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li 7 3 2692® *» *•* NASA CR-121202 OR 12,644

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF INFORMATION ON MECHANICS OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE

By James L. Carpenter, Jr., Nestor Moya,. Richard A. Shaffer, and D. Michael Smith MARTIN MARIETTA AEROSPACE Orlando, Florida 32805

CAS COP prepared for

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER AEROSPACE SAFETY RESEARCH AND DATA INSTITUTE CLEVELAND, OHIO 44135

Patrick T. Chiarito, Project Manager George Mandel, Technical Adviser

Contract NAS 3-16681 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient'! Catalog No. NASA CR-121201 4. Title and Subtitle S. Report Date June 1973 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF INFORMATION ON MECHANICS OF. 6. Performing Organization Code STRUCTURAL FAILURE •'/<;

7. Author(i) . ?VA, 8. Performing Organization Report No. James L. Carpenter, Jr., Nestor Hoya, Richard A. Shaffer, and D. Michael Smith "*•'/•( OR 12.644 10. Work Unit No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address

Martin Marietta Aerospace 11: Contract or Gram No. Orlando, Florida 32805 HAS 3-16681 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Spomoring Agency Name and Address Contractor Report National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, D. C. 20546

IS. Supplementary Notes Project Manager: Patrick T. Chiarito Technical Advisor: George Handel Aerospace Safety Research and Data Institute, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44135 16. Abstract

This Bibliography Is comprised of approximately 1500 reference citations related to six problem areas in the mechanics of failure in aerospace structures. The bibliography represents a search of the literature published in the tea year period 1962-1972 and is largely limited to documents published in the United States.

Listings are subdivided into the six problem areas: (1) Life prediction of structural materials; (2) Fracture toughness data; (3) Fracture mechanics analysis; (4) Hydrogen embrlttlement; (5) Protective coatings; and (6) Composite materials. An author Index Is included.

17. Key Words (Suggested by AuthorUM 18. Distribution Statement Life Prediction Composite Materials Fracture Strength Bibliographies Unclassified - Unlimited Fracture Mechanics Hydrogen Eobrlttlement Protective Coatings

19. Security Oaaif. (of this report) 20. Security Clatsif. (ol this page) 21. No. of Pagn 22. Price*

Unclassified Unclassified 116 3.00

' For sale by the National Technical Information Service. Springfield. Virginia 72151 FOREWORD

; This Bibliography is comprised of apprbx-i'm ately,%15dO;reference citations related to the six problem areas in the mechanics of structural failure defirVed'in the Introduction. The literature search which resulted in the bibliography was conducted as a part of NASA.Lewis Research Center Contract NAS 3-16681. The purpose of this publication is to provide, in easy reference form, a survey of the literature published in the ten year period 1962-1972 regarding failure modes and mechanisms of aerospace structures. Documents referenced that are dated earlier than this period have been included because of the frequency of their citation, usually because they are regarded as "classics". It therefore provides a basis for broadening the information based produced for the Aerospace Safety Research and Data Institute. It is recognized that the bibliography is an incomplete listing and represents only an initial installment. Nevertheless, it is hoped that it will contribute as a guide to those who seek related information. TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ; „... iii INTRODUCTION '.."..'...'::.: vii PROBLEM AREA 1 ^V^., Life Prediction of Structural-Materials ,. 1-3 " •'"'*. PROBLEM AREA 2 '?x-,, ... Fracture Toughness Data ..: 11-3 PROBLEM AREA 3 Fracture Mechanics Analysis 111-3 PROBLEM AREA 4 Hydrogen Embrittlement IV-3 PROBLEM AREA 5 Protective Coatings V-3 PROBLEM AREA 6 Composite Materials VI-3 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORS VII-3 INTRODUCTION

The.Bibliography of Information on the Mechanics of Structural Failure contains references pertaining to the six problem areas listed below:

I. Life prediction of materials at high temperatures and exposed to monotonic and cyclic loading - Includes information on low cycle and thermal fatigue particularly as it applies to turbine buckets..in the gas turbine engine and high cycle fatigue data for materials used in components such as engine bearings. II. Fracture toughness data on various structural materials - Available data are categorized with respect to test methods, Kic versus Kc, and other peculiar parameters considered by the investigators. In particular, data derived from ASTM standard tests are identified. III. Fracture mechanics analyses - capabilities and limitations - A significant amount of publications deal with linear eleastic fracture mechanics which assumes plane strain. Attempts were made to identify any work that was done, taking into account elastic- plastic theories. IV. Hydrogen embrittlement of superalloys - This subject is of interest regarding turbine buckets, which are exposed to high temperatures. It will be of increasing importance if additional interest develops in using hydrogen as the fuel in gas turbine engines. V. Protective coatings - Airbreathing engines operating in contaminated environments are in need of protection against attach by the contaminants. Information on the various candidate coatings and the effects of combustion products of contaminants in jet fuels on engine components is of prime interest. For example, the sulfur ordinarily contained in JP fuels reacts with salt present in shipboard and offshore environments and the resulting compounds attack turbine buckets severely. VI. Composite materials data on low cycle and thermal fatigue- Our aim here is to search for data related to composite structural materials. This Bibliography is divided into seven parts. Parts I - VI are comprised of citations in the six problem areas researched. All references are listed alphabetically, using the surname of the principal author. Part VII is a complete author index, including the names of co-authors. Each entry includes the author or corporate source, the title, a publication source, and the date. The format used is unique to the purpose of the bibliography. All entries preceded by an asterisk (*) are included in the Aerospace Safety Research and Data Institute data base, i.e., ASRDI Forms 102A were completed for them. The remaining citations are either references cited by authors whose work has been abstracted or are valid references that could not be researched under the current contract because of funding limitations. When it could be readily established, the entry has been qualified to show its availability from one or more of the several government or government-sponsored information distribution centers.

