Index 'accommodationists' 18n3 Australia 197, 214 acid rain 180, 181 authoritarian regimes I 06, 207 179, 213 aid Bangkok Agreement 152 EBRD criteria for 3 I Bangladesh 161 n37 policy for 57, 149 47n47 receipt of 36, 180 Barchevsky, Charlene 165n84 supplyof 57,64nl9,194nl8 Belarus 202,203, 217nll aircraft, military 172, 177, 193n I0 Belgium 65n30 Alagappa, M. 252 Belgrade incident 57, 125, 126, 183 Albright, Madeleine 239 Bhutan 161 n37 Algeria 221, 225 biological weapons 229 Amnesty International 32 Biological Weapons Convention Annan, Kofi 40 (BWC) 34, 221, 226, Antarctic model 21 0 Bogor Declaration 81 Antarctic Treaty 221 Bolsheviks 253 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 143, border protection 161n41, 173, 174, 192,243-244 CIS states 75, 171-172, 178--179 Arendt, Hannah 258 hostile incursions 94, 99n9 arms control joint agreements for 120 Clinton administration report on ocean borders 181 15-16,236--241 cooperation in 34, 35, 36--37, 38, 57 Russian Far East 171-172, 174, export controls 233-236 175-176, 193n9 policies for 219-236, 241-244, 261 Bosnia-Herzegovina 143, 144, 173 pre-Reform period 26 BoYibo 84 Arms Control in the Middle East Brazil 31 (ACME) 229 Bretton Woods Institutions 26, 28 arms proliferation (see arms control) Bull, Hedley 4, 19n 13, 22, 23 Art ofWar, The (Sun Tzu) 63nll on Cold War 4, 24, 29-30, 257 Asian Development Bank (ADB) 141, Burma 120 145, 146, 147 Bush, George W. 66n35 Asian economic crisis 41, 55, 64n 19 Bush (George W.) administration Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation 177, 183-184 (APEC) 55,141,145,173,174,200,210 Association for Relations across Cambodia 26, 55, 197 Taiwan Strait 20 I Catholicism 94 Association of Southeast Asian Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Nations (ASEAN) 55, 141, 143, 151 179,232,235,237

294 Index

Central Military Commission (CMC) energy resources 177, 190, 191 10, 84, 88, 109-110, 113-114, 118 PRC and 178-180, 185 Chechnya 178 Russia and 179-180 Chemical Weapons Convention Clinton, William 34, 38, 46n32, 224, 239 (CWC) 34, 221, 226-228 Clinton administration, arms control Chen Shuibian 125, 197 15,20nl8,66n35, 185,243,244 I04n71 'Club of One' 14, 136, ISO Chen Yun 86 coastal economic areas 89 Chernomyrdin, Victor 174 Collective Security Treaty 179 Chiang Kai-shek 254 Commission for Science, Technology, Chi Haotian 71 and Industry for National Defence China, Republic of (ROC) (see Taiwan) (COSTIND) 80 China Democracy Party 94 Commission for the Comprehensive China International Law Society 148 Management of Public Order China Nuclear Energy Industry (CCMPO) 94 Corporation (CNEIC) 232-233, 235 Committee against Torture 32 (CCP) Committee on Freedom of CMC 10,84,88,109-110, 113-114, Association (CFA) 143 118 Commonwealth of Independent Constitution 87-88, 92, I 03n58 States (see also CIS) 168 democratisation policy 95-98 communism (see Chinese factions 9-1 0, 82, 90, 97-98 Communist Party; ideology) Falun Gong in 76 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty foreign investment sanctioned by 79 (CTBT) PLAand 10-11,85,106-107,110, international recognition of 63- 111-112, 115, 127 64nl7, 136,168,224 political power 82-86, 87, 88, PRC adherence to 34, 181, 222 101n41 PRC signatory to 34, 35, 54, 182, reformation of 71, 92-93 221,222 Reform period legitimacy 76 Conference on Disarmament (CD) role of 2, 254, 262 132, 143, ISO, 151,221,222 weakening of power 9, 37, 39, 97-98 confidence building measures (CBMs) White Papers 57, 64n28, 65n29, 228 171 Chinese National Petroleum 'congagement' 59, 66n34, 66-67n35 Corporation (CNPC) 190 Constitution of the Chinese Chinese Tapei 160n3 I Communist Party 87-88, 92, I 03n58 89 constrainment strategy 2 Chou En-lai (see Zhou Enlai) consumption, domestic 76-79 Christopher, Warren 225 containment strategy 2, 18n5, 253, 255 CIS states Convention Against Torture 141 border protection 75, I 71-1 72, corruption 93, I 04n71, I 04n73, I 13, 178-179 263

