Research at the Norwegian Police University College

Slemdalsveien 5 Postboks 5027, Majorstuen 0301 Oslo Tlf: 23 19 99 00 Faks: 23 19 99 01 www.phs.no 2017 © Politihøgskolen, Oslo 2018 Photo: Kai Spurkland p. 6, 27, 32, 48, and 66 Translation: Karin Elaine Aarnes Layout: Eileen Schreiner Berglie Print: Staples Research at the Norwegian Police University College 2017 2017was the first year in the new strategic period 2017-2021.Four major areas are emphasizedas being special focus areas in the new strategy:

• Educatinga knowledgeablepolice service • Educatinga police service that are in the forefront with regard to developmentsin society and criminality • Educatinga police that prevent and fight crime in a digitalized society • Be a leading environmentwithin police research tion model, this also has a positive year deals with this exciting effect on the publication points project. attained. The research groups at PHS are The past number of years PHS now well established. Part of the has had strong focus on the aim of these groups is that they will development of applications to the strengthen the academic environ- Norwegian Research Council and ment at the college throughout the the EU’s Framework Programme. At various departments and locations. the end of 2017 PHS participated in After their establishment in 2016 In 2016 The Norwegian Police Uni- five projects financed by the Resear- several of the groups now have versity College (PHS) had a “record ch Council, one financed by the EU concrete projects in progress. This year” in achieving publication and one by EFTA funding. In additi- is good news! points – primarily because of the on, there are eleven projects either Special thanks to our academic high number of published mono- completely or partly financed by staff who contribute to making PHS graphs. We were therefore prepared funds from other external sources, an exciting and academically thriv- for a solid downturn in 2017, but and seven projects are being finan- ing workplace. Relevant research see that the number of scientific ced by PHS and a collaborating and knowledge development is publications has continued to incre- partner. decisive for the Norwegian police ase (even though the publication “Changing Police Methods” is and the Department of Justice. This points have slightly decreased). the largest ongoing research project is of particular importance during 2017 was also a good year for and is being funded by the Norwe- the current times of change. PHS Doctoral Degrees – four throughout gian Research Council. In the proje- will contribute towards ensuring the year. ct various relevant cases are being that the police work knowledge 2017 also experienced a high charted and analysed to examine based at all levels and in all types of number of articles and chapters trends in modern policing. The assignments. This is being facilitat- from PHS forming joint publicati- purpose of the project is to examine ed by providing research-based ons – which is a positive develop- the increasing intertwinement of knowledge in many channels, ment because it shows that staff at police methods used prior to a through the Bachelor studies and PHS are collaborating broadly with crime occurring (proactive poli- the Further Educations course. colleagues at other institutions of cing) and police measures after a education and research at home crime has occurred (reactive poli- and abroad. Due to the new calcula- cing). The introductory article this á Innhold

Changing Police Methods 7 Increase and retain the proportion of academic staff with research competence 55 Presentations 15 R&D committee 55 PHS Research Conference 2017 15 Research groups 56 PHS as national academic coordinator. 18 Qualifying rounds at PHS 59 Further development of Police Science and Professor qualification group 60 increase of share of externally financed research 21 The doctorate group 61 Increasing national and international Research and Development 22 Docent group 71 Research projects in 2017 27 Senior Lecturer group 72 Projects financed with EU/EFTA fundingr 28 Be a clear and active channeller of knowledge Projects financed by the Ministry of Justice in academia, the police/judiciary and an active and Public Security 35 participant in social debate 73 Projects financed by the Police Directorate (POD) Academic and professional lectures 73 and the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST) 36 Academic and professional publications 75 Projects financed by Nordforsk 37 Publication points 76 Projects financed by other external National guidelines for open access 77 collaborating partners 38 Reported publications 79 Projects financed by PHS and various Reports/Theses 86 collaborating partners 40 Conference publications and academic presentations 89 Projects financed by PHS 43 6 Changing Police Methods

The project “Changing Police Meth- and investigation have been sepa- support, organisation, tactical ods” has been ongoing since 2015. rate police methods, both in teach- investigation and police interviews The ambition behind the project is ing and in practice, and research in (see amongst others Bjerknes & to pick up changes in the police use these two areas has mostly taken Fahsing, 2018; Fahsing, 2016; Fah- of methods and to contribute to place within different disciplines. sing & Ask, 2016; Oxburgh, Mykle- new knowledge about the quality of Innovative police methods are bust, Grant & Milne, 2016; Walsh, policing and the police’s role in being explored as in-depth studies Oxburgh, Redlich & Myklebust, society. The Norwegian Research of different strategies/methods – 2016). Specialisation in the various Council has granted funding for the such as evidence-based policing, subject areas has provided many project as part of the programme, intelligence-led policing, hot-spot central and important research Strategic University College Pro- policing, problem-oriented polic- contributions which support re­se- gramme which runs until 2021. ing and locally oriented policing arch-based teaching and practical When we started the project, (Buckley, 2014; Knutsson & Tomp- training. Nevertheless there is the aim was to explore the increas- son, 2017; Scott, Eck, Knutsson & little empirical research internatio- ing intertwinement of police meth- Goldstein 2017; Ratcliffe, 201; nally and in Norway which looks at ods being used prior to a crime Weisburd & Braga, 2006). Within how different legal rules and met- occurring (proactive policing) and investigation there is a long traditi- hods are used accumulatively and/ police measures after the crime on of researching themes such as or in a compensatory manner with has occurred (reactive policing). legal aspects, communication and the goal of attaining a police ser- Traditionally, crime prevention conversation techniques, decision vice that is as efficient and fair as

7 possible – using the least necessary Despite this, research into police crime along with situational and amount of force. methods has gone into more depth socially oriented crime prevention. within the separate methods than The argument is that combatting Intelligence assuming that they are used toget- and preventing crime are two sides The background for the project is her. Crime prevention policing has of the same story. Deterrence, the fact that there is no systematic traditionally focused on what hap- aversion and incapacitation are empirical research into how crime pens prior to investigation (Justis- mechanisms which are being dis- prevention, intelligence and og politidepartementet, 1998). In cussed on the same level as reduc- investigation are practically used addition, crime prevention was ing recruitment, normative barri- to prevent and combat crime and often perceived to be a more gener- ers and protecting vulnerable tar- disorder. Policing measures are ally integrated part of the criminal gets. It is here that collaboration seldom used separately; different justice procedures. The crime pre- with other partners comes in – this methods are often used as a tool- vention term is now being used to will be explained further below in box to stop, hinder, prevent and/ an increasing extent in a more connection with the Lime case. or investigate crimes. Crime pre- general sense and is being linked Cooperation between different vention police use, for example, to instruments used in criminal public authorities and disciplines coercive measures in investigation justice (see, for example, Bjørgo, in various complex criminal fields for preventing youth crime 2015, 2016), where all the links in can indeed lead to potential coor- (Holmboe, 2017). Examining met- the criminal justice chain will have dination challenges throughout. hods taken from investigation a preventive effect: arrest, prose- When we applied for funding, may be the basis of resolutions cution and sentence/punishment. we had selected a series of cases made within investigation and However, there is little empirical which were to be charted and anal- administrative law, for example, research which supports the collec- ysed in order to explore trends in confiscation of authorisations and tively preventive and individually modern policing. One project looks permissions. The goal of the intel- preventive effect of punishment. at the policing of economic and ligence doctrine – which has a Nevertheless, the criminal law organised crime. Annette Vestby is central position in the Community process is based on it having a cer- examining in her Doctoral Thesis Policing Reform – is improved tain preventive effect. how the organisation of the police knowledge-based crime control, and how definitions of crime affect where the police intervene earlier The criminal law process and the use of policing strategies and in the process to prevent harm administrative regulation collaboration – both internally and and the escalation of serious Holistic models mention criminal with other control organs and occurrences. law as a reason for combatting supervisory bodies such as the Tax Authorities, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and the National with illegal wolf hunting (Larsson, Intelligence and Authority for Investigation and 2018). Another project led by Paul multi-agency collaboration Prosecution of Economic and Envi- Larsson explores motorcycle gangs The sub-projects have two things ronmental Crime. Heidi Fischer in a historical perspective and the in common: Firstly, how the use of Bjelland is exploring how the use of dialogue and regulation ver- intelligence data is placed into police work in the field of Traffick- sus the use of criminal proceedings. frameworks and processes in both ing of Human Beings, in particular Synnøve Jahnsen examines in a functional units and geographical how the police identify, uncover, comparative perspective the strate- policing units. The other common prevent and investigate in connec- gies of different countries with feature is that the use of policing tion with forced labour and how regard to MC crime, where the methods is a response to a percei- they collaborate with other author- expulsion of dangerous persons, ved need for improvement and ities and academic disciplines. use of preventive and “soft met- they will support new police goals. Focus is given to how the field is hods” stand in juxtaposition to the It is not necessarily conviction and defined, understood and legiti- traditional reactive and repressive the number of days sentenced that mised by means of new success approaches are success criteria. Logics of regu- criteria. In the project “Trends in Gundhus is examining the sig- lation and cooperation are being policing of cross-border crime for nificance of the intelligence doctri- applied to an increasing extent, profit” Johanne Yttri Dahl looks at ne for the Community Policing where administrative regulations, how the use of more concealed Reform and for the risk manage- not criminal law, are being used to methods and undercover policing ment of different sets of public. prevent crime. The goal of the challenges the traditional, local Both high-level national intelligen- police is to reduce damage by and reactive police approach to ce projects as well as the knowled- deterring and stopping crime, crime of volume in Norway. The ge-driven patrols at police district having a heavy impact, implemen- project will provide knowledge of level are being followed and rese- ting forced returns of foreign nati- how traditional investigation is arched. The focus of the onals who commit crime, hinde- changing and using more proactive Community Policing Reform on ring the possibility of committing intelligence measures in cases professionalism, specialisation, crime and reducing profit/gains. A where potential criminals and digitalisation and new work met- good example of this is police crime are changing character. hods as well as knowledge-driven handling of economic crime which Paul Larsson has long been inte- processes and intelligence are core has to be identified and prioritized rested in how concealed methods elements in this project, which in order to be uncovered (Korsell, and control of communication pro- seeks to uncover new phenomena 2015). Other examples of measu- motes and prevents good policing, arising at the point where proacti- res within administrative law for which he also looks at in connection ve and reactive policing intersects.

9 preventing crime and accidents are more knowledge-driven outside ties gathered with the common withdrawal of permission such as the framework of investigation and goal of stopping the activities of driving licenses, weapon certifica- the prosecution authorities? the Lime network. The list of cri- tes and passports, etc. (Police Dire- mes included, amongst others, ctorate, 2017). Increased attention Coordination challenges human trafficking, violation of the placed on work-related crime, ille- The police are to an increasing Immigration Act, swindling social gal immigration, terrorism and extent entering collaboration proje- benefits, tax evasion and breach of cybercrime have contributed to cts with external partners, includi- the Working Environment Act. The new practices used by the police in ng other control and supervisory establishment of the cross-autho- combatting and preventing crime. bodies. One of the clearest argu- rity investigation group provided The expectation of the police ments for such investigations by the members of the group with good being in the forefront and working various public authorities are the opportunities to pursue both the both proactively and reactively opportunities this provides for specific goals of the public autho- against crime – such as economic information sharing. Criminal rity in question as well as to contri- crime, work-related crime, networks are constantly increasing bute to the group´s common, over- cross-border crime for profit and their area of activity – both in relati- all goals. By having access to an trafficking of human beings – has on to the crime practiced and with “extended toolbox” – including the opened doors for academic regard to which lines of business possibility of imposing separate or development within intelligence they are targeted at – and they are joint sanctions – the investigation work and the use of more concea- continuously getting better at adap- group experienced both increased led methods. In order to be able to ting to the controls of the authoriti- efficiency in the investigation and prevent and stop ongoing crime, it es. In order to be able to combat the discovery of crimes which pro- is a prerequisite that the police crime exercised by such networks, bably would not otherwise have gain knowledge about crime that is collaboration between the authori- been uncovered. being planned and is ongoing. In ties is necessary. Such collaboration At the same time as collaborati- that connection intelligence work, increases the opportunity to crack on can be an effective means for proactive investigation, crime ana- down on a greater amount of the combatting complex crimes that lyses, surveillance and provocation crime than if one public body had to affect many sectors of the econ- are of great significance. The deal with the case on its own. omy, coordination between organi- question is how to use research-ba- One example of such collabora- sations will also bring up some sed knowledge within such a fra- tion between public authorities is important questions regarding the mework. What tensions arise bet- the investigation of the Lime case, relationship between efficiency ween the academic and political where the police, the Social and privacy laws. The investigati- aspects when the police are to be Security Office and the tax authori- on groups involving several state

10 organisations have great potential other tools to uncover and reduce minal areas are to be prioritized. power and there are good reasons crime (Korsell, 2015). Establishing identity is also for having rules connected to, for Policing methods are changing, becoming more important, and example, sharing of information and the eradication of traditional various forms of risk management and the duty of confidentiality. boundaries between various met- and knowledge-based, statistical Cooperation between the public hods does not simply consist of profiling affect police relations authorities therefore raises questi- implementing neutral techniques, with the public and checks of ons about the scope of the state but can be linked to the understan- various groups. In particular, when and the possibilities which various ding of the police role in society. categorizing into cases and public authorities have for investigating Since the 1980s the control of groups based on charting and sta- and pursuing certain crimes. migration has got an increasingly tistics, it is important to be obser- symbolic and political function, vant with regard to group divisions Increasing which has moved immigration con- based on skewed samples, past complexity and uncertainty trols away from the administrative cases, how easily cases can be pro- Throughout the course of the pro- domain and over to the area of cri- secuted as well as other prejudices ject it has become apparent that minal law. The project has therefo- and possibly over-policing of cer- changing policing methods are to a re dealt with the issue of policing tain groups. Even if management great extent connected to the increasingly being influenced by policy emphasizes the production expansion of new areas in which measures connected to administra- of statistical steering data and the police can have success and tive law in order to combat and intelligence products of a strategic where new reasons for policing prevent law – a fact which also is kind, the police are focused on have arisen. Preparedness, expressed in political documents knowledge that will create a foun- security and identity searches have (Justis- og beredskapsdepartemen- dation for taking operative and become more important since the tet, 2017a; Justis- og beredskapsde- tactical decisions regarding perso- 2000s. We also see the develop- partementet, 2017b). A normative nal checks, identity and security. ment of new areas for policing such challenge is that police checks are Risk management and the need as migration-related crime, labour becoming more targeted towards for identity checks will also involve market crime and cybercrime. foreign nationals at the same time storage of insecure information as These are areas which do not natu- as simultaneous use of policing well as informal exchange of perso- rally stand out as being relevant in methods creates more room for nal data, which again can create criminal statistics. The “magic” to discretion and randomness in legal challenges connected to the rule of be found in criminal statistics thus practice. Selection of cases is law. Since the police registration of loses its impact with regard to prio- completely dependent on resources data outside the criminal case is ritizing, and the police need to use and priorities as well as which cri- becoming more important as a

11 support for decision making, it is des. As Lucia Zedner (2016, s.4) and Environmental Crime? And becoming more important for rese- has observed, the state is continuo- what effect does the Community achers to follow research on police usly developing new coercive mea- Policing Reform’s new digital wor- registers (Bjelland & Dahl, 2017). sures which have the potential of king processes have on the police’s Unintended effects from the intro- invading the protection provided relationship with inhabitants and duction of policing methods which through criminal proceedings. the less commonly used term”pu- are to reduce repressive control are This is being done by applying civil blic”? There are many questions a recurring theme within police and administrative instruments that arise, and the least we can do research. Knowledge production which to a greater extent conceal is to shed light on them and discuss and profiling will unavoidably affe- aspects of punishment: them by conducting research into ct how various groups of people are States have been quick to claim police practice. described and regarded, as well as that if a coercive measure or detention regime is for prevention Referanser affecting communication within the or regulation or administrative police and relations between the convenience it is not, by definiti- Bjelland, H. F. & Dahl, J. Y. (2017). police and the public. How the on, punishment. Yet this privile- Exploring Criminal Investigation ging of purpose does not mitigate management and use of personal the pains imposed by coercive Practices: The Benefits of data characterises and is characte- measures, so to re-label measu- Analysing Police-Generated res as non-punitive is often not- rised by how the police exercise Investigation Data. European hing less than a cynical subversi- discretion, and possibly contributes on of the criminal process and its Journal of Policing Studies, 5(2), to forming new organizational human rights protections. 5-23. identities, institutional logics and The question we are posing is how Bjelland, H. F. & Vestby, A. (2017). practices, is therefore especially the accumulated filtering of poli- ‘It’s about using the full sanction interesting in such a connection. cing methods affects the societal catalogue’: on boundary negotia- mandate of the police, its social tions in a multi-agency organised Conclusion function and grounding. Which crime investigation. Policing and Administrative and civil rules of coordination problems arise in Society, 27(6), 655-670. doi:10.10 law are being explicitly used to an collaboration between public aut- 80/10439463.2017.1341510 increasing extent in crime preven- horities and academic disciplines? Bjerknes, O. T., Fahsing, I. A. (2018). tion. This has a double effect; it How do the special units interact Etterforskning: Prinsipper, meto- increases capacity and efficiency with regard to the police districts? der og praksis. Bergen: by preventing cases from beco- How is the selection of cases affec- Fagbokforlaget. ming criminal cases, but it reduces ted by the fact that we have a Nati- Bjørgo, T. (2015). Forebygging av the guarantees of legal protection onal Authority for the Investigati- kriminalitet. Oslo: which a criminal definition provi- on and Prosecution of Economic Universitetsforlaget.

12 Bjørgo, T. (2016). Preventing crime: A (forslag til stortingsvedtak). (Prop. Scott, M. S., Eck, J. E., Knutsson, J. & Holistic approach. Basingstoke: 1 S 2017-2018). Oslo: DSS. Goldstein, H. (2017). Problem- Palgrave Macmillan. Knutsson, J. & Tompson, L. (Eds.) oriented policing. I R. Wortley & Buckley, J. (2014). Managing intelli- (2017). Advances in evidence based M. Townsley (Eds.), gence. Boca Raton, FL: CRC press. policing. Abingdon: Routledge. Environmental criminology and crime analysis (s. 227-258). Fahsing, I. A. (2016). The making of Korsell, L. (2015). On the Difficulty . Abingdon: Routledge. an expert detective: Thinking and of Measuring Economic Crime . I deciding in criminal investigations H. van Erp & W. Vande (Eds.), The Walsh, D., Oxburgh, G. E., Redlich, (Ph.d. dissertation). Department Routledge Handbook of White- A. D. & Myklebust, T. (Eds.).( of Psychology, University of Collar Crime and Corporate Crime 2016). International developments Gothenburg, Gothenburg. in Europe. Abingdon: Routledge and practices in investigative inter- viewing and interro­gation. Volume Fahsing, I. A. & Ask, K. (2017). In Larsson, P. (2018). On the hunt: 1: Victims and witnesses. search of indicators of detective Aspects of the use of communica- Abingdon: Routledge. aptitude: Police recruits’ logical tional control in Norway. I N. reasoning and ability to generate Fyfe, H. O. I. Gundhus & K. V. Weisburd, D. & Braga, A. A. (Eds.) investigative hypotheses. Journal Rønn (Eds.), Moral Issues in (2006). Police innovation: of Police and Criminal Psychology, Intelligence-led Policing (p. 104- Contrasting perspectives. 33(1), 1-14. 120). Abingdon: Routledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Oxburgh, G. E., Myklebust, T., Grant, Press. Holmboe, M. (2017). Norwegian T. D. & Milne, R. (2016). Youth Punishment – Opportunity Zedner, L. (2016). Penal subversions: Communication in investigative or Trap? Bergen Journal of When is a punishment not and legal contexts: Integrated ap- Criminal Law & Criminal Justice, punishment, who decides and on proaches from psychology, linguis- 5(1), 37-58. what grounds? Theoretical tics and law enforcement (Wileys Criminology 20(1), 3-20. Justis- og politidepartementet Series in Psychology of Crime (1998). Forebyggende polititjeneste Policing and Law). Chichester: 1998-2001: Strategiplan. Oslo: Wiley-Blackwell. Justis- og politidepartementet. Politidirektoratet (2017). Målbilde og Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet­ handlingsplan for styrking av (2017a).Disponeringsskriv­ for kriminalitetsforebygging. Oslo: politi- og lensmanns­etaten 2017. Politidirektoratet. Oslo: DSS. Ratcliffe, J. H. (2016). Intelligence-led Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet. policing (2nd ed.). Abingdon: (2017b). Proposisjon til Stortinget Routledge

13 á Presentations

PHS ce-preserving use of force was in police education with a relatively Research Conference 2017 the form of a contractual relations- large emphasis on physical capabi- hip between the prince and the lities, given the future challenges The PHS Research Conference in army he had engaged for the task. with cybercrime, amongst others, 2017 had the title: “Assignment: With the growth of stronger and becoming a significant element. He Tomorrow’s Society – the Societal larger state formations, this beca- concluded partly where he had Task of the Police – Challenges and me the task of a professional and begun; by stating that the use of Solutions?” state police force. Aarebrot main- force is about to disappear and is The conference was introduced tained that the state alone has not partly being re-established as a with two lectures about the single-handedly carried out use of contractual relationship – with development leading towards the force, not even in the course of the regard to the exercise of law. Pro- societal task of the police today. 150 years when Norway has had a tection today is to an increasing The first lecture was held by Frank police organisation of a certain extent no longer based on police Aarebrot (University of Bergen) dimension. Both Customs and actions, but on agreements with who lectured on The Violence Excise and the Norwegian Armed insurance companies and security Monopoly of the State – quo vadis? Forces have had tasks in this area. services. The professor received a As a basis for answering the questi- With regard to which direction we solid applause when he was than- on “Where we are going?” he gave are heading, one of the questions ked for his thought-provoking con- an historical overview from the raised by Aarebrot was whether we tribution, and little did anyone time when the protective and pea- are able to maintain a standardised know that, before the summer was

15 over, the voice of this enthusiastic Both Professor Barry Loveday decrease in criminal statistics and provocative presenter would (university of Portsmouth) and paints an incorrect picture. Sunde be silent for ever. Ph.D. candidate Mette Volquartzen dwelt upon to which extent such Assistant Professor Brigitte (the Faculty of Law, University of actions should be criminalised Ellefsen (PHS) explained in her Copenhagen) discussed expecta- since crime also creates an expe- lecture Police (politics): The societal tions relating to policing services. ctation that violations of the law task of the police in an historical In his lecture, The Shape of things will be pursued. Loveday also took perspective about the growth of the to come: Police organisational struc- up the special challenges connec- police as we know it today. From its tures and the new profile of crime in ted to undefined terrorism – a pro- tiny start in the 1600 -1700s with England and Wales, Loveday emp- blem area which is discussed by the comprehensive tasks which at hasized that the police in England Secretary General Arne Røksund that time belonged to the police, via and Wales have increasingly been in his contribution The Norwegian the growth of the police as a prima- burdened with tasks which more Armed Forces’ assistance to the ry power authority and also later as correctly belong to the health ser- police, and by Ph.D. Kai Spur- a fighter of crime. During her lec- vices – they are handling people kland’s presentation War and Peace ture she also showed what have with primarily mental illness. In and that kind of thing. been the most important issues in the lecture, Can private security Regarding solutions to the the police’s societal tasks through services help the police? Voldquart- challenges, the presenters at the these times and what the legitimiz- zen considered whether society conference divided themselves into ing values were in each period. has developed in such a way that four main subject areas: investi­ After these introductory the police are expected to offer gation, management, education descriptions the focus of the con- protection and solve problems and competence, as well as being ference went over to where we are which previously were not police required­ to share police task- heading – “the challenges” and tasks. Professor Inger Maria Sunde solving. “the solutions”. With regard to the (PHS) held a lecture on The Socie- In the lecture Obliged to aca- challenges, the presenters concen- tal Task of the Police in a Digitalised demic freedom: Research, criticism trated mainly on two problems: (i) Society and discussed challenges and quality Associate Professor Both with regard to amount and connected to crime committed Morten Holmboe (PHS) looked at type, the demand for police ser- both on the internet and with the the contents of academic freedom vices is larger than the police can help of the internet. Loveday also – both its significance for contrib- cover, and (ii) New threats present touched on this topic, and mentio- uting to a correct description of the police with new challenges ned that a significant amount of reality, and for developing new, such as cybercrime and an unde- cybercrime is not being reported to and perhaps “undesired” and pro- fined terror threat. the police, which means that the voking, proposals for solutions.