VII Alternative sources for the references in the bibliography are identified as follows: "A" Numbers, e.g., A73-12005 Hard copy and/or microfiche of these citations may be purchased from the NASA- sponsored Technical Information Service operated by the AIAA, 750 Third Avenue; New York, New York 10017. "AD" Numbers, e.g., AD-734304 Hard copy and/or microfiche/microfilm of AD numbers that are unclassified and unlimited in distribution may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service, Spring- field, Virginia 22151. Hard copy and/or microfiche/microfilm of AD numbers that are limited distribution and available only to qualified registered users may be ordered directly from the Defense Documentation Center, Cameron Station, Alexandria, Virginia 22314. "N" Numbers, e.g., N69-16367 Hard copy and/or microfiche of these citations may be purchased from the National Tech- nical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151. The order of precedence for information included in the citations in this bibliography is: 1. Author(s) 2. Title 3. Original source, i.e., technical report number or proceedings, journals, etc. 4. Date of publication 5. Alternative source A particular effort has been made to highlight the date of publication because of its relevance in a field of research that is continually changing. In general, the source for all references is an activity in the United States of America. It is recognized that considerable Russian and Japanese literature exists in Problem Areas I and VI and that only a fragment of it is referenced because of the problem of translation. Similarly, time did not permit an adequate survey of literature published in the United Kingdom, Australia, and several European nations relating to Problem Areas I, II, III and VI. Classified documents have been omitted. It is recognized that some useful data in Problem Areas I and VI exists in classified publications.

Vlll PROBLEM AREA 1

Life prediction of materials at high temperatures and exposed to monotonic and cyclic loading - Includes information on low cycle and thermal fatigue particularly as it applies to turbine buckets in the gas turbine engine and high cycle fatigue data for materials used in components such as engine bearings. LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Anderson, W. J., Parker, R. J., and Zaretsky, E. V.: A Study of Residual Stress Induced During Roll- ing. NASA TM-X-52422, NASA Lewis Research Center. 1968. Available as N68-.30955. Abel, A. and Ham, R. K.: The Cyclic Strain Behavior '''^/.Anderson, W. J. and Zaretsky, E. V.: Effect of Ma- of Crystals of Al (4%) Cu-ll, Low-Cycle Fatigue. terials - General Background. NASA Lewis Re- ActaMet.Vol.14. P. 1495.1966. search Center. 1971. Available as N71-26834. Abo El Ata, M. M. and Finnic, I: On the Prediction Anderson, William J. and Zaretsky, Erwin V.: of Creep-Rupture Life of Components under Rolling-Element Bearings. Machine Design. Vol. Multiaxial Stress. Creep in Structures 1970. 40. No. 14. PP 22-39. 13 June 1968. Proc. Second Symposium. Goteborg, Sweden. Armstrong, P. E. and Brown, H. L.: Dynamic 17-21 August 1970. Young's Modulus Measurement Above 1000°C Achter, M. R.: Effect of Environment in Fatigue on Some Pure Polycrystaline Metals and Com- Cracks. ASTM STP No. 415. P. 181. 1967. mercial Graphites. Trans. AIME. Vol. 230. No. 5. PP 962-966. August 1964. Adair, A. M. and Roberson, J. A.: The Effects of Mi- crostructure on the Strength and Fracture of Arwas, E. B., McGrew, J. M., and Winn, L. W.: New 18% Ni (250 Grade) Maraging Steel. AFFDL- Bearing Concepts for Gas Turbines. SAE Paper TR-70-144. December 1969. 720739. Mechanical Technology, Inc. SAE Na- tional Combined Farm, Construction and Indust. *Ahmad, I., Barranco, J. M., Loomis, K. E., and Hef- Mach. and Power Plant Meeting. Milwaukee, ferman, W. J.: Metal Matrix Composites for High Wis. 11-14 September 1972. Available as A73- Temperature Application. Watervliet Arsenal, 12005. N.Y. Report WVT-7155. October 1971. Avail- able as AD-734304 and N72-19647. Ault, G. M.: Current Status and Opportunities for Improved High-Temperature Materials for Ad- ^Anderson, W. J., Bamberger, E. N., and Zaretsky, vanced Turbojet Engines. AIAA Paper 65-741. E. V.: Rolling-Element Bearing Life from 400to November 1965. 600°F. NASA TN-D-5002. January 1969. Avail- able as N69-16367. Austin, Brendon A., Reiner, Albert N., and Davidson, Thomas E.: Low Cycle Fatigue Anderson, W. J. and Coe, H. H.: High Speed Rolling Strength of Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels. Wa- Element Bearing. NASA-CASE-LEW-10856-1. tervliet Arsenal. WVT-6819. June 1968. Avail- 16 November 1971. Available as N72-22490 able as AD-835514. (Patent). Anderson, W. J., Coe, H. H., and Scibbe, H. W.: Eval- uation of Hollowed/Drilled/Balls in Ball Bear- ings at DN Values of 2 Million. NASA TM- X-52747. January 1970. Available as N70- B 19336. Anderson, W. J., Fleming, D. P., and Parker, R. J.: The Series Hybrid Bearing - A New High Speed Bearing Concept. ASME Paper 71-LUB-15. ASLE Babitzke, H. R., Siemens, R. E., Asai, G., and Kato, and ASME Joint Lub. Conf. Philadelphia, Pa. 5-7 H.: Development of Columbium and Tantalum October 1971. Available as A72-11537. Alloys for Elevated Temperature Service. Bu- reau of Mines. Report No. 6558. 1964. Anderson, W. J., Parker, R. J., and Zaretsky, E. V.: A Study of Residual Stress Induced During Roll- Baldi, R. W.: Experimental Investigation of Fatigue ing. ASME Paper 68-LUB-l. ASME and ASLE Damage Accumulation. Aircraft Engineering. Lub. Conf. Atlantic City, NJ. 8-10 October Vol. 44. PP 4-6. November 1972. Available as 1968. Available as A68-45540. A73-13571.

