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Home , Baojia system, Chimerica (play), Deng Xiaoping Theory, Yang Baibing

A abortion, 197–201, 309, 424 acid rain, 276 adoption, 199, 204–205 , 331, 343 Africa, 406–410, 413, 418; Chinese investment in, 294; PLA deployments in, 408; Sino-Soviet competition in, 378See also individual nations African Development Bank, 418 agricultural producers’ (APCs), 65, 71, 73, 75 agricultural reform, 9, 62, 65, 146–148, 250–252, 254–256, 298, 306– 307, 438. See also collectivization agriculture: cash crops, 150; collectivization of, 65, 70, 72–73, 79, 230; communes and, 75, 77, 147; decollectivization of, 137; Develop the West Campaign and, 329–331; environmental factors, 270, 272, 323; feminization of, 284; during , 72, 82; in imperial , 22; industry and, 78–79; infrastructure of, 306–307; Mao and, 70–71, 76; modernization of, 145, 147, 249, 333, 343; price reform and, 257; rural industrialization and, 254–256; urban bias and, 305–306See also agricultural reform AIDS. See human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) aircraft carriers, 369 air pollution, 275–277; coal and, 275–276 Algeria, 294, 406–407 All-China Environment Federation, 280 American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), 386 Angola, 267, 406, 408 anti-corruption campaigns, 155–156, 162, 167–168, 172, 353. See also corruption antigovernment protests, 430–431. See also separatism; protests (1989) Anti-Rightist Campaign, 68–69, 83, 180, 230 Arms Reduction Act (1982), 385 ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), 399 ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 398, 401 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, 416 assimilation, 229–230 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 359–360, 398–399, 401, 420 automotive industry, 425 autonomous counties, 141n28 autonomous regions, 63, 119, 124, 141n20, 228–233; economic development in, 232–234, 330; governing of, 127, 130, 133, 135, 179, 230–232; government repression in, 240–243See also Tibet; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Autumn Harvest Uprising, 38

B Bandung Conference, 377 Bandung Spirit, 377–378, 394, 409 baojia system, 22 barefoot doctors, 99, 105n80, 314–315 basic medical insurance system, 191 Beida. See Peking University Spring, 152 Beijing University. See Peking University Belgrade, embassy bombing in, 384–385 Bibles, 239, 247n111 blood-selling schemes, 317–318 Boeing, 419n15 , 34 Borodin, Mikhail, 34 Bouyei, 14, 228 Boxer Rebellion, 28–29 , 83 Braun, Otto, 41 Brazil, 268, 283, 415–417, 425, 434 Brunei, 13, 363 Buddhism, Tibetan, 240–241. See also Dalai Lama Burma. See Myanmar C cadre schools, 94–95 Caijing (Finance and Economics) Magazine, 196, 223–224 Cambodia, 344 Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, 62 Capital Iron and Steel Company (Shoudu), 168, 263 Catholic church, 23, 52–53, 176, 236, 238–239 cellular economy, 66, 259 center-local relations, 124–130 Central Asia, 401–405, 420n43. See also individual nations Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, 112 Central Committee (of CCP), 108–112, 114, 116, 140n3; in early 20th century, 38–39; economic reform, 249, 259, 280; education and, 210; Hu on, 171; Jiang on, 165; Mao and, 47, 72; military and, 118–119, 151, 175, 355; Politburo and, 115 Central Small Group (CCRSG), 88–89, 95 Central Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group (LSG), 374–375 Central Military Commission (CMC), 118–119, 348, 353–356; Deng and, 164, 344; Hua and, 144–145; Hu and, 119, 170–171, 368; Jiang and, 119, 165–166, 170, 346, 354; Mao and, 166 Chen Duxiu, 32, 37, 47 Chennault, Claire L., 379 Chen Shui-bian, 387 , 167–168, 429 , 82, 83, 146, 148, 160, 164; Long March and, 41; Tiananmen Square and, 160 Chiang Kai-Shek, 3, 34–35, 37–41, 43–47, 55, 56n39; in Taiwan, 67, 92, 380See also (KMT) child abductions, 201 child mortality rates, 310, 315 Chile, 414–415, 417 , 389 China, map of, 5 , 407 China Export-Import (Exim) Bank, 407–408 China First Aviation Corporation (AVIC), 349, 351 China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), 349, 351 China National Offshore Oil Company (CNOOC), 268, 390, 406 China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), 267, 404, 416 China Poly Group, 354 China’s Center for Disease Control, 193, 319 China Securities Regulation Commission (CSRC), 286–287 China-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance, 342, 376–377, 410 China-Vietnam border war (1979), 344 China Xinxing Corporation, 354 (CCP), 3–4, 16, 107–114, 130, 139–140, 434; alliance with KMT, 33–34, 37, 44, 46, 53–54; capitalists within the party, 2, 6, 169–170; civil war with KMT, 38–41, 46, 54, 62; corruption and, 158, 167, 429–430; criticism of, 68–69, 154, 220; Cultural Revolution and, 87–90, 93–94, 143, 151; democracy and, 139, 173, 436–437; Deng and, 103; early political campaigns of, 62–66, 71, 77, 79–80; economic reform and, 285; education and, 207; entrepreneurs and, 114, 176, 434– 435; ethnic minorities and, 229–231; foreign policy and, 374– 376; founding of, 33; founding of PRC by, 59–61; future of, 139, 431, 433–435; General Secretary of, 108–109, 111–112, 119, 146, 355; Great Leap Forward and, 83; Hu, 156, 170; Hua and, 144–145; Internet and, 224–225; Jiang and, 165–168, 346; judicial process and, 180–181; legal reform and, 178, 180, 183; and, 100; local People's Congresses and, 133; Mao and, 37, 42–43, 47–48, 51, 70; National Party Congress of, 108–110, 187n56, 343; National People's Congress and, 130–132; PLA and, 118–120, 340–342, 347, 355–356; political reform and, 144, 151, 173–177, 184; primacy of, 140n1, 153, 172, 236, 435; propaganda and, 218–219, 221–222, 224; recruitment and, 113– 114; relationship with Soviet Communists, 41–42, 59–60, 67, 107, 140n4; religious movements and, 52, 237–238; rural government and, 138–139; SARS outbreak and, 196; Seventeenth Party Congress of, 114–118; State Council and, 122; Tiananmen Square Protest and, 161–162, 163; Yan'an era, 41–43See also Central Committee (of CCP); Party Congresses; Politburo Chinese Ministry of Trade, 416 Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), 60–61, 155 Chinese Provinces, populations of, 126 , 103n3 cinema, 96, 218–220, 244; counterfeiting of, 295 Civilization and Courtesy Educational Movement, 155 class struggle, 51–53, 102, 146, 152, 169, 178; foreign policy and, 377 climate change, 276–277, 385, 413 coal, 266–268, 299, 300n32, 424; air pollution and, 275–276 collectivization, 59, 65–67, 70, 72, 77, 79, 230, 250, 306, 438; criticism of, 88; decollectivization and, 137 Comintern, 34, 37, 39, 41, 48, 118, 410 commercial sex industry, 38, 317–319; campaigns against, 63–64 communes, 72–80, 82, 84, 190, 250, 269, 306; agricultural reform and, 251; dismantling of, 323; health care in, 100 . See Comintern Communist Youth League (CYL), 113 Compulsory Education Law, 210, 235, 311 Confucianism, 17–21, 55n6, 153, 205; education and, 205–206 Confucius, 17–18, 54, 91, 205 constitutions, Chinese, 109–110, 115–117, 120–122, 135, 141n21, 155, 174–178, 187n55, 327; autonomous regions and, 230–232; Communist Party and, 55, 60, 63, 100; in early 20th century, 36, 56n18; and, 54, 70, 115; modern reforms to, 171, 187n56; People's Congresses and, 130–132; rights and, 4, 21, 151–154, 179, 220, 230, 235–237, 247n99; and, 168 consumerism, 217, 243–244, 267, 424–427, 428, 438 Medical System (CMS), 314 corporatization, 262–263 corruption, 150, 167–168, 185, 424, 428–430; campaigns against, 155– 156, 167–168, 172; capital punishment and, 184; Chinese Communist Party and, 114–115, 117, 157, 166; democracy and, 437; foreign aid and, 46; in imperial China, 16, 23–25, 28, 373; military and, 353–354; opium trade and, 26; protests against, 4, 157–159, 162, 254, 328, 334; in rural government, 137, 254– 255, 429; stock market and, 285 Criminal Procedure Law, 181–183 criminal process, 180–181 Cultural Revolution, 87–95, 100–101, 109, 119, 143–145, 157, 342– 343; arts and, 95–96, 219; criticism of, 151–152, 178, 219; education and, 96–99, 208–210, 213, 313; end of, 103, 144; environment and, 269–270, 275; foreign policy and, 378–379, 392, 410; health care and, 99–100; judicial system and, 178–179; legal system and, 175. 178–179; 1975 constitution and, 174; origins of, 84–87; propaganda and, 218; religion and, 238; youth and, 76 cyber warfare, 370