295 Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy

Council for Security Cooperation in on security agenda 264 the Asia Pacific 55 sovereignty policy 120, 21 I Cox Report 183,237-238 in war 260 crime, international 189 Diaoyu (Senkaku) Islands 181, 187, 209 Cuba 141 dingwei, concept of 52, 53, 63nl 0 cultural relativism 40-41, 49, 51, 56, diplomacy 60, 152 post-Revolutionary period 28-29, (see also 168-193 revolution) PRC:Taiwan recognition 57, 204 diplomacy during 26 Revolutionary period 24-28, 257 domestic turmoil 70, 76, 82, 85, 132 disarmament (see arms control) foreign policy during 254-255 Donnelly, Jack 30 PLA image during I 13 drugs trafficking 171, 179 currency crises 82 Dulles, John Foster 44n I 0

Dagestan 178 East Asia Monetary Fund lSI Dai Xianglong IS I, 164n75 East Asian economic crisis 41, 55, Dalai Lama 75 64nl9 Declaration on Fundamental East China Sea 187, 209-21 0 Principles and Rights at Work 141-142 EastTimor 55, 144, 161-162n44, defence (see foreign policy; People's 162n47, 197, 209 Liberation Army) Economic Exclusion Zones ((EEZs) democracy 182, 187 armed forces in I 06 economic internationalisation 81-82 evolution to 42, 72,95-98 (see also globalisation) increasing global acceptance 30-32, economic reform 258 political effects of 70-82, 99n 12, interdependence and 139 99-100nl3 sovereignty in 207, 212 post-Revolutionary period 261- Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) 265,271n44 196,198,213 science and technology 79-80, democratisation, Chinese 95-98 101n33 Economist 69 death 86 energy production 77-79 on domestic policies 28-29, 54, 70, energy resources 89,264 Asia's requirements 169-170 foreign policies 70, 123, 175 PRC strategy 180-181, 185, 189- Hong Kong policy 210 191, 195n34 NIEO ISO engagement strategy 2-3,59,66- PLA 108-109, Ill, 125 67n35 political power of 84, 86 environment rule of law 85 acid rain 180, 181

296 Index

global rehabilitation 29, 34, 152 federalism in 89-90 PRC policies for 34, 36, 57 political structure 83-88, 92-94, ethics 5-6, 140 104n70 ethno-nationalism 74, 179, 265 pre-1949 legacy 84-85 European Bank for Reconstruction prognosis 9-10 and Development 3 I public order and 71, 74-76, 94-95, European Union (EU) 204, 214, 215 99n9 reform necessity 90-92 Falun Gong regionalism in 88-89 emergence of 76, 94, 97 rule of law 39, 47n43, 85 suppression of 76, 88, 94, IOI- grain market 72, 99n 13 102n42, 122, 183 Great Britain (see Britain; United fisheries agreements 187 Kingdom) Five Principles of Peaceful Great Powers Coexistence 137, 149, 150, 164n66 Bull's definition 23 foreign policies 122-128, 184-185, entry requirements 29 197, 267n2 (see also People's PRC inclusion 14, 22, 27, 44n 15, 196 Liberation Army) PRC irresponsibility 237 France 19n 13, 24, 198, 222 responsibilities of 4-5 freedom of speech 96, I 04n71 Russia as 174 status of 4 G8 (formerly G7) 4, 168, 173 US:USSR arms negotiations 27 gemeinschafi: 33 war prone 259 General Agreement on Tariffs and gross domestic product (GDP) 69, Trade (GATT) 217nl4 70, 78, 81, 88 Geneva Conference on Disarmament gross national product (GNP) 25, 80 221 Guatemala 61 Germany 2, 19n 13, 151, 202, 203, 204 GulfWar 59 gesellschafi: 33 'gunboat diplomacy' 40, 59 Giddens,Anthony 259 Guomindang (GMD) 27, I 19 glasnost 72, 95, 171 globalisation (see also international Hainan Island 57, 89 society) Haiti 61, 143, 144 impact of domestic policies 197 Han ethnic group 74-75, 142 PRC and 67n39, 135, 155-157 Helms, Jesse 232,237,243 Third World economies and 163n58 Helsinki Accords 39 WTO as carrier 153 Henkin, L. 149 Gorbachev, Mikhail 95, 170, 171, 174 Hertz, F.O. 212 governance, PRC domestic hijackers 210-21 I absence of ideology 82-83, 97 Ho Chi Minh 24 achievements 41, 47n47 Hong Kong 57, 89, 120, 196, 200, 20 I, democratisation 39, 95-98 210