1-3 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Bamberger, E. N.: Bearing Fatigue Investigation. Bass, C. D. and Harmsworth, C. L.: Fatigue, Tensile NASA CR-72290. Genera! Electric Co. R69- and Creep Properties of 17-7 PH TH 1050 and FPD-309. 15 September 1967. AM 350 SCT Sheet. AFML. December 1969. Bamberger, E. N. and Zaretsky, E. V.: Fatigue Lives Beachem, C. D.: The Effects of Three Aqueous En- at 600°F of 120 Millimeter Bore Ball Bearings vironments on High-Stress Low Cycle Fatigue of of AISI M-50, AISI M-l, and WB-49 Steels. An 18 Per Cent Nickel Maraging Steel. NRL- NASA TN-D-6156. NASA Lewis Research MR-1627. June 1965. Available as AD- Center. E-6004. March 1971. Available as N71- 475863L. See also NRL-MR-1685 and AD- 21666. 631545. Bamberger, E. N.: Effect of Materials Metallurgy Bednarski, S. and Shen, C. N.: Gas-Turbine Loading Viewpoint. Interdisciplinary Approach to the Lu- Schedule for Maximum Life of the Hot Gas Path brication of Concentrated Contacts. P. M. Ku, Components. ASME Paper 70-WA/GT-2. Gen- Editor. Proceedings Preprint of a NASA Sym- eral Electric Co. November 1970. Available as posium. Vol. II. P. 103. July 1969. A71-14116. Bamberger, E. N.: The Effect of Ausforming on the *Begley, R. T., Cornie, J. A., and Goodspeed, R. C.: Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of a Typical Bear- Development of Columbium Base Alloys. AFML- ing Steel. Journal Lubrication Technology. Vol. TR-67-116. November 1967. Available as AD- 89. No. 1. PP. 63-75. January 1967. 824229. *Begley, R. T., Godshall, J. L., and Harrod, D. L.: De- Bamberger, E. N.: Electroslag Melted M-50 velopment of Columbium Base Alloys. AFML- Ausformed Bearings Interim Engineering Re- TR-65-385. January 1966. port, 1 January - 31 March 19707ReporfNa R-70AEG482. General Electric Co. 15 May Belener, P. R., Bird, R. J., and Wilson, R. W.: Hot 1970. Available as AD-869612. Corrosion Problems Associated with Gas Turbines. ASTM STP No. 421. P. 123. June Bamberger, E. N.: Electroslag Melted M-50 . 1966. Ausformed Bearings Interim Engineering Prog- ress Report, 1 April - 30 June 1970. Report No. Belfour Stulen, Inc.: Aerospace Structural Metals R-70AEG322. General Electric Co. 15 July Handbook. Vol. I. AFML-TR-68-115. 1968. 1970. Available as AD-871654. *Bell, W. J. and Benham, P. P.: The Effect of Mean Stress on Fatigue Stress of Plain and Notched Bamberger, E. N.: Life Adjustment Factors for Ball Stainless Steel Sheet in the Range from 10 to and Roller Bearings. An Engineering Design ,10 million cycles. Proc. Fourth Pacific Area Na- Guide. ASME. New York. 1971. tional Meeting, Los Angeles California. 1-3 Oc- Barnett, R. L. and Hermann, P. C.: Proof Testing tober 1962. ASTM STP No. 338. 1963. in Design with Brittle Materials. Journal Bellows, G.: Applying Surface Integrity Principles Spacecraft Rockets. Vol. 2. No. 6. PP. 956-961. in Jet Engine Production. Metals Eng. Quarterly. December 1965. PP. 55-58. November 1972. Available as A73- Barrere, Michael: French Turbojet Research 13272. Reviewed. AFFTD-HC-23-0617-72. June 1972. *Benson, D. K., and Grosskreutz, J. C.: Suppression Barton, J. R.: Fatigue Damage Detection. February of Fatigue Cracking Through Control of Surface 1971. Available as A72-12498. Conditions. AFML-TR-67-343. Midwest Re- search Institute. September 1968. Available as Baskin, Y., Harada, Y., and Handwerk, J. H.: Some AD-843591. Physical Properties of Thoria Reinforced by Metal Fibers. Journal of Americal Ceramics Soc. Bergman, P. A.: Hot Corrosion of Gas Turbine Vol.43. 1V09. 1969. Alloys. Corrosion. Vol. 23. No. 3. P. 72. 1967.

1-4 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Berkowitz-Mattuck, J.: Kinetics of Oxidation of *Blucher, J. T., Knudsen, P., and Grant, N. J.: Effect Refractory Metals and Alloys at 1000°C. ASD- of Strain Rate and Temperature at High Strains TDR-62-203, Part 2, March 1963. on Fatigue Behavior of SAP Alloys. Transactions of AIME. Vo. 242. August 1968. Berling, J. T. and Conway, J. B.: Effect of Hold-Time on the Low-Cycle Fatigue Resistance of 304 *Bortz, S. A.: Metal-Reinforced Ceramic Com- Stainless Steel at 1200°F. Proceedings. 1st In- posites for Turbine Vanes. March 1972. Avail- ternational Cont. on Pressure Vessel Tech. able as A72-25643. Delft, Holland, P. 1233.1969. *Bouton, I. and Trent, D. J.: Quantitative Structural Berling, J. T. and Slot, T.: Effect of Strain Rate on Design Criteria by Statistical Methods. Vols. I Low Cycle Fatigue Resistance of AISI 304, 316 & II. NAA Space & Info. Div. Reports SID 67- and 348 Stainless Steels at Elevated Tem- 495-1 and SID 67-495-2. May 1967. See also perature. ASTM STP No. 459. 1969. AFFDL-TR-107.Vols. 1-3.1968. Betran, A. M., Sims, C. T., and Wagenheim, N. T.: Bouton, I. and Trent, D. J.: Test Factor of Safety The High Temperature Properties of Mar - A New Means for Providing Compliance with M-509. Journal of Metals. P. 39. September Structural Reliability Requirements. NAA Re- 1969. port SID 66-1440. January 1967. Paper presented at AIAA 8th Structures, Structural Bisson, Edmond E. and Anderson, William J.: Ad- Dynamics and Materials Conference. Palm vanced Bearing Technology. NASA SP-38. PP. Springs, Calif. 29-31 March 1967. 311-321.1964. Bouton, I. and Trent, D. J.: The Unreliability of BlacRburn, M. J.: Relationship of Microstructure to Structural Reliability. ASM TR-P9-12.4. Some Mechanical Properties of Ti-8Al-lV-lMo. Presented at ASM Materials Congress. Trans. ASM. Vol. 59. 1966. Philadelphia. October 1969. Blake, R. E.: Predicting Structural Reliability for Bowman, John C.: The Prediction of Fatigue Life Design Decisions. Journal of Spacecraft and in Random Vibration Environments. AFFDL- Rockets. March 1967. TR-70-144. P. 475. December 1969. *Blatherwick, A. A. and Cers, A. E.: Fatigue, Creep, Bradbury, E. J. Handcock, P., and Lewis, H.: The and Stress-Rupture Properties of Several Super Corrosion of Nickel Base Metal in Gas Turbine Alloys. AFMLTR-69-12.1970. and Boiler Atmosphere. Metallurgia. Vol. 67. 1963. *Blatherwick, A. A. and Cers, A. E.: Fatigue, Creep and Stress Rupture Properties of Nicrotung, Su- Bradley, E. F. and Donachie, Jr. M. J.: The Role of per A-286 andlncone!718.AFML-TR-65-329. Materials in Flight Propulsion Systems. J. Met- September 1965. als. PP. 25-30. October 1970. Bragin, D. Ya and Vasil'ev, G. V.: Some Particular- Blatherwick, A. A. and Cers, A. E.: Fatigue, Creep ities of Relaxation Stresses in Heat-Resistant and Stress Rupture Properties of Ti- Alloys Under Vibration. Naukova Dunika. Proc. 13V-llCr-3Al Titanium Alloy (B120-VCA). Eng. - Sci. Conference concerning Static and AFML-TR-66-293. September 1966. Dynamic Strength of Materials and Design Ele- ments at High and Low Temperatures. Kiev. Bloomer, N. T. and Roylance, T. F.: A Large Scale 1967. Fatigue Test of Aluminum Specimens. Aeronautical Quarterly. Vol. 16. PP. 307-322. Brook, R. H. W. and Parry J. S. C.: Cumulative Dam- November 1965. Available as A66-15056. age in Fatigue - A Step Towards Its Under- standing. Journal of Mech. Eng. Sci. Vol. II. PP. *Blucher, J. T. and Grant, N. J.: Low Strain Rate, 243-255. June 1969. Available as A69-36997. High Strain Fatigue of Aluminum as a Function of Temperature. Transactions of AIME. Vol. 239. Burgreen, D.: Elements of Thermal Stress Analysis. June 1967. C. P. Press. Jamaica, N.Y. 1971.