D Dalai Lama, 230, 234, 240–241; China/West relations and, 241, 388– 389, 412 Daoism, 18, 236–237 death penalty, 183–184, 188n73, 247n98 decision on health reform and development, 191 defense industries, 349, 351–352 deforestation, 14, 269–270, 277 democracy, 139–140, 153, 436; campaigns against, 155; Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and, 108, 115–116, 139, 173; , 49, 108, 110–112, 115– 116, 139, 437; in early 20th century, 29–30, 33, 35, 55; internet and, 225–226; Mao's idea of, 50–51, 60, 178; political reform and, 155–156, 171–172; prospects for future, 431–433, 435–437; protests demanding, 152–154, 158–162, 217; in rural China, 138–139 Democracy Wall Movement, 152–155 democratic centralism, 49, 108, 110–112, 115–116, 139, 437 demographics, 428 Deng Pufang, 91, 104n57 , 3–4, 8, 70, 77, 83, 101–103, 112, 115–117, 143–170, 184, 186n23, 210–211, 232, 343–344; agricultural reform of, 250–252; conflict with Mao, 87, 110, 143; Cultural Revolution and, 84–85, 101; economic reforms of, 3–4, 6, 8, 82, 110, 126, 128, 137, 146–150, 164, 184, 232–233, 249, 258, 265, 280–281, 283, 286, 303, 328–329, 424; educational reforms of, 210–211; foreign policy of, 373–375, 379, 383, 386; Jiang and, 165–166; long march and, 41, 116, 166; military reforms of, 344–346, 358, 370; one-child policy and, 198; political reforms of, 151– 152, 154–157, 185n3, 258; population control and, 198, 203; post-Mao rise of, 144–147; Tiananmen protests and, 119, 152– 154, 158–160, 162–164, 172 Deng Xiaoping Theory, 168 desertification, 14, 269–270 Develop the West Campaign, 199, 233, 292, 329–331, 333–334; national security and, 331–332 Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands, 13, 358, 401 diet, 424, 426 Ding Ling, 68, 103n17 , 163 director responsibility system, 260 domestic consumption, 426–427 dual-track pricing system, 257–258 Dujiangyan Irrigation System, 271–272

