper equipment to dig big hole (for example, trench digger)  As it is a upstream area making landfill is controversial

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5. Conclusion & Future Possibilities Reduce, Reuse & Recycle

5.1 Awareness Building

World Heritage Site Interpretive Centre It is easy to pass information onto tourists in visitor centers. The Baviaanskloof World Heritage Site Interpretive Centre located near the eastern boundary of the Reserve is aimed to serve as a focal point for visitors to the Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve. Interpretive and Audio-visual facilities have been designed to provide an ideal introduction to this area. Beside information about tourism facilities this can be a point to attract tourist attention regarding proper waste disposal system in the Reserve. Information should be provided in a way that visitors are motivated and willing to take action. For that, the visitor centre should provide simple information with photos of possible waste disposal options, display of separate waste bins, poster, pamphlet etc. Demonstration about best practice for waste management can result in visitor learning about reduce, reuse and recycling, energy efficiency etc. For example, factsheet containing information like how many cans or plastic bottles are recycled every month from the Reserve.

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Pamphlets Along with other conservation facts, Waste tips information about waste disposal can be integrated in pamphlet. In addition, separate Prevent waste by using reusable waste management pamphlet can be also containers and bags for food etc. made to distribute among tourists. Example Small quantities of safely combustible wastes may be burnt of waste management tips which can be used in pamphlet are shown in Figure 20. on campfires. Food scraps and other

biodegradable wastes may be left

in waste bins.

All other wastes should be taken away and left when you leave. Can, glass, paper and recyclable

plastics should be carefully separated from mixed wastes, and

left at waste collection points.

Figure 20: Example of waste management tips for tourist

Signboards Signboard can be provided in camp sites to remind the tourists about proper waste management and available waste disposal options in the camp sites. Signboards can be provided inside toilets and at braai („barbeque‟ in the Afrikaans language) places, so that the aesthetic beauty of the site is not hampered.

Figure 21: examples of waste awareness signboards

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Incentives for Waste Management  Black bags can be provided free of charge to encourage tourists to use them  “Pay Back Center” where tourist will receive small amount of money for returning their plastic, can or glass bottle  “Pay-as-You-Throw” program can be initiated which will result is waste reduction and increased participation in recycling programs. Pay-as-you-throw leads to increased conservation by changing the incentives to throw away versus recycle.

Awareness Building among Local Communities It was agreed among the farmers that awareness building is the utmost important to change people‟s attitude and behaviour concerning waste. Environmental education can be given in Cambria and Zaaimanshoek school. Students of these schools can be taken to field visit to waste dumping or burning sites where they can see themselves what‟s happening with the wastes and what can be done to improve this situation. Schools can have their own garden where students can use the organic waste from the school to grow vegetable. School competition can be arranged to encourage students to collect glass, can and plastic bottles for recycling. Through these ways children and their parents can be motivated to engage in better waste management practices.

5.2 Recycling

One of the main challenges for waste management in South Africa is the lack of direction concerning waste recycling. In countries like Netherlands, 84% of glass is recycled whereas in South Africa the number is only 25%. At present in South Africa recycling activities are mainly undertaken by private recycling companies, especially those associated with the packaging industry. Commonly paper, glass, plastic and cans are recycled. There are some voluntary drop-off facilities and buy-back centers in some local authorities (Document of Post Consumer Recycling in South Africa and Internationally, 2000). According to this government document, the main obstacles of South Africa‟s waste recycling are the

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insufficient data available about recycling, lack of government support to recycling, public unawareness, and current viability of waste to recycle. Recycling can help in many ways such as job creation, reduction of litter, reduction of wastes, less pollution, and conservation of energy. However, the challenge is the demand/market of products that are made from recyclable material.

5.2.1 Waste Separation in Camp Sites

Separate bins can be provided in the camp sites for can, glass, plastic and organic waste. However, the bins should be designed in a way that baboons or any other animal can‟t access them (see Figure 23).

Figure 22: Separate bins. Source: Google Image, www.krashjapan.com/v5/eco/index07_e.html

Figure 23: Animal proof dustbin in Kruger National Park, 5 June, 2008 Small entrepreneurial teams or contractors from nearby towns (e.g. Patensie, Willowmore, Cambria) can collect and sell the waste to the nearest recycling company.