1-5 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Carter. T. L., Zaretsky, E. V., and Anderson, W. J.: Effect of Hardness and Other Mechanical Prop- erties on Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of Four High Temperature Bearing Steels. NASA TN- Campbell, G.: Hollow Rolling Elements for High- D-270. 1960. Performance Bearings. Space/Aeronautics. Vol. 50. PP 86-88. USAF Systems Command. Rand Cnaboche, J. L.: Stress Calculations for Lifetime T. Div. September 1968. Available as A69- Prediction in Turbine Blades. ONERA TP No. 10294. 1097. ASTM Symposium on Fatigue at Elevated Temperatures. Storrs, Connecticut. 18-23 June Garden, A. E., Kyzer, R. D., and Vogel, W. H.: Low 1972. Cycle Fatigue of Three Superalloys under Cyclic-Extension and Cyclic-Temperature Condi- Chevalier, J. L., Zaretsky, E. V., and Parker, R. J.: A New Criterion for Predicting Rolling-Element tions. Materials Engineering Conference. Hous- ton, Texas. 3-5 April 1967. Available as A67- Fatigue Lives of Through-Hardened Steels. 25955. ASME/ASLE. International Lubrication Confer- ence. New York. 9-12 October 1972. Available Carden, A. E.: Time and Cycle Dependent Failure asA73-14342. at Elevated Temperatures. Proc. 3rd Inter- Chevalier, J. L., Zaretsky, E. V., and Parker, R. J.: American Conference on Materials Technology. A New Criterion for Predicting Rolling-Element Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PP. 781-788.14-17 Fatigue Lives of Through-Hardened Steels. August 1972. NASA TM-X-68078. NASA Lewis Research -Carman,.C._M.:_Crack_Re sis tance Properties of Center. E-6760. 1972. Available as N72-27573. High Strength Aluminum Alloys. Proc. 1st Conf. Chiarito, P. T., Morgan, W. C., and Morse, C. R.: Ex- Fracture. Vol. II. Japanese Society for f^i-ength perimental Determination of Temperature and and Fracture of Materials. P. 995. Sendai, Dynamic Strain Environment of Tubular Com- Japan. 1965. bustor Liner in Turbo-Jet.Engine. NASA TN- D-204. March 1960. ' Carman, C. M. and Katlin, J. M.: Low Cycle Fatigue Chiu, Y. P., Borgese, S., McCool, J. I., and Tallian, Crack Propagation Characteristics of High T. E.: Refinement and Evaluation of Rolling Strength Steels. Paper 66-MET-3. ASME Metals Bearing Load-Life. SKF-AL69P016. SKF In- Engineering Conference. Cleveland, Ohio. 18-22 dustries, Inc. November 1970. Available as AD- April 1966. Available as A67-16213. 884988. *Carman, C. M., Armiento, D. F., and Markus, H.: Chiu, Y. P., Martin, J. A., and McCool, J. I.: Devel- Low Cycle Fatigue Characteristics of Ultrahigh- opment of a Mathematical Model for Predicting Strength Steels. Proc. Fourth Pacific Area Nat'l. Life of Rolling Bearings. Final Report. SKF- Meeting. ASTM. Los Angeles, California. 1-3 Oc- AL68P003. SKF Industries, Inc. April 1968. tober 1962. Frankford Arsenal. Philadelphia, Available as AD-832929. Pa. ASTM STP No. 338. 1963. Christensen, R. H. and Denke, P. H.: Crack *Carman, C. M. and Katlin, J. M.: Low Cycle Fatigue Strength and Crack Propagation Characteristics Crack Propagation Characteristics of High of High Strength Metals. ASD-TR-61-207. Strength Steels. ASME Trans. Journal Basic En- Douglas Aircraft Co. May 1961. gineering, 88D. P. 792. 1966. Christensen, R. H. and Bellinfante, R. H.: Some Carter, T. L.: A Study of Some Factors Affecting Considerations in the Fatigue Design of Launch Rolling-Contact Fatigue Life. NASATR-R-60. and Spacecraft Structures. NASA CR-242. June 1960. 1965. Christensen, R. H. and Harmon, M. B.: Limitations Carter, T. L.: Preliminary Studies of Rolling- of Fatigue-Crack Research in the Design of Contact Fatigue Life of High-Temperature Bear- Flight Vehicle Structures. Fatigue Crack ing Materials. NASA Report RM-E57K12. 1958. Propagation. ASTM STP No. 415. P. 5. 1967.