E Eastern Europe, 433–434 economic development, 122, 231; birdcage theory of, 146; birth control and, 199; Deng and, 102, 128, 147, 157; energy needs and, 403, 405–406, 415; environmental issues and, 268–270, 277, 279; in ethnic minority areas, 232–234, 242, 331; export-led, 6, 284; foreign policy and, 374, 382, 414; Hu and, 117; Human Development Index (HDI), 310; Mao and, 70–71, 87, 342; military and, 356; political campaigns and, 68–69; political reform and, 172; rural/urban divide, 303; SEZ's and, 282; SOE's and, 259 economic development and technology zones (EDTZs), 282 economic reform, 9, 148–151, 249–250, 299, 303; agriculture and, 250; Communist Party and, 222, 429; consequences of, 167, 303; Deng and, 3, 110, 137, 147–151, 157, 184, 249; education and, 214; environmental effects of, 270; in ethnic minority areas, 233; fiscal reform and, 128; foreign trade and, 280, 283, 328–329; Jiang and, 167, 169–170; price reform and, 157, 249, 257–258; rural politics and, 136; SEZs and 281-282; of SOEs, 259–266; stock market and, 285; Tiananmen Square protest and, 162; wage reform and, 261 economy, Chinese, 2, 6–7, 249, 282–284, 291, 298–299, 423; "birdcage theory" and, 146; Chinese influence and, 437–438; constitution and, 176–177; consumerism and, 424–427; Cultural Revolution and, 84, 87; currency issues, 295–298; Develop the West Campaign and, 329–331; foreign policy and, 382, 418; foreign trade and, 249, 280–283, 289–295, 291; growth of, 2–3, 6, 157, 170, 249, 291, 303, 427; during Mao years, 59, 61, 65– 67, 69, 71, 107, 143, 189; one-child policy and, 202; PLA business units and, 352–353; political reform and, 172; role of central government in, 128, 172, 176–177; rural, 137–138, 252– 256, 277, 328–334; rural-urban divide, 303–304, 307–308, 321– 322; "scientific development" and, 332–333; SOEs and, 256, 259–264; special economic zones and, 281–282; stock market and, 284–287; trade with Africa, 406, 409; trade with Central Asia, 405; trade with Europe, 413–414; trade with India, 394– 395; trade with Japan, 291, 392; trade with Latin America, 415– 416; trade with Russia, 411; trade with Southeast Asia, 399; transition to market, 4, 147–151, 167–168, 257–258, 262–264, 281, 289–291; Twelfth Five-Year Plan and, 333; United States and, 296–298, 389–390; world economy and, 9, 249, 280–284, 291–293, 298; World Trade Organization and, 282–284See also economic development; economic reform; entrepreneurs; nonstate economy; education, 3, 205–216, 211–216, 243; after Cultural Revolution, 144– 145; in contemporary china, 211; during the Cultural Revolution, 96–99, 208–210; of ethnic minorities, 234–235; funding of, 427; gender disparity in, 212–213, 246n51, 312; government censorship and, 156; in imperial China, 205–207; under Mao, 207–208; in the Reform Era, 210–211; rural-urban divide and, 311–314; spending on, 246n53, 287–288, 298–299 election committees, 135–136, 156 elections, 135–140, 153, 173; following autocratic rule, 434; lack of multiparty, 108, 162; National Party Congress and, 109, 130, 156; political reform and, 4, 8, 156, 171, 185, 435–437; of President, 120; in rural areas, 136–140, 172, 435 electoral reform, 4, 156 Empress Dowager Cixi, 29 energy needs, 266–268, 403–405, 406, 408, 416, 425. See also coal; oil Enterprise Law (1988), 260 entrepreneurs, 138, 149, 169–170, 176, 216, 265; allowed into Chinese Communist Party, 2, 6, 114, 168–170, 185, 186n33, 434–435; private schools and, 215; in Tibet, 234 environmental issues, 268–280, 299; air pollution, 275–277; environmental protection, 274–275, 277–280; soil pollution, 269– 271; water pollution, 271–275 environmentalists, 279, 418 environmental NGOs, 278–280 EP-3 plane crash, 305 espionage, 288, 366–367 ethnic minority groups, 4, 14, 199, 228–235; economic development and, 232–234; health care and, 234–235See also Tibet; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region eugenics, 204 Europe, 411–414; Chinese economy and, 283; high-tech industry and, 288–289, 290See also individual nations European Union (EU), 412–413 executive, of Chinese government, 120–121 export-driven development, 6, 202 extraterritoriality, 26, 32, 36

F fa (positive or jural law), 178 Falun Gong, 237, 247n103; media censorship of, 221–222, 225–226 family planning committee, 197 famine, 80–81, 83, 190, 250 , 68, 156 Far Sea Defense, 358, 361 Ferguson, Nial, 389 fertility rates, 81, 203 fiscal system, 128 Five Antis, 39–43, 45, 107 Five Principals of Peaceful Coexistence, 377, 394, 400, 408 Five Year Plans, 110, 214, 251, 268–269, 329–334; Eighth, 164; Eleventh, 268. 277, 329, 332, 334; First, 66–67, 69, 72, 78, 126, 146–147, 275; Ninth, 329; Second, 70; Seventh, 157; Sixth, 150; Tenth, 330; Twelfth, 214, 268, 277, 329, 333, 426 floating population (liudong renkou), 323 force projection, 364–370 foreign direct investment (FDI), 167, 280, 291–293, 331, 390, 392, 411, 414. See also outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) Foreign Investment National Security Act (FINSA), 390 foreign policy, 10, 373–418; during Cold War, 376–382; decision- making process, 374–376; relations with Africa, 406–410; relations with Central Asia, 401–405; relations with Europe, 411– 414; relations with India, 394–397; relations with Japan, 391– 394; relations with Latin America, 414–417; relations with Pakistan, 395–397; relations with Russia, 410–411; relations with Southeast Asia, 397–401; relations with United States, 378–391, 438See also individual nations foreign trade, 289–295. See also Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), 408 Four Big Rights, 152–154 Four Cardinal Principles, 154, 156, 163, 172, 175 Four Frees and One Care Program, 318–319 , 145, 147, 153, 185n3, 210, 249–250, 287, 352; overpopulation and, 198; PLA and, 343–344, 352 France, 406, 412, 414 Friends of Nature, 278–279

G Gang of Four, 101–103, 152; arrest of, 103, 143–144, 151, 179, 185n1, 344 Gao Gang, 124 Gaungxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 229 gender imbalance, 200–201 General Political Department (GPD), 347, 353–354, 356 geography, 7, 13–14, 269–270 Germany, 32, 291, 366, 412–414 GhostNet, 366–367 Gini coefficient, 303 Global Village of Beijing, 278 "going out" strategy, 267–268, 299, 406 Google, 225–227 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 159–160, 172, 411, 434 Government Insurance Scheme (GIS), 190 Great Britain. See United Kingdom of China, 224, 225, 227. See also internet Great Green Wall, 271 Great Leap Forward, 64, 67, 71–72, 74, 76–84, 178, 196; consequences of, 50, 74, 80–81, 83, 87, 99, 109, 126; Cultural Revolution and, 84–85; environmental impact of, 269–270, 275; Sino-Soviet relations and, 84–85, 410 Great Leap Outward, 145 Great Wall of China, 19 Great Western Development. See Develop the West Campaign Guangdong International Trust and Investment Corporation (GITIC), 263 Guangxu, Emperor, 27–28 Gulf War (1990-1991), 346–347, 370 Gyaltsen Norbu, 241