297 Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy

housing privatisation 142, 160- India 161n35 border dispute I 19, 120, 130n26 humanitarian aid by PLA I 13 CTBT 63nl7 humanitarian intervention 144 defence procurement I 77 human rights foreign relations IS I , 177, 23 I cultural relativism 40-41, 152 GATT membership 217nl4 EastTimor 144, 161-162n44, IMFand 147, 161n37 162n47 missiles 231 economic challenges to 33 nuclear capability 54, 64n 18, 177, international recognition 29, 30, 224 40,208,209 Indo-China, Geneva Conference on NGO's participation 32 44nl5 obligations 20n 18 Indonesia 31, 73, 82, 144, 209 PRC compliance 39, 152-153, 265 Inhuman Weapons Convention 221 PRC recognition of 37, 38-39, 57, Institute of Political Science 96, I04n72 58, 178 intellectual property rights 35, 79, 80, sovereignty and 40, 138, 144, 152- 154 153,208-209 INTERFET 144 Human Rights Committee 32 inter-governmental organisations Hungary 31 (IGOs) 56, 133, 158n4 International Atomic Energy Agency identity construction 16, 17, 266-267 (IAEA) 143, 221, 224, 225, 232 ideology (see also Chinese International Bank for Reconstruction Communist Party) and Development (IBRD) (see World absence of 82-83, 87, 92-94, 97 Bank) 'Chinese' 52 International Convention on Nuclear Confucian influences 63n I0, 63n I I Safety 223 contemporary PRC 69, 115, 136, International Court of Justice (ICJ) 256-257 57, 142, 161n36 enforcing bodies 84, I 00-1 0 In42 International Covenant of Civil and federalism 89-90 Political Rights 31, 39, 47n42, 58, Italian fascism 92 65n30 Japanese war guilt 181 International Covenant on Economic, Jiang on conflict with Taiwan 124 Social and Cultural Rights 39, 47n42, Marxism 136, 139, 140, 260 58,65n30 military forces driven by I06 International Development pluralism 93 Association (IDA) 146 post-1980 PRC 92-94 International Frequency Registration PRC:Western S-6, 184 Board 212 solidarism 22, 43n3 internationalisation of economy 81- within PLA 115, 117 82 (see also globalisation)