1-6 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Christian, R. D.: FAR 23 Fatigue Substantiation Coffin, Jr., L. F.: A Generalized Equation for Pre- Procedures. GAMMA Committee Report. Paper dicting High-Temperature, Low Cycle Fatigue, No. 710403. ASE National Business Aircraft Including Hold Times. General Electric Rept. TIS Meeting. Wichita, Kansas. 24-26 March 1971. 69-C-401. December 1969. Available as A71-25133. *Coffin, Jr., L. F.: Some Physical Aspects of High- Chuang, K. C. and Marom, E. M.: Feasibility of Us- •Temperature, Low-Cycle Fatigue. Journal Na- ing Optical Correlation Technique for Detecting tional Science. Society of Japan. Vol. 21. PP. Impending Fatigue Failure. USAAVLABS TR- 186-191. March 1972. Available as A72- 69-19. Bendix Corporation BRL-4814. April 29445. 1969. Available as AD-690216. *Colcord, P. L. and Kildsig, J. R.: Rolling Contact Fa- Clark, Jr., W. G.: Subcritical Crack Growth and Its tigue Life Evaluations of Bearing Materials. Effect Upon the Fatigue Characteristics of ASM Material Engineering Expo, and Congress. Structural Alloys. Eng. Frac. Mech. Vol. 1. No. Philadelphia, Pa. 13-16 October 1969. Avail- 2. P. 385. August 1968. able as A70-22555. Clevenson, S. A. and Steiner, R.: Fatigue Life Coleman, Thomas L. and Hunter, Paul A.: Fatigue Under Random Loading for Several Power Loadings on Commercial Transport Airplanes. Spectral Shapes. NASA TR-R-266. September AFFDL-TR-70-144. P. 123. December 1969. 1967. Collins, H. E.: Development of High Temperature Clifton, F.: Strength Variability in Structural Mate- Nickel-Base Alloys for Jet Engine Turbine rials. RAE-TR-69015. Royal Aircraft Estab- Bucket Applications. NASA CR-54507. TRW, lishment. February 1969. Available as AD- Inc. 20 June 1967. 858748. Collins, H. E.: Development of High Temperature Cocks, M., Leonard, L., and McCool, J. I.: Structural Nickel-Base Alloys for Jet Engine Turbine Studies of Bearing Steel Undergoing Cyclic Bucket Applications. NASA CR-72011. TRW, Stressing. Final Summary Report. Report No. Inc. June 1967. SKF-AL70-C005. SKF Industries, Inc. April *Collins, H. E. and Graham, L. D.: Development of 1971. Available as X71-80258 and AD- Alloy for Cast Air-Cooled Turbine Blades. AFML- 884448L. TR-72-128. January 1972. Available asAD- Coe, H. H., Parker, R. J., and Scibbe, H. W.: Eval- 744109. uation of Electron-Beam Welded Hollow Balls *Comolli, C. R., Newton, R., and Dotson, R. E.: Ad- for High-Speed Ball Bearings. NASA TM- vanced Bearing Study. Part 2 Bearing Tests. Re- X-52779. NASA Lewis Research Center. 1970. port No. PWA-FR-3960-PT-2. Pratt and Whitney Available as N70-25813. Aircraft. 8 September 1971. Available as NASA Coe, H. H., Parker, R. J., and Scibbe, H. W.: Per- CR-72280andN71-36818. formance of 75-Millimeter Bore Bearings to 1.8 *Conway, J. B., Berling, J. T., and Stentz, R. H.: Low- Million DN With Electron-Beam Welded Hollow Cycle Fatigue and Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior Balls. Report No. NASATN-D-5800. NASA of Incology 800. Mar-Test, Inc. Cincinnati, Ohio. Lewis Research Center. E-5442. May 1970. Metallurgical Transactions. Vol. 3. PP. 1633- Available as N70-26982. 1637. June 1972. Coffin, Jr., L. F.: Predictive Parameters and Their *Conway, J. B., Berling, J. T., and Stentz, R. H.: Met. Application to High Temperature, Low Cycle Fa- Trans. Vol. 2. P. 3247. 1971. tigue Fracture. Proc. of the Second Internation- al Conf. on Fracture. Brighton, Chapman & Hall, Conway, J. B., Berling, J. T., and Stentz, R. H.: Nucl. Ltd. London. 1969. App. Tech. Vol. 9. P. 31.1970. Coffin, Jr., L. F.: The Effect of Vacuum on the High Corbin, P. L. and Naumann, E. C.: Influence of Pro- Temperature Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of gramming Techniques and of Varying Limit Load Structural Metals. International Conf. on Cor- Factors on Maneuver Load Fatigue Test Results. rosion Fatigue. Storrs, Conn. 14-18 June 1971. NASA TN-D-3149. January 1966.