16 Not surprisingly, several of the does not distinguish itself funda- amounts of electronic data repre- conference’s lecture contributions mentally from that of other organi- sent. He also looked at the oppor- were aimed police management. sations. However, what does tunity to use big data when presen- Christin Thea Wathne, head of appear to characterize police lead- ting evidence in court about what research (The Institute for Work ership is that problems and chal- knowledge a criminal possesses, Research) discussed her research lenges are dealt with as they turn and thereby also contribute to on performance management in the up (incident management). supporting the requirement of sub- police. She presented a survey of to Education and competence as a jective guilt. The digital competen- which extent different groups in prerequisite for solving future chal- ce of the police was also a main the police believe that New Public lenges was also in focus. Otto Pet- theme in Inger Maria Sunde’s pre- Management has led to better terson (Researcher II/Ph.D. Candi- viously mentioned presentation. policing, to officers being more date, PHS) looked at the theme Are The final element in the section motivated, and whether the focus we educating a police service that is dealing with solutions was connec- on numbers as a management capable of solving its societal task? ted to the need for sharing police parameter has led to a “tampering He presented a survey about recrui- tasks. This was discussed by sever- of numbers”. Professor Paul Lars- ting and educat­ing a police service al of the contributors when talking son (PHS) talked about Police and that carries out its tasks according about the topic of education, in Politics. Can the police prioritise or to legal frameworks, is balanced in particular the possibility of future are they being “prioritized”? He its execution of authority and is in challenges involving (some) of the discussed whether the police both accordance with general manage- policing tasks being solved by had the capacity and opportunity ment objectives (hierarchical other professions than those with to organize their tasks according to management). Thomas Schou Roer education from PHS and Law. the analyses showing where the (Danish Police College) looked at Future challenges can also signal challenges are to be found, or Specialization in investigation? and the fact that the police need assis- whether that are becoming the at which qualities a good investiga- tance from other public authorities object of more opportunistic politi- tor is required to have in order to – such as the armed forces – as cal steering. Associate Professor meet the challenges of today’s Spurkland discussed in his presen- Rune Glomseth (PHS) talked about society. Police Lawyer/Ph.D. Candi- tation, or that certain policing a project What is police manage- date Jul Fredrik Kaltenborn intro- tasks are left to the security ser- ment in practice? In this project a duced Big Data – advantages and vices, as Volquartzen discussed. number of leaders are being fol- disadvantages at the investigative The conference ended with lowed in practice. There is not one stage? He discussed which tools and Tor-Geir Myhrer’s contribution single type of police management, which competence is necessary to where he summarised Heading and management of the police handle the challenge that large forwards when the current position

17 is uncertain (or wrong). Gathering dards. The system will have three on that several types of knowledge together the main points brought levels: academic authority (the must lay the grounds for practice. up at the conference, he reflected Director of Public Prosecutions Knowledge-based policing presup- about whether the main steering and the Police Directorate), acade- poses that practice also rests on documents for the future police mic administrators (Special Units knowledge from research. This is (primarily the Police Analysis or police districts) and academic supported by amongst others the (White Paper 2013:9)) had circles (representatives from White Paper 2009:12 (p.185): sufficiently accurate insight into various competence areas within Knowledge-based policing is des- where the police are currently the police service). In addition, a cribed in the Norwegian police as systematic and methodical gathe- positioned. This is a prerequisite new role of academic coordinator ring of relevant information and for being able to answer the is being defined. This will be pla- knowledge which is analysed with question “Quo vadis?” introduced ced with PHS, and the function is the purpose of taking strategic and operative decisions about crime by Frank Aarebrot. currently being drawn up. prevention and measures to combat The tasks which accompany the crime. Within knowledge-based policing there is an expectation that role of academic coordinator inclu- the police will actively relate to and PHS as national de, amongst others, coordinating, apply other types of knowledge supporting and assuring the quality than their own experience-based academic coordinator. knowledge. of the work carried out by the aca- In 2016 the Action Plan for lifting demic circles by developing and Everything developed in the new the field of Investigation (Police updating national academic guide- system is being drawn up according Directorate, 2016) was introduced. lines and other support documents. to a set method to meet the demand One important measure that was The position involves receiving and for quality and verification. The passed later that year was the coordinating input regarding academic coordinator will make establishment of an administrative improvements – including systema- sure that this method is being follo- and developmental apparatus for tic experiential learning, practical wed and will also have special criminal cases. Its goal is to main- work environment and prosecuting responsibility for knowledge sear- tain and support a knowledge- authorities – and will contribute to ches being carried out systematical- based and standardized develop- bringing about change in education ly to ensure a broad, updated and ment of the field of investigation. and training. scientific knowledge base for those This apparatus is now being The police have a long tradition guidelines that form the foundation set up, and is being constructed as as an experience-based occupation, of police operations. an overall quality system for but in the establishment of a natio- developing and implementing nal system for academic develop- national procedures and stan- ment there is also a clear expectati-

18 From knowledge to action One strategy of conveying nou200920090012000dddpdfs. Another main part of the role of information – what is to be convey- pdf academic coordinator involves ed, to whom, how and through Police Directorate. (2016). informing about research-based which channels – is decisive for Handlingsplan for løft av etter- knowledge in a way that can con- turning research into practice. The forskningsfeltet. Oslo: tribute to change, development and library at PHS has years of experi- Politidirektoratet. Accessed from improvement in the field of prac- ence, including active use of social https://www.politiet.no/glo- tice. To succeed with this, research media and its own blog on the balassets/05-om-oss/03-strategi- has to be interpreted, adapted and police intranet “The Source”. In the er-og-planer/handling- presented in a way that makes it new system for academic adminis- splan-for-loft-av-etterforsknings- understandable, relevant and appli- tration KO:DE will form a natural feltet.pdf cable for the target group. This channel for reaching those employ- process is often called knowledge ed in the police. In addition, the translation. fact that PHS have the role of aca- A main part of this term inclu- demic coordinator ensures that des awareness of the fact that new knowledge and national knowledge from a research context guidelines will be integrated into is not necessarily easily transferra- the education and training. ble to a practical context. This PHS welcomes a national sys- awareness has gradually increased tem for academic development and as knowledge-based practice has looks forward to contributing to established itself as theory and a this. The plan is to have establis- way of working within various hed the new function during the sectors. It has become apparent course of 2018. that looking for research, evaluat- ing and placing it side by side is not References sufficient. In order to have success NOU 2009: 12. (2009). Et ansvarlig knowledge translation, research politi: Åpenhet, kontroll og læring. groups and those working in the Oslo: Departe­mentenes service- field of practice need to cooperate senter. Accessed from ht t p s:// so that research can be adapted, www.regjeringen.no/contentas- implemented and applied in the sets/b23f9c491cea42f1b- actual context. 99f46aae899377e/no/pdfs/­

19 á Further development of Police Science and increase of share of externally financed research

In connection with the new society and the type of criminality. In this publication we will focus on strategic period 2017-2021 Nina Based on this, changes are also the area Be a leading environ- Skarpenes, the Principal of the required at PHS so that the college ment within police research, Norwegian Police University will be able to solve its societal task which is defined in the strategy College, made the following and provide education program- with the following goals: introduction: mes and research of high quality • Further develop Police Strategy 2017-2021 shall create a and relevance for society. Science framework, give a direction and set • Be a clear and active Four main areas stand out as the ambition level for PHS. The knowledge provider in aca- strategy involves long-term plan- important focal points in the new demia and in the police/ ning and will contribute to the strategy: judiciary and participate processes we are developing, actively in social debate. challenging and lifting each other 1. Educating a knowledgeable police service • Increase and maintain the up so that we together emerge as a share of academic staff college that provides education and 2. Educating a police service that with research competence. research of high quality and rele- are in the forefront with regard vance for the police and society.1 to developments in society and • Increase the share of exter- nally financed research. The new strategy lays the path for criminality 3. Educating a police that prevent Even though the focus of this a high level of ambition at PHS in and fight crime in a digitalized publication is to present police the years to come. The strategy is society research and development work in built around an important need for 4. Be a leading environment within 2017, it is important to be aware of change as a result of the changes in police research

1 Politihøgskolen[2016]. Strategi 2017-2021. Oslo: Politihøgskolen

21 the fact that this work actively involved in national and internati- The European Police College contributes to other main areas of onal projects and networks within (CEPOL) – Europol and Eurojust PHS activity during the period police science, both as participants This is an EU organization in which 2017-2021 (see points 1-3). and as drivers. Academic networks the Norwegian Police University When staff at the college use have been established both on an College is an official partner. their R&D resources to develop institutional and a personal level, CEPOL develops and promotes new teaching methods and/or and play an important role in the knowledge and education for Euro- programmes, they actively contri- further development of research at pean police within a variety of sub- bute to educating a knowledgeable the institution. ject and crime areas, including police service both at Bachelor and Among established networks, police management, investigative Master level as well as within furt- the following are of the greatest methods, organized crime, cyber- her education. Some of these proje- importance: crime and economic crime. CEPOL, cts also result in conference contri- Europol and Eurojust arrange a butions, lectures and articles. The European Association of series of conferences and academic Some of the research at PHS Psychology and Law (EAPL) seminars, as well as publish resear- deals directly with changes in socie- EAPL has three goals: 1) promot- ch journals and other academic tal and criminal developments – ing research on legal psychology, journals. such as research into changing 2) promoting the teaching of legal police methods, immigration, chal- psychology and 3) promoting aca- European Police Research lenges in an increasingly digitalized demic exchange in matters relating Institute Collaboration (EPIC) society or the carrying of firearms, to legal psychology. The organisa- EPIC is a consortium with partners to mention a few. Knowledge tion has members all around from different countries: Police developed through these projects Europe and also has members in Academy of the Netherlands, Scot- can again be used for educating a North America, Australia and New tish Institute for Policing Research police service that is more capable Zealand. The field of research is & University of Dundee (UK), Uni- of combatting new forms of crime applied psychology with focus on versity College Ghent (Belgium), and meeting other challenges. perpetrators and victims of crime, Cardiff University School of Social crime prevention, discovery, con- Sciences (UK), Norwegian Police viction, punishment and rehabili- University College, Uppsala Univer- Increasing national and tation. The organization publishes sity (Sweden), Police College of international Research and the journal Psychology, Crime Finland, Linnaeus University (Swe- Development &Law and arranges annual confer- den), Manchester Business School Researchers at PHS are strongly ences in Europe. (UK). The consortium contributes

22 to building bridges between policy today approximately 450 members The International Police and police practice on the one hand from over 25 countries. iIIRG Executive Symposium (IPES) and scientific knowledge and arranges an annual conference and IPES is the annual symposium for research on the other. publishes a peer-reviewed journal the research journal Police, Practice Investigative Interviewing: Research and Research, which publishes Academic Group for Work and and practi ce (II-RP). Several insti- international research on all Organisational Psychology at tutions take part through formal- police-related topics ranging from the Institute of Psychology, ized collaboration in the form of patrol activity to top management. University of Oslo iIIRG, such as Newcastle University The annual symposium reinfor- The Research Department at PHS (England), PHS (Norway), The ces the interdisciplinary and inter- is collaborating in the project Centre of Forensic Linguistics cultural development of policing as “Police as an Organisation” with (Aston University, England) and the a subject area by acting as a gathe- academic staff from Work and University of Derby (England). ring point for researchers and Organisational Psychology at the Several other institutions use iIIRG practitioners. PHS is represented Psychological Institute at the Uni- for academic development, for regularly at the annual symposium. versity of Oslo. The project has example the International Court of been ongoing since 2009 and has Human Rights in the Hague (ICC), The Faculty of Law at the focused on factors of organizatio- the United Nations’ Development University of Oslo Programme (UNDP), and the Kids nal psychology in police investiga- PHS collaborates with several units Internet Safety Alliance (KINSA, tion. This joint project has resulted at the Faculty of Law: the Institute Canada). These institutions have in several scientific articles and of Criminology and Sociology of educated field operators (interview- Master theses at the Institute. Law, the Institute of Public Law ers) through the academic expertise and the Norwegian Research Cen- provided by iIIRG. iIIRG is also International Investigative ter for Computers and Law. represented on the steering com- Interviewing Research Group The Institute for Criminology mittee of the UN’s “Anti-Torture (iIIRG) and Sociology of Law (IKRS) at the Initiative” and “The Association for iIIRG is an international network University of Oslo: The Institute is the Prevention of Torture”, led by for practitioners and academics an important partner for collabora- Juan E. Mendez (previously the UN who have interviewing and inter- tion on Police Science with staff Special Rapporteur on Torture and viewing methodology as their aca- conducting police research. Three Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrad- demic field. The network was of the professors are directly ing Treatment or Punishment). founded in 2007 by Trond Mykle- linked to PHS. Professor Emerita bust (PHS) and Gavin Oxburgh Liv Finstad is Professor II at PHS (Newcastle University) and has

23 and leads the group qualifying for The research group collabo- international crime. PHS, the Nor- professorship until January 2018. rates with local, national and inter- wegian Institute of International Professor Heidi Mork Lomell is national institutions, including Affairs and the Research Institute of connected to the externally PHS. The group comprises the Ministry of Defence (FFI) are financed project “Taking surveil- researchers with various back- involved. The consortium creates lance apart” as Professor II PHS. grounds in criminal law, criminal an arena for promoting research, Professor Helene Gundhus is con- procedure, administrative law, exchange of information and nected to the externally financed criminology, legal sociology, ethics competence building between the project “New Trends in Modern and international human rights. institutions. Policing” as Professor II PHS. Research is done on criminal law The Department of Public and and practice, the legitimacy of The Nordic Network for International Law (IOR) has several punishment, the daily sociology of Research on Psychology & Law researchers working on important punishment, punishment and glo- (NNPL) questions related to criminal law balization processes and different The network is a Nordic organizati- and criminal procedures which are forms of punishment. The research on for researchers and those inte- of significance for PHS. In 2017 the field is at the cutting edge between rested in research within psycho- Institute and PHS arranged a Nordic law and sociology. logy applied to legal problems. workshop on criminal law at PHS’ The Norwegian Research Center Large parts in the development of department in Stavern. Research for Computers and Law is another investigative methods are based on Fellow Ingvild Bruce is participating major partner collaborating with research in legal psychology. This in the PHS research group “Police in PHS through the research project ranges from causes of crime, crime a digitalized society”. SIGNAL led by the Center. The investigation, rehabilitation and “The research group for studies collaboration involves mentoring of avoidance to prevention. The of punishment, criminal law and the research fellows within the field of network encourages regular conta- execution of punishment” at the cybercrime, participating and ct and builds a bridge between Faculty of Law has members both contributing to conferences and representatives from this field of from IKRS and IOR. The group is workshops. study. Several researchers and led by Professor Johan Boucht at members of staff from PHS actively IOR and Professor Thomas Ugelvik Consortium for Research on participate in this network which at IKRS. The group also has partic- Terrorism and International has mailing lists about new resear- ipants from PHS; Professor Inger Crime ch and conferences which take Marie Sunde, Associate Professor The consortium is collaboration place annually in one of the Nordic Morten Holmboe and Research between major Norwegian research countries. The network was esta- Fellow Jeanette W. Hegna. groups whose area is terrorism and blished in 2004 by Professor

24 Pär-Anders Granhag (University of Police Science is an academic five are in Asia, Africa and Central Gothenburg, Professor II PHS). area in rapid development, and America.. research-based knowledge is chan- Nordic Police Research Network neled through this network. The NTNU in Gjøvik This network has its origin in the network is also open to students, The police have established a col- educational programmes of the and information about new aca- laboration in the field of investiga- Nordic countries, and is an active demic work done by students in the tion of cybercrime with the Centre network of police researchers. The form of Master theses may also be for Cyber and Information Security network’s goal is to stimulate distributed through the network’s (CCIS) at the University College of police research in the Nordic newsletter. Gjøvik. This collaboration involves countries by means of regular research projects with Inger Marie publications of newsletters Norwegian Sunde as contact person. For the (approx. 10 times a year), and by University of Life Sciences Police University College this col- arranging a Nordic police research PHS is responsible for one of elev- laboration has resulted in the conference every second year. Up en work packages connected to the development of an experiential to now there is no secretariat to EU H2020- financed project Masters Programme for Data Secu- organize meetings and the “Community-Based Policing and rity and Cybercrime. NTNU has network. The meetings started off Post Conflict Police Reform” responsibility for the general mod- with having around 10-12 partici- (ICT4COP). The project is coordi- ules relating to data security, while pants to today having parallel ses- nated by the Institute for Interna- PHS is responsible for modules sions, often with more than 100 tional Environmental and Develop- relating to securing digital evi- participants from the Nordic ment Studies (NORAGRIC) at the dence, and analysis. The pro- countries, mostly Norway and Faculty for Landscape and Society gramme is aimed at public employ- Sweden. They cover research from at the university. The project is ees in the Nordic countries who extremely varied academic areas based on 11 focus countries in work on cybercrime investigation. where the common denominator is Latin America, South-East Asia, Police Superintendent, Ulf Ber- police research. Besides strengt- Africa and South Asia, and focuses gum, is PHS’s contact person in hening research, the major goal on the themes of youth, gender, connection with collaboration on behind these seminars is to ensure technology and police training. the Master’s programme. that the research is channeled to PHS has the main responsibility for practitioners and leaders working the working group in police train- Police Experts Network (PEN) in this field. The seminars are in­ ing. Fifteen different institutions PEN is a large international tended to provide a meeting point are participating in the project, ten network consisting of over fifty for researchers and practitioners. of which are located in Europe and police experts gathered on a volun-

25 tary basis to give advice to resear- PHS, School of Psychology three and (possibly) six years into chers involved in the EU project (Newcastle University) & & the their careers to see how education ICT4COP. The intention is to gather Institute of Psychology (UiO) and practical experience affect practical experience and knowled- their attitudes, values and views PHS has entered an agreement ge from the police and academic about policing and society through- (MOU) on collaboration within knowledge from researchers. Mem- out the four phases. Recently police research and teaching at the two bers of PEN provide advice during training colleges in Hungary and respective institutions. The three the research process and are Georgia have also joined RECPOL. collaborating partners will contrib- responsible for distributing new ute to each other’s Master’s pro- knowledge back to their respective gramme and collaborate on the Research unit for Criminal, institutions. PEN has members from Legal and Investigative projects “The police as an Organi- large parts of the world and is Psychology (CLIP) sation” and “A Comparative Study administered by Tor Damkås at of the Police Organisation in Nor- CLIP is a research group at the PHS. way, Scotland & England” (For Psychological Institution (Univer- more information about the proj- sity of Gothenburg) focusing on New trends in modern policing ects, see page: 43 and 41). legal psychology. Research into The project leader for the network this field involves taking knowled- is Helene O. I. Gundhus (Professor Recruitment, Education and ge of psychology which is of impor- II, PHS. The project team consists Careers in the Police: A tance in the judicial system and of Professor Paul Larsson, Associ- European Longitudinal Study turning it into practice. Legal ate Professor Johanne Yttri Dahl, (RECPOL) psychology can contribute to and Research Fellows Heidi Fisch- A research group at PHS is leading making police investigation more er Bjelland and Annette Vestby. As the European Research Network effective and taking care of legal part of the network building, Pro- RECPOL which examines recruit- rights, as well as ensuring that the fessor Nicholas Fyfe, Director of ment, education and careers in the assessment of evidence by the the Scottish Institute for Policing police. With the help of a question- courts is more objective and fair. Research (SIPR), will be guest naire, police students in seven Most of us wish for a judicial lecturer at PHS for a three-month European countries (Norway, Swe- system that is modern, efficient, period. Other collaborating part- den, Denmark, Iceland, Scotland, and humane and which maintains ners are Linnaeus University, the Belgium and Catalonia) are fol- legal rights. To fulfil these require- Swedish National Council for lowed throughout three or four ments, a lot has to be in place. An Crime Prevention and the Univer- phases: at the start of their educa- important piece of the jigsaw is to sity of Oslo. tion, the end of their education, and have relevant research into legal

26 psychology at a high scientific Young Nordic External research funding is a level. Therefore it is positive that Police Research Network prerequisite to continue to be able the subject of legal psychology is The network’s aim is to gather to strengthen police research at growing rapidly worldwide. young researchers in the area of PHS. The college has therefore in police and policing for annual semi- the past number of years had speci- Centre for Research on nars with themes concerning issues al focus on drawing up applications Extremism: Right-wing extrem- of police or policing that are parti- to the Norwegian Research Council ism, hate crime and political cularly relevant for Nordic and the EU’s Framework Program- violence (C-REX) countries, and/or issues that are me for Research and Innovation, PHS is a collaborative partner with interesting for contrasting Nordic amongst others. The amount of the University of Oslo, the Center practices with other countries’ externally financed projects has for Studies of Holocaust and Reli- practices. We want to inspire Nordic increased, and to further strengt- gious Minorities, the Norwegian researchers to learn about the Nor- hen this work a research advisor Institute of International Affairs, dic similarities and differences, was employed in autumn 2017. the Peace Research Institute Oslo which in turn may lead to improve The projects are presented acco- and the Norwegian Defence the understanding of policing in the rding to the source of financing Research Establishment in C-Rex. home country of the participants. In except for Ph.D. projects described In addition to these Norwegian 2017 the annual network seminar in more detail in the chapter about partners, there are also the follow- was hosted by the Norwegian Police the Ph.D. (from p. 61). ing international partners: Handa University College (PHS). For complete references with Center for the Study of Terrorism DOI/links – see “Reported and Political Violence (CSTPV); St. Publications” (from p. 32). Andrews University (Scotland); Research projects in 2017 Institute of Security and Global Affairs and Center for Terrorism In this section we wish to highlight and Counter-terrorism, Leiden Uni- ongoing research projects which versity (The Netherlands); Institut both contribute to developing Police für interdisziplinäre Konflikt- und science as a separate discipline and Gewaltforschung (IKG), University to strengthen occupational resear- of Bielefeld (Germany). ch. The projects are presented alp- C-REX finances half a habetically after to the title of the Post-Doctorate post at PHS connec- project under each sub-heading. ted to the policing of extremism Staff from PHS are not listed with and hate crime. the name of the institution.

27 Projects financed gement and Coordination of imately 45 international police with EU/EFTA fundingr the Project”, “WP 2 experts who all have practical Community-Based Policing in experience and knowledge from Community based Policing and Post Conflict Police Reform Comparison”, “WP 11 Dissemi- this subject area. The police (ICT4COP) nation and Exploitation of experts will assist by advising on Tor Damkås, Jaishankar Ganapat- Results”. how to identify and assess “best hy, Magnus Seierstad, Ingvild • 4 thematic work packages: “WP practice” and point out potential Magnæs Gjelsvik, Pernille Erichsen 3 Technology Development”, areas for improvement in the gath- Skjevrak & Alf H. Næsje “WP 4 Police Training and Edu- ered material. In collaboration PHS is one of 10 organisations cation”, “WP 5 Youth Issues”, with Bochum University in Germa- from Norway, Germany, England, “WP 6 Gender Issues”. ny, PHS will develop an e-learning Poland and Ireland that make up • 4 geographical work packages: module in “Community-oriented the research consortium behind “WP 7 East Africa” (Kenya, policing” (COP) by June 2020. ICT4COP. The project is fully finan- Somalia and South Sudan), Jaishankar Ganapathy is a partici- ced by the EU through Horizon “WP 8 South Asia” (Afgha- pant in WP8. The group will study 2020 and stretches over a 5-year nistan and Pakistan), “WP 9 experiences of COP in Afghanistan period from 2015. Central America” (Guatemala, and Pakistan to see whether The goal of the project is to Nicaragua and El Salvador), improved communication and improve the safety of people living “WP 10 South-East Europe” interaction between the police and in post-conflict areas. How can (Bosnia Herzegovina, Kosovo the local community can contribu- sustainable and trust-based relati- and Serbia). te to better security for the inhabi- ons be developed between society Work package 4 “Police, training tants by means of improved effici- and the police? The project will and education” (WP 4) led by PHS. ency and accountability on the also examine how information- One of the goals of this work part of the police. and communication-technology package is to gather training mate- Publications 2017: can be developed and utilized to rial connected to Community Poli- Ganapathy, J. & Damkås, T. (2017). strengthen these relations. cing from the project’s 11 focus Pathways to understanding The project is organised accor- countries in the EU, the UN and community-oriented policing in ding to the following work packa- other partners, and to make the post-conflict societies. European ges (tasks): material available for all of the police and science research bul- • 3 work packages with responsi- researchers on the project through letin, Summer 2017,(16). bility for coordination and a database established by PHS. Strengthening law enforcement responses to technical aspects: “WP1 Mana- A referance group, PEN, has also been established with approx­

28 Strengthening law enforcement human trafficking and human professors. At least three fema- responses to Transnational smuggling in Norway. Paper pre- le professors in the course of Organized Crime in the context sented at Center for the Study of three years. of the migrant crisis Democracy, Sofia, Bulgaria. • In the long term: To strengthen Heidi Fischer Bjelland, Johanne Prosjekter finansiert av Norges Police Science as an academic Yttri Dahl & Paul Larsson forskningsråd discipline through permanent The project is a bilateral collabora- gender balance in academic top positions and research leaders- tion between PHS and the Center Building competence for keeping hip. Gender equality contri- for the Study of Democracy (Bul- competence/Fix the system and butes to raising quality in hig- garia). The project deals with achieve unique institutional cross-border organized crime with goals her education and research. Research-based knowledge will special focus on trafficking and Tina Luther Handegård (project in turn contribute to the unique smuggling of human beings. Its leader), Brita Bjørkelo, Liv Finstad national responsibility which goal is to improve and strengthen (UiO / professor II, PHS), Nina Jon, PHS has for providing knowled- work in combatting transnational Kathrine Berg & Knut Evensen organized crime as well as contrib- ge-based leadership in the The project is aimed at employees police. ute to an exchange of competence in senior lecturer positions, their Sub-goals: between Norway and Bulgaria. leaders and the R&D committee. The project is financed with EFTA All staff at PHS in an Associate • To conduct a research-based funding and is connected to Nor- Professor position have the oppor- mapping and analysis of what wegian Financial Mechanisms tunity to participate in the group promotes and prevents opportu- 2009-2014. Project duration: Feb- qualifying for professorship. Cur- nities for qualifying to top posi- ruary 2017– November 2017. rently there are three qualifying tions in academia and research. Publication and presentation 2017: groups set up. In addition, PHS and • Draw up local criteria for pro- the Norwegian Prison Services motion to professorship Stoynova, N., Bezlov, T., Dahl, J. Y. Education Centre have set up a • Continue the work with the & Bjelland, H. F. (2017). Cross- group for senior lecturers qualify- groups qualifying for profes- border organised crime: Bulgaria ing to become Reader (Docent). sorship, led by an external pro- and Norway in the context of the The main goals of the project fessor- Distribute and grant migrant crisis. Sofia: Center for time for Research and Develop- the Study of Democracy. are: • To increase the number of pro- ment which promotes the stra- Bjelland, H. F., Dahl, J. Y. & Larsson, fessors generally and in parti- tegic goal of the project to have P. (2017, November). Policing cular the number of female at least three female professors

