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A Notable Pennsylvanian: Ida Minerva Tarbell, 1857-1944 Josephine D

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A Notable Pennsylvanian: Ida Minerva Tarbell, 1857-1944 Josephine D A Notable Pennsylvanian: Ida Minerva Tarbell, 1857-1944 Josephine D. Randolph DuBois, Pennsylvania L'Agenc, Buclukw Stuhad Yearbook, 1931, p. 24 Ida M. Tarbell Gives One-hour Course Bucknell was fortunate in securing the services of Ida M. Tarbell, internationally known biographer, who gave a series of lectures ex- tending from March 17 to April 11. One credit hour was allowed each student who took the course in biography given by the noted writer. Recent articles by Miss Tarbell are "Father and Son", in the March AMERICAN MAGAZINE, and "Lincoln's First Love", in COLLIER'S for the week of February 8. Miss Tarbeli was a student in Paris at the Sorbonne and College de France from 1891 until 1894. From then until 1906 she was an asso- ciate editor of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE, becoming associate edi- tor of the AMERICAN MAGAZINE in 1906 and continuing in that capacity until 1915. Her dubs include the National Arts, Cosmo- politan, and Pen and Brush, of which she is president. 216 Pennsylvania History Few reformers are more widely recognized in American history than the Progressive muckraker, Ida M. Tarbell. Her expose, The History ofthe Standard Oil Company, originally serialized in McClure's Magazine beginning in No- vember 1902, and published in book form in 1904, is generally regarded as a classic example of investigative journalism. Tarbell gained prominence on the national level as a muckraker, but she was a Pennsylvanian first, and it was her Pennsylvania roots and experiences that sparked her interest in Progressive journalism. Although Tarbell studied in Paris for three years, and subsequently lived for many years in New York City and Connecticut, throughout her life she maintained close, if sporadic, ties to western Pennsylvania, especially with her family and with Allegheny College in Meadville where she completed her formal education.' Tarbell is the subject of several studies, including two biographies and two volumes devoted to her journalistic work. However, because scholars ex- amining her life have provided readers with little information about her his- torical significance as a western Pennsylvanian, this essay focuses on how early Pennsylvania influences shaped Tarbell's career and achievement of national acclaim as a lecturer and an investigative reporter. The daughter of Esther Ann McCullough and Franklin Sumner Tarbell, Ida was born on November 5, 1857, in her pioneer maternal grandparents' log house in Erie County, Pennsylvania. In August 1859, shortly before her second birthday, an event that was to dramatically change Tarbell family life occurred. Edwin L. Drake discovered oil near Titusville, about forty miles south of the McCullough farm. That same month, Franklin Tarbell, who had recently returned to Pennsylvania after failing as a farmer in Iowa, was caught up in the excitement about the oil business. He realized that producers would need tanks to store their oil. Capitalizing on his carpentry skills, he perfected a satisfactory wooden oil storage tank, which he began to manufacture that fall. Franklin's business was more successful then he had hoped, and in 1860 he moved his family, which now included infant son Will, to the oil-produc- ing area on Cherry Run Creek. The settlement, later named Rouseville, was about twelve miles south of Titusville.2 There the Tarbell family, which ben- efited financially from the oil tank business, supported and was actively in- volved in building a Methodist church. Ultimately, the family's religious affili- ation would have a profound influence on Ida's education and career.3 Rouseville was a squalid, dirty, and noisy boom town in the oil region where workers patronized the saloons and prostitutes typically found in such "fringe" settlements. Because of the rough elements in the small town, Franklin and Esther sought an environment more conducive to raising a family. In 1870 they moved to Titusville. By this time the family included another daugh- ter, Sarah, six years younger than Ida. A fourth child, Franklin, Jr., also was born in Rouseville; sadly, he died there shortly before age two of scarlet fever.4 Ida Minerva Tarbell 217 Ida had become accustomed to the languid pace of life in Rouseville and the informality of its small one-room school. She frequently was allowed to roam the countryside rather than do lessons. She did not initially adapt to the strict routine of her new eighth-grade class, and played hooky several times. However, after her teacher reprimanded her for cutting classes and expressed disappointment at her lack of self-discipline and effort, Tarbell became serious about her studies and was soon a model student. She