1-7 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Cordiano, Hugo V. and Salerno, V. L: Fatigue of Structural Elements. Study of Residual Stresses in Linearly Varying Biaxial Stress Fields. Naval Applied Science Lab. April 1967. Available as AD-653068. Davis, R. J. and France, E. J.: Effect of Tempering Cornie, J. A.: Development of Precipitation Temperature on the Strength of Strained and Strengthened Columbium Base Alloys. AFML- Retempered 4340 Steel. SM-41758. Douglas TR-71-51. December 1971. Aircraft Company Research & Development. Cornie, J. A. and Begley, R. T.: Investigation of the July 1962. Effects of Thermal Mechanical Variables on the Dawson, V. C. D. and Goeller, J. E.: Fatigue of Creep Properties of High Strength Columbium Thick-Walled High-Pressure Cylinders. NOL TR- Alloys. AFML-TR-69-224. August 1969. 70-135. Naval Ordnance Lab. June 1970. Avail- Corrow, C. J. and Symiuta, W. D.: The Origin of Mi- able as AD-716032. crocracks Leading to Rolling Contact Fatigue. Dean, A. V.: Investigation Into the Resistance of ASME Paper 70-DE-40. MIT. ASME Design Eng. Various Nickel and Cobalt Base Alloys to Sea Conf. and Show. Chicago, Illinois. 11-14 May Salt Corrosion at Elevated Temperatures. NGTE 1970. Available as A70-33509. Report. January 1964. *Crews, J. H. and Hardrath, H. F.: A Study of Cyclic Decrescente, M. A. and Bornstein, N. S.: Formation Plastic Stresses at a Notch Root. Journal of So- and Reactivity Thermodynamics of Sodium ciety for Experimental Stress Analysis. Vol. 6. Sulfate with Gas Turbine Alloys. Corrosion. Vol. NOT67PP- 2~47NoT57P71~2~6.T968: *Crichlow, W. J., McMullock, A. J., Young, L., and Deneff, G. V.: Fatigue Prediction Study. WADD TR- Melcon, M. A.: An Engineering Evaluation of Fa- 61-153. January 1962. tigue Life in Airframe Structures. ASE TR- 61-434. Lockheed California Co. March 1962. Derner, W. J., Goodelle, R. A., Root, L. E., and Rung, R.: The Hollow Ended Roller - A Solution for Im- Criscione, Emanual S., Zartarian, Carabed, and proving Fatigue Life in Asymmetrically Loaded Thompson, John H.: Recommended Structural Cylindrical Roller Bearings.-ASME Paper 71- Design Approaches for Advanced Aerospace LUB-14. ASLE and ASME Joint Lub. Conference. Vehicles. AFFDL-TR-67-149. Kaman Corpo- Pittsburgh, Pa. 5-7 October 1971. Available as ration. Burlington, Mass. September 1969. A72-11536.

Crooker, T. W. and Lange, E. A.: Failure of Struc- Dillon, 0. W.: International Journal of Engineering tural Alloys by Slow Crack Growth. NRL-6944. Science. Vol. 2. PP. 327-339. 1964. October 1969. Available as AD-696936. Donachie, M. J., Varin, J. D., Barkley, S. G., and Crooker, T. W. and Lange, E. A.: Low Cycle Fatigue Sprague, R. H.: Materials for Advanced Air- Crack Propagation Resistance for Materials for breathing Aircraft Engines. Presented at the Large Welded Structures. ASTM STP No. 415. Materials Engineering Congress. Detroit, Mich. P. 94.1967. 14-17 October 1968. Donachie, M. J. and Bradley, E. F.: Jet Engine Ma- *Crooker, T. W.: The Role of Fracture Toughness in terials for the 1970's. Metal Progress. March Low-Cycle Fatigue Crack Propagation for High 1969. Strength Alloys. NRL-7422. 20 June 1972. Available as AD-747243. Dorn, John E.: Mechanical Behavior of Materials at Elevated Temperatures. McGraw-Hill Book Co. *Curwen, P. W., Young, W. E., and Furguron, F. G.: 1961. Investigation of Air Bearings for Small High- Performance Aircraft Gas Turbines. Gas Doty, Ralph J.: Fatigue Design Procedure for the Turbine and Fluids Eng. Conf. San Francisco, American SST Prototype. NASA SP-309. P. 365. California. 26-30 March 1972. Boeing. May 1971

1-8 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

*Duliba, 0. N. and Rudenko, V. N.: Certain Regu- ' larities in the Change of Strength Character- istics of Molybdenum and Niobium in an Oxidiz- ing Medium. AFFTD-HT-23-503-70. Termopro- chnost Materialov I Konstruktiwnykh Ele- mentov. No. 5. PP. 29-34. 1969. Available as Felter, C. E. and Beardmore, P.: Strengthening AD-717012. Mechanisms in Fatigue. Achievement of High Fatigue Resistance in Metals and Alloys. ASTM. *Dunsby, J. A. and Wiebe, W.: Effect of Atmospheric (In Publication) Humidity on Aircraft Structural Alloy Fatigue Life. Materials Research and Standards. Vol. 9. Feltner, C. E. and Landgraf, R. W.: Selecting Ma- No. 2. PP. 15-22. February 1969. terials to Resist Low Cycle Fatigue. ASME Paper 69-DE-59. New York. 1969. *Fenn, Jr., R. W. Crooks, D. P., and Pasternak, R. C.: New Ductile Beryllium-Aluminum Wrought Alloys. ASTM STP No. 379, PP. 3-14. Feb. 1965. *Finlay, A. S.: A 100 Hour Test of Chromium Alloy Blades in a Rig Turbine. Dept. of Supply. Eberhardt, A. D. and Martin, J. A.: Identification of Melbourne, Australia. ARL/ME 320. October Potential Failure Nuclei in Rolling Contact Fa- 1970. Available as AD-882910. tigue. ASME Paper 67-WA/CF-l. SKF In- dustries, Inc. ASME Winter Annual Meeting. *Finlay, A. S.: Rig Turbine Testing of Chromium Pittsburgh, Pa. 12-17 November 1967. See also Alloy Blades at Gas Temperatures up to ASMETrans. Series D-J of Basic Engineering. 1095°C. Dept. of Supply. Note ARL/ME 302. Vol. 89. PP. 932-942. December 1967 and A68- Melbourne, Australia. October 1968. 16286andA68-11843. Fleck, W. G. and Anderson, R. B.: A Model Study Eklund, P. R., Herrick, R. C., and Rumbarger, J. H.: of the Characteristics of Fatigue Crack Exten- Analysis of the Elastic Contact of a Hollow Ball sion. AFFDL TR-70-144. P. 417. Cleveland State with a Flat Plate. ASME Paper 69-LUBS-5. University/Carnegie-Mellon University. ASME Lub. Sym. San Francisco, Calif. 17-19 December 1969. June 1969. Available as A69-34383. Folias, E. S.: On the Effect of Initial Curvature on *Ellis, J. R. and Esztergar, E. P.: Considerations of Cracked Flat Sheets. Int. J. Frac. Mech. Vol. 5. Creep-Fatigue Interaction in Design Analysis. PP. 327-346. 1969. Gulf General Atomic Co. ASME. New York 1971. Available as A72-23199. Ford, D. G., Graff, D. G. and Payne, A. 0.: Some Statistical Aspects of Fatigue Life Variation. *Endo, T, and Morrow, JoDean: Monotonic and Com- Proc. Symposium on Fatigue of Aircraft Struc- pletely Reversed Cyclic Stress-Strain and Fa- tures. W. Barrois and E. L. Ripley, eds. PP. 179- tigue Behavior of Representative Aircraft Met- 208. Pergamon Press. 1963. als. NAEC ALS-1105. Illinois University. June Freudenthal, A. M.: Aspects of Cumulative Damage 1966. Available as AD-653282. in Fatigue Design. AFML-TR-67-112. April Endo, T. and Morrow, J.: Cyclic Stress Strain and 1967. Fatigue Behavior of Representative Aircraft Freudenthal, A. M.: Aspects of Fatigue Damage Ac- Metals. Journal of Materials. Vol. 4. P. 159. cumulation at Elevated Temperatures. Proc. In- 1969. ternational Conference on Mechanisms of Fa- Erismann, T. H.: A Parametric Approach to Ir- . tigue in Crystalline Solids. 15-17 November regular Fatigue Prediction. NASA SP-309. P. 1962. Orlando, Florida. Acta Metallurgia. Vol. II. 429. May 1971. July 1963.