29 • To increase the knowledge and different types of artificial intelli- Difference from a Rule of Law skills of leaders in connection gence in the analysis of big data, Perspective? Presentation at the with knowledge leadership with the goal of uncovering, pre- Cyber Symposium 2017: Digital The project period runs from 1 venting and investigating econo- Resilience, Litteraturhuset, Oslo. April 2015 to 1 April 2018. mic crime. Kaltenborn’s project Sunde, I. M. (2017, October). Presentations 2017: illuminates legal aspects related to Presentation of the book project Bjørkelo, B. (2017, 28 April). PHS’s such use of big data. He is on the (Digital forensics) and the chapter BALANSE-project. Ph.D. programme at the Law Cybercrime law. Book presentati- Forskningsrådet.no. Faculty of the University of Oslo, on, The Norwegian Research and is in addition following a pro- Centre for Computers and Law, Handegård, T. (2017, June). ject arranged by NTNU in Gjøvik. University of Oslo. Velkommen til forskningsleder- programmet. Presentation at Inger Marie Sunde is his mentor. Seminar 1: Research Leadership In 2017 work also started with Illegal hunting as a challenge to Programme, PHS, Kongsvinger. an article which is planned to be natural resource management published in an international jour- Handegård, T. (2017, August). and law enforcement: Contested nal at the end of 2018. The article Refleksjoner rundt FIKS- legitimacy and resistance / deals with the integration of police prosjektets betydning for PHS: Police efforts against illegal use of artificial intelligence with Har prosjektet opplevd motstand, wolf hunting legal principles, and is a collabora- kritikk eller antifeminisme? Paul Larsson, Olve Krange (NINA) Presentation at the Norwegian tion between Katrin Franke and & Ketil Skogen (NINA) Research Council’s Balanse Inger Marie Sunde. The project deals with the efforts of Seminar, Lysaker. The project is financed by The the police and the National Nature Norwegian research Council’s IKT- Supervisory Board in preventing Computational Forensics for Pluss. illegal wolf hunting. This is based Large-Scale Fraud Detection Publications and presentations on studies of cases and interviews (ArsForensica) 2017: involving local police investigators, Katrin Franke (project leader NTNU Sunde, I. M. (2017). Cybercrime the National Authority for the i Gjøvik), Jul Fredrik Kaltenborn & law. I A. Årnes (Ed.), Digital Investigation and Prosecution of forensics (p. 51-116). Hoboken: Inger Marie Sunde Economic and Environmental Wiley. Crime, and contact persons in the The project is financing a total of 7 Nature Supervisory Board responsi- Research Fellows, amongst others, Sunde, I. M. (2017, mai). Cybercrime Prevention and Cybercrime ble for predatory animals – so far 14 Jul Fredrik Kaltenborn from PHS. Investigation: What is the people. How are “hopeless cases” The project examines the use of

30 investigated? “Hopeless cases” are the International Symposium on vention and investigation have cases where there are few traces, Society and Resource been two separated police meth- tips of varying quality, interviews Management (ISSRM), Umeå, ods. Today it is expected that the that do not function, and a lack of Sweden. police are one step ahead and carcasses and other technical evi- Larsson, P. (2017, November). working both proactively and reac- dence. In such cases the public are Regulating illegal hunting of tively against a variety of criminal often of little help because they wolves. Presentation at Scandulv- offences, such as economic crime, believe that police efforts are being konferanse, Örsundsbro, work market crime, crime for prof- prioritized in the wrong way. The Sweden. it, and trafficking of human beings. police themselves are also divided This requires that the police have in their view about how serious New trends in modern policing knowledge about crime as it is these crimes are. Helene O. I. Gundhus (project leader being planned and carried out. In Publications and lectures 2017: UiO / professor II, PHS), Paul Lars- this connection intelligence, proac- Larsson, P. (2017). Regulating illegal son, Johanne Yttri Dahl, Annette tive investigation, crime analyses, wolf hunting in Norway. I A. Vestby, Synnøve Økland Jahnsen & surveillance and provocation are Kinnunen (Red.), NSfK’s 59. Heidi Fischer Bjelland of great significance. The project Research Seminar (s. 202-207). will explore dilemmas and ques- PHS has been granted funds by the Glumslöv: Örenäs Slott, Sweden. tions arising from the use of new Norwegian Research Council for police methods, the new role of the Larsson, P. (2017, May). Regulating the project “New trends in modern police in society and the blurring illegal wolf hunting in Norway. policing” as part of the “Strategic of differences between proactive Presentation at NSfK’s 59. University College Projects” pro- and reactive police method. The Research Seminar, Örenäs Slott, gramme which runs from 2015 focus of the Community Policing Glumslöv, Sweden. - 2019. The project will chart and Reform on professionalism, spe- Larsson, P. (2017, June). On the analyse various relevant cases to cialization, new working methods, hunt: Organised crime and wire- explore trends in modern policing. knowledge-driven processes and tapping. Presentation at New The aim of the project is to exam- intelligence is examined by look- Trends-meeting for Scottish po- ine the increasing intertwinement ing at ongoing projects. Based on lice educators, Edinburgh, of police methods used before a carefully selected cases, the project Scotland. criminal offence takes place, will develop knowledge about Larsson, P. (2017, June). On the so-called proactive policing, and areas of policing where there has hunt: The use of modern surveil- police measures after the criminal been little research done, both in lance techniques in policing illegal offence occurs, so-called reactive Norway and internationally. The hunting of wolves. Presentation at policing. Traditionally crime pre-

31 project will thus contribute to new and Norway in the context of the 2) Organised or economic empirical knowledge and theory migrant crisis. Sofia: Center for crime? The importance of police development, which is of impor- the Study of Democracy. organisation and competence tance for the education of a highly Bjelland, H. F., Dahl, J. Y. & Larsson, Annette Vestby qualified police service. P. (2017, november). Policing What do the supervisory bodies’ Six sub-projects: human trafficking and human institutional configurations of smuggling in Norway. organised and economic crime 1)Trends in policing Presentasjon på Center for the look like? How do these affect the cross-border crime for profit Study of Democracy, Sofia, choice of cases and procedures? Johanne Yttri Dahl Bulgaria. Data gathering in the form of inter- The goal of the project is to exami- Dahl, J. Y. (2017, juni). Policing views and observation is carried ne how the police are working to mobile property offenders in out by selected special units, police combat cross-border crime for Norway. Presentasjon på Joint districts and other public authoriti- profit, and how changes in the SIPR – Norwegian Police es. The project is a Ph.D. project relationship between crime pre- University College seminar, (see p. 70 for more information vention, intelligence and investiga- Dundee, Skottland. about the project as well as publi- tion are visible in this area. cations and presentations). Publications and presentations 2017: Bjelland, H. F. & Dahl, J. Y. (2017) Exploring criminal investigation practices: The Benefits of analys- ing police-generated investiga- tion data. European Journal of Policing Studies, 5(2), 5-23. Dahl, J.Y. (2017). Hvorfor bruke kompass når vi har GPS? – Politiets sikring av biologiske spor (DNA-bevis) og fingerav- trykk. Retfærd, 40(3/4), 28-50. Stoynova, N., Bezlov, T., Dahl, J. Y. & Bjelland, H. F. (2017). Cross- border organised crime: Bulgaria

32 3) Preventing organised crime: to conflict- and dialogue-based Scandulv-konferanse, Combatting MC crime police strategies. The project is Örsundsbro, Sverige. Synnøve Økland Jahnsen based on data about police hand- ling of motorbike gangs and the How do differing perceptions of 5) Changing policing methods: illegal hunting of wolves. gang identity affect police methods Police risk management and the Publications and presentations and strategies targeting MC crime? public 2017: Which administrative and legal Helene O. I. Gundhus Larsson, P. (2017). Reguleringen av regulations can be applied in What are the consequences for the illegal ulvejakt i Norge. I A. combatting this type of crime? role of the police in society when Kinnunen (Red.), NSfK’s 59. Which different constellations of security, transnational cooperation Research Seminar (s. 202-207). collaboration are being formed? and intelligence are becoming an Glumslöv: Örenäs Slott. The project is based on data gathe- increasingly more important part red in several countries, mostly Larsson, P. (2017, mai). of everyday policing? The purpose states in Australia, and has an Reguleringen av illegal ulvejakt i of the project is to examine new Norge. Presentasjon på NSfK’s 59. international and comparative technology and work methods Research Seminar, Örenäs Slott, perspective within the police. The project looks Glumslöv, Sverige. Publications 2017: especially at how intelligence, Jahnsen, S. Ø. & Skilbrei, M.-L. Larsson, P. (2017, juni). On the hunt: crime prevention and investigation (2017). Leaving no stone un- Organised crime and wiretapping. affect police priorities, risk hand- turned: The borders and orders Presentasjon på New Trends- ling and relations with the public. of transnational prostitution. møte for skotske politiutdannere, The project is based on data such British Journal of Criminology, Edinburgh, Skottland. as interviews, focus groups, obser- 58(2), 255-272. Larsson, P. (2017, juni). On the hunt: vations and questionnaires. Gund- The use of modern surveillance hus is collaborating with Christin 4) Police methods: From the techniques in policing illegal hunt- Wathne at the Work Research concealed to dialogue-based ing of wolves. Presentasjon på Institute (AFI), Niri Talberg at police strategies International Symposium on FAFO and Pia Jansen at the Armed Society and Resource Paul Larsson Forces’ Intelligence College. Management (ISSRM), Umeå, The project examines the police Publications and presentations Sverige. use of methods in a broad sense – 2017: Gundhus, H.O.I. (2017). Discretion from how the police use concealed Larsson, P. (2017, november). Regulating illegal hunting of as an obstacle: Police culture, methods and communication con- wolves. Presentasjon på change and governance in a trol to prevent and combat crime,

33 Norwegian context. Policing, Gundhus, H. O. I. (2017, Security in Internet Governance 11(3), 258–272. September). Rhetorics and and Networks: Analyzing the Gundhus, H. O. I. (2017, March). practice of policing borders. Law (SIGNAL) Discretion as an obstacle. Presentation at Migration Inger Marie Sunde Presentation at Ethnographic Research at IKRS and PRIO, The project is led by Professor Lee Perspectives on Policing and University of Oslo. Bygrave from the Research Center Experiences of Policing in a Gundhus, H.O.I. (2017, October). for Computers and the Law (The Context of Administrative Transnational policing and intelli- Faculty of Law, University of Oslo). Change, Workshop, Aarhus, gence: Negotiations of risks. The project has three Research Denmark. Presentation at Seminar on hu- Fellows, one of which is Luca Tosoni Gundhus, H. O. I. (2017, June. man trafficking and human who is writing about privacy rights Migration security and intelligen- smuggling in Norway and in the field of cybercrime. Tosoni is ce. Presentation at Policing Bulgaria, PHS, Oslo. also on the Ph.D. programme at the Organised and Cyber Crime: Law Faculty. The project is financed research and practitioner perspe- 6) Policing THB: A mixed-met- by the Norwegian Research Coun- ctives, Seminar at Scottish police hods study of the Norwegian cil´s IKTPluss. On 16 – 17 October college, Kincardine, Scotland. police´s combatting of traf- the first annual SIGNAL symposium Gundhus, H.O.I. (2017, August). ficking of human beings was held on the theme Legal Chal- Politimetoder i endring. Heidi Fischer Bjelland lenges in Cyber­security: Freedom To Presentation at Uni Resarch vs Freedom From. There was a great The project examines police efforts Rokkansenteret, Bergen. number of overseas participants to combat THB. Its purpose is to attending the symposium. A closed Gundhus, H. O. I. (2017, examine how the Norwegian session was held at the Law Faculty September). Formidling av politi- police deal with the global pheno- of Oslo University and an open ses- forskning. Presentation at Police menon of trafficking in human sion (full day) was held at Hotel Science – FIKS project Oslo. beings, and which challenges this Bristol (Oslo). Gundhus, H. O. I. (2017, constantly changing field of crime Presentation 2017: September). Transnational poli- are creating at local police level. Sunde, I. M. (2017, oktober). cing and intelligence: Negotiations The project is a Ph.D. project (see Why Treat Crime as Cyber­crime?: of risks. Presentasjon på Human p. 64 for more information about A Critical Look at Cybercrime trafficking and human smuggling the project´s publications and pre- Law. Presentasjon på Legal in Norway and Bulgaria, sentations). Challenges in Cyber­security: Seminar, Sofia, Bulgaria. Freedom To vs Freedom From: 1st Signal symposium, Oslo.

34 Projects financed by the Ministry Right-wing extremism and con- ing & Terje Emberland, Holo- of Justice and Public Security spiracy theories in Norway: caust Center). n addition to the projects mentio- Development features and pre- d. “Prevention of right-wing ned below, there is also the Ph.D. ventive strategies extremism and hate crime: project “Policing human traf- Tore Bjørgo (professor, C-REX / Some perspectives and experi- ficking: A mixed-methods study of professor II, PHS) (project leader), ences of the police” (Ingvild the Norwegian Police’s fight Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik, Birgitte Magnæs Gjelsvik & Tore Bjørgo, against trafficking in human Haanshus, Terje Emberland & Cora PHS & C-REX). beings” (Heidi Fischer Bjelland), Alexa Døving The project started up in winter partly financed by the Police Dire- PHS has been commissioned by 2016, but was significantly delayed ctorate and partly by the Ministry the Ministry of Justice and Public because of lengthy processes in of Justice and Public Security. Security to conduct a survey about obtaining the necessary permissi- “Right-wing extremism and con- ons. The accumulated report is Definition spiracy theories in Norway – planned to be finished in spring of the term Parallel Society development features and preven- 2018. Marit Egge & Randi Solhjell tive strategies”. The project is a The project is commissioned by the collaboration with the Center for Knowledge status in the crime Ministry of Justice and Public Holocaust studies and religious prevention field Security and its purpose is to gath- minorities (C-REX) at the Univer- Siv Rebekka Runhovde er different perceptions of what sity of Oslo. The project consists of The project looks at the research- parallel society is, and if possible four sub-projects: based status of knowledge in the come up with a definition which a. “Development and scope of field of crime prevention and can lay a foundation when the right-wing extremism in Nor- intends to provide an an over­view theme is discussed. The report will way”. (Tore Bjørgo & Ingvild of measures having a direct or be sent to the Ministry for Magnæs Gjelsvik, PHS & indirect preventive effect. Its goal comments and input at the begin- C-REX). is to illuminate the most important ning of 2018 and is intended to be b. “The extreme right´s activities challenges in crime prevention completed by March 2018. on the Internet and social work among the various sectors, to The project is financed by the media”. (Birgitte Haanshuus, point at areas where efforts are Ministry with two work-months. C-REX and PHS). lacking and where there are gaps c. “The significance of conspiracy in knowledge. The overview is theories within right-wing limited to Norwegian research extremism”. (Cora Alexa Døv- from 2000 until today.

35 The project had a 6-month er and to which extent arming: Attitudes in the Norwegian police duration and was completed in 1. Affected contact with the towards permanent arming of February 2018. public. police officers. Presentation at 2. Affected risk communi­cation. The European Society of Projects financed by the Police 3. Affected how the police solved Criminology, Cardiff, Wales. Directorate (POD)/ and the tasks tactically. Andre del av prosjektet er foran- Norwegian Police Security 4. Affected the amount of unde- kret internt i avdelingen og fi- Service (PST) sired incidents connected to nansiert av PHS. weapon handling. The second part of the project is Firearms project – part 1 The data for this part of the project internal within the department Bjørn Barland, Julie Høvik, Tor-Geir is taken from in-depth interviews and funded by PHS. Professor Tor- Myhrer, Pernille Skjevrak & Gunnar with police staff at different levels Geir Myhrer is leading this Thomassen (Task force personnel, Task sub-project. (see p. 43). Commanders and Head of Operati- In this two-part project police expe- ons) from four police districts and Threats and threatening inci- riences connected to the temporary one special unit – approx.. 30 peo- dents aimed at politicians: a arming of the Norwegian police in ple in total. In addition, documents questionnaire of Members of the period from November 2014 to have been analysed and data has Parliament and government February 2016 are examined, as been gathered and systemised representatives well as police and public attitudes from reports from the police dis- Tore Bjørgo ( C-REX / professor II, to the quest­ion of whether the Nor- tricts to the Police Directorate. PHS) & Emilie Silkoset (C-REX) wegian police generally should be Publications and poster presentati- armed when on duty Top politicians are an exposed on 2017: The first part of the project – group – both with regard to agitati- evaluation of the temporary period Barland, B., Høivik, J., Myhrer, T.-G. on and harassment, as well as of arming – was commissioned and & Thomassen, G. (2017). “Som serious threats and violence. PST financed by the Police Directorate. før, men tryggere”: Politiets vur- has the main responsibility for It started up in autumn 2016 and dering av 14 måneders midlerti- maintaining the security of per- was finished in February 2017. dig bevæpning (PHS Forskning sons of authority, and requires a Associate professor Bjørn Barland 2017: 3). Oslo: Politihøgskolen. systematic charting of the amount was project leader for this part of Barland, B., Thomassen, G., Myhrer, and type of undesired incidents the project. T.-G., Høivik, J. & that Norwegian politicians have The main research questions in Strype, J. (2017, September). Just been exposed to. PHS has for the the project have been about wheth- another TOOL in the Box: second time been commissioned by

36 PST to carry out a questionnaire to of who is behind the incidents and sor Wouter Stol (Open University) nd out about threats and threa- which consequences this has on and has participants from the Uni- tening incidents experienced by private life and political activity. ted Kingdom, Sweden and the Members of Parliament and Publications 2017: Netherland in addition to Norway. government representatives. The Bjørgo, T. & Silkoset, E. (2017). The Norwegian part of the project rst time was in 2013 (at the end of Trusler og trusselhendelser: En is headed by Morten Holmboe. The the parliamentary period), and the spørreundersøkelse blant stortings- project grants funding to a Ph.D. questionnaire is now being repea- representanter og regjeringsmed- candidate, Jeanette W. Hegna (for ted in spring 2017 (at the end of lemmer (PHS Forskning 2017: 5). more about her project see p. 64). the parliamentary period). Oslo: Politihøgskolen. The mentors are Holmboe and Professor Johan Boucht (Institute of Public Law, University of Oslo). Projects financed by Nordforsk Presentations 2017: r slerog R tr R sselhene lser Police Detectives on the TOR- Hegna, J. W. (2017, November). R ot oliti ere network (A Study on Tensions Police practices on the TOR-

En spørreundersøkelse blant stortingsrepresentanter og regjeringsmedlemmer Between Privacy and Crime network . Presentasjon på R U R Fighting) Policing Crime on the Darkweb, R U

N Morten Holmboe, Jeanette Westlund University in Leeuwarden, R Leeuwarden, Nederland. P Politih gs olen Hegna & Inger Marie Sunde Slemdalsveien5027,5PostboksMajorstuen

0301Oslo R Tlf: 23 1999 00www.phs.no Hegna, J. W. (2017, November). PHSFo rskning2017: 5 PHS is participating in a project nanced by Nordforsk about police Police practices on the TOR- PHSForskning20 17:5 investigation of the so-called TOR network: Some legal questions to be addressed. Presentasjon for network (part of the Dark Web). representanter fra forsknings- The main problem area is the tensi- prosjektet “PDTOR, University in on between privacy and other Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, This will provide a unique oppor- human rights on one hand and Nederland. tunity to carry out comparative regard to e cient investigation analyses. The main themes discus- and prevention of criminal acts on sed in the report deal with politici- the other hand. The fundamental Taking Surveillance Apart ans’ exposure to di erent forms of idea is to compare daily policing Heidi Mork Lomell (UiO / professor undesired incidents, various factors with the demands relating to II, PHS) & Guro Flinterud which have an impact on who is securing evidence and legal rights. The project will chart legal fra- exposed, the politicians’ perception The project is headed by Profes- meworks that exist and are develo-

37 ping in Norway, Finland and the a qualitative study about ethnic nerships between preparedness United Kingdom relating to police minority youth’s encounters and institutions and companies. The intelligence and investigation acti- experiences with police in the Nor- project elaborates on the operatio- vity on the Internet. It will further dic countries. The results of the nal crisis management of joint identify how the parties in the study will be published in four emergency operations, including debate about surveillance articula- international journals in 2018. In various parts of the preparedness te and justify their positions. As a addition, the results were commu- system and resources from several third point of entry the project will nicated nationally in 2017. The countries. study people’s behavior on the project ends in April 2018. This international research Internet, which perceptions they Presentations 2017: collaboration is lead from Nord have of risk, which expectations Solhjell, R. (2017, April). Etnisk University and includes the fol- they have of privacy and protection minoritetsungdom og deres erfar- lowing institutions: and their perceptions regarding ing med politiet. Presentation of • High North Center at Bodø police surveillance on the Internet. research results for Grorud dis- Graduate School of Business, 2017 was used to recruit resear- trict, Oslo. Nord University (Norway) chers, hold a start-up meeting and Solhjell, R. (2017, December). • FFI – The Norwegian Defense gather data. The project will last Oppfattelse av politiet og politiets Research Establishment for three years and started up on 1 arbeid blant minoritetsungdom i (Norway) May 2017. Financed by Nordforsk. Norden. Ungdom, rus og ekstrem- • PHS – The Norwegian Police isme, Bærum og Asker kommune. University College (Norway) Projects financed by other • UIT – The Arctic University of external collaborating partners The research Norway (Norway) collaboration MARPART • UNIS – University Center in Experiences of policing among Bjørn Barland & Tor-Geir Myhrer ethnic minority youth in the Svalbard (Norway) The key purpose of this project is Nordic countries) • University of Greenland to assess the risk of the increased (Greenland) Randi Solhjell & maritime activity in the High • UI – University of Iceland Gunnar Thomassen North and the challenges this (Iceland) The project is financed by the Sca- increase may represent for the • NArFU – Northern (Arctic) ndinavian Research Council for preparedness institutions in this Federal University (Russia) Criminology and PHS, and is a region. • MSTU – Murmansk State collaboration between Denmark, The project focus is on cross-in- Technical University (Russia) Finland, Sweden and Norway. It is stitutional and cross-country part-

38 MARPART was completed in 2017. Mapping the efficacy of human Gathering human intelligence The collaboration was funded by intelligence gathering techniques via repeated interviewing: Nord University. Pär Anders Granhag (University of Further empirical tests of the Publications and presentations Gothenburg/ professor II, PHS) & Scharff technique. Psychology, 2017: Marthe Lefsaker Sakrisvold Crime and Law, 23(7), 666-681. Hoel, L. & Barland, B. (2017). Major Today there is vast research on how changes sneak up on you, silently, to interview witnesses and sus- The Strategic Use of Evidence as if on cat’s paws: Evaluation of pects, and how to interview to (SUE) technique and how to elicit the Staff and Leadership detect deception. However, admission from (guilty) suspects Development Programme at the research on how to most effectively Pär Anders Granhag (Göteborgs Norwegian Police University elicit human intelligence universitet / professor II, PHS) College (PHS) (PHS Forskning (HUMINT) is almost non-existent. Research on interviewing suspects 2017: 4). Oslo: Politihøgskolen. The present project sets off to test has by tradition focused on false Myhrer, T.-G. (2017, august). Policing the comparative effectiveness of confessions, interview tactics that the Arctic Ocean: Possibilities and different HUMINT gathering tech- should be avoided, and factors that responsibili­ties. Presentasjon på niques, with a particular focus on may put the innocent at risk. While The 24th Nordic Academy of the so-called Scharff technique. A such research is of utmost impor- Management Conference, Trac 7: further aim is to suggest a novel set tance, it should be complemented Emergency management, Nord of measures to be used for assessing by research that deals with how to Universitet, Bodø. the efficacy of HUMINT gathering obtain true confessions and admis- Barland, B. (2017, August). Training techniques. The project is funded sions from guilty suspects. The and education of the Norwegian by the FBI unit High-Value Detainee current project draws on knowled- Police Incident Management Staff. Interrogation Group (HIG). ge on suspects’ counter-interrogati- Presentasjon på The 24th Nordic Publications 2017: on tactics and how these can be Academy of Management affected by interviewing in a stra- Conference, Trac 7: Emergency Oleszkiewicz, S., Granhag, P. A. & tegic (yet ethically sound) manner. management, Nord University, Kleinman, S. M. (2017). Eliciting A part of this project is supported Bodø. information from human sour- ces: Training handlers in the by the Erasmus Mundus Joint Barland, B. & Hoel, L. (2017, au- Scharff technique. Legal and Doctoral program The House of gust). Training and education of Criminological Psychology, 22(2), Legal Psychology. the Norwegian Police Incident 400-419. Publication 2017: Management Staff. Presentasjon på The 7th MARPART Oleszkiewicz, S., Granhag, P. A. & May, L., Granhag, P. A. & Tekin, S. Conference, Nuuk, Grønland. Kleinman, S. M. (2017). (2017). Interviewing suspects in

39 denial: On how different eviden- extremists and members from lization, and to what extent pre- ce disclosure modes affect the anti-Islam movements in Norway. vention efforts have worked in elicitation of new critical infor- In their chapter “Right-Wing Extre- these cases. mation. Frontiers in Psychology, mists and anti-Islam Activists in Publications 2017: 8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01154 Norway: Constraints against Vio- Bjørgo, T. & Gjelsvik, I. M. (2017). lence” they sketch out the various Right-Wing extremists and an- Who does not become a factors that constrain from violence ti-Islam activists in Norway: ­terrorist, and why? – from moral values to seeing vio- Constraints against violence Tore Bjørgo (C-REX / professor II, lence as being contra­productive in (C-REX Working Paper Series no. PHS) & Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik furthering their cause. Based on the 3/2017). Oslo: C-REX. (PHS & C-REX) cases from the various countries the study will analyze the factors that Tore Bjørgo and Ingvild M. Gjelsvik Projects financed by PHS and prev­ent radicalized individuals are partners in the large interna- various collaborating partners from becoming terrorists from a tional project “Who Does Not comparative perspective. There has A Comparative study of the Become a Terrorist, and Why?: Police Organisation in Norway, recently been much research on Towards an Empirically Grounded Scotland & England why and how individuals become Understanding of Individual Moti- radicalized, but we know far less Trond Myklebust (project leader), vation in Terrorism”. The project about why and how radicalized Cato Bjørkli (PSI), Nicholas Fyfe consortium consists of leading individuals stop their process of (SIPR) & Gavin Oxburgh international scholars who have engagement before they get invol- (Newcastle University) interviewed 10 participants from ved in violent activities. Developing Based on police reforms carried different ideological movements better knowledge about these out in Scotland, England and Nor- from various parts of the world. The processes of early disengagement way, PHS has entered a joint proje- project is partially funded by the US may provide important keys for ct between the Research Depart- Department of Defense through more effective policies to prevent ment (PHS), Institute of Pschology The Minerva Research Initiative. radicalization into terrorism and (University of Oslo), The Scottish The plan is to publish the project as violent extremism. Institute for Policing Research an anthology in the end; the contri- Ultimately, this project hopes to (SIPR) & Newcastle University to bution to the project so far has been contribute to theory building in the compare work carried out and published as a working paper (see fields of radicalization, deradicali- reflections of the police in conne- below). zation and counter-radicalization ction with these reforms. The pro- Bjørgo and Gjelsvik inter­viewed by looking into the neglected ject is financed by PHS, SIPR and 10 former or present right-wing phenomenon of interrupted radica- Newcastle University.

