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INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. UniverslV M icrixilm s International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8425543 Miller, W orth Robert OKLAHOMA POPULISM: A HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE’S PARTY IN THE OKLAHOMA TERRITORY The University of Oklahoma Ph.D. 1984 University Microfilms Intern Stionel 300 N. zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1984 by Miller, Worth Robert All Rights Reserved THE ONIVEHSITÏ OF OKLAHOMA GBAHUATE COLLEGE OKLAHOMA POPULISM: A HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE'S PARTY IN THE OKLAHOMA TERRITORY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by WORTH ROBERT MILLER Norman, Oklahoma 1984 0KLAH08A POPULISM: A HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE'S PARTY IN THE OKLAHOMA TERRITORY A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY M'.. © 1984 WORTH ROBERT MILLER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Preface John Steinbeck*s The Grapes of irath imprinted upon the American psyche the vision of Oklahoma as a land of grinding rural poverty and hopelessness. For many observers the re­ gion that late nineteenth century boosters labeled the "land of the fair God," became the epitome of how exploitative ca­ pitalism had perverted the American dream. Instead of the affluence and independence boomer elements had promised, privation and tenancy became the lot of most Oklahoma farm­ ers in the first half of the twentieth century. In recent years h isto rian s Garin Burbank and James B. Green have provided the d e ta ils of the Oklahoma S o cialist party, verifying the strength and vitality of the movement where i t reached the apex of i t s e le c to ra l support in Ameri­ ca. Scholars have done very little research, however, into the Oklahoma Socialists' agrarian predecessor, the People's, or Populist, party. Populists addressed many of the issues S o cialists agitated as they were becoming problems in the new land. People's party solutions sometimes even mirrored those of the Socialists, most notably in advocating the go­ vernment ownership of the railroads, telephones and te le ­ graphs. It is doubtful, however, if more than a handful of Oklahoma Populists ever heard of Karl Marx before 1900. Their world view came from a thoroughly American egalitarian - i i i - tra d itio n which streached back through the democracy of Jef­ ferson, Jackson and Lincoln to the ideology of the American Revolution. Because Populism had its intellectual roots in such a time-honored American tradition, its appeal far ex­ ceeded that of the Socialists. Only at the very peak of its popularity in 1914 did the Socialist party receive a share of the Oklahoma vote comparable to that of the Populist par­ ty's weakest showings. » The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to the following people for their assistance in the development of th is work. My d issertatio n director, H. Wayne Morgan, pro­ vided me with needed encouragement and valuable suggestions. John S. Ezell and Jack Haley of the Western History Collec­ tions of the University of Oklahoma were quite helpful in leading me to possible sources of information. Because al­ most every major work on American Populism re lie s substan­ tially upon information gleaned from newspapers, the cooper­ ation of Ms. Barbara Mathis at the Oniversity of Okalhoma Journalism Library was particularly important to me. News­ papers not available there were viewed at the Oklahoma His­ to ric a l Society. A variety of people too numerous to men­ tion at both the Oklahoma Historical Society and the 1 Populists received 18.0% of the vote in 1890. In those counties constituting the Oklahoma Territory in 1890, the Socialist party received 15.8% of the vote in 1914. The People's party received 20.5% of the vote in 1892. In 1914 the Socialists received 19.6% of the vote in those counties which made up the Oklahoma T erritory in 1892. At no time did the Socialist party vote come within 10% of the Populist's later showings. - iv - Oklahoma Department of Libraries in Oklahoma City provided valuable assistance. I also made liberal use of the Dniver- s ity of Oklahoma Computer Services O ffice and would particu­ la rly like to thank Tanya Stewart and Gary Parent for th e ir kind assistance. My special thanks also goes to Michael Roark of the Southeast Missouri State Oniversity at Cape Girardeau for sharing his suggestions and place of birth data on Oklahomans. John Bomack, Sr., was kind enough to share his valuable knowledge of Cleveland County and her people with the author. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to extend my thanks to Merrily Cummings Ford for sharing several valuable family manuscripts concerning her grandfather Henry and great uncle Leo Vincent. - V - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES...................... v ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.. ........................ ix Chapter I. KANSAS ORIGINS............................. 1 I I . ORGANIZING THE OKLAHOMA TERRITORY... 43 I I I . THE FIRST LEGISLATURE, 1890 ... ............ 74 IV. TOWARDS THE ELECTION OF 1892 ................ 93 V. FUSION OR THE MIDDLE OF THE ROAD..,.119 VI. DEMOCRATS AT THE HELM.,..............................148 VII. POPULISM AT FLOODTIDE...................................176 VIII. REPUBLICANS TRIUMPHANT: THE 1895 LEGISLATURE .................................223 IX. THE ROAD TO FUSION........................... 244 X. THE CAMPAIGN OF 1 8 9 6 .....* ......................281 XI. REFORMERS AT WORK: THE 1897 LEGISLATURE .................................304 XII. THE FRUITS OF EXPEDIENCY...........................334 XIII. CONCLUSIONS............. ...3 5 8 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY..................................................374 - VI - LIST OF TABLES 1. Place of Birth or Race by Partisan Choice, 189u................6 8 2. Urban Residence by Partisan Choice, 1890 ................ 72 3. Place of Birth or Race by Partisan Choice, 18 92................ 125 4. Populist Percent of the Ballot by County, 1890-1892 ....................................... 127 5. Partisan Choice in 1890 by Partisan Choice in 1892.............. 129 6. Urban Residence by Partisan Chioce, 1892 ....................... 130 7. Agricultural Factors by Partisan Choice, 1892................132 8. Economic Factors by Partisan Choice, 1892................ 138 9. Place of Birth or Race by Partisan Choice, 1894................208 10. Percent Change in Partisan Vote by County, 1892-1894 ................ 211 11. 1894 Partisan Vote by 1892 Vote for Sane Party..................2 1 2 12. Urban Residence by Partisan Choice, 1894 ........... .....2 1 3 13. A gricultural Factors by Partisan Choice, 1894................ 215 - v i i - 14. Economic Factors by Partisan Choice, 1894................217 15. Per Capita Wealth by Partisan Choice, 1894................219 16. Place of Birth or Race by Partisan Choice, 1896................293 17. 1896 Free Silver Vote by Democratic and Populist Votes of 1892 6 1894....294 18. Urban Residence by Anti- Republican Vote, 1894 6 1896 .....................299 19. Urban Residence by Partisan Choice, 1896 House and Delegate R a c e s . 300 20. Agricultural Factors by Partisan Choice, 1896................301 21. Economic Factors by Partisan Choice, 1896................302 2 2. Partisan Affiliation of Oklahoma Legislators, 1890-1901............... 308 23. Birthplace of Oklahoma Legislators by Party, 1890-1901 and 1897 ..............310 2 4. Age of Oklahoma L egislators by Party, 1890-1901 .............. 311 25. Occupation of Oklahoma Legislators by Party, 1890-1901 and 1 8 9 7 .... ....312 26. Rural and Urban Residence of Oklahoma Legislators, 1890-1901......314 27. P artisan Choice, 1894, and - v iii - Oeaoccatic-Fusion Votes, 1894-1902...344 2 8. Hainstreaa Party Vote by Place of Birth, 1890-1904... .....................348 - IX - LIST OF ILLOSTRATIONS 1. Race & Place of Birth in 1900.......... 6 2. R ainfall 6 P lu ra lity of Crop Acreage in 1 9 0 0 . 1 3 4 3. Percent Improved Acres & Rail lines in 1900...................135 - X - ABSTRACT The Oklahoma Territory mas opened to white settlement in a se rie s of land runs beginning in 1889. The mast majority of those migrating to the new land settled in Kansas or Tex­ as before moving to Olahoma.
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