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5.2.2 Plastic, Can, Paper and Glass Recycling

As mentioned in the previous section if these products are separated by providing separate bins, they can be easily recycled. Collection can be done either by ECPB itself or private contractor. Nearest Recycling company is “Enviroman” which is situated in Jeffrey‟s Bay (see Box 2). They recycle all sort of waste. Director of Enviroman is optimistic about possibilities of waste collection and recycle from Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve

Box 2: Enviroman recycling company is helping the people and environment

Enviroman is a small recycling company situated in Jeffrey‟s Bay. They are presently collecting waste from Jeffrey‟s Bay and St Francis Bay landfill sites. Enviroman has a plan to extend their collection points to Patensie and Hankey also. Enviroman is collecting glass, can, PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) and LD plastic bottles from the landfill sites. They are also collecting cardboards, mostly from the shops such as Billabong. Ms. Lynn Venter, director of Enviroman says that their recycling is helping the environment and at the same time providing employment for local people. Currently 14 people are employed in Enviroman. Waste are paid according to their weight such as for 1 kg Can 1 rand, 1 kg Cardboard 10 cent, 1 bag PET bottle 10 rand etc.

Contact details of some recycling company are provided in Appendix B.

Enviroman recycling site, June, 2008

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Box 3: Baling Machine used for recycling waste in Kruger National Park

Kruger National Park has a baling machine where

plastic bottles and containers are converted into bale. The bale is then sold to recycling company. The balers can bale - paper, cardboard, plastic, PET etc and even tins. Plastic baling machine in Kruger Nation Park

The baling machine is an H15 and the price is R 105,000. It needs an amount of 20 tons

of plastics per month to make it feasible. It‟s joint with a trailer which is driven with a diesel (or petrol). The company from which it was bought is Akura (http://www.akura.co.za). The recyclables from the Kruger National Park have to travel to Skukuza from all over the park, then to Nelspruit and then to Johannesburg (Cheri Scholtz, PET Recycling Company).

5.2.3 Waste Stations in Western Baviaanskloof

To have a common place for waste collection, transfer stations are essential. Waste stations should be provided with separate bins for different types of waste which are recyclable such as can, glass, paper, plastic, organic waste (see Figure 24). These sites can also act as educational center for example provide information‟s like how to manage waste sustainably. Farmers of Baviaanskloof also feel the necessity of 4-5 waste stations in western Baviaanskloof. Waste stations have to be easily accessible by communities and farmers.

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Figure 24: separate Bins for paper, can and glass, source: http://www.waste.nl/page/245 and waste station, source: Google Image, www.krashjapan.com/v5/eco/index07_e.html

In the communities donkey carts are used as normal transportation. Donkey cart can also be used for waste collection from waste generation site to the waste stations. However, the carts should not be overloaded or made too big to avoid the risk of donkeys getting sick or injured from the heavy load.

Small Scale Community Recycling People in the community can get involve in small scale recycling projects. Ms. Lois Stahl from The Tchnuganoo Community Farm (see also http://www.baviaans.co.za/arts/tchnuganoo.htm) is trying to motivate the community people to engage in recycling (see Figure 24). Recycled locally made things can be attractive for tourist. Additionally, it will create job opportunity especially for women. Another member of The Tchnuganoo Community Farm Mr. Tyrell has interesting idea to make plastic bricks by melting plastic. Figure 25: Lois showing her recycled products

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These types of plastic bricks can be used for building purposes. However, this requires further research to explore the actual possibilities of plastic recycling and their health effect. Similar ideology is used by YONIC, a NGO based in Brazil whose goal is to seek balance between human development and environmental sustainability and they have been very Figure 26: Recycled plastic products by YONIC, successful in doing so. YONIC is http://www.yonic.org/ using plastic bags for producing handbags, backpacks, shoes, belts, boxes, and pillows (see Figure 26) as well as melting waste plastic (i.e. that which cannot be recycled) into bricks. A similar programme of transforming waste products into quality consumer goods (e.g. shopping bags, candle holders, ceremonial dress, toilet paper holders) using community creativity is now active in Grahamstown.

5.3 Organic Waste Recovery

According to WASTE Consultants of the Netherlands, there are three simple ways to reuse organic wastes: 1. feed animals (fodder) 2. improve soil fertility (compost) 3. produce energy (biogas)

In the western Baviaanskloof organic wastes are already fed to domestic animals. However, the last two options are not practiced in this area. The quantity of organic wastes is suspected to be not enough for operating a biogas plant. However, composting can be a good option as it‟s easy to make and good for the crops.

