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State of the River 2020

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State of the River 2020 State of the Elizabeth River Scorecard 1 State of the Elizabeth River Steering Committee 2020 Acknowledgements Chesapeake Bay Project Funders: Elizabeth River monitoring was enhanced in 2018–2020 through the generous support of the Virginia General Assembly, with special Norfolk James River Naval thanks to Chief Patrons Sen. Lynwood Lewis and Del. Matthew Base Lafayette James. Additional data cited was made possible by multiple project partners and funders including the federally funded Chesapeake Bay Program, National Fish & Wildlife Foundation, the Virginia ODU Department of Environmental Quality, the Virginia Department Craney Island B C of Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, National Institute Contents Main of Environmental Health Sciences - SRP grant RO1ES024245, E Norfolk VA Zoo Stem li HRSD, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Acknowledgments 2 za Broad Creek Map: Elizabeth River Health 2020 3 b Center for Conservation Biology at William & Mary, and Old e What the scorecard measures 4 th Dominion University. Special thanks to members of the Elizabeth Summary 5 Port R River Project for making all of our work possible through your iv Nauticus Eastern Emerging challenges 7 Norfolk e D generous support. Western r Branch Special victory 8 Branch C C Contributing Partners: Precautions 9 Portsmouth The Elizabeth River Project took the lead to interpret findings for Swimming 9 the public with coordination of data collection by Mary Bennett, Fishing 9 C Woodstock environmental scientist. Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences managed Southern Branch 10 The little mummichog 13 research funded through a new state allocation for Elizabeth River C Indian River Virginia monitoring, with special thanks to Dr. Michael Unger, chair, scorecard Paradise Creek 14 Paradise Creek Beach steering committee. Special thanks to Steven Hummel, Virginia Identifying river hotspots 15 Department of Environmental Quality, for key analysis of water quality Eastern Branch 16 Money Point data, and to the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Broad Creek 18 River Health Indian River 19 Science, Integration and Application Network for assistance with data Scale comparison and interpretation. Special thanks to more than a dozen Lafayette 20 individual scientists who gave generously of their time and expertise Lafayette birds 21 A to serve on the steering committee. Main Stem 22 B Chesapeake Western Branch 23 C The Elizabeth River Project is a non-profit with the mission to Coronavirus impact 24 Southern D Great restore the environmental quality of the Elizabeth River through Steering committee 2020 24 Branch F Bridge citizen, business and government partnerships. Locks Branch Grades Then and Now December 2020 N BRANCH 2014 2020 Main Stem C B O Lafayette The Elizabeth River Project C C 5205 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23509 Eastern Branch D C Elizabeth Elizabethriver.org | 757-399-7487 Broad Creek F D River Elizabeth River [email protected] “Watershed” Indian River F C Overall or drainage area Cover photo of Brown Pelican and other bird photos by David Southern Branch D C Grade Gibson. Visit his Elizabeth River Bird Blog at www.birdpartner.com. Paradise Creek D C C Sub-watersheds Western Branch 2 C C 3 What the scorecard measures for this unusual river At the southern mouth of the Chesapeake Bay spreads the Elizabeth River, one of the bay’s most atypical tributaries. A leading bay nursery for blue crabs, the Elizabeth is also one of the busiest military and commercial ports in the world. The 250-square-mile “watershed,” or land area draining to the river, has been developed longer and more densely than most of the bay, with 400 years of filling, deepening and paving to accommodate not only the port but the old port cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth and newer suburbs in Chesapeake and Virginia Beach, VA. This report evaluates each branch, as well as three of the river’s larger creeks, to provide both a short-term, five-year snapshot of river health and also identify long-term trends. The letter grades are for the last five years. Where changes in 10-year trends can be identified, these are indicated separately and reflect 2010–2019. ALSO SEE THE TECHNICAL APPENDIX AT Elizabethriver.org/SOR2020. • Bacteria (recreation criteria): Enterococcus bacteria levels compared to levels having negative impacts on river life. In in river water, associated with animal and human waste, the Elizabeth River, PAHs are correlated with cancer in fish compared to state criteria for recreational human contact. and are often a legacy of former wood treatment facilities. • Bacteria (shellfish criteria): Fecal coliform bacteria levels • Phytoplankton/Chlorophyll: Algae, known as in river water, associated with animal and human waste, phytoplankton, are vital for a productive river. But some types compared to state criteria for shellfish harvest. of algae are harmful and in excess can lead to poor water quality with impacts on fish and shellfish. Chlorophyll (the • Bottom Health: Measures a number of parameters including abundance and diversity of life on the river bottom measurable pigment in algae) was compared to EcoCheck (worms, clams etc.)