298 Index

International Labour Organisation International Tribunal for the Former (ILO) 132, 141-142, 143 Yugoslavia War Criminals 57 international law 137, 148-150, investment 81-82, 208 164n66 Iran International Law Commission 57 chemical weapons 227 International Monetary Fund (IMF) military procurement 228, 230, Asian economic crisis 64n 19 236,237,238 PRC and 56, 132, 142, 161n37 PRC support withdrawal 34, 221, reform proposals by 145, 147 225 role of 164n75 Iran-Iraq War 228 South Asia group 161 n3 7 Iraq 143,144,173,191,221,228,236 international non-governmental Irkutsk 190-191 organisations (INGOs) 133, 158n4 irredentist policies 2, 13-14, 38, 75, International Olympic Committee 121, 141, 187-188 (IOC) 56 Islamic fundamentalism 179, 231 (see international organisations (see a/so a/so Muslims) individual organisations) Israel 221, 229 approach to 134--136, 139-140 Italy 65n30, 92, 20 I global reform via 148-153 internal development via 145-148 japan international status via 142-143 aid to PRC 180 participation in 14--15, 132-134, inASEAN 152 155-157 East Asia Monetary Fund 151 principles conflicting with 137-140 Economic Exclusion Zone 182 sovereignty enhanced 140-142 energy strategy 78, 190, 191 strategic independence maintained international relationships 169 143-145 Korea and 186-187, 224 tactics in 136--137, 160n22 political factions 63n6 International Red Cross 56, 57 PRC and 12, 50, 180-183, 224 international society (see o/so UN and 137, 151 globalisation) US alliance 125, 182-183, 184, 186, Bull's definition 22 242 evolving perceptions 29-30 Great Powers in 23 arms control policy 55, 224, 243 increasing informality of 33-34 CMC chairman 83, I09, I 14 membership criteria 30-31, 38 economic reform 54, 264, 271 n44 perception of PRC radicalism 28 foreign policy 82, 123, 125, 126, PRC alienation 6, 24, 25-26 150, 173, 174 PRC integration 8, 34--38, 42 on global society I 78 PRC opposition to 26-27 IGOs/INGOs 134 responsible states and 23-24 PLA control by I 12 validating sovereignty 32 poverty alleviation 69-70

299 Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy

on PRC:UK links 134, 159n I I Kosovo 40, 123, 161-162n44, 174, on Russia 175 175, 183,209 security policy 95,214 Kuomintang (see Guomindang) Taiwan peace initiative 124 Kuwait 55 on technology requirements 80 Kyrgyzstan 75, 171, 178-180, 188 'the three represents' 93 US visit 39 Landmine Protocol 226 Western sympathies 122 law on WTO criteria 154 international 57 rule of 39, 47n43, 85 Kazakstan 171 , I 78-180, 188, 190, law enforcement 71, 74, 84, 98, 195n34 99nl2, 104n73 Kim Dae-jung 186, 189 Law of the Sea 149, 168, 187 laws of war 149 Kim II Sung 24 Lee Tenghui 125, 183 Kissinger, Henry 261 legal system 85, 88, 140, 147 Koizumi, Junichiro 181 liberalisation policies 72-73, 77, 79, Korea, North 81, 99-100nl3, 154 chemical weapons 226 Liberia 55, 213 CTBT 63nl7 Libya 143, 144, 221, 224 military procurement 224-225, 238 Liechtenstein 20 I missile technology 186, 225, 228, Lin Biao 26 232 39,74,87,96,99nl2, ISO nuclear capability 184, 186, 224 233 PRC and 12, 24, 28, 34, 44n 15, 169, Long Live the Victory of People's War 185-187 (Lin) 26 UN seat 202, 203, 204 LuoGan 88,94-95 US and 185 Korea, South Macao 57, 196, 20 I acid rain 181 Mao Zedong BangkokAgreement 152 administrative regions under 89 economic crises 73 Bao on 47n47 energy strategy 190, 191 death 28, 132 Japan and 186-187 on international obligations 24 PRC and 44n 15, 55, 169, 185-187, personality of 255, 269n 14 189 PLA under I 08 UN seat 202, 203, 204 responsibility doctrine 61 US alliance 184 revolution and 253, 254-255, 259, Korean Peninsula Energy Development 260-261 Organisation (KEDO) 186 Marxism 136, 139, 140,260 Korean War 25,44nl0, 113, 114, 119, media 32, 34, 59-60, 93 120,253 Mencius 212