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Farm-composting in Western Baviaanskloof According to the University of Pretoria and Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), South Africa has the highest per capita soil loss in the world, losing an estimated 400 million tons of topsoil a year. Fertilizer price is increasing day by day. Over R 2 billion is spent each year in the commercial farming sector on fertilizer. The subsistence farming sector cannot afford this cost, and operates with insufficient soil nutrients, resulting in low yields. Organic fertilizer from composting can play a vital role here. Farmers of Baviaanskloof can produce on farm composting. This will save the fertilizer cost as well as reduce the waste management cost of organic wastes. At present, there is less willingness among the farmers about farm-composting. However, farm-composting may attract alternative funds, e.g. funds for nature protection, waste management, establishing small businesses, or Figure 27: On farm-composting, source: improving rural development. Farmers obliviously Google Image need some sort of training to be involved in farm- composting. Once the wastes are sorted, it is easier to collect the organic wastes and use them for composting. It will promote sustainable farming. Extra fertilizers can be sold to interested farmers.

5.4 Contracting Out of Waste Collection Service to Private Entrepreneurs

As recommended earlier, wastes from the farmers and community households can be collected by private contractors. They can take the waste to a central point where another contractor with a vehicle can collect and transport the wastes to a transfer station or for disposal. As mentioned before this study shows that the willingness among community people to take contract is quite high (see Figure 14).

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For the eastern side of the, waste can be transported to Patensie dumping site which is situated in Ramaphosa Village or transported to a collection site from where recycling company will collect the waste. This can create employment opportunity for the community where most of the people are unemployed. Micro-credit can also be given to private entrepreneurs to build their capacity.

6. Recommendations

Proper communication and collaboration with Baviaans and Kouga local municipality. No plan can be successful with collaboration with local government authority and other local partners. Obtain an agreement with Kouga municipality for waste collection and dumping in Patensie or any other dumping site in Kouga. Baviaans municipality should assist ECPB and western Baviaanskloof land owners with waste collection service as they fall under Baviaans local municipality jurisdiction.

Develop a waste database to get an idea about the composition and quantity of wastes generated monthly from the Reserve. An understanding of waste composition and amount is necessary in order to have an idea about the size and nature of the problem, to assess the environmental and economic impacts of the existing waste management system and to design future solution. However, it is impossible to measure either of these two things accurately. All techniques are based on estimation, sampling, extrapolation, projections and in some cases statistical analysis (Anschutz et al, 2004). Further research is required in this field to analyze the actual amount of waste production by tourists. One possibility can be by collecting the waste bags at the Reserve gates. Future projection and estimation of wastes is also essential for better waste management. For 33

example, if there is sufficient amount of organic waste it will be viable to make a composting plant. Further analysis of wastes types and quantity is required to take into account seasonal variation and variation between camp sites.

Explore the possibilities of recycling and fund raising for different recycling options (e.g. separate bins, compost, baling machine). Separate bins can be provided at the camp sites for plastic, can, glass and paper. Once different kinds of waste are separated, it is very easy to transport them to nearest recycling company. Contract can be also made with recycling company to come and collect the waste from the Reserve. If necessary some of the services can be contracted out to local entrepreneur or contractor. This will also encourage community participation and at the same time create job opportunity for local people.

Awareness building among tourists, Reserve staffs and communities about better waste management. Tourists should be reminded through different ways (e.g. information center, sign board, pamphlet, workshop, education etc) that they are in World Heritage Site and they should be responsible for their own waste. Workshop or short training about waste management can be provided for Reserve staffs and communities living inside the Reserve. Schools and church can also play a major role here. Information can be disseminated in schools and church, lessons can be given in schools about reduce, reuse, and recycling.

Development of formal Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP) which can act as a guideline for waste related activities. ECPB should have a formal waste management plan for Baviaans Nature Reserve. This study may help to provide baseline document about the present scenario of waste management in the Reserve. Prior to developing any kind of plan stakeholder consultation and participation is essential.

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Upgrade the existing waste storing sites in Kondomo and Cambria; and regular collection and transportation of waste from the Reserve. The existing waste storing sites in Kindomo and Cambria are small and open. They should be designed in a way that animals can not enter the site and bad odor does not spread to the surrounding area. Separate vehicle is necessary for waste collection and transportation. Waste should be regularly transported to final disposal site.