graduated at the top of Titusville High School's class of 1875.5 Her high school years proved crucial in her formation, for it was then that she began to develop her work ethic, as well as an interest in biology. Tarbell obtained a high school diploma, but in the last quarter of the nineteenth century few options were open to educated women. She could teach grammar school, as her mother had done before she married; she could remain single, live with, and be dependent on her parents; or she could marry. The latter option held little appeal for Tarbell. In fact, she found it distasteful, noting in her autobiography that out of the various women's rights then being contested-which her parents actively supported-she decided two in par- ticular were worth pursing: the right to an education and the right to earn a living. During her adolescence, she became increasingly determined to be in- dependent, and decided in high school never to marry, because "it would interfere with my plan; it would fetter my freedom." During most of her life, Tarbell was unequivocal about her determination never to wed, concluding that "above all I must be free; and to be free I must be a spinster. When I was fourteen, I was praying [to] God on my knees to keep me from marriage." She suspected this was "only an echo of the strident feminine cry filling the air at the moment, the cry that woman was a slave in a man-made world."6 To achieve her independence, she reasoned, she would teach, which required a college degree. A college education for most people in the 1870s was unusual; for a woman in a rural area of western Pennsylvania, it was nothing less than extraordinary. Irrespective of her plans to attend college, Tarbell's hostility to matrimony appears extreme and was no doubt unconventional and unpopular. Still, there is no indication that Tarbell's parents had strong feelings for or against mar- riage for her. She was a shy adolescent who either feared or shunned boys her own age and fantasized about her father's adult male friends, to whom she never spoke. As Tarbell biographer Kathleen Brady wrote: "One can only wonder how a beau would have been received in the Tarbell home, for Franklin had a strict code that ruled out such things as cards, square dances, and cotil- lions."7 Though Franklin Tarbell was apparently a devout Christian and an active supporter of the Methodist faith, such was not the case with Ida. She was received into the church at about age ten or eleven; however, her interest in 218 Pennsylvania History science resulted in her grasping "with a combination of horror and amaze- ment that, instead of a creation, the earth was a growth." Tarbell also wrote: "It was the resurrection that disturbed me. I could not accept it, nor could I accept the promise of personal immortality." She then came to a conviction that never left her: "That as far as I am concerned immortality is not my business, that there is too much for me to attend to in this mortal life without over speculation on the immortal, that it is not necessary to my peace of mind or to my effort to be a decent and useful person, to have a definite assurance about the affairs of the next world." This was not a decision Tarbell reached lightly. She realized the assurance of life hereafter was necessary to the peace of mind of some people." Because of Tarbell's interest in science and her determination to be self- supporting, she was highly motivated to attend college and to excel in her classes. Tarbell's parents, strong supporters of women's rights, were both former teachers and thus were more amenable to a college education for their daugh- ter than most parents of that era. Franklin could financially afford the "frivo- lous experiment" of a college education for Ida, who wanted to attend Cornell to study biology. However, the proximity of Allegheny College, the school's Methodist affiliation, and its president, Dr. Lucius Bugbee, an occasional Tarbell Sunday dinner guest, convinced Ida and her parents that she should attend the small liberal arts school.9 Tarbell entered Allegheny College in the fall of 1876 to study biology. She was the only female in her freshman class of forty "hostile or indifferent boys," and one of only five women in the entire study body. Those few female stu- dents could not have been strictly conventional, according to Brady, who ob- served, "For a girl to go to college was a daring thing." According to historian Rosalind Rosenberg, in 1870 one percent of Americans attended college, of whom twenty percent were women.10 Tarbell's decision to forsake marriage apparently was not attributed to any particular aversion to men. She wrote that "Incredible as it seems to me now, I had come to college at eighteen without ever having dared look fully into the face of any boy of my age." Those who should have been her companions, she shunned.
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