300 Index

Middle East 78, I 00n26, 190 norms, behavioural 167-168, 192, military forces (see also People's 263,265 Liberation Army) Norodom Sihanouk 26 authoritarian states I 06, I 07 North Atlantic Treaty Organization democracies I 06 (NATO) domestic status I 0-1 I Belgrade incident 125, 126 multilateral security proposal 189 Kosovo 40, 209 missiles 228-230, 231-232, 237-238, Partnership for Peace 188 243,244 PRC threatened by 173 Missile Technology Control Regime Russia in 173 (MTCR) 219, 229-230, 23 I, 238 North Korea (see Korea, North) modernisation, concept of 135 North Vietnam (see Vietnam) Mongolia 120, 187-188 Norway 242 moral principles 50, 52, 137-140 NPT Exporters Committee (Zangger Moscow Agreement 172, 177 Committee) 233, 239, 240 Most Favoured Nation (MFN) 154, 223 nuclear capability 54-55, 64n 18, 182, Muslims 74, 94, 179, 270n24 (see also 221,222 Islamic fundamentalism) nuclear disarmament 124, 150-151 Mussolini, Benito 92 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty 223-225 Nagorno-Karabagh, Republic of Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act 217n23 (1994) 233 Nanjing Incident 63n6 Nuclear Suppliers Group 233, 240 Nansha (Spratly) Islands 60, 187, 21 0 Nuclear Weapons States (Permanent 5) National Defence University I 18, 6,28, 136, 143, lSI 130n23 National Human Rights Commissions Obuchi, Keizo 180 31 oil (see petroleum) Nationallntel/igence Estimate on Military Organisation for Economic Threats to the US (CIA) 232 Cooperation and Development national missile defence system (OECD) 146-147 (NMD) 119, 143, 173, 177, 243, 244 Organisation for Security and naval craft 172 Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 189 new international economic order organised crime I 04n73 (NIEO) ISO Organization of American States Nixon, Richard 255 (OAS) 31 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) ISO, Outer Space Treaty 221 lSI non-governmental organisations Pacific Economic Cooperation (NGOs) 32, 56, 152 Council 55 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 34, Pakistan 168, 221, 261 CTBT 63nl7

301 Power and Responsibility in Chinese foreign Policy

military procurement 23 I, 236- war involvement 119-120 237,238 warmongering in 206 nuclear capability 54, 64n 18, 224 WMD procurements 192 nuclear procurement 224, 232- perestroika, Chinese 72 233,235 Permanent 5 (Nuclear Weapons PRC and 34, 120, 177, 231-233 States) 6, 28, 136, 143, 151 Palestine 55, 200 petroleum Papua New Guinea 217nl2 Asia's requirements 169-170 Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) 44n 14, CNPC 190-191 261 Japan's energy strategy 180 Partnership for Peace 188 Kazak oil bid 195n34 Peng Zhen 86 PRC imports 77-78, 79, 173 People's Armed Police 88, 95, 99n9, Pitcairn Island 211-212 99nl2 pluralism 22, 43n3, 93 People's Daily 79, 163n62 police (see People's Armed Police) People's Liberation Army (PLA) Political and Legal Commission (PLC) border classes 170, 231, 255, 256, 84, I 0 1-1 02n42 258, 261, 270n24 politics CCP and 10-11,85, 106-107, 127 internal fragility 82-92, 97 civil control of I I 1-1 12 post-Revolutionary period 28-29 CMC 109-110 Revolutionary period 24-28 contemporary role 121, 123-128 postage stamps 21 1-212 defence procurement 99n9, 121, poverty alleviation 80-81 122,124,125-126, 172,220 Powell, Colin 66-67n35, 183 Deng's control of I 08-1 09 power (see also power, PRC internal) educational standard I 17, I 18, 'Chinese' perception of 52-53 130n23 comprehensive national 264-265 humanitarian aid by I 13 economic 262, 264 Korean War 113,114,120 ethics of 5-6 Mao's control of I 08 external perceptions of PRC 2-3, national security response 124- 251,257 125, 127-128 increase of PRC 153, 155, 184, 196 post-Deng autonomy I I 0 international norms 167-168, power of 112-114 191-192, 193nl professionalisation of I07-1 08, international redistribution of 114-118, 126-127 150-151 public image I 13 overview 3 rebellion suppression 270n24 in PRC relations 170 RMA adoption I 15-1 17 PRC:Taiwan asymmetry of 203 role of 71, 76, 95, 105 responsibility and 13, 157, 196-197 Taiwan dispute 124, 125, 255 security enhanced by 256-257