H Haier, 389 Hainan Islands, 103n3 Hai Rui, 92 , 161 Han Dynasty, 15, 20–21 Han migration, 233, 241–243, 332 , 117 health care, 2–3, 80, 189–196, 243, 314–316, 333–334, 426–427; AIDS epidemic and, 316–319; Chinese Communist Party and, 63; in communes, 74, 76, 189; Cultural Revolution and, 95, 99–100; of ethnic minorities, 234–235; health care reform, 191; as human right, 391; in Mao years and, 50, 189–190, 259; in minority areas, 228, 234; one-child policy and, 200, 202; privatization of, 66, 190, 243, 264; rural-urban discrepancies in, 2, 9, 64–65, 137, 243, 255, 304–305, 311, 314–316, 320–321, 327, 333–334; SARS outbreak and, 191–196, 316; urban migrants and, 324–326 hegemonism, 378, 399 Holy See (Vatican). See Catholic church , 26, 432–433; Chinese economy and, 292; fertility rates in, 203; freedom of speech and, 227; free press in, 221; pollution in, 271; SARS in, 192 household responsibility system (HRS), 147–148, 251, 255 , 102–103, 143–145, 147, 151, 179, 210 Huawei Technologies, 406 , 110, 114–115, 117, 119–120, 171, 186n23, 331, 334, 436; economy and, 332; education and, 309; elected President, 194– 194; foreign policy of, 374, 405, 411–412, 415, 417; as General Secretary, 170; military and, 355, 368; population control and, 199; press and, 223–224; SARS outbreak and, 193–194, 196 residency system, 36, 64–65, 83, 304–305, 322, 324–325, 333 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 316–320, 334; reporting on, 196 human rights, 176–177, 216, 235–243, 281, 390–391; and, 152–153; Chinese constitution and, 177, 247n99; death penalty and, 183–184; Europe/China relations and, 412–413; government violations of, 4, 221, 230, 235, 242, 388; internet and, 225–227, 431; political prisoners and, 154, 241; religion and, 236–239; repression of minority groups, 240–243; Tibet and, 388; United States/China relations and, 384–385, 389–391, 418 Hundred Days of Reform, 27 Hundred Flowers Campaign, 67–69, 84, 208 Hundred Schools era, 67 , 155 Hu Shih, 32 , 146, 154, 158–159, 162, 370; military and, 370 hydropower, 268 I illiteracy, 234, 303 imperial examination system, 20, 22–23, 27, 32, 210 income distribution, 2, 117 India, 283, 366, 394–397; Chinese ethnic minorities in, 331; Dalai Lama in, 230, 234; diplomatic cooperation with China, 398; territorial disputes with China, 13, 359, 360, 377, 394–395 individual rights, 19–21, 151, 155, 174–177, 196, 235, 273, 391 industrialization, 59, 107; environment and, 268–269, 276, 327; rural, 252–256 industrial reform, 9, 82, 148, 256–266; labor discontent and, 264–266; price reform and, 257–259; of state owned enterprises, 259–266 industry: agriculture and, 77–78, 305–306, 323; campaigns to modernize, 145, 147, 210, 249; China/Africa relations and, 406– 408; Cultural Revolution and, 84, 98; defense industry, 342–344, 349–352; denationalization of, 298; emphasis on heavy, 70, 147– 148, 299; energy consumption and, 267–268, 425; environmental degradation and, 268–270, 272–276, 298, 327; export economy and, 202, 413; Great Leap Forward and, 48, 70–73; growth of, 150, 157, 262, 425; high-tech and, 288–289, 290; Internet industry, 224–226; labor-intensive, 6, 202, 281, 428; loss of farmland and, 323; price reform and, 257; privatization of SOEs, 260–261, 266, 330–331; rural, 252–256; SEZs and, 281–282; socialization of, 65–66; WWI and, 32See also industrialization; industrial reform inflation, 157, 257–258, 261, 431; economic reform and, 146, 150, 249; during Mao years, 45, 61; protests against, 4, 264, 430 information wars (IW), 365–367 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. See Mongolia, Inner intellectual property rights (IPRs), 295, 413–414 Inter-American Development Bank, 416 International Atomic Energy Agency, 412 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICESCR), 247n98 International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA), 295, 302n75 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 7, 412, 418, 438 international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), 278–279, 359, 371n30 internet, 2, 217, 223, 224–228, 244, 279, 313, 425, 437; cyber warfare and, 366–367; environmental protection and, 279; state control of, 221, 236, 431 intraparty democracy, 115–116, 139, 434, 436 "iron rice bowl" system, 189, 259–261

J Japan, 43–44, 54–55, 381, 391–394; economy of, 249; fertility rates in, 203; high-tech industry and, 288–289, 290; response to the West, 28; territorial disputes with China, 13, 359; trade with China, 291, 298, 392; in World War II, 3, 32–33, 45–46, 56n27, 341, 379, 382, 391, 392–393 , 39, 49, 88, 93–95, 101–103, 218–219; arrest and trial of, 144, 168, 185n1 Jiangxi Soviet, 39, 47, 50–51, 62, 145 , 119, 232, 329, 411, 415; political reforms of, 171–173 Joint Communique on Arms Sales to Taiwan (1982), 387 joint ventures, 6, 292, 305, 317, 324, 351, 354; connection with SOE's, 258–259, 266, 283 judicial system, 178–184

K Kang Youwei, 27 Kashmir, 359, 395–397, 420n33 Kazakhstan, 267, 371n30, 400, 402–405 key schools, 211, 313 Khan, Yahya, 380–381 Khmer Rouge, 111, 344 Kissinger, Henry, 380–381 Korea, 13, 14, 228. See also North Korea; South Korea (1950-1953), 341, 376, 380, 410 Krushchev, Nikita, 67, 71, 85, 89, 410 Kuomintang (KMT), 30, 35, 37–39, 56n20, 118; relationship with communists, 33–34, 40–41, 44, 46, 53–54, 60–63, 66, 340–341; relationship with United States, 379 Kyoto Protocol, 276–277, 385, 413 Kyrgyzstan, 371n30, 400, 402–403, 405, 420n45