—indicates food availability for many fish. thresholds. Results are based on Chesapeake Bay Program’s Benthic • TBT: Concentration of Tributyltin (TBT) detected in the Index of Biotic Integrity. water column. TBT has been shown to be highly toxic to marine organisms at very low concentrations and this • Cancer in Fish: Prevalence of both precancerous and cancerous lesions found on the liver of the small non concern led to regulatory action on the state, federal migratory fish, the mummichog. and international level to reduce its input to the marine environment. • Clarity: Measures the depth that sunlight penetrates through the water column and is important for algae and Dolphins were sighted in all branches of this harbor river in 2020. Photo: Robert Holland. aquatic vegetation growth. Methodology change affects some scores To make this scorecard consistent with data evaluations • Dissolved Oxygen: Amount of oxygen dissolved in the around the Chesapeake Bay, the steering committee water compared to state criteria. Dissolved oxygen is an for this report for the first time adopted the “EcoCheck” important factor for healthy marine life. Summary: methodology for water quality data as used by the • Phosphorus: An important nutrient for algae growth, University of Maryland’s Center for Environmental Science One of America’s great harbor rivers again earns a , the amount is compared to EcoCheck thresholds. Excess Integration and Application Network. As a result, improved C phosphorus can lead to algal blooms and fish kills; over- letter grades in a few cases, notably for dissolved oxygen, fertilizing is one cause. are more a reflection of the new methodology than of defying changing climate conditions to show continued • Nitrogen: An important nutrient for algae growth, the actual ecosystem improvement. The EcoCheck method key improvements. amount is compared to the University of Maryland’s grades higher for dissolved oxygen than did the grading EcoCheck. Excess nitrogen can lead to algal blooms and fish method used in the 2014 Elizabeth River scorecard. As kills; over-fertilizing is one cause. a result, Indian River earns a C overall in this report, but Robert McMillen was sitting on a dock on a still night, Returning dolphins, river otters and bald eagles, all sighted would have earned a D under the prior grading method; watching the moonlight on the Elizabeth River. He heard with greater frequency, are here for the returning fish—and • Contaminants on River Bottom: Levels of polycyclic similarly Broad Creek receives a D and would have a faint, unusual sound. Gradually it grew louder. To him it in turn, the fish have need of clean water and restored habitat. aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the river sediments received an F. sounded like “poush… poush.” The health of the water is measured in hard numbers, on the Elizabeth River by more than a dozen area scientists who, He soon saw glossy backs, lit by the moon. Dolphins were since the 1990s, have gathered about every six years to look passing by. “It was the sound of their breathing that gave for trends, progress, and problem areas. them away,” a mesmerized McMillen, of Portsmouth, wrote in a poem about the experience. This is the Elizabeth River Scorecard 2020. To grasp the drama, it’s necessary to understand something of the past When dolphins were sighted in every branch of the urban for this harbor river, birthplace of maritime history; and also Elizabeth in the summer of 2020, it delighted the COVID-19 emerging global influences hard to combat at the local level, paralyzed community of South Hampton Roads, Virginia. including rising seas, warmer water, and increased rainfall. The occurrence also indicated returning health of a harbor river once given up for dead. 4 5 w Emerging challenges: Abnormally high rainfall, rising sea levels bring deluge of runoff pollution. • Overall 2020 grade for the Elizabeth River: C, except Broad Creek. This is amazing for an urban river, measuring the amount of oxygen available to river life. as in the last scorecard, compiled in 2014. This grade is only remarkable if you realize that when the first group of • Most concerning scores: Degrading trends for scientists gathered with the Elizabeth River Project to review bacteria levels (Lafayette, Western Branch, Mainstem), the river’s health, in 1994, professors vied for whose slides measured against health standards for safe harvest of showed the most deformed fish. Holding steady at C is also an oysters; poor water clarity (Western and Lafayette branches); accomplishment in the face of abnormally high rainfall each unaddressed contamination hotspots; most ailing score of the five years measured by this scorecard. On urban rivers on the river, Broad Creek. Bacteria and water clarity are like this one, every rain brings a heavy deluge of thought to have been affected by above normal rainfall.
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