302 Index

power, PRC internal (see also power) for economic aid 149 basis of 82-88, I 0 In41 of Great Powers 4-5 changing focus 85-86 international perceptions 13, 22, federalism 89-90 29-32,43n4 hard 8, 53 power engendering 13, 196-197 ofPLA 107, 112-114 PRC examples of IS, 34-35, 54- prognosis 90-92 58,243 regionalisation of 88-89 PRC lack of 4, 237, 250,266 soft 8, 53 PRC perceptions 60-61, 156-157 without ideology 92-94 relativism of 62, I 19 Primakov,Yevgeny 173, 174, 177 socialisation increasing 58-60 Putin,VIadimir 173-174, 176, 177 of states 4-5 revolution (see also Cultural 157n2, 201,225 Revolution) 86 anti-colonial 257 Qinghai 142 Chinese 253-258, 271 n39 defined 252, 253 realpolitik economic reform as 261-262 arms control and I 5 effects of 253, 268n8 defined 13 PRC support for 24-25, 27-28 in PRC 2, 220, 222, 223, 228, 242 sociological significance 17 reform, economic (see economic theories of 258-259 reform) Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) reform, sociological significance I 7 115-116 refugees I 68, 186 'rogue states' 4, 6, 237, 250 regimes, defined 45n21 Rong Yiren 70 religion (see also Falun Gong) rule of law 39, 47n43, 85 Catholicism 94 rural sector 73-74, 80-81 illegal groups 94 Russia (see also ) Islamic fundamentalism 179, 231 arms sales I 72 Muslims 74, 94, 179, 270n24 CIS influenced by 179 religious extremists 171, 174, 189 economic chaos 175, 184 Renmin Ribao 40, 44n IS energy sector 185, 189, 190, 191 responsibility India alliance 177 assessment of 33, 51-53 Kosova policy 174 behavioural norms 167-168, 191- multilateral security proposal 189 192, 193nl,263,266-267 NATO links 188 Chan's perspective 8 nuclear tests 222 'Chinese' perception 49-51, 52- PRCand 50, 120, 169, 170-178, 53,61 185, 194nl8, 194n22 concept of 48 Shanghai Five I 71 defined 49 US and 170, 174, 242

303 Power ami Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy

Russian Far East (RFE) 174, 175-176, South Pacific and latin America 191 Nuclear-Free Zone Treaties 221 Rwanda 143, 144, 161-162n44 South Vietnam (see Vietnam) sovereignty San Marino 20 I changing focus 29-30 Saudi Arabia 221, 228, 238 defined 40,207 Seabed Treaty 221 external validation of 32 Sea of japan 189 Great Unity ideal 199 security, national Hong Kong 57 concepts of 264 human rights and 40, 144, 208-209 economic reform and 262 IGOs/INGOs and 134, 140-142 PRC concerns 250-265, 268n6, legitimate, defined 30 271n45,271n47 Macao 57 Third World states 252 Mencian concept 212 Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands 181, 187, modern concept 21 I 209 modern states 213-215 Serbia 173 Mongolia 187-188 Shanghai Agreement 171-172, 177, nationalist concept 212-213 213 PRC concessions 208, 209 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation PRC interpretation 137-138, 139, (SCO) 179, 188 ISS, 156,207-211,215 Shanghai Five PRC:West opposing interpretations countries in 171, 179 40--41 relationship defined 193n7 Sihanouk's accusations 26 sovereignty assertions 12, 178 Taiwan 120, 200-202 summits 174, 188 Third World strengthening of 149 UN norms supported by 192 UNand 23-24,138,198,201-207 Uzbekistan in 179 Soviet Union (see also Russia) Sha Zukang 161 n41, 226 border conflict I 19 Shell Oil Company 169 domestic reform 3 I Shenyang incident 24 in Mongolia 187 Shevardnadze, Eduard 31, 45n23 Partial Test Ban Treaty 44n 14 Siberia 178, 190-191 PLA perception of 121 Sihanouk (see Norodom Sihanouk) PRC alienation from 26-27, 44n 14, Singapore 197 254,256,261 Sinocentrism 60, 62, 93 PRC alliance 24, lSI social security reform 72-73, 99- RedArmy 107 100nl3 UN seat 202, 203, 217n I I solidarism 22, 43n3 US arms control 27 Somalia 26 Xinjiang 172, 179 South China Sea 120, 124, 209, 210 Special Administrative Region (SAR) South Korea (see Korea, South) of Hong Kong 89