L labor camps, 68, 81, 96, 181, 183, 238, 240 labor contract system, 260, 265 labor discontent, 69, 264–266, 281 Labor Insurance Scheme (LIS), 190 land reform, 41–43, 45, 107, 150; Land Reform Campaign (1950), 53, 62–63, 64–65; Mao and, 39–40 land taxes, 16, 23–25 Latin America, 414–417. See also individual countries Law of the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, 363 Law on Population and Birth Planning (2001), 203–204 Law on Regional National Autonomy (LRNA), 231, 233 lawyers, 180, 182–183 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), 277 leadership small groups (LSG), 123. See also Central Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group (LSG) Lee Teng-hui, 384, 387 Legalism, 19–21 legal reforms, 177–179, 216. See also judicial system legislative process, 132–133 Lei Feng, 86, 104n51 Lenin, V.I., 49, 118 Lenovo, 389 li (societal or moral law), 178 Liberia, 408, 409–410 Li Dazhao, 32, 37, 47 Lieberthal, Kenneth, 124 Lifan Group, 114 life expectancy, 190–191, 249, 303, 310, 314, 326, 428 Li Hongzhang, 26 Li Hongzhi, 237 Lin Biao, 79, 85–87, 89, 100–101, 143, 342–343; Cultural Revolution and, 93–94, 119; Long March and, 41; people's war and, 378 , 156, 160, 162, 164, 394; Tiananmen Square and, 160 Li Si, 19 Little Red Book, 86–87 Liu Binyan, 68–69, 156 Liu Shaoqi, 70, 76–77, 82–87, 120, 126; fall from power of, 89–90, 95, 110, 143; Long March and, 41; rehabilitation of, 152 , 120 local people's congress, 126, 130, 133, 156 Long March, 40–41, 116, 166, 340–341 luxury goods, 425–426

M Ma'anshan Iron and Steel Company, 263 MacArthur, Douglas, 56n39, 342 Malaysia, 13; border dispute with China, 359; territorial disputes and, 363 Malthusian theory, 199, 202–203 Manchus, 228 Mandate of Heaven (tianming), 16, 19, 54, 102 Mao Zedong, 3–4, 37, 47–49, 59, 107, 116–117, 120, 143, 375; collectivization and, 73–74, 76, 84; criticism of, 152; Cultural Revolution and, 84–88, 90, 93, 95–96, 208; economic development and, 70–72, 78, 252, 279; education and, 208–210; foreign policy of, 375–379, 381, 382, 392, 410; leadership of Communist Party, 3, 39–43, 55, 81–84, 88–89, 115, 166, 186n23; military leadership of, 340–343, 345; personality cult of, 70, 83, 86–87, 98, 115, 119, 218; political campaigns of, 4, 39– 40, 52–53, 62, 67–68, 78–81, 151, 269; political philosophy of, 47–51, 53–54, 60, 70, 85–86, 178, 207–208, 376–377, 392; Post Cultural Revolution, 100–103; struggle with Kuomintang, 38–39, 46, 340; wives of, 39 Mao Zedong Thought, 47–55, 70, 86, 95, 119, 144, 232, 332; in Chinese constitution, 153, 168; education and, 208–209 maritime security, 361–363 Marriage Reform, 60 , 3, 50, 145, 153, 172, 207–208; in Chinese constitution, 168– 169; criticism of, 156; democracy and, 436; Mao and, 37, 47–49, 85, 87 Ma Shaofang, 159 , 49–50, 84, 175 mass mobilizations, 52, 62, 71, 84–85, 118, 269, 316 May 30 Movement, 37–38 , 32–33, 158 Ma Ying-jeou, 387 media control, 220–224, 424 Mencius, 17–18 Mexico, 283, 415–416, 428 Miao, 14, 228 Microsoft, 225–227 middle class, 6, 176 216–218, 246n59, 276, 423–424 Middle Kingdom (zhongguo), 7, 373 military. See People's Liberation Army (PLA) military spending, 255, 352, 355, 356–358, 370 , 15, 23–24 Ministry of Civil Affairs, 141n30, 237, 321 Ministry of Commerce, 375–376 Ministry of Construction, 277 Ministry of Education, 183, 206, 211, 216, 313 Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), 278, 280 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), 375–376 Ministry of Health, 194–195, 316, 320, 324 Ministry of Information Industry (MII), 225 Ministry of Labor, 322 Ministry of National Defense, 342, 355 Ministry of Public Security, 181, 183–184, 225, 305, 328 missile program, 364–365 Modern Enterprises System (MES), 262, 264 Moism, 18–19 Mongolia, Inner, 124, 141n20, 228, 270, 331, 337n89, 430 Mongolia, Outer, 14, 331, 405 Mongols, 22–23, 228 most favored nation (MFN) status, 383–384, 389–390 Mozi, 18–19 Myanmar, 317, 344, 373, 377, 397, 398–399, 428; drug trade and, 317

N Nanjing Decade, 35–37 Nansha Islands. See Spratly Islands National College Entrance Examination (NCEE), 213 National Defense Council, 46, 342 national defense policy, 358–363 nationalism, 29–30, 34–35, 55, 360–361, 423; communists and, 45, 229–230; May Fourth Movement and, 33 Nationalist Party. See Kuomintang (KMT) Nationalist ROC, 379, 381. See also Republic of China (ROC); Taiwan national Minorities (minzu). See ethnic minority groups National People's Congress, 60, 102, 108–109, 112, 120, 130–133, 172, 231; Chinese Constitution and, 175–177, 187n50, 187n55, 235; elections to, 135, 156, 435; entrepreneurs in, 169; major functions of, 131 Naughton, Barry, 257 navy. See People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) New Rural Cooperative Medical Care System (NRCMCS), 321, 325 New Security Concept, 359, 399–401, 416 Nigeria, 294, 406, 408 Nine-Year Compulsory Education Law, 210–211 Nixon, Richard, 380–381, 383, 392 nomenklatura, 140n4 Non-Aligned Movement, 377 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 277–280, 299, 320 nonstate economy, 149–150, 169, 243, 258, 265–266, 293; Chinese Communist Party (CCP) members and, 117, 186 Normalization Act (1979), 385 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 384, 413 North China Industrial Group Corporation (NORINCO), 349, 351 Northern Expedition, 34–35, 37–38 North Korea, 111, 341, 385, 400; Chinese ethnic minorities in, 331; territorial disputes with China, 359See also Korea nuclear weapons, 340, 352–353, 364–366, 369, 423; and, 410 Nye, Joseph, 398