40 Ethics, social media and teacher PHS is participating in the project med å redusere utelivsvolden i training “Spatial distributions of crime in Oslo sentrum. Aftenposten. Brita Bjørkelo, Ingrid Helleve (UiB) Oslo – local effects of interventi- & Aslaug Grov Almås ons”, where the objective is to exa- How to discriminate between (Høgskulen på Vestlandet) mine the correlation between true and false alibis police activity and crime trends In the project longitudinal data has Pär Anders Granhag (University of from a geographical perspective. been gathered from teacher trai- Gothenburg/ professor II, PHS) & Using the new analytical techniqu- ning students from all over Nor- Marthe Lefsaker Sakrisvold es of spatial data and information way at three specific points of time Alibi is an understudied topic with- from police records, it is possible to about the ethical aspects regarding in legal psychology. In this project glean important information about the use of social media. The questi- we focus on alibi discrimination the effects of police measures – ons deal with, amongst others, – our ability to separate between including the new operations to private Facebook usage compared truthful and fabricated alibis. Fur- prevent the excess sale of alcohol to developing professional usage thermore, the meagre research that and curb violence. Has the – and what can be included – seen exists has focused on alibis provid- SALUTT project in Oslo reduced from an ethical and relational ed by single suspects, while ignor- violence or simply moved it elsew- standpoint. The further focus will ing the situation arising when here? One aim of the project is to be conference contributions, ana- examining two or more suspects. contribute to increased knowledge lyses and writing articles. The project revolves around identi- about the correlation between The project group published an fying the differences in the count- crime and police actions and there- e-book in 2017: er-interrogation strategies adopted by to improve the working met- Helleve, I., Almås, A. G. & Bjørkelo, by small groups of liars and hods of the police. The project was B. (2017). Den digitale lærergene- truth-tellers. The project draws on rasjonen: Utfordringer og mulig- previously financed by the Norwe- the existing alibi research, research heter. Oslo: Gyldendal gian research Council, but is now on deception detection, the theory Akademisk. funded internally. of self-regulation and fundamental Publications 2017: principles of human memory. The Geographical analysis of crime Pedersen, W., Skardhamar, T. & project is funded by the University in Oslo and the effects of targe- Fekjær, S. B. (2017, 9. March). of Gothenburg and the Norwegian Utelivsvolden fortsetter. ted police Police University College (PHS). Aftenposten. Torbjørn Skardhamar (UiO/PHS), Publication 2017: Silje Bringsrud Fekjær (HiOA) & Skardhamar, T. & Pedersen, W. Sakrisvold, M. L., Granhag, P. A. & Willy Pedersen (UiO) (2017, 10. March. Har ikke lykkes Mac Giolla, E. (2017). Partners

41 under pressure: Examining the In collaboration with the academic different parts of the organisation. consistency of true and false alibi group for Work- and Organisatio- Some of this work involves sharing statements. Behavioral sciences & nal Psychology (University of Oslo) and analyzing previous tasks deli- the law, 35(1), 75-90. the Research Department of PHS vered during our Further Educati- has initiated the project “The on courses. Academic Assistant, Personality, stress effect, infor- police as an organisation” (2018– Benedikte Årseth (BI/PHS), who is mation gathering and situatio- 2020). The project will illuminate a Master student in Management nal awareness in police operati- which organisational and psycho- and Organisational Psychology at ve simulator training logical factors inhibit and promote BI, is working on an hourly basis Asle M. Sandvik, Espen S. Gjevestad, change in the police, mainly wit- for Brita Bjørkelo and Cathrine Einar Aabrekk, Peter Øhman & hin the context of the Community Filstad, gathering consent and Per-Ludvik Kjendlie Policing reform. The main goal of scanning all previous leadership the project is to provide new assignments which were kept after The project is a joint project with knowledge about change within they were removed from the libra- the Department of Psychosocial the police organization and create ry’s collection in spring 2015. Science at the University of i Ber- a knowledge base for the Norwegi- gen and the Clinic for Physical an police as an organization. Sheep in wolf’s clothes? The Medicine and Rehabilitation at The project is financed by: the taming of the Soldiers of Odin Vestfold Hospital, where the obje- Police Directorate, the University in Norway ctive is to increase knowledge of Oslo and PHS. In 2017–2018 five about personality and its significa- Tore Bjørgo (C-REX) & Master’s students wrote their the- nce with regard to how stress is Ingvild Magnæs Gjelsvik (PHS) ses on this project. experienced, ability to gather In many parts of the world vigilan- information and formation of te groups patrol the streets. These Police leadership before and situational awareness during ope- groups often claim that the police now: A question of leadership, rative situations in the police. We is either unable or unwilling to do attitudes and culture? also wish to look at how physical what is needed to prov­ide security condition can affect stress maste- Brita Bjørkelo & Cathrine Filstad for native citizens against alleged ry, perception and situational (BI / professor II, PHS) threats posed by criminal awareness. The background to this project migrants, legitimising their activi- (headed by Bjørkelo) is that after ties by saying they will help the The police as an organisation 22.7.2011 PHS started work with police in keeping the streets safe. the objective of increasing One variety of this phenomenon, Trond Myklebust (project leader) & knowledge sharing between the the group “Soldiers of Odin”, is the Cato Bjørkli (PSI)

42 fastest growing movement of this (see p. 36). The second part of the Analysis of the data from the kind. The book chapter “Sheep in project is based internally within questionnaires started in late wolf’s clothes? The taming of the the department and financed by autumn 2017, and the main fin- Soldiers of Odin in Norway” PHS. Professor Tor-Geir Myhrer dings will be presented in a report describes and discusses the rise heads the project. in the “PHS Research” series in and fall of the Norwegian Soldiers The project consists of two 2018. of Odin. The chapter is a part of questionnaires, one of which is the book Vigilantism against aimed at police personnel and is Conformity through deviance Migrants and Minorities edited by conducted through a technical Bjørn Barland Tore Bjørgo (C-REX) and Miroslav collaboration with the Norwegian In the project, modern body culture Mareš (Masaryk University, Brno) Police Union. The reason for this is and doping are discussed against that will be published by Routledge that this questionnaire is to a con- the background of Robert Merton’s in spring 2019. siderable extent a recycling of the theories, and it examines to which questions drawn up by Professor extent Merton’s theories about devi- Liv Finstad for the questionnaire ation can explain the use of muscle Projects financed by PHS which the Police Union conducted building medicaments in modern- Firearms project – part 2 among its members in 2011. PHS day body culture. The main questi- wished to carry out its questionnai- Bjørn Barland, Julie Høvik, Tor-Geir on is whether the use of different re in 2017 through the same chan- Myhrer, Pernille Skjevrak & Gunnar medicaments can be understood as nel and among the same group of Thomassen an attempt to live up to society’s respondents. The questionnaire demands for a perfect body. In this two-part project police expe- was conducted in autumn 2017 riences connected to the temporary and reveals police officers’ attitu- Digital Hour (DDT) arming of the Norwegian police in des and views regarding the Inger Marie Sunde the period from November 2014 to question of general armament Digital Hour (DDT) is a research- February 2016 are examined, as today, and in addition provides a based event to contribute to police well as police and public attitudes basis for looking at how it has development in a digitalized soci- to the question of whether the Nor- developed in the period 2011– ety. It is held 3-4 times per semes- wegian police generally should be 2017. The second questionnaire is ter as a seminar for the college armed when on duty aimed at the public and is conduc- staff, students and police staff. The The first part of the project – ted by Opinion with a representati- aim is to highlight the develop- evaluation of the temporary period ve selection of 1000 persons. This ment taking place within digital of arming – was commissioned and part was also carried out in communication technology, social financed by the Police Directorate autumn 2017.

43 media, etc. and create awareness logy, which is interpreted in a con- • How is the practical knowledge of opportunities and challenges in crete, police context. The project of the head of an investigation all areas of policing. also presents completely new developed and how is it The projects in this part are knowledge based on the reading of applied? financed by PHS through granting unpublished, hand-written manus- • What significance do the study R&D time, allotted research time cripts stored in the Husserl archives programmes offered by PHS and through appointment to Pro- in Leuven. New insights into Hus- have on the heads of investiga- fessor II positions. serl’s theory of ethics are also pre- tion and their professional sented, which have been little development? Acknowledgement and recog­ known in Norway up to now despite During field studies, we followed nition – about validity and legiti- Husserl being recognized as one of seven heads of investigation in a macy in social phenomenologi- the most influential thinkers of the “new” police district through a cal research present day. hermeneutic approach. The data Egil Hove Olsvik has been gathered through inter- Investigation management In his Dr.Phil. project Olsvik ­wishes views, observations, timesheets Terje Aaserud & Jon-André Nilsen to contribute to considerable and joint seminars to test peer The project focuses on police inves- strengthening of the theoretical learning. tigation management (e-manage- basis for Investigation Studies and The project started in autumn ment) in criminal cases in the light Interview Theory, as requested by 2015 and the field studies were of cooperation prosecution mana- the Director of Public Prosecutions. carried out in 2016. The material gement. The project aims to exami- The project will facilitate nuances was analysed and processed in ne management practice, focusing and specialisation within Investiga- 2017 and will be published in on quality and development, but tion Studies. The aim is to develop a 2018. phenomenologically based met- will also look at what heads of investigation do, their framework hodology for Interview Theory, Evaluation of the Staff and conditions, and what being the which in turn is indicative of the Leadership Development interviewer’s methods and head of a police investigation actu- Programme ally involves. behaviour. The thesis concludes by Linda Hoel, Bjørn Barland & Key questions in the study are: formulating a set of norms for a Monica Lillevik new term for value-based interview • What is the head of an investi- After the terror attack on Norway practice, called VAP. The project is gation? in 2011 incident management based on Edmund Husserl’s (1859– • What does the head of an inves- work was placed on the agenda 1938) transcendental phenomeno- tigation do? and it was decided that all the

44 police districts should take part in Field Training officers’ attitudes The project is in its closing phase. the PHS programme. The Depart- on tutoring police students An academic article based on data ment for Further Education and Linda Hoel material is being published. A book Post-Graduate Studies at PHS was The study investigates the Field chapter in an academic anthology commissioned to chart, evaluate Training Officers’ (FTO) perspec- Barn og unge i midten was publis- and recommend a new concept for tives, values and attitudes regard- hed by Gyldendal Akademiske in incident management training. ing what is important to teach February 2018. The new Staff and Leadership police students attending the Development Programme was in-field training in the second year Eyewitness Identification developed and set up 2014-2015. (B2) of the higher police education Trond Myklebust (prosjektleder) & This project is an evaluation of the in Norway. A FTO is usually an Ole Thomas Bjerknes new programme, published in the experienced officer who has devel- Bachelor students at PHS have “PHS Research” series both in Nor- oped explicit and implicit knowl- throughout the years been told wegian and English. In 2018 we edge and skills on how to be a about the importance and advanta- wish to examine to what extent the police officer over years. The study ges of eyewitness identification as concept of experiential learning is shows how the FTO facilitates and a police method. In practice they meaningful for those participating supports the police students’ learn- have had this method demonstra- on the programme. ing process in becoming a police ted to them during their practical Publications 2017: officer. On the basis of the findings, year working in the organisation if Hoel, L. & Barland, B. (2017). Store discussion on how the purpose of it has been a method used in one of endringer kommer på kattepoter: in-field training supports the over- the cases they have been working Evaluering av Stabs- og lederutvi- all purpose of higher police educa- on. The result is that there is varied klingsprogrammet ved tion – which is to develop the stu- experience when the students Politihøgskolen (PHS Forskning dents’ knowledge of and undertake return to the college for their final 2017: 2). Oslo: Politihøgskolen. critical thinking about policing – is year. Hoel, L. & Barland, B. (2017). Major presented in an article on the study. As the photograph base and the changes sneak up on you, silently, The article is under review at system for setting up and imple- as if on cat’s paws: Evaluation of European Journal of Police Studies. menting eyewitness identification the Staff and Leadership is national and assigned to the Development Programme at the Preventive measures aimed at separate police district in real vulnerable youths Norwegian Police University cases, as an educational institution College (PHS) (PHS Forskning Tina Handegård & we have missed a resource for trai- 2017: 4). Oslo: Politihøgskolen. Charlotte Ryen Berg ning and developing skills. In other

45 countries some universities have The negotiations were conducted on their actual or assumed ethni- built up their own photograph base at all levels and highlight the city, religion, sexual orientation or – with great success. These resour- dilemmas and tensions that arise mental or physical disability. The ces can be used for teaching and when the same organization crea- studies are based on 15 in-depth research with focus on witness tes policy and also promotes practi- interviews with LHBTQs who psychology. Through the collabo- cal services. believe that they have been expo- ration agreement (MOU)with the The discussion of the sed to different criminal acts Institute of Psychology (University negotiations is divided into two where hate has been the motive. of Oslo) the Research Department parts: in the first part the focus is In-depth interviews reveal to has on an annual basis Master stu- aimed at the shelters and the what extent the informants percei- dents involved in a project for welfare authorities. In the second ve the incident they have been Work- and Organisational Psycho- part the focus is placed on exposed to as hate crime. The pro- logy (PSY4430-20 study points). negotiations between the shelters, ject also examines to which extent Based on updated knowledge in the police and political authorities the informants have chosen wheth- the field, four of this year’s AOP with the intention of getting public er or not to report the incident to students planned and implemen- prosecution. The project also the police, and what explanation ted a picture base with portrait examines the significance these they give for their choice of action. pictures of volunteers among first- types of negotiations have had on A central part of the studies relates year students from PHS who wis- how we understand victims and to what kind of consequences their hed to participate and contribute handle domestic violence today. experience has on their feeling of to the project. security, gender expression, use of “Gender policing” og “crime the public area, as well as their From hidden violence to policy ­policing”: a queer-theoretical trust in the police. in practice – a focus on the analysis of LHBTQ persons’ By using an approach based growth of shelters in the 1970s experience of hate crime. on the queer theories of Michel - 1980s and its significance for Henning Kaiser Klatran Foucault, Judith Butler and Ste- current understanding of do- These studies look into what kind ven Seidman, the project mestic violence. of experience lesbians, homosexu- attempts to show how hate crime Solgunn Eidheim als, bisexuals, transsexuals or towards this group cannot be The study looks at negotiations queers (LHBTQ) have in connecti- purely understood as a breach of which took place between women’s on with hate crime. Hate crime is the law. On the contrary, it can shelters and the authorities during defined as criminal acts carried be argued that hate crime against the course of the 1970s and ‘80s. out against certain persons based this group is an expression of

46 “gender policing”, in other words model of using the barnehus (chil- Charting values in different enforcement of heteronormative dren’s centre) in cases where types of policing expectations with regard to gen- abuse/violence of children is supe- Jens Erik Paulsen cted (and of adults with inhibited der, and how these sanctions act The project charts values of mental development). As part of as a way of disciplining body and importance in different types of NOVA’s research programme into gender expression. It is a policing. The study is primarily violence financed by the Ministry paradox that the police who are based on nine interviews with of Justice and Public Security, con- bearers of heteronormative experienced police officers whose tributors from the Nordic countries values have the task of “crime main area of work is uniformed have written an anthology. This policing, crime prevention and policing”, in other words sanctio- gathers research from all the Nor- investigation (three from each ning “gender policing” in those dic countries about the “barnahus” area). The purpose of the project is cases where possible violation of model, and illustrates how chil- to use this insight for improving the Criminal Code has occurred. dren who have been exposed to police education at all levels – both It is the task of the police to violence and abuse can be met in a at Bachelor level and in further better way. At the same time it also combat crime and provide education studies. security within society. At the discusses questions about the Publications 2017: same time there may be an exag- potentially problematic sides of the Paulsen, J. E. (2017). Legitimitet, gerated belief in the police’s abi- model. Myklebust’s work with this project is financed by PHS. etikk og prosessrettferdighet. I J. lity to combat hate crime against Phelps, N. M. Larsen & M. Singh Publications 2017: this group, and this may overs- (Red.), Kommunikasjon og kon- hadow the true cause of this kind Myklebust, T. (2017). The Nordic flikthåndtering i operativt politi- of hate crime which lies in socie- Model of handling children’s arbeid: Sosialpsykologiske per- ty’s heteronormative structure. testimonies. I S. Johansson, K. spektiver (s. 260-281). Oslo: Stefansen, E. Bakketeig & A. Universitetsforlaget. Kaldal (Ed.), Collaborating Implementing the Nordic Paulsen, J. E. & Frogner, P. (2017). against child abuse: Exploring the Barnahus Model: Characteristics Et normalvitenskapelig politi- Nordic Barnahus model (s. 97- and Local Adaptions blikk. Norsk sosiologisk tidsskrift, 119). Basingstoke: Palgrave 1(4), 301-316. Trond Myklebust Macmillan. The Research Department, with Trond Myklebust, is participating in a Nordic netork of researchers who are examining the Nordic

47 Charting and registering investi- sector – a framework which in turn gative interviews of children will contribute to economic Trond Myklebust growth. The nancial package has potentially great consequences for This annual survey of police work in combatting economic practice connected to investigative crime. The project “Control av interviews of children has been capital” examines what consequen- carried out since the scheme star- ces the nancial package has for ted in 1994. The data provides a the control of economic crime in quantitative overview of the inves- society. tigative interviews of children carried out, and is used in a num- Lectures 2017: ber of analyses, reports and acade- Flaatten, S. (2017, november). Om mic articles. In the past number of prosjektet Kontroll av kapital . years data has been gathered from Foredrag på Institutt for krimi- Barnahus (Children’s House), the nologi og rettssosiologi, Police Directorate and the Resear- Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo. ch Department at PHS. In order to Flaatten, S. (2017, november). Om coordinate the collection and prosjektet Kontroll av kapital . registration of data, a work group Foredrag på Institutt for o entlig was set up in 2017 under the Police rett, Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo. Directorate to develop a single Flaatten, S. (2017, desember). Om system of statistics that can cover prosjektet Kontroll av kapital . all activities of the Barnahus. Foredrag for Forskergruppa poli- The charting of Norwegian ti, rett og samfunn, investigative interviews by PHS Politihøgskolen, Oslo. will continue. often referred to as “EU’s nancial package”. EU’s nancial package is Criminology in a nutshell a hybrid regulatory and control Control of capital system in which criminal law mea- Paul Larsson Sverre Flaatten sures also apply. Through controls “Criminology in a nutshell ” is a The economic crisis in Europe has and publicity, the EU is attempting book project which will be publis- resulted in new EU regulatory and to establish a secure and predicta- hed by Gyldendal in 2019. The control measures – in Norway ble framework for the nancial book will provide basic knowledge

48 about perspectives and theories in programme and their own lear- officers. Egge and Ganapathy are criminology and will contribute to ning outcome? responsible for part 1, Leirvik for bringing the subject into the 21st • It is seen that teachers’ accumu- part 2, and Bjørkelo and Bye for century. lated technological, pedagogi- part 3. The project is a collaboration cal and academic knowledge between the University of Bergen Learning Outcome on the has an effect on learning outco- and several departments at PHS – Leadership Trainee Programme me, and both structural adjust- the Research Department, the studiet ments and technological-peda- Department of Bachelor Studies, Ragnhild Holm gogical knowledge appear to and the Department of Further contribute to raising the lear- Education and Post-Graduate The project is based on empirical ning outcome. Studies. data from one of the Leadership In part 1 the data has been gath- programmes at the Department for Publications 2017: Holm, R. (2017). ered and is now being analysed – Further Education and Post-Gra- Hvordan opplever studentene læringsutbyttet på the PHS report will be completed in duate Studies at PHS. It examines Lederkandidatstudiet ved spring 2018. In part 2 most of the how students experience the lear- Politihøgskolen? Norsk data collection is completed. Writ- ning outcome on the Leadership Pedagogisk Tidsskrift, 110(2), ing and analysis will be carried out Trainee Programme. The case 131–143. in 2017 – 2018. In part 3 the data study looks at students’ subjective has been gathered and digitalised learning outcome at seminars and so that analysis and writing will on e-learning programmes. The Diversity in education and the also take place in 2017 – 2018. results are presented in an article police service where the following research Marit Egge, Jai Ganapathy, Methodical, value-based questions are discussed: Mariann Stærkebye Leirvik, evaluation of policing • How do students on the Lea- Brita Bjørkelo & førsteamanuensis Jens Erik Paulsen dership Trainee Programme Hege Høivik Bye (UiB) The objective of this study is to experience the relationship The project consists of three draw up an appropriate methodo- between the organizing of the sub-projects. Part 1 focuses on logy for value-based policing. The studies and their own learning study environment and diversity, method has been tried out and outcome? part 2 looks at ethnic diversity developed in the Occupational • How do students on the pro- among uniformed police officers, Ethics study programme at PHS in gramme experience the relati- and part 3 examines diversity, work Oslo. Paulsen has previously parti- onship between study met- environment and career develop- cipated in the project at two works- hods/forms of teaching on the ment among qualified police hops in international networks (in

49 2015 and 2016). The first conferen- the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of After start-up in 2011 data was ce contribution and publication is Arts and the Faculty of Theology gathered through a total of five planned in summer 2018. (University of Oslo), the National questionnaires. There were also Library and the Governmental two more limited collections of data NTNU in Gjøvik Archives, and is connected to a linked to the survey’s key questions, Inger Marie Sunde Nordic research network. The rese- the last one being in December The police have established a colla- archers represent many different 2014. This has made it possible to boration within investigation of academic disciplines, such as His- build up a database about the rela- cybercrime with the Center for tory, Law, Theology, the History of tionship between the police and the Cyber and Information Security Ideas, Politics and Literature. The public over time, which is especially (CCIS) at NTNU in Gjøvik. This group’s objective is to contribute to interesting because it coincides collaboration involves separate new knowledge about the histori- with great changes within the research projects, with Professor cal conditions leading to various police organization. The survey is Sunde as contact person. types of public openness in the designed in such a way as to make it The collaboration also involves Nordic countries after 1815. possible to compare citizen surveys an experiental Master’s program for Publications 2017: carried out by the police with sur- data security and cybercrime. The Heivoll, G. & Flaatten, S. (2017). veys about attitudes to the police in target group for the programme are Rettslige overgangsformer: Politi- the European Social Survey 2010. public sector employees in the Nor- og kriminalrett i nordisk rettsut- One of the themes dealt with is dic countries that work with the vikling. Oslo: Dreyers forlag, the public’s attitude towards com- investigation of cybercrime. Akademisk Publisering. batting terror. This has been mea- sured at three different point of Public openness and freedom of The police and the public time (2012, 2014 and 2017). Data from the part of the project involv- speech in the Nordic countries Marit Egge, Jon Strype & ing the public “Carrying firearms or Sverre Flaatten & Geir Heivoll Gunnar Thomassen not: a research-based foundation In 2017 Heivoll and Flaatten The project started up with a split for decision-making about the arm- published the book Legal transiti- purpose. Firstly, it aimed to exami- ing of the Norwegian police” is used ons. The editioned version is the ne how people’s attitudes towards in the 2017 survey. The data has end product of work started up in the police have been affected by been analysed and will be pub- 2016 and is part of the project police efforts in connection with lished in 2018. “Public openness and freedom of the acts of terrorism in 2011 and, Publications 2017: speech in the Nordic countries ” - in addition, to examine the concept Thomassen, G. (2017). Når politiet which is a collaboration between of trust in greater depth. møter publikum: En analyse av

50 kontakterfaring og tillit til politi- of research, education and devel- previously used by Moralfoundati- et. Nordisk politiforskning, 4(1), opmental work. The research looks ons.org under the leadership of 29-44. at themes ranging from expecta- Professor Jonathan Haidt (New tions of reasonable police efficien- York University). The police cy with regard to preventive and The questionnaire has been as an organisation of learning investigative methods, to ensuring translated to Norwegian and is that these methods do not infringe being tried out. The first pilot Linda Hoel & Bjørn Barland fundamental rights and adhere to study has been carried out. Cur- The study is based on data from an legal requirements. The interdisci- rently the instrument and the evaluation of the Staff and Mana- plinary research group “Police in a design of the study are being gement Development Programme digital world ” has been estab- revised. This study is being carried (Hoel & Barland, 2017). This proje- lished to stimulate research in this out (with regard to Paulsen) as an ct examines how leaders at diffe- area. The research group has mem- extension of the project “Charting rent levels (Chief of Police, Chief of bers from PHS, the Law Faculty the moral challenges of police stu- Staff, and Head of Operations) and the Faculty of Social Sciences dents during the practical year”. comprehend the concept of experi- at the University of Oslo, as well as Publications 2017: ential learning, and the findings from NTNU. are discussed in the light of Paulsen, J. E. & Enoksen, L. M. In 2017 a research group start- Dewey’s theory of experiential (2017). Hvilke moralske utfor- ed up work on an anthology look- learning. Furthermore, conditions dringer opplever norske politis- ing at the police’s social tasks in in the police organization for expe- tudenter i praksisåret? Etikk i the light of digitalisation. Publica- riential learning will be discussed. praksis(2), 95-110. tion is expected at the end of 2018. Article with the preliminary Paulsen, J. E. (2017). Moralpolitiet. title “A lesson to learn? A study of Police students’ moral Norsk filosofisk tidsskrift, (3),52 how various police leaders under- perception 130-141. stand the concept of ‘learning from Jens Erik Paulsen & Jon Strype experiences” is being developed. Professional development The purpose of this project is to through socialisation and expe- examine how (and possibly in rience (longitudinal study) The role and tasks which way) police students’ moral of the police in a digital world perception changes during the Linda Hoel & Erik Christensen Inger Marie Sunde course of their “practical year” (Nord university) The role and tasks of the police in a (B2). For this purpose permission The project discusses “How do digital world – “digital policing” was sought and granted to make police students experience in-field – is a focus area for PHS, in terms use of a questionnaire which was training? Study with a special

51 focus on students’ experience of By means of questionnaires, this Agency for Law Enforcement the role of their police tutor”. study follows police students Training. Currently an article is being through three phases: when they written with the preliminary title start police education, when they Shutting down the open drugs “It became so easy: Police students’ finish their education, and three scene in Bergen: Police action experiences of development under years into their career. This makes Evy Frantzen the wing and protection of the it possible to understand how The study is based on fieldwork tutor”. police students’ attitudes, values with police patrols in Bergen con- and views of the police profession nected to closing down Reforms in the police are formed through education and Nygårdsparken and the subsequent Paul Larsson & professional encounters. The study relocation of the drugs scene. The Vanja Lundgren Sørli is being carried out in several main focus has been to study the European countries with different This project is an anthology about working methods, the ethical per- police education systems, and in police reforms. The book will con- spectives in the police officers’ many professional education pro- tain contributions covering communication and their treat- grammes in Norway. The study reforms in Norway, Scotland, Eng- ment of particularly worn-down will provide unique opportunities land, Denmark and Sweden. The drug addicts, and also more gene- for comparative analyses, and book discusses different aspects of rally of street people. reforms from an historical perspe- several articles have already been ctive, reforms in other public bodi- published. An anthology edited by Story telling in the Police Tore Bjørgo with contributors from es, and the more organizational Bjørn Barland a number of European countries aspects of the ongoing police The project is an ethnographical will be published in 2018. reform in Norway. analysis of how story telling consti- Publications 2017: The book will be published in tutes how the police perceive car- Bjørgo, T. (2017). Recruitment, 2018 by Cappelen Damm. rying firearms. The project exami- education and careers in the nes to which extent “story telling” police: A European longitudinal Recruitment, education and ca- is important in the police for crea- study. I D. Nogala, J. Fehérváry, reer in the police: A European ting consensus around difficult comparative and longitudinal H.-G. Jaschke & M. Boer (Eds.), political cases. The project aims at study (RECPOL) European police science and re- analyzing which stories form a search bulletin: Police science and Tore Bjørgo, Gunnar Thomassen, basis for the police having chan- practice in Europe (p. 271-275). Marie Louiza Damen & Luxembourg: European Union ging their wish for being perma- Pål Winnæss nently armed since 2011.