304 Index

Special Committee for Peacekeeping Taiwan Straits 181, 197 Operations 26 Taiwan UN seat (see also Taiwan) Special Economic Zones 54, 89 bid for 13, 141 Spratly (Nansha) Islands 60, 187, 210 compromise requirements 213 spy plane incident 57, 183 cost-benefit analysis 203-207 Sri Lanka 161 n37 loss of 132 Stalin, Joseph 24 PRC policy 196-203, 207, 21 I, statehood, obligations of 7 215-216 state-owned enterprises 72, 73 Tajikistan 75, 171, 178-180, 188 State Science and Technology Takeshita, Noburu 69 Commission 80 Talbott, Strobe 20n 18 status, international 142-143 Taliban 179 strategic arms reduction 228 Tang Jiaxuan 144, 158n6, 236 strategic independence 143-145 Tang Shubei 20 I Strategic Path ofYunnan, The (Wang) I 18 Tanzania 57 strike-hard campaigns 9, 39 taxation 88, 89 subsistence rights 152 technology 79-80, I 0 In33, 116 Sun Tzu 63nll terrorism 74, 171, 178, 179, 189, Switzerland 20 I 210-211 Syria 221, 229 textbook incident, Japan 181, 187 Thailand 64nl9, 73,82 Taiwan (see also Taiwan UN seat) Theatre Missile Defence (TMD) 143, autonomy of 199, 205-206 173,182,183,186,243,244 buying diplomatic recognition 'the three represents' 93 217nl2 Third World countries 148-149, Chen's policy 197 150-151,156-157,252,263 defence procurement 203 Tiananmen Square incident 47n47, Democratic Progressive Party 70,79, 104n72, 170,223 (DPP) 196, 198,213 96, 99n I 0, 136 humanitarian aid for 141 Tibet ICESC signatory 65n30 revolt 119 Japan-PRC relationship 182, 183 Han migration 74-75, 142 Jiang's peace initiative 124 PRC sovereignty 140 military procurement 235 rebellions I 19, 270n24 PRCand 25,56, 120,125,128,141, separatism 75, 89, 121, 205 254 Western intervention 144 reunification policy I I, 38 Tonga 212 separatism by 75, 89, 121 trade US support for 183, 196 agricultural 154, 165n83 Western intervention 144 Asian regional cooperation 188-189 WHO exclusion 141 Bangkok Agreement 152 WTO accession 160n31 grain market 72, 99n 13

305 Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy

internationalisation of 29, 81, 82 Taiwan and 13, 141, 198-203 liberalisation of 72, 154 Third World representation 151 PRC restructuring 35 United Nations Charter 23-24, 28, PRC:US agreements 165n83, 37,40,51, 138, 158n6 165n84 United Nations Children's Fund with Russia 172-173 (UNICEF) 145, 146 Treaty of Good Neighbourly United Nations Commission on Friendship and Cooperation 176 Human Rights 32, 37, 145, 162n47 Tumen River 189 United Nations Conference on Trade Turkmenistan 190, 191 and Development (UNCTAD) 145, Tuvalu 212 147 United Nations Convention on the Uighur ethno-nationalism 74, 179 Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 168 Ukraine 202,203, 217nll United Nations Convention on the unification Prohibition of Certain Indiscriminate Germany 202, 204 Conventional Weapons 226 PRC-Taiwan 199, 201-202, 204-- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 142, 145, 146, 205, 207, 21 I 189 Vietnam 202 United Nations General Assembly Yemen, 202, 204 (UNGA) 144 United Kingdom 134, 159n I I, 198, United Nations High Commissioner 242 (see also Britain) for Refugees (UNHCR) 168 United Nations (UN) United Nations Human Rights bestowing status 157n2 Commission 152, 153 budget contributions 137 United Nations International Law China's membership 14 Commission 57 China's seat 27, 132 United Nations Law of the Sea 149, dual representation in 202-203 168, 187 human rights 32, 37, 46n38 United Nations Security Council (see importance of 23, 158n6 United Nations) observer status 200 United States (US) peacekeeping operations 29, 35, arms control policy 224 55,61, 161-162n44,209 Australia alliance 214 Permanent 5 (Nuclear Weapons Belgrade incident 57 States) 5, 6, 14, 28 Clinton report on PRC 239-241 PRC accusations of US control 26 Cold War policy on PRC 253-254 PRC and 26, 28, 55, 56, 141, 143, Consul-General's arrest 24 255-256 CTBT non-ratification 63n 17, 136, PRC exclusion 254 182 PRC obligations 61 defence system I 19, 143, 244 PRC:US status 137 global status 34, 45--46n31, 58 seat criteria 214 GulfWar 59