O "off-post" (xiagang) workers, 323 oil, 266–268, 299, 360–363, 425; in ethnic minority areas, 232–233, 242, 330–331; foreign policy and, 360–363, 398, 406, 408, 416– 417; oil pipelines, 403–404See also energy needs old-age insurance, 321, 334 "one big pot" system, 189, 259–260 one-child policy, 198–205, 215, 228, 236, 243–244, 327; consequences of, 200–205, 428; exceptions to, 228; sex selection and, 200 One-China principle, 117, 360, 386, 412. See also Taiwan One Hundred Days of Reform, 27 One Hundred Years of Humiliation, 360 one-two-four problem, 202 Open Door policy, 110, 149, 216, 249, 292, 305, 379 opium, 25–26, 31, 38, 63–64 Opium Wars, 26, 360, 373 Organic Law of the People's Courts, 179 Organic Law of Village Elections, 130, 137–139, 172–173, 435 outward foreign direct investment (OFDI), 293–294, 414. See also foreign direct investment (FDI)

P Pakistan, 359, 380–381, 395–397, 420n33; Chinese ethnic minorities in, 331 Panama Canal, 416 Paracel (Xisha) Islands, 343, 358, 360, 363, 368, 397 Party Congresses: Ninth (1969), 94, 100, 343; Tenth (2002), 194; Eleventh (1978), 151; Twelfth (1982), 328; Thirteenth (1987), 110; Fourteenth (1992), 164, 346; Fifteenth (1997), 114, 164, 167, 171; Sixteenth (2002), 110, 116, 160, 168–170, 187n56; Seventeenth (2007), 11–118, 110, 123, 186n31, 436 Peaceful Rise (Zhongguo heping jueqi) doctrine, 382, 398, 400–401, 416–417 Peking University (Beida, or Beijing University), 32, 33, 56n23, 68, 206, 215, 245n42, 298; during Cultural Revolution, 89, 96–97; Mao at, 37, 47; per capita spending and, 246n53; Tiananmen Square protests and, 158 Peng Dehuai, 41, 79, 83, 86, 88, 95, 118, 342; Long March and, 41 , 83, 88–89, 146 People's Armed Police (PAP), 345, 348, 353, 356 People's Bank of China (PBC), 285 People's Communes, 72–78, 82, 133, 136. See also communes People’s Daily (Renmin Ribao), 69, 103n13 people's democratic dictatorship, 50–51, 60, 175 People's Liberation Army (PLA), 118–120, 339–370; in Africa, 408; business units of, 166, 352–354; Chinese leadership and, 166; civil-military relations and, 354–356; during Cultural Revolution, 93–95, 342–343; defense industry and, 349, 351–352; force projection and, 364–370; high-tech warfare capabilities of, 347, 352, 364–368, 370; history of, 340–343; Jiang and, 166; Korean War and, 380; Mao and, 79, 86, 166; maritime security and, 361–363; military spending, 255, 352, 355, 356–358, 370, 438; national defense policy and, 358–361; "people's war" and, 341; politicization of, 85–86, 100; reform of (1970's), 343–347; SARS outbreak and, 195; Soviet Union and, 342; structure of, 347–350; Tiananmen Square protest and, 119, 161, 339–340, 345–346See also Red Army People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), 340, 348–350, 352 People's Liberation Army business units, 166, 352–354 People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), 340, 348–350, 358, 361–363, 368–370 people's livelihood, 29, 35–36 people's war, 341–342, 344–345, 358, 370, 378 permanent revolution, 52, 83 Pescadores/Penghu, 358, 363 petition system, 327–328 Philippines, 13, 359, 398; territorial disputes with China, 363, 368, 397 ping-pong diplomacy, 380 Politburo, 41, 111–112, 115, 122–123, 132–103, 147; Deng and, 101, 146, 155; foreign policy and, 374–375; Hu in, 171; Jiang and, 165, 168, 173; Mao in, 43, 47; military and, 100, 119, 345–346, 355; Peng in, 79, 88–89; PLA and, 355; Tiananmen Square protest and, 160 political prisoners, 152, 154, 241, 242 political reform, 171–174, 184–185; constitutional reforms, 174–177; following Cultural Revolution, 151–152; following Democracy Wall Movement (second stage of), 154–157; future prospects for, 435–437; Hua and, 144–145; legal reforms, 177–179; Tiananmen Square protests and, 163–164; United States/China relations and, 384See also democracy; electoral reform population control, 9, 196–205. See also one-child policy press, freedom of, 159, 218, 220–224, 236, 432–433; protests for, 162 price reform, 148, 157, 248, 257–258, 261 princelings, 156–157, 167 private schools, 32, 212, 215–216, 327 privatization of state owned enterprises, 4, 167, 223, 262, 430 Procuracy, 175, 180, 187n49. See also Supreme People's Procuratorate propaganda, 118, 218–219, 356; during Cultural Revolution, 95–96, 98; internet and, 224–226; long march as, 41; Mao and, 49, 101, 341 Propaganda Department, 111, 221, 224–226, 236 prostitution, 63–64 Protestantism, 236, 238–239 protracted people’s war, 341. See also people's war Provincial governments, 93, 124, 133–134, 137; education and, 311; reform of, 258; transfer system and, 129–130 provincial people's congresses, 133, 135 Public Security Bureau, 187n49, 233, 239, 242

Q , 384 , 164 Qin Dynasty, 15, 19–20, 55n9 , 15, 23–25, 28–32, 55, 360 Qin Shi Huangdi, 19, 55n9