52 Strategies for crime prevention: Student barometer PHS – a protocol on interviews, with focus a comprehensive model research-based discussion of on human rights. Through the Tore Bjørgo student satisfaction and per­ iIIRG network, the Research ceived learning outcome Department at PHS has contribu- The project is based on a general ted by providing academic input model with nine preventive Jon Strype & Bjørn Ervik and an international overview of mechanisms: building moral barri- (OsloMet, tidligere HiOA) ongoing research as well as infor- ers, reducing recruitment, deter- In this project student data has mation about interviews and the ring, preventing, incapacitating, been accessed for 2014, 2015 og training of interviewers. Through and protecting vulnerable targets, 2016, and is now being prepared for iIIRG’s role in the project steering reducing profits, reducing damage analysis. An application is being group, there has been a wish that and rehabilitation. Books which sent to the National Research Data PHS will continue to provide aca- were previously published are Institute (NSD) requesting access to demic contributions. based on a study that applies the the national data for 2016. Lecture 2017: model to different types of crime Publications 2017: – like terrorism, burglary, drunken Strype, J. & Ervik, B. (2017). Hva er Myklebust, T. (2017, oktober). driving, juvenile gangs and organi- viktigst for overordnet studenttil- Information-led interviewing befo- sed crime. Even if the preventive fredshet? Analyser av HiOA- re and after the 2011 terror­ist mechanisms are the same, there studentenes svar i attacks in Norway. Presentasjon are completely different instru- Studiebarometeret 2016 (HiOA- på The Immorality and ineffecti- veness of Physical & Psychological ments that can be used to activate, rapport 2017 nr. 7). Oslo: Torture Conference, Newcastle for example, deterrence of these Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus University, Newcastle upon Tyne, different types of crime. The proje- (OsloMet). England. ct was finished in 2017. Publications in 2017: Universal Standards for Non- Development of cases and Bjørgo, T. (2017). Preventing organ- Coercive Interviewing and practical exercises for learning ised crime originating from out- Procedural Safeguards law motorcycle clubs. Trends in Trond Myklebust Terje Aaserud & Jon-André Nilsen Organized Crime, 1-39. In 2016 The United Nations’ pre- The material from project 1 vious special reporter on torture, (“Investigation management”) Juan E. Mendez presented his offers several perspectives regar- report to the UN General Assem- ding both investigation manage- bly. This led to the beginning of a ment as a role and function , and process to develop a universal how heads of investigation can

53 learn in order to develop their own case in investigation management management. Our research find- competence and practice. that will stretch over several con- ings from project 1 will be used fto How do heads of investigation secutive days. The exercise will be develop the “FRL-Investigation learn? This project looks more explained and described from a Management” programme (15 closely at how the use of cases and didactical and pedagogical per- credits). This programme also practical training exercises can spective so that the final academic forms a separate subject within the stimulate and develop the learning product can also function as a experiential Master’s programme process in the teaching of the more general framework for differ- in Investigation at PHS. Investigation Management pro- ent types of training cases within gramme. The goal is to develop a investigation and investigation Increase and retain the proportion of academic staff with research competence

Research is conducted today in all secures the link between Master various educational departments departments of PHS. Senior Lectu- degrees and research. within PHS. All staff in teaching rers on the undergraduate and PHS also has its own strategic goal positions are entitled to R&D post-graduate programmes have to improve the framework conditi- every third year and are obliged 25 % of their time allotted to rese- ons for academic staff. Facilitation to conduct R&D every 5th year. arch, but may apply to the R&D through the FIKS project (see p. Since 2012 staff in Senior Lectur- committee to increase this percen- 29) and the qualifying groups (see er posts have been entitled to tage. University college lecturers p. 60) are a part of this. A separate 25% R&D. without research time may apply Research Management Program- The R&D committee at PHS to the committee for time to under- me was carried out in 2017 where allocates resources for one acade- take R&D projects, or to do a Ph.D. a focus on framework conditions mic year at a time, and in 2017 it The Police University College was included. Moreover, the R&D allocated resources corresponding also has its own Research Depart- committee has this theme as a to 8.01 man years. The vast pro- ment where staff have a larger separate focus area in its meetings. portion of funding was allocated to proportion of time allocated to Senior Lecturer qualification and research and are therefore not Ph.D. projects. It is a declared goal entitled to apply to the R&D R&D committee to increase the proportion of staff committee. The Research Depart- with Senior Lecturer competence, Research and Development shall ment is responsible for the Master and a number of university college be carried out at all times in the programmes at PHS, and thus

55 lecturers have been granted R&D nal Service) (Read more about academic environment at PHS with the purpose of attaining hig- these groups from p. 61). throughout the various depart- her qualifications. The R&D Committee granted ments and locations. Several of the In the winter of 2017 the R&D resources for the academic year groups are now working on con- committee granted resources for 6 2017–2018 to two newly establis- crete projects. Ph.D. projects and to one member hed research groups in addition to of staff in support of a project the six groups that were set up in Police Reform application for the Ph.D. program- 2016 (more about these below). Group led by Associate Professor me. The R&D committee also gran- Each research group is presented Vanja Lundgren Sørli ted resources to nine members of on the PHS webpage. The research group will raise and staff qualifying to become Senior In 2017 the R&D Committee examine questions about the Lecturers. In addition resources consisted of Professor Paul Lars- development, design, implementa- were granted to eight different son, Associate Professor Tina Luth- tion and consequences of police research projects. During this peri- er Handegård, Associate Professor reforms that are not addressed in od a wide range of themes was Steinar Fredriksen, Senior Lectu- other academic fora. The research covered both in PH.D. and resear- rer Hugo Hansen, Assistant Profes- groups will examine, for instance, ch projects, all of them having sor and Research Fellow Kristina the following key questions in con- police or policing as a common Kepinska Jakobsen, Director of nection with the Community Poli- focus. Studies and Associate Professor cing Reform: How the relationship The following groups provide Vanja Lundgren Sørli, Head of between the legislative and the support for staff at various stages Department Per-Ludvik Kjendlie, police executive authority is affec- of their career: a doctoral group for Head of Department Haavard Rek- ted and consolidated, about local those working on their PH.Ds, a sten and Vice Principal Tor Tanke policing, and about the knowledge senior teaching fellow group for Holm who heads the committee. base of the police, and society´s those working towards promotion, Ruth Bodil Haug, advisor, is the (the public/media) ability to check and an associate professor group secretary of the committee. the police? for those wanting to become pro- fessors. In addition, a group for Police examination methods teaching Senior Lecturers wishing Research groups Group led by Associate Professor to promote to professorial teaching The research groups at PHS were Egil H. Olsvik fellows (docent) was extended in established in 2016 and are now This research group focuses in par- cooperation with KRUS (Norwegi- well underway. Part of the purpose ticular on basic research in conne- an University College of Correctio- of the groups is to strengthen the ction with police examination met-

56 hods in order to ensure increased tigation in the Bachelor studies The purpose of this research group transparency and methodological with the Further Education pro- is to examine the increasing development in a somewhat closed gramme in Investigation. The intertwinement of police methods problem area. The methodological group also has external collabora- that are used before and after a perspective ranges from pheno- ting partners including the Norwe- crime has been committed. menological philosophy to practical gian Centre for Human Rights Traditionally, crime prevention policing, and emphasizes the theo- (University of Oslo). and investigation have been sepa- retical, psychological and ethical rate policing methods. Today it is dimensions in policing examination The police in a digital world expected that the police are methods. The purpose of the rese- upfront and work both proactively Group led by professor arch is to further develop theory and reactively against different Inger Marie Sunde and practice connected to investiga- types of crimes, such as economic The goal of this research group is tion strategies, interview methods, crime, violence and threats in con- to pick up what kind of consequen- decision making, mental factors nection with political and religious ces, effects, challenges and oppor- that have effect, treatment of infor- events, and volume crime. This tunities digitalization poses for the mants, quality dimensions, standar- requires that the police have police and its societal tasks. It has dizing and professionalizing, knowledge about public disorder been set up in order to stimulate occupational ethics, miscarriage of and potential crime as it is being research into this area. The group justice, and human rights, amongst planned and carried out. In this is made up of members of different others. connection intelligence, proactive disciplines from PHS, the Law In 2017 the group worked on investigation, crime analyses, sur- Faculty and the Faculty of Social an anthology – to be published in veillance and provocation are of Sciences at the University of Oslo 2018 – in which contributions from great significance. and NTNU. a series of subjects and disciplines Innovative policing methods In 2017 the research group have been collected, ranging from are often researched in the form of started work on an anthology philosophy, literature, psychology, in-depth studies of various strate- which discusses the societal tasks law to more concrete policing per- gies/methods (for example, intelli- of the police in view of digitalizati- spectives. The group has also star- gence-led policing, problem-orien- on. Publication is planned at the ted work on an application to the ted policing, locally oriented poli- end of 2018. SAMRISK project under the Nor- cing). The erasing of divisions wegian Research Council. between traditional police met- The group´s members represent Changing police methods hods has not received the attention two locations (Stavern and Oslo) Group led by Associate Professor it deserves in police research. The- and thus bind the subject of Inves- Johanne Yttri Dahl refore, a new conceptual and theo-

57 retical framework for understan- of data registers is an extension of sports, physical condition and ding this kind of rotation in poli- the methodological pioneering in health as well as study require- cing is required. The objective of police science which several ments and an analysis of the capa- the research group is to uncover projects at PHS have already city of operative personnel. new phenomena which occur at started. the intersection between the pro- The research group is a meet­ Police law and society active and reactive policing. ing-point for researchers and Group led by Sverre Flaatten practitioners using police registers The objective of this research Police registers (PolReg) as data material in their work as group is to strengthen and develop Group led by Associate Professor well as researchers from different research at PHS at the crossroads Johanne Yttri Dahl institutions. The group has of police, law, society and history. The objective of this research members from PHS, the Central The research group focus their group is to develop the potential Bureau of Statistics, the University research on the police and policing for using data from the police´s of Oslo, Oslo Metro­politan tasks, and on the societal tasks of own registers for research pur­ University, NIPH, Oslo Police the police as a sustainable element poses. District and the Police Directorate. within a democratic society. The police have a set of The research group facilitates In addition to regular meet­ings, registers – such as STRASAK, BL, interdisciplinary and inter-autho- the research group has particular eDNA, PO, Indicia, AFIS and rity collaboration in an area that areas of focus at certain times. In AGENT – which contain data will contribute to knowledge and 2017 it was the police intelligence representing an exciting and knowledge development of rele- doctrine. relatively unused source for vance to the police, Police Science The Governmental White Paper research. Data from these registers and the political sector. 25 (2016-2017) “Humaniora in can contribute to opening “black Norway documented a systematic boxes”, in other words, areas Operative policing under-usage of humanistic where systemized knowledge is Group led by Asle M. Sandvik research in Norwegian public missing, and thus can contribute to The research group wishes to sti- institutions and working life gaining important insight into mulate more interdisciplinary rese- generally. The research group, police practices which is decisive arch directed at the operative and Police, Law and Society, wishes to for the development of tactical work of the police Topical contribute actively to the use of organizational leadership and research areas are stress, mastery humanistic oriented research in knowledge production. The further of stress, perception, tactics, deci- the police and police education”. development of the usage potential sion-making, similar training,

58 Education, organization and strategic competence development Lecturer positions varies a lot. management and transfer of this competence to In spring 2013 PHS began its Group led by Associate Professor, new contexts. In 2017 the research first application to the Norwegian Linda Hoel group began the process of develo- Research Council´s programme The research group consists of ping the research field of crisis Gender balance in academic top members with different academic management along with external positions and research leadership backgrounds from the police, collaborating partners. The vast (BALANSE). The project group is management and academia, and number of projects organised by led by Associate Professor Brita disciplines such as pychology, this group will contribute to Bjørkelo, Senior Advisor Kathrine sociology, social anthropolog, knowledge which will provide Berg and Head of the Research politics, pedagogics, criminology, concrete contributions to how the Department, Haavard Reksten. professional practice, practical police can slove their societal tasks This application was rejected, but knowledge, occupational studies nationally and internationally. it resulted in three “professorship and economics. The research qualification groups” starting up in group operates on a general level autumn 2014. This was one of the and is not connected to a specific Qualifying rounds at PHS measures outlined in the applicati- research project. The area of For several years, PHS has had the on. Based on the BALANSE-appli- research comprises all public express goal of increasing the pro- cation in 2013 and the establish- sectors and includes studies of portion of academic staff with ment of these qualification groups, national and international Senior Lecturer competence. A a new application was submitted to policing. natural continuation of this stra- the Norwegian Research Council The research group conducts tegy is to increase the number of in autumn 2014. The project “Buil- R&D on the police as a profession, professors at PHS in general, and ding competence to retain compe- the organization and how it is led. the number of female professors in tence/ Fix the system and achieve The group wishes to increase particular. The gender distribution unique institutional goals” (FIKS) knowledge about factors affecting among academic staff with resear- was accepted by BALANSE in the actual work of the police – ch duties follows the familiar pat- February 2015. The project period from education programmes for tern to be seen within the higher runs until the end of March 2018. employees and leaders. This invol- education sector, with an equal The purpose of the project is to ves knowledge about police lea- distribution at Ph.D. and Associate improve gender equality in top dership in practice, diversity, lear- Professor levels, which then beco- positions (for example, at professor ning, career path, cultural under- mes skewed at Professor level. The level), and to introduce measures standing, professional practice, proportion of staff at PHS in Senior for individual researchers, mana-

59 gement development at PHS and Professor qualification group seminar on 1 September where the knowledge development in the Led by professor emerita at Univer- theme was how police research can police service as a whole. sity of Oslo and professor II at PHS be channeled and applied to the The project group for FIKS con- Liv Finstad police service, the theoretical per- sisted in 2017 of Associate Profes- spective of Police Science and of These groups consist of associate sor, Tina Luther Handegård knowledge-based policing, and how professors from all parts of the (head), Associate Professor Brita to live up to academia´s require- college. In total 123 associate pro- Bjørkelo, Professor Emerita Liv ments of scientific standards in fessors participated in the group in Finstad, Senior Advisor Kathrine researching police practice. The 2017. Since 2016 four associate Berg, Associate Professor Nina Jon, joint seminar was open for others eprofessors from KRUS have parti- Police Inspector Gisle Skoglund from PHS and KRUS who were inte- cipated. Each group had four group (until spring 2017) and Director of rested, and collaborating partners seminars in 2017. Studies, Knut Evensen (from and other staff in the police service The goal for the professorship autumn 2017). Professor Annick and correctional services were also qualification groups is to provide Prieur at the University of Aalborg invited. support and motivation for the par- is a resource person on the project. An important activity that was ticipants in their qualifying round Haavard Reksten is responsible for prioritized from the start of the and to apply for academic promoti- the project. The steering commit- FIKS project in 2015 was to make on “at the correct time”. The groups tee is formally headed by the Prin- extensive regulations for promoti- will also be an arena for developing cipal of PHS and was in practice on to professorship at PHS. This an academic profile and clarifying led by the Vice Principal in 2017. work was completed in spring how research activity can be rele- In addition to qualification 2017. These regulations take into vant for PHS/KRUS and the police groups, the FIKS project includes account the purpose and activities service/correctional services. In the arenas for knowledge exchange, of PHS and will at the same tie groups advice shall be given to the allocation of R&D time, preli- have a high level of legitimacy support the participants´research minary and final evaluations, map- within other scientific circles. This and publication activities, advice on ping the research system, local means that the ordinary competen- organising and prioritising indivi- criteria for promotion to profes- ce criteria for promotion to profes- dual activities, and assistance in sorship, management development sorship will be fulfilled at the same writing applications for professors- programmes and courses in, for time as the extensive regulations hip when relevant. example, academic writing and take into consideration the fact In addition to the group mee- research management. that research at PHS shall also be tings, 1-2 seminars are arranged of practical relevance and be chan- every year. In 2017 there was a joint neled into the field of practice. The

60 regulations are a guidance both for ments/research questions, met- Creation and Evaluation of LDF staff who are considering to apply hodology, theory, the writing Testbed Software (CELTS) for promotion and for those eva- process and other challenges in Ph.D. Candidate Ulf Bergum. Can- luating this. Those who are consi- connection with working towards a terbury Christ Church University dering to apply for promotion will Ph.D. In addition to internal and Research questions: find the general guidelines in con- mutual peer presentations, the • Is there a method of evaluating crete terms in Regulations about group will also invite senior resear- the effect of LDF tools on system employment and promotion in chers to share their knowledge and RAM? teaching and research posts, togeth- competence, for example, through • Is it possible to recreate the state er with some guidance on how to seminars for those in the final sta- of RAM prior to a LDF examina- apply for promotion. For assessors, ges of a PH.D. tion? these regulations can clarify the The doctoral group has four • Is there a method to compare applicant´s understanding of the meetings in 2017, all in Oslo. Seve- the performance of LDF tools in guidelines and function as a kind ral new participants in the group terms of accuracy and memory of checklist while assessing. presented their project plans for footprint? discussion. Some highlights from Importance themes covered during the year: The doctorate group a. LDF research is important due Academic free­dom (by Morten to the increasing use of encryp- Led by associate professor Holmboe), the review process in tion and cloud technologies. Jon Stype (PHS) scientific journals (with Geir Aas), This means that traditional The doctorate group is one of four the span between practice, poli- forensic techniques are no lon- groups for staff in the qualifying cing and theory (with Heidi ger t-for-purpose. This work rounds at PHS. All employees wor- Fischer Bjelland),­ and analysis and seeks to explore the forensic king on Ph.D. theses at PHS are theoretical foundation (with deployment of LDF. part of the doctoral group, which ­Elisabeth Myhre Lie) b. Existing discussions centre on totaled 18 people at the end of the forensic soundness of LDF 2017. Ph.D. projects at PHS techniques. In particular, it is The purpose of the doctoral The projects are presented alpha- difficult to align LDF with the group is to provide a learning arena betically according to the Research “ACPO Good Practice Guide for that stimulates and supports people Fellow´s surname. Digital Evidence” and the “G8 working on their Ph.D. theses. This Proposed Principles For The is done by means of text-based Procedures Relating To Digital seminars and discussion about rele- Evidence”. This research seeks vant topics such as problem state-

61 to provide a clear answer to area of crime pose for the local Stoynova, N., Bezlov, T., Dahl, J. Y. how LDF can be performed in a police organisation. Using inter­ & Bjelland, H. F. (2017). Cross- forensically sound manner in view data and the police´s internal border organised crime: Bulgaria line with law enforcement investigation and prosecution data, and Norway in the context of the guidelines. the study looks at practices connec- migrant crisis. Sofia: Center for ted to identification, investigation c. Discussions around forensic the Study of Democracy. Møte soundness of the techniques, and prosecution results in reported med barn som lever med vold i complexity and sophistication cases of human trafficking. In addi- hjemmet. Politiets erfaringer i of the tools themselves make tion, the study looks at multi-agen- ordensoppdrag – en fenomenolo- the area particularly rich in cy and multi-disciplinary collabora- gisk studie terms of further research. The tion in relation to human trafficking research will also result in a and the possible coordination chal- Encounters with children who substantial piece of software lenges that may arise as a result of live with domestic violence. which will need to be such collaboration. Police experience when hand- thoroughly tested. The project is funded by PHD, ling public disorder – a pheno- The project is funded by PHS the Department of Justice and menological study Public Security and the Police through ordinary FoU-allocations. Ph.D. Candidate Oddbjørg Edvard- Directorate. sen. Ph.D.-programme in Profession- Publications in 2017: Policing human trafficking: A al Practice Studies, Nord University. mixed-methods study of the Bjelland, H. F. & Vestby, A. (2017). The project examines police Norwegian Police’s fight against ‘It’s about using the full sanction officers´practice when encountering trafficking in human beings catalogue’: on boundary negotia- children who are exposed to Ph.D. Candidate Heidi Fischer Bjel- tions in a multi-agency organized domestic violence. It focuses, in land. Institute of Sociology and crime investigation. Policing & particular, on what officers exper­ society, 27(6), 655-670. Social Geography, Faculty of Social ience in practice, both with regard Sciences, University of Oslo. Bjelland, H. F. & Dahl, J. Y. (2017). to the challenges they face, and The project will examine the work Exploring Criminal Investigation what has been helpful for children of the police in combatting THB. Practices: The Benefits of living with domestic violence and The aim of the project is to examine Analysing Police-Generated serious neglect. The study aims to how the Norwegian police deal Investigation Data. European shed light on important qualities in with the global phenomenon of Journal of Policing Studies, 5(2), police work, and its purpose is to human trafficking and what chal- 5-23. define and develop practices even lenges this constantly changing further.

62 Police politics. An analysis of purpose is to examine the role of Legitimacy and Trust: Police Norwegian police reforms 1682– the police in the development of a – Community Relations in 1866 liberal, democratic state based on Preventing and Countering Ph.D. Candidate Birgitte Ellefsen. the rule of law, and thus highligh- Violent Extremism Institute of Archaeology, History, ting the connection between the Ph.d. candidate Ingvild Magnæs Culture and Religion (AHKR), The police, the state and politics. Gjelsvik. Department of Political Faculty of Arts, University of Lectures in 2017: Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Bergen.­ Ellefsen, B. (2017, February). University of Oslo. The project deals with the earliest Tidenes politireform? This ph.d. project explores the ro­le historical development of the Nærpolitireformen i et historisk of the police and commun­ity­- phenomenon of ‘police politics’. It perspektiv. Presentation at oriented policing in relation to pre- discusses a selection of police Politikere i utakt med folket? venting and countering violent reforms in the period 1682–1866, a Gardermoen. extremism. Historically, states period that starts with the establis- Ellefsen, B. (2017, September). have to a large degree reacted to hment of the first office of the Chief Nærpolitireformen i et ­ terrorism and violent extremism of Police in Denmark-Norway and with “hard power” responses such finishes with the reform in 1866 historisk perspektiv. Presentation as intelligence, surveillance, puni- where the police were established at Forum for Social Debate, Oslo. tive measures and militarized as a public institution with the task Ellefsen, B. (2017, September). interventions. This project will of maintaining order and security Nærpolitireformen i et historisk shed light on the more “soft” and preventing and investigating perspektiv. Presentation at policing methods aiming at build- crime. The research question is Academic Seminar Oslo statsad- ing trust and increasing the coop- “What characterises the earliest vokatembeter, Oslo. eration between citizens and the formative development of the Ellefsen, B. (2017, June). police. This will be done by com- police in Norway, and what relati- Samfunnsoppdraget i et historisk paring community-oriented polic- onship was there between police perspektiv. Presentation at PHS ing approaches across a variation and politics?”. The research questi- Research Conference 2017, Oslo. of policing contexts and state on is examined by means of text building processes with empirical analysis with a large number of data gathered from Somalia, sources (laws and instructions, Kenya and Norway. government negotiations, newspa- The project is partly funded by pers, public investigations, politi- the Norwegian Police University cal and scientific publications). Its College (PHS) and partly funded

63 by the Norwegian Institute of Onion Router – is an encryption How do the police read data International Affairs (NUPI) tool that enables the user or a web- when they investigate on the TOR through the EU Horizon 2020 proj- site to conceal their IP address network? To which extent do the ect “Community-Based Policing which was developed by a volunta- rules about jurisdiction place limi- and Post-Conflict Police Reform” ry organisation which claims that tations on police investigations on and the Training for Peace Pro- the purpose of encryption is to pro- the anonymous TOR network? gramme. tect citizens´ rights to privacy and How are the rules relating to Presentation 2017: freedom of speech against ever-in- jurisdiction on the TOR-network in creasing state surveillance. It other European countries, includi- Gjelsvik, I. M. (2017, March). appears that TOR is also being used ng the Netherlands, the United Community policing and violent extremism. Presentation at in connection with crime, and it is Kingdom and Sweden? United Nations Police Officers the work carried out by the police The reseach project is financed Course (UNPOC), Nairobi. on the TOR network that will be by NordForsk. evaluated in the research project. Lectures in 2017: Police presence included both pre- Hegna, J. W. (2017, November). Police detectives on the TOR- ventive activities and investigation Police practices on the TOR- network (A Study on Tensions of concrete punitive threats. network. Presentation at Policing Between Privacy and Crime In order to prosecute a criminal Crime on the Darkweb, Fighting) act, it is imperative to find out University of Leeuvarden. Ph.D. Candidate Jeanette Westlund where the crime has taken place Hegna, J. W. (2017, November). Hegna. The Faculty of Law, Univer- and who has committed it. Anony- Police practices on the TOR- sity of Oslo. mity of the IP address and website network: Some legal questions to Hegna´s Ph.D. project is a part of creates particular problems relating be addressed. Presented for repre- the project “Police Detectives on the to assessing whether the crime has sentatives from the research TOR-network (A Study on Tensions been committed on Norwegian project “PDTOR”, University of Between Privacy and Crime Figh- territory and within Norwegian Leeuvarden. ting)” (herafter referred to as the territorial jurisdiction or not. The research project). The research purpose of the research project is to project is a collaboration between establish new knowledge about four different universities in the police investigation methods on the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, TOR network. In this connection Sweden and Norway (see p. 37 for Hegna´s thesis will consist of three information about the research articles which aim at evaluating the project). TOR – an acronym for The following three sub-questions:

64 Limitless criminal correction change prison drugs policy, and in Helgesen, J. H. I. (2017). Ny fange- facilities? About prisoner treat- the period 2007–2013 thirteen behandling i norske fengsler?: ment, collaboration between anti-drugs units were set up in Om innsatte rusbrukeres opple- professional agencies and the Norwegian prisons. Here incarce- velser av selvbestemmelse og participation of incarcerated rated drug addicts will be offered medvirkning. Tidsskrift for vel- drug addicts in Norwegian Anti- treatment and rehabilitation which ferdsforskning, 20(2), 100-116. Drug Units can give them the experience of Helgesen, J. H. I. (2017, October). Ph.D. Candidate Janne H. I Helge- master and skills so that they En god rusmestringsenhet – hvor- sen. Institute for Criminology and obtain greater autonomy, authority dan får vi det til? Presentation at Legal Sociology, The Faculty of Law, and control over their own lives. Conference on Experience of University of Oslo. The anti-drugs units have the goal Anti-Drugs Units, KRUS, Oslo. Ph.D. project exploring how the of changing earlier treatment of Om terroristers mål­ new drugs and crime policy is incarcerated drug addicts, and seleksjonsprosess og praksis implemented practically in Norwe- new forms of organising and colla- gian prisons. boration are important instru- Terrorists’ target selection In the past 20 years an increas- ments. This is assumed to affect process and practice Ph.D. ing number of rehabilitation mea- the work practice of prison officers, Candidate Cato Hemmingby. UiS. sures have been introduced for social workers and staff in the spe- The project is a study of which drug addicts in European prisons. cialized health services, as well as targets terrorists attack and factors The measures have been explained the prisoners´experience and effect affecting terrorists’ choice of physi- through the need to do something of incarceration. cal targets in an operational con- about increased drug use and big- The purpose of the project is to text. The study consists of three ger health problems among priso- gain increased knowledge that can main parts. A theoretical and met- ners, and to face a crime problem be used to create a better correlati- hodical model is presented as an at the same time as demonstrating on between ideals and realitites in approach to the actual research care. Incarcerated drug addicts in drug- and crime policy. The fin- question. Based on this approach, Norwegian prisons have acquired dings are discussed in the light of there is an analysis of Anders additional welfare this past num- political discourses about crime Behring Breivik and the attacks of ber of decades, but despite that it policy, organisational theory, the- 22 July, with special focus on the was established at the beginning of ories about prisoner treatemnt, planning phase and decisions rela- the 2000s that they neither obtai- multi-agency/multi-disciplinary ted to the actual targets. Finally ned the help they needed nor that collaboration and user participati- there is an analysis of target prefe- they were entitled to. This contri- on. Prosjektet er finansiert av PHS. rences of militant Islamists opera- buted to the authorities wishing to Publications and lectures 2017: ting in Western Europe.