306 Index

ICESC ratification 65n30 Wan Li 84 India and 177 war 17, I 16, 258-261 (see also intelligence gathering 57, 183, 219, individual conflicts) 227,231 Ward,Angus 24 Japan alliance 125, 169, 182-183, Washington Post, The 219, 230 184, 186 weapons of mass destruction (WMD) Korean War 25,44nl0, 113,114, capabilities of 60 119, 120 PRC disarmament 192, 219, 220, military exports 242 229,238 North Korea and 186 PRC exporting 237, 238 nuclear tests 222 US policies on PRC 239-241 objections to nuclear sales 233, 235 welfare reform 72-73, 99-1 OOn 13 perception of PRC 34 White Papers of CCP 57, 64n28, PLA perception of 121 65n29,228 PRC arms control 15-16, 219, Wight, Martin 22, 256, 259 220-221' 225 Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms PRC in MTCR 230 Control 227, 236 PRC:Russia relationship 169 World Bank (International Bank for PRC trade agreements 165n83 Reconstruction and Development Russia and 170, 174 (IBRD)) Sino-alliance 170 ADB and 147 Sino-policies 59, 66n34, 66-67n35, aid criteria 3 I 253,255 endorsement of PRC 142 Sino-relations 12, 28, 50, 175, 183- governance,defined 31 185 PRC in 36, 56, 132 South Korea alliance 184--185 PRC loans from 136 sovereignty violations by 40 PRC status 142, 145-146 Soviet arms control 27 World Health Organisation (WHO) spy plane incident 57, 183 141 Taiwan and 196, 198, 203, 254 World Trade Organization (WTO) threat to PRC 173, 261 accession advisability 147, 163n58, UN and 137, 198, 217nl0 163n62 violation allegations against PRC accession by PRC 56 236-238 accession criteria 61 Yugoslavia 59 accession impacts 74, 139, 145, Universal Declaration of Human 153-155 Rights (UDHR) 39 entry concessions 35-36, 208 USSR (see Russia; Soviet Union) Hong Kong in 200 Uzbekistan 179 membership bid 34, 180 PRC-Taiwan joint membership 141 Vietnam 28, 119, 120,202, 217n10 Taiwan accession 160n31 Vietnam War 24--25, I 19, 255 World War II 181, 182

307 Power and Responsibility in Chinese Foreign Policy

Xinjiang (see also CIS states) response to opposition 94 gas pipeline 191 'rule by virtue' 93-94 Han Chinese migration 74-75, 142 US visit 34, 46n32 Muslim presence 179, 231 welfare system ISS PRC concerns 168, 178 Western sympathies 122 PRC sovereignty 140 Russia and 172 separatism by 9, 89, 121, 205 in Sino-Russian relations 12, 172 strategic relevance 179 Western intervention 144 Xisha Island I 19

Yang Baibing I 08, I 09 Shangkun 84, I 09 Yasukini Shrine 181 Yellow Sea 187 Yeltsin, Boris 173, 174, 177 Yemen 203, 204 Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of 202 Yemen Arab Republic 202 Yin He (ship) incident 121,227 Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of 59, 61, 88, 143, 144, 209

Zambia 57 Zangger Committee 233, 239, 240 Zhang Aiping 84 Zhang Wannian 172 Zhan Zhen I 18 47n47, 85 Zhou Enlai 24, 25, 26, 261 Zhu De 260 awareness of foreign influence 139 domestic policy reform 72-74,99- 100nl3 economic liberalisation 91, 96 foreign policy 126 Japan visit 180, 181

308