R Rawski, Thomas, 427 Red Army, 39–40, 44, 84, 118, 155–156, 167–168, 172, 340–341. See also People's Liberation Army (PLA) red capitalists, 169–170 Red Flag Canal Project, 71, 84 , 87, 90–97, 119, 157, 208–210, 230, 238, 410; abolition of, 343 religion, freedom of, 236–239 renewable energy, 266, 268 Republic of China (ROC), 11n3, 30, 32, 376, 379–383, 386–387. See also Taiwan research and development, 214, 288, 347–348, 357, 417 residents' committees, 64, 127, 173 Revolutionary Alliance, 29–30, 56n20 revolutionary committees, 93, 97, 101, 119, 175, 179, 208–209 revolution in military affairs (RMA), 364 Ruijian, 39, 51, 62 Rural Land Contract Law, 256 rural politics, 136–139 rural protest, 306, 309, 327–328 rural-urban divide, 8–9, 114, 117, 303–334, 423; agricultural infrastructure and, 306–307; economic development and, 329– 333; economic disparity and, 307–308, 321–322, 328–331, 335n4, 335n17; education and, 212, 311–314; Great Leap Forward and, 76–77; health care and, 314–316, 320–321; historic, 304–305; industrialization and, 252–254; rural protest and, 306, 309, 327–328; social disparity and, 310–311; taxation and, 308–310; urban bias and, 305–306; urban migration and, 304, 322–327; World Trade Organization and, 284 Russia (post-Soviet), 267, 367–368, 400, 402–405, 410–411, 413, 418; Africa and, 378, 408; sale of weapons to China, 347, 351–352, 361, 364–365, 368–369; territorial disputes with China, 13, 402See also Soviet Union (USSR) Russian Communist Party. See Soviet Communist Party

S SARS. See severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak scientific development, 115, 117, 332–333; economy and, 332–333 self-criticism, 42–43, 53, 61, 67, 72, 183, 219 self-strengtheners, 26–27 Senkaku Islands, 13, 358, 401 separatism: Taiwan and, 222, 360–361, 387; Tibet and, 234, 240, 331, 360, 388; Xinjiang and, 232, 233–234, 241–243, 331, 360, 402 Seventeenth Party Congress, 114–118 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, 123, 191–196, 227, 243, 316–317, 325 Shang Dynasty, 15–16 Shanghai Communiqué (1972), 381, 385–387 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 371n30, 400–402, 405 Shanghai Stock Exchange (ShSE), 285, 287 , 161, 186n18 Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SzSE), 285, 287 Silk Road transit corridor, 405, 420n53 Singapore, 203, 431–433, 435, 439n22 Sinopec (Chinese National Petrochemical Corporation), 267–268, 406 slave labor, 228 socialist commodity economy, 150, 265 socialist market economy, 165, 265 soft power, 382, 398, 400 soil pollution, 269–271 , 15, 22, 55n11 Soong, T. V., 35, 45 Soong Dynasty, 35, 45 South China Sea, 361–363; Chinese territorial claims in, 7, 13, 267, 343, 358, 368, 370, 397–398 Southeast Asia, 397–401. See also Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN); individual nations Southeast Asia's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, 398 South Korea, 276, 283, 288, 399; trade with China, 291, 298See also Korea Soviet Communist Party, 34, 67, 85, 107, 410; Chinese Communist Party and, 60, 107–108, 118; Mao and, 47 Soviet Union (USSR), 42, 48, 71, 172, 376–381, 410–411; collapse of, 229, 233, 359, 401–403, 433–434; Cultural Revolution and, 84– 86; legal system of, 177–178; relationship with China, 59–60, 66–67, 103n12, 159–160, 266, 275, 280, 342–343, 373–374, 376–381, 391–392, 410–411See also China-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance; Russia (post-Soviet); Soviet Communist Party space program, 367–368, 408 special economic zones (SEZs), 128, 149, 151, 232, 281–282; joint ventures and, 258, 280, 292, 305; United States and, 383 Spratly Islands, 13, 267, 358–359, 363, 397, 401 Stalin, Joseph, 229, 377, 410; Khrushchev's criticism of, 67, 85, 410 Standing Committee (of NPC), 131–132, 175, 177, 180, 231 Standing Committee (of Politburo), 108–109, 111–112, 114, 120, 170; Deng on, 146; foreign policy and, 374–375; military and, 355; Tiananmen Protests and, 159–160 State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT), 219–220 State Council, 61, 112, 122–124, 127, 131–132, 207, 305, 375; center- local relations and, 124, 126, 333; health care and, 191, 195; judicial system and, 179; military and, 350 State Family Planning Commission, 197–199 state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 4, 66, 128, 256, 258–266, 283, 286, 294, 330; closing of, 323, 331, 351, 427; corporatization of, 262–264, 285; economic reform and, 171, 173, 189, 256, 258– 262, 264–266; foreign trade and, 293–294; health care and, 189– 190; privatization of, 4, 223 steelmaking, 48, 78, 275 Stilwell, Joseph, 379 stock market, 284–287, 291, 423 Strike Hard campaigns, 170, 230, 233–234, 242, 248n119, 402 strikes. See labor discontent structural wage system, 261–264–265 struggle sessions, 51–52, 62, 89–91 Sudan, 7, 221, 294, 406, 408 suicide, 201–202, 326; during Cultural Revolution, 91–92, 94–95 Sui Dynasty, 15, 21 Summer Olympics (2008), 167, 230, 242, 320, 325, 412 Sun-Joffe Agreement, 34 Sun Yat-sen, 29–31, 33–35, 118, 273 Supreme People's Court, 131–132, 179 Supreme People's Procuratorate, 131–132, 180–183, 187n49, 240 Swine Flu (H1N1), 196

T Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO), 386 Taiping Rebellion, 24–25 Taiwan, 28, 103n3, 359, 360–361, 363, 370, 385–388; Africa and, 409–410; cyber warfare with, 367; diplomatic recognition of, 376; Japan and, 392; Latin America and, 417; peace agreement with, 117; during Qing Dynasty, 23; territorial disputes with China, 13, 363; trade with China, 291, 298; United Nations and, 381; United States/China relations and, 383–384, 385–388; 381- 382; United States relationship with, 379–380See also Republic of China (ROC) Taiwan Relations Act (TRA), 11, 385–387, 419 Taiwan Strait, 271, 369, 371–381, 384, 388 Tajikistan, 359, 371n30, 400, 402, 405 Tang Dynasty, 15, 21 Tang Tsou, 162 tax reform, 129, 149, 308–310 technology, 287–290, 332; Deng on, 102, 146; effect of outdated, 254, 262, 276; government promotion of, 145, 147, 214, 249, 298; health care and, 191, 319; international cooperation and, 394, 397, 401, 409, 417; Internet and, 225, 227, 279; invitation of foreign, 280–282, 284, 298, 383, 414; Mao and, 70, 85; military, 341–343, 345–347, 351–354, 364–370, 394, 410; in rural areas, 330; sex selection and, 200 Theory of Three Represents, 168, 176, 186n31 Three Antis, 62 Three Gorges Dam, 132–133, 268, 272–273, 299 Three-North Shelterbelt Program, 271 Three Principles of the People, 29–30, 34–36, 44 Three-Self Patriotic Movement, 238–239 , 377–379, 392 Tiananmen Square protests (1989), 157–163, 186n17, 225, 345–346, 384, 411; aftermath of, 114, 163–165, 185, 211, 217; United States/China relations and, 384, 390 tiao-kuai system, 123–124 Tibet, 14, 199, 228, 230–235, 331–332, 360; as autonomous region, 63, 124, 141n20, 248n115; Chinese invasion of, 60, 171, 341; entrepreneurs in, 234; India/China relations and, 395–397; infrastructure of, 330; internet censorship and, 225–226; during Qing Dynasty, 23; repression of Tibetans, 240–241, 243–244, 356; United States/China relations and, 385, 388–389, 418 ti-yong dichotomy, 206 torture, 181–182, 184, 235–236, 238–240; during Cultural Revolution, 91, 95, 209See also human rights town and village enterprises (TVEs), 252–255, 258–259, 323 trafficking of women, 201 Treaty of Versailles, 33 Tsinghua University, 89, 90, 94, 97, 102, 246n53 Tsingtao Brewery, 263 "two camp" theory, 376

U (KMT-CCP): First, 47, 53–54, 118; Second, 44, 54 United Kingdom, 25–26, 221, 412, 414 United Nations (UN), 379, 412–413, 418, 438; admission of China to, 102, 381; military actions of, 341–342, 360, 408, 410 United States, 378–391; adoption and, 204–205; Central Asia and, 403–404; China/India relations and, 397; Chinese-made weapons and, 351; Chinese military and, 7–8; debt of, 296–298; economic relationship with China, 2, 6–7, 283, 389–390, 427, 437; economy of, 249; high-tech industry and, 288–289, 290; in Latin America, 415–416; military power of, 438; relationship with China (20th century), 378–382, 383–385; relationship with China (contemporary), 385–391; trade with China, 291 United States dollar, 296–298 urban bias, 305–306, 323, 329, 333 urban communes, 77–78 urbanization, 22, 304, 323 urban migration, 304–305, 322–327, 334; impact of, 325; women and, 324–325 urban reform, 63–65, 308 urban-rural disparity. See rural-urban divide Uygurs, 14, 228, 233, 331, 402; repression of, 241–243, 407; sepratist movement of, 232, 233–234, 402–403See also Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Uzbekistan, 400, 402–405

V Venezuela, 415–417 Vietnam, 344, 359; Chinese investment in, 294; diplomatic cooperation with China, 398; drug trade and, 317; territorial disputes with China, 13, 343, 359–360, 363, 368, 397; United States war in, 378, 380 Vietnam War, 378, 380 village committees, 133, 136–140, 309, 435 Voice of America, 388, 390

W wage reform, 261 Wang Anshi, 22, 56n12 , 159, 161 Wang Guangmei, 90 Wang Shiwei, 42 , 146 Warlord Era, 31–32 Washington Consensus, 407 water pollution, 271–275 weibo, 225 Wei Jingsheng, 153–154, 182 Weixing (Sputnik) People's Commune, 75–76 , 331–332, 411–412, 436–437; SARS outbreak and, 193– 194, 196 Whampoa Military Academy, 118 Whateverists, 143–144 white cat/black cat adage, 146, 164 White-Haired Girl (Baimaonü), 96, 218–219 White Terror, 37–39, 47 work unit (danwei), 66, 189 World Bank, 7, 412, 418, 438 World Intellectual Property Organization, 412 World Trade Organization (WTO), 7, 282–284, 292, 389, 401, 412, 418 World War II, 3, 41–42, 45–46, 364, 379; Japan/China relations and, 391–394 World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 278–279 Wu'er Kaixi, 159, 161, 163 Wu Han, 88–89, 95 Wu Xun, 91

X Xia Dynasty, 15 , 159, 221–222, 375 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 11n3, 41, 63, 228–234, 248n118, 329–332; oil fields in, 267, 330, 404See also Uygurs Xisha Islands. See Paracel (Xisha) Islands xitong, 123

Y Yahoo!, 225–226, 246n80 Baibing, 346 Yang Kaihui, 39 , 120, 160, 346 Yao Ming, 320 , 88, 93, 96 Yasukuni Shrine, 393 Yi Dynasty, 14, 228 Yuan (currency), 6, 141n26, 295–298, 302n80 Yuan Dynasty, 15, 22–23 Yuan Shikai, 28, 30, 33 Yuan Zhen, 95 Yu Keping, 436

Z , 89, 93, 101–102, 185n1 Zhang Dejiang, 195 Zhang Kai, 159 Zhang Wenkang, 173, 193 Zhang Xueliang, 35, 43–44, 56n26 Zhang Zuolin, 31, 43 , 146–148, 154, 156–157, 160, 162, 186n16, 346; economic reform and, 151, 157, 257, 281, 285; military reform and, 370; political reform and, 155–156; Tiananmen Square protest and, 160, 162 Zheng He, 23, 368, 398 Zhou Beifang, 168, 263 Zhou Dynasty, 15–17, 19, 55n4 , 34, 41, 59, 70, 197, 378; Beijing Spring and, 152; during Cultural Revolution, 91, 93; diplomacy of, 375, 380–381; Five Principles of, 377, 394, 400; Four Modernizations and, 185n3, 249, 343; population control and, 197; as premier, 61, 82, 101– 102 Zhou Guanwu, 168, 263 Zhou Yongjun, 159 Zhuang Autonomous Region, 14, 228 Zhu De, 102, 355 , 164–167, 282, 329, 353, 384, 431