65 The project is nanced by the more restricted use of coercive traumatised. It focuses in parti- Ministry of Municipal Services and measures through relevant trai- cular on how to set up and con- will be nished in 2018. ning. The thesis will be written in duct an interview, taking into Publications 2017: English to facilitate the sharing of consideration both police and information with police services judicial requirements, and the Hemmingby, C. (2017). Exploring internationally. The research the continuum of lethality: mental state of the interviewee. Militant islamists’ targeting pre- question is “How do Norwegian The data material comprises: (1) ferences in Europe. Perspectives police train and exercise coercive video recordings of 20 injured on Terrorism, 11(5), 25-41. force?”. The project will consist of parties, (2) interviews with the three main parts. Part one will be a 18 investigators who interviewed Hemmingby, C. (2017, 16. juni). charting of the extent of police use the injured parties and(3) inter- Nord-Irland er fastkjørt. NRK of physical force and coercive mea- views with the 20 injured parties. Ytring. sures. Part two will deal with the The project is part of the Hemmingby, C. (2017, 17. novem- police use of rearms, and the nal “E ects of the legal process on the ber). Bevæpningsdebatt på side- part will consist of a comparative mental health of the youth of spor. Politiforum. study of education programmes for handling armed assignments con- How do Norwegian police train ducted by the Norwegian police and exercise coercive force? and those of a comparable country. Ph.D. Candidate Steinar Vee Hen- The Ministry of Justice and riksen. Ph.D.-program in Risk Public Security are nancing the Management and Public Security, project. the Faculty of Social Sciences, Uni- versity of Stavanger. Interviewing the traumatised The main goal of the project is to Ph.D. Candidate Kristina Kepinska develop new and relevant Jakobsen. Department of Crimino- knowledge about how the Norwe- logy and Sociology of Law, The gian police exercise coercive mea- Faculty of Law, University of Oslo. sures generally and in particular The purpose of the project is to the use of rearms. It is also a goal obtain knowledge that can lead that this knowledge will contribute to a better understanding of Utøya” and is a collaboration to raising competence in operative police procedures when intervi- between the Norwegian Centre for policing programmes, and to a ewing people who have been Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies (NKVTS), PHS and the

66 Department of Criminology and Kaltenborn, J. F. (2017, February). police district. The mandate of the Sociology of Law at the University The Rule of law and criminal Dialogue Police is to prevent violen- of Oslo. procedure. Presentation at Gjøvik ce and vandalism in connection The project finishes in spring Testimon Seminar, NTNU i with demonstrations and at the 2019. Gjøvik, Gjøvik. same time protecting freedom of Kaltenborn, J. F. (2017, juni). speech. The idea is to prevent vio- Analysing data-based police Stordata: Fordeler og ulemper på lent demonstrations through dia- methods in the investigation of etterforskningsstadiet? logue and cooperation with those economic crime from a rule-of- Presentasjon på PHS’ forsknings- arranging the demonstrations. law perspective konferanse, PHS, Oslo. These two models create a new Ph.D. Candidate Jul Fredrik Kalten- framework for the police role and born, Department of Public Law, Dialogue in the police the police´s relations with the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo. as a preventive method public. In the guide for the “police intervention conversation” a police The purpose of the project is to Ph.D.candidate Elisabeth Myhre Lie. role is drawn up where mutual dia- examine whether current law Department of Criminology and logue is emphasized. This recipro- regulates data-based police met- Sociology of Law, The Faculty of city also covers the dialogue model hods in a way that takes care of the Law, University of Oslo. used by the dialogue police. The citizens´ fundamental tights and The theme of the study is dialogue new ideal is that crime prevention is ensures effective investigation. as a method in crime prevention no longer decided by the police The project is based on a legal work. Two models are examined alone, but is a result of a negotiation dogma method. closely: “police intervention con- between the police and the public The project is financed by the versation” and “the dialogue model - both relating to what the problem Norwegian Research Council and of the dialogue police”. Both is, and what the correct solutions is part of a larger research project models have dialogue as a main are. “The dialogue” creates a financed by NTNU in Gjøvik. strategy for preventing crime. common project within the police Lectures 2017: The ‘police intervention conver- and the public. The goal is to study Kaltenborn, J. F. (2017, January). sation’ is a structured form of con- how the police´s understanding of Analysis of computer-based met- versation which is used in police their role and occupational identity hods to detect and investigate conversations with youth under 18 is affected by this new role, and economic crime from a rule of law years of age who have committed how the public experience the perspective. Presented for NFR on crime. The “dialogue police” is a police´s wish for cooperation their visit to Digital Forensics, special group organised under the NTNU i Gjøvik, Gjøvik. through dialogue. Section for Organised Crime in Oslo

67 Knowledge and crisis manage- finished in autumn/winter 2018 in The aim of the project is to contrib- ment: About the formation of the the form of a monograph. ute to the literature on alibi wit- Police Command Centre and the Lectures in 2017: nesses. We examine statement application of knowledge in con- consistency, as well as the strate- Lundgaard, J. M. (2017, April). nection with extraordinary gies that alibi witnesses use to Uvisshetens puslespill: events and crises (working title) Kunnskapsarbeid og hendelses- convince interviewers of their Ph.D. Candidate Jenny Maria Lund- styrte praksiser ved politiets ope- innocence. gaard. Department of Criminology rasjonssentral. Presentation at Together with other projects and Sociology of Law, Faculty of the Contingency Conference, lead by professor Pär Anders Gran- Law, University of Oslo. Høgskolen i Innlandet, Elverum. hag, this project is annually pre- The project studies the formation sented for the FBI unit “High-Value Lundgaard, J. M. (2017, June). of knowledge and decision-making Detainee Interrogation Group”. Kunnskap ved krise: Om opera- Publication 2017: processes at the Police Command sjonssentralens dannelse og an- Centre. The project examines the vendelse av kunnskap i det hendel- Sakrisvold, M. L., Granhag, P. A. & role and the mandate of the sesstyrte politiarbeidet. Mac Giolla, E. (2017). Partners Command Centre – both in its Presentation at Mid-way under pressure: Examining the daily operations and as part of the Assessment, Faculty of Law, consistency of true and false alibi police contingency systems. The University of Oslo. statements. Behavioral sciences & most important questions raised in the law, 35(1), 75-90. Lundgaard, J. M. (2017, November). the project deal with how the Uvisshetens puslespill: Å gjøre interpretations of the Command vurderinger og ta beslutninger ved The core and outer limit of po- Centre are formed and conditio- politiets operasjonssentral. lice monopoly (police authority) ned, decisions and assessments Presentation at workshop for – privatisation and use of limited that are undertaken at the Centre, research group “Changing police police authority (interim title) which role technology and other methods”, PHS, Oslo. Ph.D. Candidate Per Håkon Sand. relations play, and what kind of Ph.D.-programme in Law, Faculty knowledge is produced in the case Honest and deceptive alibi of Law, University of Bergen. of extraordinary events and crises, witnesses: The strategies they Police authorities, the single and how this is applied. The met- use and the consistency of their police force and the police-educa- hodological basis for the study is stories ted profession are today being an ethnography and data from Ph.d. candidate Marthe Lefsaker challenged by private parties fieldwork with Police Command Sakrisvold. Department of Psycho- outside the police and civilian Centres in three different districts logy, University of Gothenburg. personnel who have been given in Norway. The project will be

68 limited police authority. To put it ties are established in line with legally; from the farmers´ uprisings bluntly, the monopoly of the regulations, and shed light on the in the 19th century via Menstadsla- police is being eradicated by pri- range of resources to be found in get and other labour-related con- vate parties at the outer limit and the different areas. Following this, flicts in the inter-war years, to the is being hollowed out by person- the project will undertake compa- Alta conflict in 1979-1981 and to nel who have been given limited rative analyses of comparable the discussion about the role of the police authority. The main pro- countries, which will be included military on 22 July 2011 and other blem is whether the resources in in an overall assessment of the terror events in recent times. society within the disciplines opportunities and appropriate The direct regulation of the related to police monopoly are future solutions in Norway. question in Norwegian law is being used in an appropriate Regulations will be reviewed modest. There is one provision in manner. and discussed using methods of the Constitution (§ 101 third para- The project will deal with the legal doctrine, and surveys will be graph) and a relatively new provisi- question in four sub-sections: (1) conducted using quantitative met- on in the Police Act (§ 27a) which rules and practice for police mono- hods. Finally, evaluations pertai- regulates the question directly. In poly and within private policing ning to legal policy will be under- addition, there is a regulation activities, (2) rules and practice taken (instructions relating to assistance) within limited police authority, (3) that provides more details on sepa- comparative analyses of compara- Assistance granted to the police rate aspects of such assistance. A lot ble countries and (4) evaluations by the Norwegian Armed Forces: of questions are either not regula- and opportunities for Norway in a survey of the legal framework ted in the above-mentioned provisi- the time ahead. conditions applying to assistance ons, or else done so in an unsatis- The project will attempt to provided to the police by the ar- factory manner. The thesis will clarify the content in the internal med forces with focus on the therefore attempt to chart which statutory provisions applying to question of terms applying to other provisions, principles and police monopoly and limited police such assistance considerations are decisive with authority, and explain the fra- Ph.D. Candidate Kai Spurkland. regard to the extent the Armed mework for various types of civili- Faculty of Law, University of Oslo. Forces can provide the police with an policing. Furthermore, the pro- The project deals with the legal assistance. ject will conduct surveys about the framework conditions applying to The thesis will deal with four scope and the types of civilian assistance given to the police by the main research questions: policing and limited police autho- armed forces. Such assistance to the Which police tasks can be exe- rity in Norway. The surveys will police has at times been a very con- cuted with assistance by the armed clarify whether the policing activi- troversial topic, both politically and forces?

69 For which situations may the Empirically and analytically Vestby, A. (2017, March). Pågående police apply for assistance from the the boundaries between economic forskning på etterretning. Armed Forces? and organised crime are not crys- Gjesteforeleser på master i politi- What kind of assistance may be tal clear. The project explores poli- vitenskap, PHS, Oslo. provided by the Armed Forces? How cing operations in areas which Vestby, A. & Bjelland, H. F. (2017, will the assistance be carried out? contain elements from both of May). Boundary negotiations in a The thesis will primarily analy- these crime categories. Which multi-agency organized crime se the current legal situation, but effect do the understandings of the investigation. Presentation at will also touch on the political problem by the supervisory bodies International perspectives on aspects of such assistance. The have on the strategies that are organizational boundaries project is financed by Oslo police chosen and made use of? Workshop. district and PHS. Is there an indication of change Vestby, A. & Bjelland, H. F. (2017, Lectures in 2017: with regard to police operations October). It’s about using the full Spurkland, K. (2017, May). that take place before and after a sanction catalogue. Presentatio at Forsvarets bistand til politiet: Når crime has been committed? Theoretical perspectives and kan de vanlige kravene til politiet Data is gathered through parti- analytical frameworks on poli- fravikes? Presentation at the cipatory observation, interviews, cing, University of Oslo. Nordic workshop in Criminal and document analysis. It has been Law, Justissektorens kurs- og collected in selected special units, “Becoming a police officer: øvingssenter, Stavern. police districts and public authori- Class, culture, identity” ties outside the service service. The (working title) Organised or economic crime? project is financed by the Norwegi- Ph.D. Candidate Pål Winnæss. The importance of police organi- an research Council. Department of Criminology and sation and competence Publications and lectures 2017: Sociology of Law, Faculty of Law, Bjelland, H. F. & Vestby, A. (2017). Ph.D. Candidate Annette Vestby. University of Oslo. ‘It’s about using the full sanction Department of Criminology and The project attempts to find ans- catalogue’: on boundary negotia- Sociology of Law, the University of wers about what forms police stu- tions in a multi-agency organized Oslo. dents and how they form themsel- crime investigation. Policing & What do the supervisory bodies’ society, 27(6), 655-670. ves when heading towards a career institutional configurations of in the police. The project has focus Bjelland, H. F. & Vestby, A. (2017, 23 organized and economic crime on what type of students choose November). Politiet løste ikke look like? How does this affect the police education and the work with Lime-saken alene. Forskning.no. choice of cases and procedures? identity which is done throughout

70 their education at PHS, in police interviews. An exploration of rap- horities are identified and discus- practice and in their leisure time – port in investigative interviews of sed. This in turn has produced thus between the students, betwe- traumatized victims. possible explanations about why en students and teachers, in inte- The project is based on qualitative current operations have so far had raction with practicing police interviews of 21 investigators who limited success. officers and in other social relati- interviewed the survivors of Utøya Hild Rønning attained her Ph.D. ons that the students are a part of. on 22 July 2011. The objective was on 24 November for the thesis Publication 2017: to examine and describe the inves- Police and Discretion: A study of the Winnæss, P. (2017). tigators’ perspectives of how they exercise of discretion in uniformed Profesjonsstudentblikk: Om developed and maintained commu- policing, within a legal framework hvordan politistudentene ser på nication with traumatise persons Ph.D. Candidate Hild Rønning utdanningen. Norsk sosiologisk during interviews – a theme that The theme of the project is to exa- tidsskrift, 1(4), 284-300. has not been covered much in cur- mine how discretion is exercised rent research. by a selection of police officers Disputations 2017 The study has contributed with during uniformed policing. Parti- new knowledge about how investi- cular focus is placed on the police Geir Heivoll attained his Ph.D. on gators should approach traumati- officers’ considerations regarding 15 June 2017 for his thesis The zed persons in interview situati- intervention, the choice of measu- long arm of the law? A study of ons, especially with regard to how res used, use of force and prose- police officers’ role as upholders of difficult feelings can be handled in cution, as well as how this relates law in Norwegian constitutional ordre to create security and main- to legal frameworks. democracy. tain a communication flow. Heivoll has researched into the Siv Rebekka Runhovde attained police officers’ role as upholders of her Ph.D. on 20 October for the Docent group the law, and how the ethical thesis Policing the illegal trade in Led bydosent Harald Jarning (niver- understanding of the role has an wildlife. A study of Norway and sity of Oslo) effect when officers assess wheth- Uganda. PHS in cooperation with KRUS has er minor crimes should be prose- The project looked at police for a number of years had run a cuted formally or dealt with on operations targeted at illegal trade group qualifying for docent. As an the spot. of animal and plant threatened extension of the active efforts of Patrick Risan attained his Ph.D. with extinction in both Norway PHS and KRUS to increase the num- on 8 September for his thesis and Uganda, and factors affecting ber of Senior Lecturers along with Accommodating trauma in police the efforts of the supervisory aut- the proportion of staff with Ph.D.,

71 there has been further effort to Senior Lecturer group to the subject Communication increase the number of docents in Led by asociate Professor and Conflict Management”. top academic positions. This quali- Linda Hoel ( PHS) • Ole Ragnar Norheim Jenssen fying group is run by PHS and The Senior Lecturer group is an (from spring 2016): “What are KRUS, and is like the professor initiative for those wishing to beco- the main motivations for phy- group concerned about increasing me Senior Lecturers and who are sical exercise and activity the number of docents and female working towards this goal. It is a among Norwegian police stu- representation. In 2017 there were place where project outlines, drafts, dents?”. four participants from PHS and two ideas, and so forth, can be presen- • Turid Lund Lydersen Lund from KRUS. The group has semi- ted , with an opportunity for feed- (from autumn 2016): “Arena nars every semester in addition to a back. Seminars are also arranged for critical reflection?”. joint seminar in September. for candidates who are about to • Charlotte Ryen Berg (from In this past year the group has submit an application for promotion autumn 2016) worked especially with examples of to Senior lecturer. Some of the mee- • Monica Lillevik (from autumn applications for promotion and ting time is allocated to academic 2016) documentation that the partici- lectures. The intention behind the • Cecilie Torvik (from autumn pants will base part of their applica- group is to foster a sense of shared 2017) tions on. For applicants qualifying purpose and an arena for those • Karsten O.F. Ingvaldsen (from to become Senior Lecturer or aiming for higher qualification. autumn 2017) docent, it is important to read care- Group members and their • Maya Brenna Nielsen (from fully relevant examples of docu- projects:: autumn 2017) mentation – especially when this • Kjersti Eckblad: “From practi- • Maren Ingjerd Skjelbredalen qualification route still lacks the cal pedagogy to pedagogy in (from autumn 2017) publicity which is common in PH.D. practice”. • Vidar Skogvoll (KRUS) is a qualification. • Ragnhild Holm: “Internet-ba- new external member. Group participants: sed solutions”. The group had four seminars in Gruppens deltakere: • Anne Kathrine Hagen: “Super- 2017 over two days. The seminars • Jai Ganapathy (PHS) vision and assessment”. were held in Oslo og Bodø. In addi- • Anders Lohne Lie (PHS) • Jon André Nilsen (from tion to the seminars, several of the • Fredrik Barth (PHS) autumn 2015): “Investigation members have received individual • Hugo Hansen (PHS) management”. mentoring on article drafts, R&D • Birgitte Storvik (KRUS) • Nils M. Leite: “Psychology and applications, profil­ing documents • Tore Rokkan (KRUS) pedagogy. Book project linked and development work.

72 Be a clear and active channeller of knowledge in academia, the police/judiciary and an active participant in social debate

In the strategy for 2017–2021 there is a common research information the judiciary sector in particular. is still focus on channeling system for the health sector, the Academic staff have therefore a knowledge into academia and the institutional sector and the higher special responsibility to participate police/judiciary. The importance education sector in Norway. One of in public debate and to provide of being an active participant in the most important objectives of contributions that can lead to bet- social debate is also emphasized. CRIStin is to gather all registration ter decisions and evaluations. Registrations in CRIStin (Current and reporting of research activity The number of lectures held in Research Information System In within the three sectors into a academic, police-related and popu- Norway) form a basis for illustrat­ common system. lar science circles (table 1) shows ing for staff at PHS have produced that registered activity, in terms of in 2017. (For a more detailed over- academic lectures, was somewhat view of publications and present­ higher in 2017 than in 2016. As in ations, refer to “Reported publica- Academic previous years, there is reason to tions” and “Conference contributi- and professional lectures believe that the number of lectures ons and academic presentations” at PHS aims to be an active and clear given was considerably higher than the end of this publication.) At PHS leader, setting the agenda for soci- that recorded in CRIStin. The main registration of all types of publica- al debate in its specialised fields, focus at PHS has been to register as tions and channeling has been and demonstrating its competence completely as possible all written done since 2011 in CRIStin – which both to society in general and to and credit-bearing work, but there

73 is also a firm wish that all oral pre- and have been gathered in different on in CRIStin – which is good news. sentations are registered in CRIS- (for more details, see earlier editi- The figure is low, but it is included tin to illustrate the diversity of ons of Reseach at the Norwegian because several members of staff activities at the college. Police University College). In 2017 a refer to this in connection with Figures for media contributions few members of staff registered project presentations. in previous years are incomplete, different types of media contributi-

TABLE 1. LECTURES, PHS 2010–2017

Number of conference pa- pers and academic presen- 20102 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 tations

Academic lectures 3 56 65 68 33 29 49 39

Professional/popular science – 48 46 41 66 653 64 92 lectures

Posters 3 5 – 7 3 1 - 1

400 142 153 Media contributions – 8944 - - 12 (estimate) (CRIStin) (estimate)

123

2 Considerable number not registered due to inadequate reporting routines 3 54 registered in CRIStin + 11 reported otherwise 4 1 = mentioned in an article/interview

74 Academic and about the same as in 2016. Nevert- say whether possible up- and professional publications heless it is important to be aware downturns from year to year are Table 2 shows the number of writ- that work completed in one calen- real. It is not until the development ten works, by type of publication, dar year will not necessarily be can be seen over a longer period of reported in CRIStin in 2017. The published in the same year because time that it is possible to form a number of publications in 2017 is the publishing process can take a correct picture of the level of “pro- long time. It is therefore difficult to duction at PHS”.

TABLE 2. ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL/POPULAR SCIENCE PRODUCTION, PHS 2010–2017.

Number of written works 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Academic monographs 1 2 1 2 1 2 8 3

Academic part of book/report 7 12 16 7 10 17 17 20

Academic articles in journals 15 16 26 15 28 21 32 41

Anthologies - - - - 2 4 6 4

Textbooks/academic literature – 4 1 7 3 2 3 4

Professional/popular science articles in 14 7 9 12 12 13 21 15 books and journals

Chronicles, editorials, etc. – 8 9 13 22 17 17 9

Total reports in CRIStin5 13 3 10 7 6 6 4 11 PHS Research6 7 4 7 3 4 4 - 57

Ph.D. theses 1 2 2 1 2 0 2 4

Masters dissertations 1 1 2 1 4 2 3 1

Total number of works 59 59 83 68 88 88 114 112

2 3 4

5 Number of reports written by PHS staff 6 In the series PHS Research reports can also be written by others than PHS staff 7 4 unique publications and 1 report in both Norwegian and English

75 The best piece of news in 2017 is amount of publication points the to academic publication. The insti- that the number of academic publi- institution obtains. An article in a tutions are still required to share cations has continued increasing. journal written by a single author, publication points when several The total number of academic published in a “level 1 journal” institutions are connected to a publications was 64 in 2017, gives one point, but an article in a publication, but the new calculati- compared to 57 in 2016. In 2017 “level 2 journal” gives three whole on method gives a higher score for five reports in the PHS Research points. In cases where several aut- cooperation as all the collaborating series were published. The reports hors are involved, the total number partners obtain more publication were mostly connected to the of points is divided by the number points for their contributions than completion of projects. The num- of authors, but from 2015 onwards they would have done with the old ber of reports will vary from year the way of calculating publication model. This has also been to PHS’ to year, but it is still the case that points for joint publications was benefit in 2017. we wish our staff to publish in the changed. In table 3 we present the total Nordisk politiforskning­ (or other The change in how publication number of publication points, and credit-bearing publication chan- points have been calculated was the points divided between the nels) as this provides publication introduced due to the fact that the three credit-bearing publication points. Danish Centre of Research Analy- forms in CRIStin. As shown in sis at the University of Aarhus con- table 2, the number of academic ducted an Evaluation of Norwegian publications in 2017 is some­what Publication points 8 publishing indicators5 commissio- higher than in previous years, but Publication points are calculated ned by the Norwegian Association the number of publication points based on the type of publication of Higher Education Institutions in has declined – primarily because and the level of publication chan- 2013. In 2014 the National Publis- the number of monographs was nel. A scientific monograph – that hing Committee acted on the eva- much lower in 2017 than in 2016. is, a book with an author – provi- luation by drawing up a new soluti- Part of the explanation for the des five points if it is published by on for calculating publication publication points not decreasing “level 1 publishers”, but eight points at institutional level. more than they have is due to the points if it is published by “level 2 The new method of calculation fact that we have nine articles/ publishers”. The number of mono- is intended to be more academical- book chapters at level 2. The num- graphs published by an institution ly neutral, and will provide stimu- ner and academic level of mono- will therefore give good results lus for cross-institutional and graphs are the two single factors when it comes to the accumulated international cooperation relating having the strongest effect on

8 Aagaard, K. (2014). Evaluering af den norske publiceringsindikator. Aarhus: Danske Center for Forskningsanalyse, Aarhus Universitet..