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References

 Anschutz J., Ijgosse J., and Scheinberg A. (2004) Putting Integrated Sustainable Waste management into Practice: using the ISWM assessment methodology, ed. A. Scheinberg. The Netherlands  Baviaans Local Municipality IDP (Integrate Development Plan) (2007). http://www.ecpg.gov.za/dhlgta/idp's/Baviaans%20IDP.pdf, accessed 7 March, 2007  Baviaans Local Municipality website. http://baviaans.gov.za/boundaries.htm, accessed 3 April, 2008  Cacadu District Municipality IDP (Integrate Development Plan) (2007/08). http://www.ecprov.gov.za/dhlgta/idp's/Final%20CDM%20IDP%202007-08.pdf, accessed 26 May, 2008  Cilliers A (2007) Sustainable management for ecosystem services in Studtis, Baviaanskloof, Fourth year assignment. Conservation Ecology & Entomology Department, University of Stellenbosch.  Collect-a-Can. http://www.collectacan.co.za/, accessed 15 April, 2008  Scholtz, Cheri, CEO: PET Recycling Company, Email communication. 28 May, 2008  Crane W. (2006) Biodiversity conservation and land rights in South Africa: Whither the farm dwellers? The Journal of Geoforum, Volume. 37, pp. 1035–1045  Draft Waste Management Bill (2006). Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), Government of The Republic of South Africa  EarthCollective. http://www.earthcollective.net/index.php?id=36, accessed 14 June, 2008  Eastern Cape Parks Board (ECPB). http://www.ecparks.co.za/brand.php, accessed 28 May, 2008  Enok, Manager, Eastern Cape Parks Board (ECPB) Baviaanskloof Nature  Jimmy Thanyani, Manager, Eastern Cape Parks Board (ECPB) Baviaanskloof Nature

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 Lardinois I., Klundert van de A. (eds.) (1993) Options for Small-scale Resource Recovery. Technology Transfer for Development – Amsterdam, WASTE Consultants – Gouda  Louis Germishuys, Sales Director, AKURA. mobile: +27(0)836255438 www.akura.co.za, phone communication  PETCO. www.petco.co.za/, accessed 27 May, 2008  Skead, CJ. 2002. Observations on Khoekhoe placenames in the Eastern Cape. Blue Cliff, Port Elizabeth.  Logie B. (Undated) Historical Assessment, Retired Principle Educator, Author & Historian. Heritage Assessment Study and Heritage Resource Management Plans for Baviaanskloof Mega  Noirtin E. (2008) Analysis of stakeholder interactions and their involvement in thicket restoration, Western Baviaanskloof, South Africa Who is willing to restore and why?. MSc Thesis Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), The Netherlands

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Appendices

Appendix A: List of Interview Questions

For Farmers 1. What type of wastes do you have from farm? 2. What type of organic waste do you have from farms? 3. Type of wastes from house/camp sites/accommodation: 1) organics 2) paper 3) glass 4) plastic 5) metal 6) other 4. What type of waste management are you doing: 1) dumping 2) compost 3) burning 4) transporting somewhere 5) others 5. Do you have any problem from this waste management? Yes / No 6. If Yes, what? 7. How many people/household are living in the farm from workers family? 8. What type of wastes do they have 1) organics 2) paper 3) glass 4) plastic 5) metal 6) other, 9. What type of waste management are they doing: 1) dumping 2) compost 3) burning 4) transporting somewhere 5) others 10. If transport, where do you transport the wastes and how? 11. How often do you transport the wastes? 12. Average quantity of waste generated per day / week: ……… black bags / bakkie load 13. If compost, are you using the compost as fertilizer? Yes / No 14. If No, what happens to the wastes? 15. What do you do with the hazardous wastes, such as pesticides, automobiles etc? Are there any changes in case of waste management from before? 16. What are the main problems/challenges with existing waste management? 17. Do you think there are any bad effects from waste? Yes / No 18. If Yes, what are the effects?

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19. What can be the better option for waste management? (more then one answer is possible) - sorting wastes by providing separate bins - contracting out waste collection service to local contractor - making on farm compost with organic wastes - make biogas plant - transport wastes to Willowmore 20. Will you sort your wastes if recycling option is provided? Yes / No 21. Will you provide extra space for separate bins? Yes / No 22. Will you pay extra for waste collection services? Yes / No 23. What will be your suggestion for future waste management?

For community 1. What type of wastes do you have normally? 2. What is the average quantity (e.g in terms of bags) waste you produce per week/day? 3. Is there any collection of wastes from the dumping sites? 4. If yes, who are collecting the wastes? What are they doing with them? 5. If no, what happen to the wastes? 6. What do you do with the organic wastes? 7. If bury, where do you bury the wastes? 8. If burn, where do you burn the wastes? 9. If recycle, how and what do you recycle? 10. If compost, do you use the compost? 11. If not, what happens to the compost? 12. What is the cost of burning or burying or composting? 13. Do you have any kind of problem from any of the above mentioned waste management system? 14. Do you see any problem with wastes? for health or environment? 15. Is waste mixing with the river water during rain?