1-9 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Freudenthal, A. M. and Shinozuka, M.: Structural Garofalo, F., Richmond, C., Domis, W. F., and Von Safety Under Conditions of Ultimate Load Fail- Gemmingen, F.: Stress-Time, Rate-Stress, and ure and Fatigue. WADD TR-61-177. Columbia Rate-Temperature Relations During Large University. October 1961. Available as AD- Deformations in Creep. Proc. Joint International 272390. Conference on Creep. PP. 1-31. The Inst. of Mech. Engr. London. 1963. Freudenthal, A. M.: The Expected Time to First Fail- ure. AFML-TR-66-37. February 1966. *Gatewood, B. E. and O'Connor, James S.: Identification of Selected Experimental Data on Freudenthal, Alfred M.: Fatigue Damage Accumula- Thermal Stresses. Final Report. AFFDL- tion and Testing for Performance Evaluation. TR-67-100. The Ohio State University Research AFML-TR-71-50. George Washington Univer- Foundation. September 1967. sity. April 1971. Available as AD-884978. *Gatewood, B. E., Glaser, A. R., and Ulrich, Jr., B. ^Freudenthal, A. M.: The Material Aspects of H.: Development of Experimental Testing Pro- Reliability. Proc. Fifth Pacific Area Natl. Meet- grams to Verify Thermal Stress Analysis. ing, ASTM, Seattle, Wash. 31 Oct. - 5 Nov., AFFDL-TR-66-67. Ohio State University Re- 1966.ASTMSTPNO. 404. search Foundation. Columbus, June 1966. ^Freudenthal, A. M.: Fatigue Mechanisms, Fatigue Gay, C., Givens, J., Mastrorroco, S., and Sterman, Performance and Structural Integrity. Final Re- A.: Rene 95 Brazed Joint Metallurgical Pro- port. Columbia University. December 1969. gram. NASA CR-120957. General Electric Com- Available as AD-701415 and N70-27017. pany. Cincinnati, Ohio. Report TM-72-326. Freudenthal, A. M.: Life Estimate of Fatigue Sen- 1972. Available as N72-29564. r s i t i ve'StTFc tUTesrA FM L~T D R 6"4~3 0 OrI9 64: Geiselman, D., Roche, T. K., and Graham, D. L.: De- Freudenthal, A. M.: Reliability Analysis Based on velopment of Oxidation Resistant, High Time to the First Failure. Aircraft Fatigue - De- Strength, Columbium-Base Alloys. Reports 1 sign, Operational, and Economic Aspects. 5th through 6. Contract AF 33(615)-3856. Sep- ICAF Symposium. Melbourne, J. Y. Mann and I. tember 1966 to December 1971. McMillan, eds. May 1967. Cell, M., Leverant, G. R., and Wells, C. H.: The Fa- Freudenthal, A. M.: Statistical Approach to Brittle tigue Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys. Fracture. Fracture. Volume II. Edited by H. United Aircraft Corp. 1970. Available as A71- Liebowitz. Academic Press Inc. New York. 10166. 1968. Geiselman, D., Roche, T. K., and Graham, D. L.: De- Freudenthal, A. M. and Payne, A. 0.: The Structural velopment of Oxidation Resistant, High Reliability of Airframes. AFML-TR-64-401. Strength, Columbium-Base Alloys. Interim Eng. 1964. Project Report 1 through 7. Contract AF33(615)-3856. September 1966 - March 1968. *Getsov, L. B., Malygin, A. F., Fedosov, A. I., Balan- din, Y. F., and Kuptsova, N. I.: Investigation of Small-Cycle Thermal and Mechanical Fatigue of Nickel-Based Alloys. AFFTD-HC-23-2028-71. December 1967. Available as AD-742689. Gamble, R. P. and Tien, J. K.: The Room Tem- *Glenny, R. J. E. and Barnes, J. F.: Some Materials perature Fatigue Behavior of Nickel-Base Su- and Cooling Techniques Applicable to Air- peralloy Crystals at Ultrasonic Frequency. Breathing Engines at High Flight Speed. Journal United Aircraft. July 1971. Available as A71- of Aircraft. Vol. 3. No. 6. PP. 507-415. 34493. November-December 1966. Garcia, W. M. and Kiessling, M. D.: Titanium's Role Glenny, E. and Taylor, T. A.: A Study of Thermal- in Superjet Engines. Metal Progress. March Fatigue Behavior of Metals. J. Inst. Metals. Vol. 1969. 88. PP. 449-461.1960. ,