76 TABLE 3. TOTAL PUBLICATION POINTS DISTRIBUTED ACCORDING TO PUBLICATION TYPE, PHS 2011-2017.

Publication points 2011 2012 2013 2014 20159 2016 2017

Monographs 10 5 13 5 10 39,2 12,07

Anthology arsticles with/ISBN 4,15 10,7 4,55 5,52 11 11,3 14,06

Articles in journals with/ISSN 12,58 18,33 9,70 15,62 19 24,8 39,26

Total number of publication points 26,73 34,03 27,25 26,14 40 75,3 65,39

9 Ny utregning av publikasjonspoeng f.o.m. 2015 publication points. As shown in financed research will mainly be of allocating the project. table 3, the number of monographs openly available and that all acade- To meet this need, PHS established dropped from eight in 2016 to mic articles based on publically a publication fund in 2017. Resear- three in 2017. The publication financed research will be deposited chers at PHS can now apply for points did not decline correspon- in a separate knowledge archive. support from the new publication dingly to the same extent because When the necessary infrastructure fund to cover author payments we had an increase in both cre- is in place, depositing will be a pre- when publishing in Open Access dit-bearing articles and chapters in requisite for an article to be counted journals. antholo­gies. The three mono­ in the result-based financing. graphs in 2017 were at level 1. Institutions and consortiums that negotiate agreements with publishing companies must ensure National guidelines for that agreements promote open open access access without increased costs, as In August 2017 the government well as openness about the conditi- established national guidelines for ons of the agreements. Institutions open access to academic articles. In that carry out and finance research short, the guidelines state that all must contribute to covering the academic articles from publically costs of open publication as a part

77 RAPPORTERTE PUBLIKASJONER

Colourbox Reported publications

Academic monographs forlag, Akademisk Publisering. Bjørkelo (Red.), Den digitale læ- Flaatten, S. (2017). Høyesterett, Helleve, I., Almås, A. G. & Bjørkelo, rergenerasjonen: Utfordringer og straffen og tyveriene: B. (2017). Den digitale muligheter Straffeutmålingsbegrunnelser i lærergenerasjonen: Utfordringer (p. 218-238). Oslo: Gyldendal etterkrigstiden. Bergen: og muligheter. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk. Fagbokforlaget. Akademisk. Bjørkelo, B. (2017). Etiske dilemma Holmboe, M. (2017). Tale eller tie: Knutsson, J. & Tompson, L. (2017). knyttet til teknologibruk. I I. Om plikt til å avverge alvorlige Advances in evidence based polic- Helleve, I. Almås, A. Grov & B. lovbrudd og uriktige domfellelser. ing. London: Routledge. Bjørkelo (Red.), Den digitale læ- Oslo: Gyldendal Juridisk. rergenerasjonen: Utfordringer og Phelps, J., Larsen, N. M. & Singh, muligheter Vanebo, J. O. (2017). Ledelse og M. (2017). Kommunikasjon og (p. 183-197). Oslo: Gyldendal ledelsespraksis i det offentlige. konflikthåndtering i operativt Akademisk. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. politiarbeid: Sosialpsykologiske perspektiver. Oslo: Flaatten, S. (2017). Fra politistat til Universitetsforlaget. rettsstat: Framveksten av den Academic anthology moderne byråkrat i Otto Mayers Heivoll, G. & Flaatten, S. (2017). Academic chapters/report lærebok i forvaltningsrett. I G. Bjørkelo, B. (2017). Etikk, sosi­ale Rettslige overgangsformer: Politi- Heivoll & S. Flaatten (Red.), medier og lærerutdanning. I I. og kriminalrett i nordisk Rettslige overgangsformer: Politi- Helleve, I. Almås, A. Grov & B. rettsutvikling. Oslo: Dreyers og kriminalrett i nordisk rettsut-

79 vikling (Oslo Studies in Legal politi­arbeid: Sosialpsykologiske spektiver (s. 260-281). Oslo: history nr. 15) (p. 117-149). Oslo: perspektiver (p. 182-200). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Dreyers forlag, Akademisk Universitetsforlaget. Phelps, J., Carlquist, E. & Gillespie, Publisering. Larsen, N. M. (2017). A. (2017). God kommunikasjon i Heivoll, G. (2017). “... to Interesser Konflikthåndtering. I J. Phelps, operativt politiarbeid: Å lytte, der staa mod hind­anden”. N. M. Larsen & M. Singh (Red.), forstå og respondere. I J. Phelps, Forståelsen av Grunnloven § 102 i Kommunikasjon og konflikthånd- N. M. Larsen & M. Singh (Red.), spenningen mellom justis og poli- tering i operativt politiarbeid: Kommunikasjon og konflikthånd- ti. I G. Heivoll & S. Flaatten Sosialpsykologiske perspektiver tering i operativt politiarbeid: (Red.), Rettslige overgangsformer: (s. 201-216). Oslo: Sosialpsykologiske perspektiver Politi- og kriminalrett i nordisk Universitetsforlaget. (s. 132-152). Oslo: rettsutvikling (Oslo Studies in Larsen, N. M. & Phelps, J. (2017). Universitetsforlaget. Legal history nr. 15) (p. 185-206). Sosial kognisjon. I J. Phelps, N. Phelps, J., Carlquist, E. & Gillespie, Oslo: Dreyers forlag, Akademisk M. Larsen & M. Singh (Red.), A. (2017). Hva er kommunika- Publisering. Kommunikasjon og konflikthånd- sjon? I J. Phelps, N. M. Larsen & Henriksen, S. V. & tering i operativt politiarbeid: M. Singh (Red.), Kommunikasjon Snortheimsmoen, A. (2017). Sosialpsykologiske perspek­tiver og konflikthåndtering i operativt Politiets bruk av makt. I J. (s. 40-70). Oslo: politiarbeid: Sosialpsykologiske Phelps, N. M. Larsen & M. Singh Universitetsforlaget. perspek­tiver (s. 114-131). Oslo: (Red.), Kommunikasjon og kon- Myklebust, T. (2017). The Nordic Universitetsforlaget. flikthåndtering i operativt politi- Model of handling children’s Phelps, J. & Larsen, N. M. (2017). arbeid: Sosialpsykologiske testimonies. I S. Johansson, K. Sosialpsykologi. I J. Phelps, N. M. perspek­tiver (p. 219-232). Oslo: Stefansen, E. Bakketeig & A. Larsen & M. Singh (Red.), Universitetsforlaget. Kaldal (Eds.), Collaborating Kommunikasjon og konflikthånd- Knutsson, J. (2017). Advancing against child abuse: Exploring the tering i operativt politiarbeid: policing by using, producing and Nordic Barnahus model (p. 97- Sosialpsykologiske perspek­tiver diffusing evidence. I J. Knutsson 119). Basingstoke: Palgrave (s. 35-39). Oslo: & L. Tompson (Eds.), Advances in Macmillan. Universitetsforlaget. evidence based policing (p. 157- Paulsen, J. E. (2017). Legitimitet, Phelps, J., Moss, S. M. & Larsen, N. 174). London: Routledge. etikk og prosessrettferdighet. I J. M. (2017). Sosial interaksjon. I J. Larsen, N. M. (2017). Hva er kon- Phelps, N. M. Larsen & M. Singh Phelps, N. M. Larsen & M. Singh flikt? I J. Phelps, N. M. Larsen & (Red.), Kommunikasjon og kon- (Red.), Kommunikasjon og kon- M. Singh (Red.), Kommunikasjon flikthåndtering i operativt politi­ flikthåndtering i operativt politi- og konflikthåndtering i operativt arbeid: Sosialpsykologiske per- arbeid: Sosialpsykologiske per-

80 spektiver (s. 71-110). Oslo: in evidence based policing (p. 214- Calderon, S., Mac Giolla, E., Universitetsforlaget. 223). London: Routledge. Granhag, P. A. & Ask, K. (2017). Scott, M. S., Eck, J. E., Knutsson, J. Do true and false intentions dif- fer in level of abstraction?: A test & Goldstein, H. (2017). Problem- Academic articles of construal level theory in de- oriented policing. I R. Wortley & Aas, G. (2017). The Norwegian ception contexts. Frontiers in M. Townsley (Eds.), police and victims of elder abuse Psychology, 8. doi: 10.3389/ Environmental criminology and in close and familial relation- fpsyg.2017.02037 crime analysis (p. 227-258). ships. Journal of Elder Abuse & London: Routledge. Neglect, 30(1), 1-22. doi: Dahl, J.Y. (2017). Hvorfor bruke Singh, M. & Simensen, T. K. (2017). 10.1080/08946566.2017.­ kompass når vi har GPS? – Kommunikasjon i politioppdrag. 1364683 Politiets sikring av biologiske spor (DNA-bevis) og fingerav- I J. Phelps, N. M. Larsen & M. Bjelland, H. F. & Dahl, J. Y. (2017). trykk. Retfærd, 40(3/4), 28-50. Singh (Red.), Kommunikasjon og Exploring criminal investigation Hentet fra http://retfaerd.org/ konflikthåndtering i operativt practices: The Benefits of analys- wp-content/uploads/2018/01/ politi­arbeid: Sosialpsykologiske ing police-generated investiga- retfaerd_3_4_2017_4.pdf perspektiver (s. 153-178). Oslo: tion data. European Journal of Universitetsforlaget. Policing Studies, 5(2), 5-23. Dillern, T. (2017). Markers of the Stenshol, K. & Birknes, R.-E. (2017). Hentet fra https://brage.bibsys. aerobic energy-delivery system Operative beslutninger: Hvordan no/xmlui/han- as measures of post-match fa- opparbeide seg god dømme- dle/11250/2452047 tigue and recovery in Soccer: A repeated measures design. Asian kraft? I J. Phelps, N. M. Larsen & Bjelland, H. F. & Vestby, A. (2017). Journal of Sports Medicine, 8(3). M. Singh (Red.), Kommunikasjon “It’s about using the full sanction doi: 10.5812/asjsm.14425 og konflikthåndtering i operativt catalogue”: on boundary negotia- politiarbeid: Sosialpsykologiske tions in a multi-agency organized Fahsing, I. A. & Ask, K. (2017). In perspek­tiver (s. 233-250). Oslo: crime investigation. Policing & search of indicators of detective Universitetsforlaget. society, 27(6), 655-670. doi: aptitude: Police recruits’ logical Sunde, I. M. (2017). Cybercrime law. 10.1080/10439463.2017.­ reasoning and ability to generate I A. Årnes (Ed.), Digital forensics 1341510 investigative­ hypotheses. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, (p. 51-116). Hoboken, NJ: John Bjørgo, T. (2017). Preventing organ- 30(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1007/s11896- Wiley & Sons. ised crime originating from out- 017-9231-3 Tompson, L. & Knutsson, J. (2017). A law motorcycle clubs. Trends in realistic agenda for evi- Organized Crime, 1-39. doi: Geurts, R., Ask, K., Granhag, P. A. & dence-based policing. I Advances 10.1007/s12117-017-9322-7 Vrij, A. (2017). Eliciting informa- tion from people who pose a

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84 Kinnunen (Ed.), NSfK`s 59. ness-review/articles/2017/11/ Paulsen, J. E. & Simensen, T. K. Research Seminar: Migration and ledelse-lares-mens-du-leder/ (2017). Hvordan bør lærerrollen criminology (s. 202-207). Bifröst: Gamian-Wilk, M., Bjørkelo, B. & være i en sokratisk sirkel? Læring Scandinavian Research Council Madeja-Bien, K. (2017). Coping om læring, 1(1), 31-35. Hentet fra for Criminology. Hentet fra strategies to exposure to work- http://hdl.handle. http://www.nsfk.org/Portals/0/ place bullying. Forum Oswiatowe net/11250/2466037 Archive/Report%20NSfK%20 / The Educational Forum, 30(2), Rasmussen, J. M. & Bech, H. I. Research%20Seminar%202017. 79-94. Hentet fra http://foru- (2017). Hvordan kan arkeologi gi pdf moswiatowe.pl/index.php/czas- bedre politietterforskning? Phelps, J., Larsen, N. M. & Singh, M. opismo/article/view/474/367 Forskning.no. Hentet fra: ht t p s:// (2017). Innledning. I J. Phelps, Ganapathy, J. & Damkås, T. (2017). forskning.no/blogg/kulturmin- N. M. Larsen & M. Singh (Red.), Pathways to understanding com- nebloggen/forhistorisk-as- Kommunikasjon og konflikthånd- munity-oriented policing in ted-hvordan-kan-arkeolo- tering i operativt politiarbeid: post-conflict societies. European gi-gi-bedre-politietterforskning Sosialpsykologiske perspektiver police and science research bulle- (s. 17-31). Oslo: tin, Summer 2017(16). Hentet fra Chronicles Universitetsforlaget. https://bulletin.cepol.europa. Filstad, C., Glomseth, R. & Karp, T. (2017, 7. september). Er det noe Solhjell, R. (2017). Policing at high eu/index.php/bulletin/article/ galt med lederkulturen i politiet? schools: Experiences among view/245/209 Aftenposten. Hentet fra ht t p s:// ethnic minority youth. I A. Glomseth, R. (2017, 14. november). www.aftenposten.no/meninger/ Kinnunen (Ed.), NSfK`s 59. Lederskap og kultur i politiet. kronikk/i/OMe3q/Er-det-noe- Research Seminar: Migration and Norges Politilederlag. Hentet fra galt-med-lederkulturen-i-politi- criminology (p. 60-66). Bifröst: https://www.politilederen.no/ et-Filstad_-Glomseth-og-Karp Scandinavian Research Council nyheter/1787-lederskap-og-kul- for Criminology. Hentet fra tur-i-politiet Glomseth, R. & Aarset, M. (2017, 11. juli). Styrk forskningen på leder- http://www.nsfk.org/Portals/0/ Holmboe, M. (2017). skap under ekstreme kontekster. Archive/Report%20NSfK%20 Ungdomsoppfølging og ung- VG Nett. Hentet fra https://www. Research%20Seminar%202017. domsstraff: En straffereaksjon vg.no/nyheter/meninger/styrk- pdf som krever samarbeid. FOKUS. forskningen-paa-lederskap-­ Fagblad for politiets kriminalitets- under-ekstreme-kon- Academic literature forebyggende forum, (1), 11-13. tekster/a/24094317/ Filstad, C. (2017, 28.november). Hentet fra https://brage.bibsys. Ledelse læres mens man leder. BI no/xmlui/hand- Hemmingby, C. (2017, 17. novem- Business Review. Hentet fra htt- le/11250/2435096 ber). Bevæpningsdebatt på side- ps://www.bi.no/forskning/busi- spor. Politiforum. Hentet fra

85 https://www.politiforum.no/ NRK Ytring. Hentet fra ht t p s:// arm? : En studie av politibetjen- artikler/bevaepningsde- www.nrk.no/ytring/invi- ters rolle som rettshåndhevere i batt-pa-sidespor/412251 ter-til-mobilfri-nyttars- den norske demokratiske rettssta- Hemmingby, C. (2017, 16. juni). fest_-1.13843642 ten (Doktorgradsavhandling). Nord-Irland er fastkjørt. NRK Universitetet i Agder, Ytring. Hentet fra https://www. Editorial Kristiansand. nrk.no/ytring/nord-irland-er- Holmboe, M. (2017). Ytring: Unødig Risan, P. (2017). Accommodating fastkjort-1.13559065 ventetid ved ungdomsoppfølging trauma in police interviews: An og ungdomsstraff: Pedersen, W., Skardhamar, T. & exploration of rapport in investi- Påtalemyndighetens ansvar for Fekjær, S. B. (2017, 9. mars). gative interviews of traumatized saksflyten. Tidsskrift for straffe- Utelivsvolden fortsetter. victims (Doktorgradsavhandling, rett , 17(1), 3-5. Hentet fra ht t p:// Aftenposten. Hentet fra ht t p s:// Universitetet i Bergen). Hentet hdl.handle.net/11250/2441119 www.aftenposten.no/meninger/ fra https://brage.bibsys.no/xm- debatt/i/4aRkG/Utelivsvolden- lui/handle/11250/2455887 Book reviews og-overskjenkingen-i-Oslo-ba- Runhovde, S. R. (2017). Policing the re-fortsetter--Willy-Peder- Glomseth, R. (2017). Anmeldelse av illegal trade in wildlife: A study of sen_-Torbjorn-Skardha- Tom Karp: Til meg selv: Om Norway and Uganda mar-og-Silje-Bringsrud-Fekjar selvledelse. Norges Politilederlag. (Doktorgradsavhandling). Hentet fra https://www. Skarpenes, N. (2017, 25. august). Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo. politilederen.no/nyheter/1730-­ Politiet på data – og i gata. NRK Rønning, H. (2017). Politi og skjønn: bokomtale-til-meg-selv-om- Ytring. Hentet fra https://www. En studie av politibetjenters selvled­else-av-tom-karp nrk.no/ytring/politiet-pa-data-_- skjønnsutøvelse i ordenstjeneste, og-i-gata-1.13654777 Larsson, P. (2017). Anmeldelse av sett i lys av rettslige rammer Klaus von Lampe: Organized Spurkland, K. (2017, 6. juli). Uklare (Doktorgradsavhandling, crime: Analyzing illegal activi- regler om bruk av militærmakt i Universitetet i Tromsø – Norges ties, social structures, and ex- fredstid. Aftenposten. Hentet fra arktiske universitet). Hentet fra tra-legal governance. Nordisk https://www.aftenposten.no/ https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/ Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab, meninger/kommentar/i/55r1z/­ handle/11250/2469450 104(2), 225-229. Uklare-regler-om-bruk-av- Masterdissertations militarmakt-i-fredstid--Kai-Spur- kland Reports/Theses Sunde, N. (2017). Non-technical sources of errors when handling Sunde, I. M. (2017, 30. desember). PH.D. theses digital evidence within a criminal Inviter til mobilfri nyttårsfest! Heivoll, G. (2017). Lovens lange investigation (Master thesis,

86 NTNU). Hentet fra https://brage. Bjørgo, T. & Silkoset, E. (2017). Hoel, L. & Barland, B. (2017). Store bibsys.no/xmlui/hand- Trusler og trusselhendelser: En endringer kommer på kattepoter: le/11250/2446090 spørreundersøkelse blant stor- Evaluering av Stabs- og lederutvi- tingsrepresentanter og regjerings- klingsprogrammet ved Reports medlemmer (PHS Forskning Politihøgskolen (PHS Forskning Aas, G. & Andersen, T. A. (2017). 2017: 5). Oslo: Politihøgskolen. 2017: 2). Oslo: Politihøgskolen. Mishandlingsbestemmelsen: En Hentet fra https://brage.bibsys. Hentet fra https://brage.bibsys. evaluering av loven mot mishand- no/xmlui/hand- no/xmlui/hand- ling i nære relasjoner jf. Strl. § 219 le/11250/2477943 le/11250/2455866 (§ 282/283) (PHS Forskning Bjørnebekk, R. & Mørch, W. T. Stoynova, N., Bezlov, T., Dahl, J. Y. 2017: 1). Oslo: Politihøgskolen. (2017). Rapport fra den interne & Bjelland, H. F. (2017). Cross- Hentet fra https://brage.bibsys. evaluering av senterets pilotpro- border organised crime: Bulgaria no/xmlui/hand- sjekt “Mestring og livsglede for and Norway in the context of the le/11250/2427624 voldsutsatte barn og unge og deres migrant crisis. Sofia: Center for Barland, B., Høivik, J., Myhrer, T.-G. nære omsorgspersoner”. the Study of Democracy. Hentet & Thomassen, G. (2017). “Som Grimstad: Stine Sofie Senteret / fra https://brage.bibsys.no/xm- før, men tryggere”: Politiets vurde- Nasjonalt kompetansesenter for lui/handle/11250/2466059 ring av 14 måneders midlertidig voldsutsatte barn og unge. Strype, J. & Ervik, B. (2017). Hva er bevæpning (PHS Forskning 2017: Eckblad, K. (2017). Fra praktisk viktigst for overordnet studenttil- 3). Oslo: Politihøgskolen. Hentet pedagogikk til pedagogikk i prak- fredshet? Analyser av HiOA- fra https://brage.bibsys.no/xm- sis. Oslo: Politihøgskolen. Hentet studentenes svar i lui/handle/11250/2459314 fra https://brage.bibsys.no/xm- Studiebarometeret 2016 (HiOA- Bjørgo, T. & Gjelsvik, I. M. (2017). lui/handle/11250/2433481 rapport 2017 nr. 7). Oslo: Right-Wing extremists and anti-Is- øgskolen Hoel, L. & Barland, B. (2017). Major H i Oslo og Akershus lam activists in Norway: changes sneak up on you, silently, (OsloMet). Hentet fra ht t p s:// Constraints against violence as if on cat’s paws: Evaluation of skriftserien.hioa.no/index.php/ (C-REX Working Paper Series no. the Staff and Leadership skriftserien/article/view/85 3/2017). Oslo: C-REX. Hentet fra Development Programme at the Taraldsrud, L. S., Holmboe, M., https://www.sv.uio.no/c-rex/ Norwegian Police University Eide, F. & Johansen, M. (2017). english/ College (PHS) (PHS Forskning “Transocean-saken”: Evaluering publications/c-rex-working-pa- 2017: 4). Oslo: Politihøgskolen. av Økokrims etterforsking og per-series/constraints-against- Hentet fra https://brage.bibsys. iretteføring. Oslo: Riksadvokaten. right-wing-violence.pdf no/xmlui/hand- le/11250/2469472

87 á Conference publications and academic presentations

Barland, B. (2017, januar). Nye do- EuroCrime 2017 conference, Bjelland, H. F., Dahl, J. Y. & Larsson, pingavsløringer - nye sjanser. European Society of P. (2017, november). Policing Presentasjon på Seminar, Criminology, Cardiff, Wales. human trafficking and human Campus Stord, Høgskolen på Barland, B. (2017, oktober). smuggling in Norway. Vestlandet, Stord. Fortellinger, doping, kroppskultur. Presentasjon på Center for the Barland, Bjørn. (2017, mars). Presentasjon på Study of Democracy, Sofia, Doping- ungdom. Presentasjon på Hurtigrutekurset, arrangert av Bulgaria. Forebyggende-seminar, Politiet i Allmenlegeforeningen. Bjørkelo, B. (2017, juni). Lederes rolle Asker og Bærum. Barland, B. & Myhrer, T.-G. (2017, i varslersaker: De få som ser og de Barland, B. (2017, August). Training June). As before, but safer. som gjør noe der andre tier: Om and education of the Norwegian Presentasjon på European Police hva vi som samfunn risikerer når Police Incident Management Staff. Research Institutes innholdet i varslingsaker forsvin- Presentasjon på The 24th Nordic Collaboration, Gent, Belgia. ner. Presentasjon på Fritt ord frokostmøte, Oslo. Academy of Management Barland, B. & Hoel, L. (2017, au- Conference, Trac 7: Emergency gust). Training and education of Bjørkelo, B. (2017, juni). management, Nord University, the Norwegian Police Incident Whistleblowing Research: The Bodø. Management Staff. Presentasjon Norwegian experience. Barland, B. (2017, september). på The 7th MARPART Presentasjon på International Police and Academia Possibilities Conference, Nuuk, Grønland. Whistleblowing Research and challenges. Presentasjon på Network Conference, Oslo.