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16. Are you paying any tax for waste management services? 17. Are there any changes in waste management from before? 18. What are the problems/challenges with existing waste management? 19. What can be improved with existing waste management? 20. What will be your suggestion for future waste management? 21. Will you sort your waste if recycling option is given? 22. What will you prefer for future waste management? - Sorting and recycle in Baviaanskloof - Compost organic wastes - Bury - Burn - Transport to Willowmore 23. Are you willing to pay for waste collection service?

Appendix B: Contact Detail of Recycling Companies

Enviroman Contact person: Ms. Lynn Venter Email: [email protected] Tel: office: 042 296 0818, mobile: 082 375 6207 Website: http://www.enviroman.co.za/ Noorsekloof, Jeffrey‟s Bay, SA

The Reclamation Group (cardboard, paper, glass and plastic recycling) Contact person: Mr. Garrie Tel: 041 453 9000; mobile: 0836791080 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.reclam.co.za/

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Pyott Street, Sidwell Port Elizabeth, SA

PET Recycling Company (Pty) Ltd (PETCO) Cheri Scholtz CEO: PET Recycling Company (Pty) Ltd Tel: 0860 147 738 / 021 788 9954; mobile: 083 651 4313 Fax: 086 531 0291 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.petco.co.za/ PO Box 77, Muizenberg, 7950 Cape Town, SA

Extrupet (Pty) Ltd. Contact person: Somesh Rastoggi Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.alibaba.com/company/10557372.html 100 Dekema Street Wadeville, Gauteng, SA

The Glass Recycling Company

Head Office: P O Box 623, Paulshof, 2056 Unit 3, 41a Homestead Road, Rivonia Tel: 011 803 0767 Website: http://www.theglassrecyclingcompany.co.za/

Eastern Cape: Height 1800mm, Width 1220mm Johan Fourie Glass bank, source: The Glass Recycling Company Tel: 0832824022 website. 41

Mondi Recycling Gauteng/KWN W. Cape Tel: 021 931-5106 Website: http://www.paperpick.co.za

Sappi Tel: 0800 072 774 Website: http://www.sappi.com

Nampak Recycling Tel: 0800 018 818 Website: http://www.nampak.com

Plastic Federation of SA Tel: 011 314 4021 Website: http://www.plasticinfo.co.za

Appendix C: Waste Database for Baviaanskloof Nature Reserve

Date Name of Name Number Number collection of final of black of site / camp disposal bags employees site site

25/04/08 Rooihoek Patensie 7 5

Doodskip ,, 2 4

Bergplaas ,, 2 4

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Kondomo ,, 9 5

26/04/08 Rooihoek ,, 4 -

Doodskip ,, 2 -

Bergplaas ,, 2 -

Kondomo ,, 6 -

27/04/08 Rooihoek ,, 4 5

Doodskip ,, 3 5

Bergplaas ,, 2 5

Kondomo ,, 6 5

28/04/08 Bergplaas ,, 1 5

Rooihoek ,, 4 4

Kondomo ,, 6 4

Doodskip ,, 3 4

29/04/08 Bergplaas ,, 1 4

Rooihoek ,, 2 3

Doodskip ,, 1 3

Kondomo ,, 4 3

02/05/08 Bergplaas ,, 1 4

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Kondomo ,, 8 4

Rooihoek ,, 3 4

Doodskip ,, 2 4

14/05/08 Rooihoek ,, 4 5

Doodskip ,, 3 5

Bergplaas ,, 3 5

Kondomo ,, 7 5

17/05/08 Rooihoek ,, 4 3

Doodskip ,, 4 3

Bergplaas 2 3

Kondomo 10 3

25/05/08 Bergplaas 1 6

Rooihoek 3 6

Doodskip 1 6

Bergplaas 8 6

Kondomo 4 6

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Appendix D: Number of Tourists in Baviaanskloof Nature

Month: January, 2008 Vehicles Overnight Hiking Picnic Camping 180 7 25 28

Month: February, 2008 Vehicles Overnight Hiking Picnic Camping 105 24 12 18 33

Month: March, 2008 Vehicles Overnight Hiking Picnic Camping 200 33 27 171 136

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