89 Bjørkelo, B., Helleve, I. & Almås, A. perspektiv. Presentasjon på Ganapathy, J. (2017,august). G. (2017, mars). From private to Fagseminar Oslo statsadvoka- Cultural Awareness. UNPOC. professional: A longitudinal study tembeter, Oslo. Presentasjon på United Nations of SNS use. Presentasjon på Filstad, C. & Olsen, T. H. (2017, Police Peacekeeping Operations, NERA 2017, København, september). Change readiness Politihøgskolen, Stavern. Danmark. and socially constructed manoeu- Ganapathy, J. (2017, august). Dahl, J. Y. (2017, juni). Policing vring space: Dilemmas police lead- Integrating Migrants to mobile property offenders in ers encounter as change agents. Norwegian Society. Presentasjon Norway. Presentasjon på Joint Presentasjon på British Academy på Innovation Camp, Høgskolen i SIPR – Norwegian Police of Management, University of Oslo og Akershus (OsloMet), University College seminar, Warwick, Coventry, England. Oslo. Dundee, Skottland. Flaatten, S. (2017, november). Om Ganapathy, J. (2017, oktober). Edvardsen, O. & Aas, G. (2017, prosjektet Kontroll av kapital. Integrating Migrants to mars). Kvinner og mishandling, Foredrag på Institutt for krimi- Norwegian Society. Presentasjon og voldsutsatte barn. nologi og rettssosiologi, på International Public Health: Presentasjon på Kvinnedagen, Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo. The Scope of Global Public Krisesenteret i Salten, Bodø. Flaatten, S. (2017, november). Om Health, Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus (OsloMet), Oslo. Ellefsen, B. (2017, februar). Tidenes prosjektet Kontroll av kapital. politireform? Nærpolitireformen i Foredrag på Institutt for offentlig Ganapathy, J. (2017, november). The et historisk perspektiv. rett, Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo. Road Ahead: A preliminary in- Presentasjon på Politikere i utakt Flaatten, S. (2017, desember). Om sight into the workings of Police med folket?, Gardermoen. prosjektet Kontroll av kapital. Experts Networks in Post-Conflict Foredrag for Forskergruppa poli- Societies. Presentasjon på CEPOL Ellefsen, B. (2017, juni). ti, rett og samfunn, European Police Research & Samfunnsoppdraget i et historisk Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Science Conference, Budapest, perspektiv. Presentasjon på Ungarn. Politihøgskolens forskningskon- Ganapathy, J. (2017, april). Gjelsvik, I. M. (2017, mars). feranse 2017, Oslo. Kulturforståelse, kommunikasjon og mangfold. Forelesning for Community policing and violent Ellefsen, B. (2017, september). vaktledere, Politihøgskolen, extremism. Presentasjon på Nærpolitireformen i et historisk Oslo. United Nations Police Officers perspektiv. Presentasjon på Course (UNPOC), Nairobi, Ganapathy, J. (2017, mai). Forum for samfunnsdebatt, Oslo. Kenya. Kulturforståelse. Presentasjon på Ellefsen, B. (2017, september). Metodeseminar for Glomseth, R. (2017, januar). Teorier Nærpolitireformen i et historisk Utlendingsnemda, Oslo. om ny ledelse: Hovedvekt på trans-

90 formasjonsledelse. Forelesning på Glomseth, R. (2017, desember). Presentasjon på Politivitenskap Høyskolen Kristiania, Oslo. Organisasjons- og ledelseskultur: – FIKS prosjektet, Oslo. Glomseth, R. (2017, mars). Politiet som case. Undervisning Gundhus, H. O. I. (2017, septem- Kriseledelse og krisehåndtering. på erfaringsbaserte master i ber). Transnational policing and Presentasjon på Integrated oper- styring og ledelse, Høgskolen i intelligence: Negotiations of risks. ations IV: Management of the Oslo og Akershus (OsloMet), Presentasjon på Human traffick- unpredictable, NTNU Ålesund, Oslo. ing and human smuggling in Ålesund. Glomseth, R. & Karp, T. (2017, okto- Norway and Bulgaria, Seminar, Glomseth, R. (2017, mars). Ledelse, ber). Orientering om forsknings- Sofia, Bulgaria. prosjektet Politiledelse i praksis. kultur og endringskompetanse. Gundhus, H. O. I. (2017, septem- Presentasjon for Politiets Presentasjon på Ledersamling ber). Rhetorics and practice of Fellesforbund, Oslo. ved Sentrum politistasjon, Oslo. policing borders. Presentasjon på Glomseth, R. (2017, juni). Hva er Gundhus, H. O. I. (2017, mars). Migration research at IKRS and politiledelse i praksis? Discretion as an obstacle. PRIO, Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo. Presentasjon på Ethnographic Presentasjon på Politihøgskolens Gundhus, H.O.I. (2017, oktober). Perspectives on Policing and Forskningskonferanse 2017, Transnational policing and intelli- Experiences of Policing in a Oslo. gence: Negotiations of risks. Context of Administrative Glomseth, R. (2017, oktober). Police Presentasjon på Seminar on Change, Workshop, Aarhus, management and leadership pro- Human trafficking and human Danmark. grams: An overview. Presentasjon smuggling in Norway and for masterstudenter fra Münster, Gundhus, H. O. I. (2017, juni). Bulgaria, Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Migration security and intelli- Handegård, T. (2017, juni). gence. Presentasjon på Policing Glomseth, R. (2017, oktober). Velkommen til forskningslederpro- Organised and Cyber Crime: Presentation of the planned grammet. Presentasjon på research and practitioner per- Master’s programme in Nordic Samling 1: Forsknings­ spectives, Seminar på Scottish Police Leadership. Presentasjon ledelsesprogrammet, police college, Kincardine, under besøk fra Islands Politihøgskolen, Kongsvinger. Skottland. Politidirektør og University of Handegård, T. (2017, august). Akureyri, Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Gundhus, H.O.I. (2017, august). Politimetoder i endring. Refleksjoner rundt FIKS- Glomseth, R. (2017, november). Presentasjon på Uni Resarch prosjektets betydning for PHS: Politiledelse i praksis. Rokkansenteret, Bergen. Har prosjektet opplevd motstand, Presentasjon på Samling for kritikk eller antifeminisme? Gundhus, H. O. I. (2017, september). Politiets Fellesforbunds lederkon- Presentasjon på Norges takter, Oslo. Formidling av politiforskning.

91 forskningsråds Balanse-samling, straff – en straffereaksjon som Holmboe, M. (2017, juni). Forpliktet Norges forskningsråd, Lysaker. krever samarbeid. Presentasjon til faglig frihet: Om forskning, Hegna, J. W. (2017, november). på PKF-konferansen, kritikk og kvalitet. Presentasjon Police practices on the TOR- Gardermoen. på Politihøgskolens network. Presentasjon på Holmboe, M. (2017, april). Vil vi ha Forskningskonferanse 2017, Policing Crime on the Darkweb, lengre fengselsstraffer? Politihøgskolen, Oslo. University in Leeuwarden, Panelsamtale om forslag til Holmboe, M. (2017, august). Tale Leeuwarden, Nederland. strengere fengselsstraffer, eller tie: Om taushetsplikt og av- Hegna, J. W. (2017, november). Seminar Rettspolitisk forening, vergingsplikt. Presentasjon på Police practices on the TOR- Oslo. Straffekaffe, Institutt for offent- network: Some legal questions to Holmboe, M. (2017, mai). Fengsel lig rett, Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo. be addressed. Presentasjon for eller frihet: Om hensyn og prinsip- Holmboe, M. (2017, september). representanter fra forsknings- per i norsk straffutmåling. Transocean-saken: Rapporten fra prosjektet “PDTOR, University in Presentasjon på Torsdagsmøte et evalueringsutvalg. Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, Riksadvokatembetet, Oslo. Presentasjon på Straffekaffe, Nederland. Holmboe, M. (2017, mai). Institutt for offentlig rett, Helgesen, J. H. I. (2017, oktober). En Varslingsplikt/hindringsplikt og Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo. god rusmestringsenhet – hvordan taushetsplikt. Presentasjon på Holmboe, M. (2017, oktober). får vi det til? Presentasjon på Barn i straffesaker, Juristenes Forpliktet til faglig frihet: Om Erfaringskonferanse for rusmest- utdanningssenter, Oslo. forskning, kritikk og kvalitet. ringsenheter, Holmboe, M. (2017, mai). Presentasjon på KRUS’ Kriminalomsorgens høgskole og Reaksjonsformer. Presentasjon på Forskningskonferanse, utdanningssenter, Lillestrøm. Barn i straffesaker, Juristenes Kriminalomsorgens høgskole og Hemmingby, C. (2017, januar). utdanningssenter, Oslo. utdanningssenter, Lillestrøm. Terrorismens utvikling i Europa. Holmboe, M. (november). Tale eller Presentasjon på Oslo Vest Rotary Holmboe, M. (2017, mai). tie: Om avvergingsplikt. Klubb, Oslo. Narkotikaprogram med domstols- kontroll: Straffens formål, mål- Presentasjon på Avvergeplikt, Holmboe, M. (2017, januar). Straff grupper og kriminalomsorgens Indre Østfold krisesenter, Askim. som virker – straffens formål og rolle. Presentasjon på Kaltenborn, J. F. (2017, januar). ungdomsstraff. Presentasjon på Erfaringssamling om narkotika- Analysis of computer-based meth- Straff som virker, Workshop program, Kriminalomsorgens ods to detect and investigate eco- Advokatforeningen, Oslo. høgskole og utdanningssenter, nomic crime from a rule of law Holmboe, M. (2017, mars). Lillestrøm. perspective. Presentasjon for Ungdomsoppfølging og ungdoms-

92 Norges forskningråd som besøkte eller blir de “prioritert”? Presentasjon på Digital Forensics, NTNU i Gjøvik, Presentasjon på Politihøgskolens Midtveisevaluering, Det juridiske Gjøvik. Forskningskonferanse 2017, fakultet, Universitet i Oslo, Oslo. Kaltenborn, J. F. (2017, februar). Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Lundgaard, J. M. (2017, november). The Rule of law and criminal pro- Larsson, P. (2017, oktober). Research Uvisshetens puslespill: Å gjøre cedure. Presentasjon på Gjøvik and Master in police science at vurderinger og ta beslutninger ved Testimon Seminar, NTNU i NPUC. Presentasjon under besøk politiets operasjonssentral. Gjøvik, Gjøvik. fra Islands Politidirektør og Presentasjon på Workshop for Kaltenborn, J. F. (2017, juni). University of Akureyri, forskergruppen Politimetoder i Stordata: Fordeler og ulemper på Politihøgskolen, Oslo, Norge. endring, Politihøgskolen, Oslo. etterforskningsstadiet? Larsson, P. (2017, november). Lundgaard, J. M. (2017, desember). Presentasjon på Politihøgskolens Regulating illegal hunting of Event driven control room practic- Forskningskonferanse 2017, wolves. Presentasjon på es: A jigsaw puzzle of the unclear. Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Scandulv-konferanse, Presentasjon på Postgrad. sym- Larsson, P. (2017, mai). Örsundsbro, Sverige. posium, Scottish Institute of Reguleringen av illegal ulvejakt i Police Research and Police Larsson, P. (2017, november). Norge. Presentasjon på NSfK’s 59. Scotland, Edinburgh, Skottland. Research and Master. Presentasjon Research Seminar, Örenäs Slott, for Kosovo Police and Kosovo Myhrer, T.-G. (2017, juni). Om å Glumslöv, Sverige. Academy for Public Safety senior stake ut kursen fremover når Larsson, P. (2017, juni). On the hunt: management, Politihøgskolen, nå-posisjonen er usikker eller gal. Organised crime and wiretapping. Oslo. Presentasjon på Politihøgskolens Presentasjon på New Trends- Forskningskonferanse 2017, Lundgaard, J. M. (2017, april). møte for skotske politiutdannere, Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Uvisshetens puslespill: Edinburgh, Skottland. Kunnskapsarbeid og hendelses- Myhrer, T.-G. (2017, august). Larsson, P. (2017, juni). On the hunt: styrte praksiser ved politiets ope- Policing the Arctic Ocean: The use of modern surveillance rasjonssentral. Presentasjon på Possibilities and responsibilities. techniques in policing illegal hunt- Beredskapskonferansen, Presentasjon på The 24th Nordic ing of wolves. Presentasjon på Høgskolen i Innlandet, Elverum. Academy of Management International Symposium on Conference, Trac 7: Emergency Lundgaard, J. M. (2017, juni). Society and Resource management, Nord Universitet, Kunnskap ved krise: Om opera- Management (ISSRM), Umeå, Bodø. sjonssentralens dannelse og an- Sverige. vendelse av kunnskap i det hendel- Myklebust, T. (2017, januar). Larsson, P. (2017, juni). Politi og sesstyrte politiarbeidet. Forskning på etterforskning. politikk: Kan politiet prioritere

93 Presentasjon på Fagseminar, Etterforskningsseminaret, Myklebust, T. (2017, oktober). Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Information-led interviewing Myklebust, T. (2017, februar). Å Myklebust, T. (2017, april). Fokus på before and after the 2011 terrorist arbeide SMART: Arbeids- og orga- etterforskning/-ing: Master og attacks in Norway. Presentasjon nisasjonspsykologisk prosjekt. politiet som organisasjon. på The Immorality and ineffec- Presentasjon på Fagseminar, Fagmøte og presentasjon fra PHS tiveness of Physical & Politihøgskolen, Oslo. til Riksadvokaten, Psychological Torture Conference, Newcastle Myklebust, T. (2017, februar). Politihøgskolen, Oslo. University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Ansiktsgjennkjenning: Myklebust, T. (2017, juli). The England. Forskningsmiløjø og resultater. Nordic Barnahus Model in investi- Presentasjon på Seminar AOP, gative interviews of children. Myklebust, T. (2017, oktober). Psykologisk institutt, Presentasjon på The Investigative Interviewing: Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo. International Investigative Research and Practical perspective from an International Perspective. Myklebust, T. (2017, mars). Interviewing Research Group Presentasjon på Seminar for Etterforskningsprosjektet: Hvor er (iIIRG) Annual Conference, Masterstudents Münster Police, politiet og hvilken retning går vi? Monterey, California, USA. Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Presentasjon for Politihøgskolens Myklebust, T. (2017, juli). pensjonistforening, Investigative Interviews of Myklebust, T. (2017, november). Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Children in Norway: Education of Research and Practice. The Norwegian Police University Myklebust, T. (2017, april). Decision (police) interviewers and use of College and academic collabora- making procedures: The terror the Barnahus Model. tions. Meeting and presentation attacks in Norway 2011. Presentasjon på International to PCC Vera Baird, Northumbria Presentasjon på lukket konfer- Investigative Interviewing Police. anse for Northumbria Police og Research Group (iIIRG) Annual The Forensic Psychology Conference, Monterey, Myklebust, T. (2017, november). The Research Group, Newcastle California, USA. Nordic Barnahus Model. Meeting University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Myklebust, T. (2017, september). and Presentation to Staff at England. CEPOL – Practical Research and Barnardo’s, Newcastle upon Myklebust, T. (2017, april). Research in practice: Police Tyne, England. Science in an international per- Etterforskningsutdanning(-ene) Myklebust, T. (2017, november). The spective. Presentasjon på på Politihøgskolen: Fenomen og Norwegian Police University International Seminar on Police metode. Veien videre som et lag! College: Education, training and Science, Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Presentasjon på implementation of knowledge into

94 practice. Presentasjon på The mars). “Politiet som organisa- Paulsen, J. E. & Simensen, T. K. MOU meeting between NPUC, sjon”: Prosjekt og implementering (2017, april). Podcasting. Har du Newcastle University and i politidistriktene. Presentasjon tenkt på at du kan bruke Podcast Northumbria Police, av prosjekt til ledelsen i som del av undervisningen din? Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Politidirektoratet, Oslo. Presentasjon på Forum for nett- basert læring, Politihøgskolen, Myklebust, T. (2017, november). Myklebust, T. & Bjørkli, C. A. (2017, Oslo. Achieving Best Evidence: Who, september). Politiet som organi- What, Where, When and Why. sasjon: Hvilke måleparametere Paulsen, J. E. & Simensen, T. K. Gjesteforelesning på Master in kan brukes: Hvorfor og hvordan (2017, mai). Hvordan bør lære- Forensic Psychology, Newcastle undersøke dette i Innlandet politi- rens rolle være i en sokratisk sir- University, Newcastle upon Tyne, distrikt. Presentasjon på kel? Presentasjon på England. Lederseminar Innlandet politi- Læringsfestivalen, NTNU distrikt, Gjøvik, Norge. Trondheim, Trondheim. Myklebust, T. (2017, desember). Avhør eller samtaler med barn på Nesje, K., Canrinus, E. T. & Strype, Phelps, J. & Larsen, N. M.(2017, stedet: Tilrettelagt og/eller poli- J. (2017, september). Teacher “on november). Kommunikasjon og tiavhør i straksetterforskningsfa- hold”: Professional identity con- konflikthåndtering i vekterarbeid. sen? – Når og hvordan bør barn structions of Teach First candi- Kurs for vekterinstruktører, avhøres på stedet/initialfasen? dates. Presentasjon på Biennial Politidirektoratet, Oslo. Erfaringer om Conference of the European Runhovde, S. R. (2017, september). Barnehusordningen. Presentasjon Association for Research on War – what is it good for? på Politihøgskolens etterfors- Learning and Instruction, Presentasjon på European kningsseminar, Politihøgskolen, Tampere, Finland. Society of Criminology confer- Kongsvinger. Paulsen, J. E. (2017, mars). ence, Cardiff, Wales. Myklebust, T. & Snortheimsmoen, Medisinsk forskningsetikk. Runhovde, S. R. (2017, november). A. (2017, mars). The car bombing Presentasjon på Etiske praksiser i The Problems of War and attack and massacre on 22nd of medisinsk og helsefaglig Militarization in Wildlife Crime July 2011: Implications for the forskning (ph.d.-kurs), Det medi- Enforcement. Presentasjon på police service and on society. sinske fakultet, Universitetet i American Society of Criminology Presentasjon på International Oslo, Oslo. Conference, Philadelphia, USA. week at the Norwegian Police Paulsen, J. E. (2017, mai). Sandvik, A. M. & Hansen, A. L. University College (NPUC), Oppdragsforskning. Presentasjon (2017, juni). Psychopathic person- Politihøgskolen, Oslo. på Seminaret Politi, rett, sam- ality traits as predictors of drug Myklebust, T. & Bjørkli, C. A. (2017, funn, Politihøgskolen, Stavern. use. A comparison of psychopathy

95 assessment measures. politiet fravikes? Presentasjon på Perspective? Presentasjon på Presentasjon på The 17th Nordisk workshop i strafferett, Cyber Symposium 2017: Digital International Conference of Justissektorens kurs- og øvings- Resilience, Litteraturhuset, Oslo. Forensic Mental Health Services, senter, Stavern. Sunde, I. M. (2017, juni). Politiets Split, Kroatia. Spurkland, K. (2017, juni). Krig og samfunnsoppdrag i et digitalisert Snortheimsmoen, A. & Myklebust, fred og sånt. Presentasjon på samfunn. Presentasjon på T. (2017, april). The car bombing Politihøgskolens Politihøgskolens attack and massacre on 22nd of Forskningskonferanse 2017, Forskningskonferanse 2017, July 2011: Implications for the Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Politihøgskolen, Oslo. police service and on society. Stigen, M. H., Glomseth, R. & Sunde, I. M. (2017, oktober). Presentasjon på International Kvigne, K. (2017, mars). Hva er Presentasjon av bokprosjektet(Di- Week, Politihøgskolen, Stavern. politiledelse i praksis? gital forensics)og kapitlet Snortheimsmoen, A. & Myklebust, Presentasjon på Cybercrime law. Bokpresentasjon, T. (2017, oktober). The 2011 ter- Kriminaletterretningsmøtet, Senter for rettsinformatikk, rorist attack in Norway: Decision- Gardermoen, Norge. Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo. making Procedures and challeng- Sunde, I. M. (2017, januar). Sunde, I. M. (2017, oktober). Digital es. Presentasjon på Seminar for Etterforsking på det mørke nettet: Forensics and Cybercrime Law. Masterstudents Münster Police, Problemet med anonymitet. Presentasjon på Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Politisk debatt, NTNU Tirsdagskaffeseminar, Senter for Solhjell, R. (2017, april). Etnisk Trondheim, Trondheim. rettsinformatikk, Universitetet i minoritetsungdom og deres erfa- Sunde, I. M. (2017, januar). Oslo, Oslo. ring med politiet. Presentasjon av Perspektiver på sikkerhet og retts- Sunde, I. M. (2017, oktober). Why forskningsfunn for bydel Grorud, sikkerhet i et digitalisert samfunn. Treat Crime as Cybercrime?: A Oslo. Presentasjon på konferansen Critical Look at Cybercrime Law. Solhjell, R. (2017, desember). Security Divas, Gjøvik. Presentasjon på Legal Challenges Oppfattelse av politiet og politiets Sunde, I. M. (2017, februar). EOS in Cybersecurity: Freedom To vs st arbeid blant minoritetsungdom i utvalgets rolle og oppgaver. Freedom From: 1 Signal sympo- Norden. Presentasjon på Presentasjon på Storebror ser sium, Oslo. Ungdom, rus og ekstremisme, deg, Nobels fredssenter, Oslo. Sunde, I. M. (2017, november). Bærum og Asker kommune. Sunde, I. M. (2017, mai). Cybercrime Utfordringer når kriminaliteten Spurkland, K. (2017, mai). Prevention and Cybercrime blir digital. Presentasjon på Forsvarets bistand til politiet: Når Investigation: What is the Norsk ØKO-Forum Konferanse, kan de vanlige kravene til Difference from a Rule of Law Oslo.

96 Vestby, A. (2017, mars). Pågående

forskning på etterretning. NORWEGIANPOLICE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE Gjesteforeleser på master i politi- vitenskap, Politihøgskolen, Oslo. Vestby, A. & Bjelland, H. F. (2017, Justanother mai). Boundary negotiations in a multi-agency organized crime TOOLin the box investigation. Presentasjon på Attitudesin the Norwegianpolice International perspectives on towardspermanent arming organizational boundaries of policeofficers Workshop. Vestby, A. & Bjelland, H. F. (2017, oktober). It’s about using the full GunnarThomassen, Bjørn Barland, Julie Høivik, Tor-GeirMyhrer, Pernille Erichsen Skjevrak, Jon Strype sanction catalogue. Presentasjon på Teoretiske perspektiver og Introduction Norwegian Police Officers do not carry elevated terror threat against uniformed favoredthe currentmodel with an unarmed firearms as part of the uniform during police and military personnel.In this study police storing firearms in the patrol cars. analytiske rammeverk om poli- ordinary patrol service. Instead they have we investigate the impact the period of However,during and after the periodof temp- firearms stored securely in their patrol temporaryarming of the police has had on oraryarm ing of the pol ice, att itudes appearto cing, Universitetet i Oslo, Oslo. vehicles.However during a periodof approx- PoliceOfficers attitudes towards arming of have shifted significantlyin favor of arming imately14 months, from late November2014 the police on a more permanentbasis. All the policeon a permanentbasis. Drawing on to early February2016, NorwegianPolice though the police union has been in favor qualitative interviews and survey data we Officerswhere authorizedto carry firearms of armingthe police since 2012,a relatively discuss possiblecauses to this significant clearmajority of policeofficers seemto have shift in attitudes amongpolice officers. Posters during ordinary patrol service due to an

Barland, B., Thomassen, G., Myhrer, TheDATA inthe study Supportfor permanentarming of police officers (%) Thestudy utilizesa broadrange of data, both 100 T.-G., Høivik, J. & Strype, J. qualitativeinterview data and surveydata. TheQUALITATIVE data: 90 • In-depthinterviews of 30 policeofficers (2017, september). Just another in the autumnof 2016 80 • 21males and 9 females TOOL in the Box: Attitudes in the • Fivedifferent police districts. 70 TheQUANTITATIVE data: 60 • Surveyof PoliceOfficers in 2011(N=4552) Norwegian police towards perma- and 2017(N=3039) 50

nent arming of police o cers. The TheRESULTS 40 • Thequalitative interviews suggest a significant 30 European Society of shift in attitudesduring or after the fourteenmonth periodwhen policeofficers were carrying fire arms. 20 • An overwhelmingmajority of the informants,both Criminology, Cardi , Wales. maleand female,expressed support for arming 10 policeofficers on a permanentbasis. • Surveysconducted before and after the fourteen 0 monthperiod confirms this finding. 2011(N=4552) 2017(N=3039)

Discussion •One importantfactor seemto be the perceptionthat “it all went smooth”without any seriousincidents. •Another factor seemsto be the perceptionthat somesituation ended well becausethe policewere armed. •The threat of terrorismis rarelyused as an argumentfor armingthe police. •A commonargument is the moremundane daily situationstypically involving entering the apartmentof peoplewith mentalillness and/or drug addiction.

97 Media Ellefsen, B. (2017, 7. februar). Får dagsnytt-atten/ Bjelland, H. F. & Vestby, A. (2017, ikke klage på vedtak. Nationen. NMAG03005117/13-03-2017 23. november). Politiet løste ikke Glomseth, R. & Karp, T. (2017, 27. Jon, N. (2017, 4. april). Det er ikke Lime-saken alene. Forskning.no. februar). Politiledelse. Dagens noe nytt at gutter tøffer seg. Hentet fra ht t p s://for sk n i ng. Perspektiv. Hentet fra ht t p s:// Forskning.no. Hentet fra ht t p s:// no/2017/11/politiet-gar-nye-vei- vimeo.com/205848679 forskning.no/2017/03/det-er- er-i-etterforskningen-av-arbeids- Hoel, L. & Bjørkelo, B. (2017, 26. ikke-noe-nytt-gutter-toffer-seg/ livskriminalitet/produsert-og-fi- desember). Mener politiet må bli produsert-og-finansiert-av/politi- nansiert-av/politihogskolen flinkere til å lære av sine feil. hogskolen Bjørkelo, B. (2017, 26. januar). Forskning.no. Hentet fra ht t p s:// Kvalnes, Ø., Ulvenes, P. & Holmboe, Jensen-saken er krevende for forskning.no/2017/12/politi- M. (2017, 19. oktober). Har me politifolk. NRK-P2 Nyhetsmorgen. et-ma-apne-mer-kritisk-reflek- plikt til å hjelpe? NRK P2, Ekko. Hentet fra https://radio.nrk.no/ sjon/produsert-og-finansiert-av/ Hentet fra https://radio.nrk.no/ serie/nyhetsmorgen/ politihogskolen serie/ekko/MDSP25020917/19- NPUB50001917/26-01- Holmboe, M. (2017, 5. februar). 10-2017 2017#t=45m35s Cappelens manglende svar kan Paulsen, J. E. (2017, 20. januar). Bjørkelo, B. (2017, 28. april). hindre full strafferabatt. NRK. Politietikk i dilemmaer og gråso- Politihøgskolens BALANSE- Hentet fra https://www.nrk.no/ ner – hvor godt rusta er politiet prosjekt. Forskningsrådet. Hentet norge/cappelens-manglen- til å håndtere små og store etiske fra https://www.forskningsradet. de-svar-kan-hindre-full-straffe- utfordringer? EKKO NRK P2, no/prognett-balanse/Nyheter/ rabatt-1.13355807 Ekko. Hentet fra ht t p s://r ad io. Politi­hogskolens_ Holmboe, M. (2017, 1. november). nrk.no/serie/ekko/ BALANSEprosjekt­ Folk unngår å varsle på grunn av MDSP25001517/20-01-2017 /1254026431243&­lang=no taushetsplikten. Forskning.no. Skardhamar, T. & Pedersen, W. Bjørkelo, B. (2017, 4. november). Hentet fra ht t p s://for sk n i ng. (2017, 10. mars). Har ikke lykkes Varslerne. Dagbladet. no/2017/10/den-ubehageli- med å redusere utelivsvolden i ge-plikten/produsert-og-finansi- Oslo sentrum. Aftenposten. Egge, M. (2017, 6. januar). ert-av/politihogskolen Publikums tillit til politiet. Jahnsen, S. Ø. (2017, 23. mars). Nyhetsmorgen. Hentet fra htt- Hvordan hindre ghettoisering? ps://radio.nrk.no/serie/nyhets- Dagsnytt atten. Hentet fra htt- morgen#t=30m28s ps://radio.nrk.no/serie/

98 © Politihøgskolen, Oslo 2018 Photo: Kai Spurkland p. 6, 27, 32, 48, and 66 Translation: Karin Elaine Aarnes Layout: Eileen Schreiner Berglie Print: Staples Research at the Norwegian Police University College

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