1-10 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Goldhoff, R. M.: Creep Recovery in Heat Resistant *Halford, G. R.: Cyclic Creep-Rupture Behavior of Steels. Advances in Creep Design. PP. 81-109. Three High Temperature Alloys. NASATN- Halsted Press. New York. 1971. D-6309. May 1971. Gorbakon, A. A., Lebedev, T. A., and Marinets, T. *Halford, G. R.: Temperature Effects on the Strain K.: The Effect of Mechanical Heat Treatment on Range Partitioning Approach for Creep Fatigue the Cyclic Strength of Heat Resistant Alloys. Analysis. NASATM-X-68023. 1972. AFFTD-HT-23-1140-68. March 1969. Available Hall, L. R. and Finger, R. W.: Fracture and Fatigue asAD-694179. Growth of Partially Embedded Flaws. AFFDL- Graham, Phillip H.: A Kinetic Model for Crack TR-70-144. P. 235. The Boeing Company. Growth Predictions. AFFDL-TR-70-144. Atlantic December 1969. Research Corp. P. 313. December 1969. Halliday, James and Hananel, Abraham S.: C-5A *Gran, Robert J., Orazio, Jr., Fred D., Paris, Paul C., Center Fuselage Stress Analysis. Volume I. Re- Irwin, George, and Hertzberg, Richard: In- port LG1US46-4-3. Vol. I. Rev. C. August 1971. vestigation and Analysis Development of Early Available as AD-887968L. Life Aircraft Structural Failures. AFFDL- TR-70-149. Universal Technology Corp. Dayton, Ham, R. K.: The Metallurgy of Fatigue. Ohio. UTCTR-5316. March 1971. Available as RD/L/M-149. Central Electricity Research Lab- AD-884990. oratories. England. 1967. *Gray, H. R.: Hot-Salt Stress Corrosion of Titanium Ham, R. K. and Wayman, M. L.: The Fatigue and Alloys. Aerospace Structural Materials. NASA Tensile Fracture of TD-Nickel. Trans. Met. Soc. SP-227. PP. 251-268.1970. AIME. Vol.239. P. 721. 1967. Greene, A., Sieber, H., Wells, D., and Wolfe, T.: Re- Ham, R. K. and Broom, T.: The Mechanism of Fa- search Investigation to Determine Mechanical tigue Softening. Phil. Mag. Vol. 7. P. 95. 1962. Properties of Nickel and Cobalt-Base Alloys for Hamilton Standard Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior Inclusion in Military Handbook 5. Vol. 1. AFML- Under Biaxial Strain Distribution. HSTP- TDR-64-116. October 1964. 67-16-T. AROD 4872-3-E. September 1967. Greene, B. N., Kellogg, D. H., Oberle, H. J., and Sat- Available as AD-827214. tar, S. A.: Low Cycle Fatigue of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy. Hamrock, B. J. and Anderson, W. J.: Arched- ASM Paper D8-24.4. United Aircraft Corp. Oc- Outer-Race Ball-Bearing Analysis Considering tober 1968. Available as A69-19669. Centrifugal Forces. NASATN-D-6765. NASA Grosskreutz, J. C., Shaw, G. G., and Benson, D. K.: Lewis Research Center. E-6767. April 1972. The Effect of Inclusion Size and Distribution on Available as N72-21470. Fatigue of 2024-T4 Aluminum. AFML- Hanau, Heinz: New Concepts in Bearing Designs TR-69-121.1969. and Applications. Industrial Tectonics, Inc. Grover, H. J. and Mittenbergs, A. A.: Current Prob- Compton, California. PP. 20-23.1965. lems in Prevention of Fatigue. DMIC-S-25. Bat- Hangen, E. B. and Hritz, J. A.: A Redefinition of En- telle Memorial Institute. June 1968. Available durance Life Design Strength Criteria by asAD-842706. Statistical Methods. AFFDL-TR-70-144. P. 685. December 1969. Harada, Y., Baskin, Y., and Handwerk, G. J.: H Calcination and Sintering Study of Thoria. Journal American Ceramics Society. Vol. 45. No. 16. PP. 253-257.1962. . Hardrath, Herbert F.: Fatigue and Fracture. NASA SP-292. PP. 209-218. November 1971. Halford, G. R. and Manson, S. S.: Application of a Method of Estimating High-Temperature Low- Hardt, R. W., Gambino, J. R., and Bergman, P. A.: Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Materials. ASM Hot Corrosion Problems Associated with Gas Trans. Vol. 61. PP. 94-102. 1968. Turbines. ASTM STP No. 421. P. 64. June 1966.

1-11 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Harris, D. 0. and Dunegan, H. L: Prediction of Fa- Herrick, R. C. and Rumborger, J. H.: Analysis of the tigue Lifetime by Combined Fracture Mechanics Elastic Contact of a Hollow Ball with a Flat and Acoustic Emission Techniques. AFFDL- Plate. Final Technical Report. 1 January - 31 TR-70-144. P. 459. December 1969. May 1968. Report No. F-C2166-1. Franklin In- stitute. January 1969. Available as AFFDL- Harris, T. A.: On the Effectiveness of Hollow Balls TR-68-123, X69-15926 and AD-851361. in High Speed Thrust Bearings. ASLE Trans. Vol. 11. PP. 290-294. American Soc. of Lub. Eng. *Hoch, P., Masarik, V., and Cihal, V.: Problems Con- 23rd Annual Meeting. Cleveland, Ohio. 6-9 May nected with Hardening of Chromium-Rich Ni-Cr 1968. Available as A69-10908. Alloys. FTD HC-23-384-71. State Research In- stitute of Material Protection. Prague. 1970. Harris, W. J.: Metallic Fatigue. P. 166. Pergamon Available as AD-733807. Press. 1961. *Hoeppner, David W.: Corrosion Fatigue Consid- Harting, Darrell R.: The S-N Fatigue Life Gage - erations in Material Selection and Engineering A Direct Measuring Cumulative Fatigue Dam- Design. LR-24710. Lockheed-California Com- age. Proc. SESA 2nd International Congress on pany. Burbank. August 1971. Available as AD- Experimental Mechanics. 28 September-1 Oc- 888425. tober.1965. In Experimental Mechanics. Vol. 6. PP. 19A-24A. February 1966. Available as A66- Hoff, Nicholas J., Editor: Creep in Structures. 19806. Academic Press. 1962. Holliday, L.: Composite Materials. Elsevier Publication Company. New York. PP. 91-126. Hartman, A. and Schijve, J.: The Effect of Environ- 1966. ment and'Load'Frequency on the Crack Propagation Law for Macro Fatigue Crack *Holmes, P. N.: Evaluation of Drilled-Ball Bearings Growth in Aluminum Alloys. NRL MP-68001U. at DN Values to Three Million (2 Experimental 1968. Skid Study and Endurance Tests). NASA CR- 2005. Pratt and Whitney Aircraft. PWA-4325. Haryslak, L. W. and Pollini, R. J.: Hot Corrosion April 1972. Available as N72-22503. Problems Associated with Gas Turbines. ASTM . STPNo. 421. P. 146. June 1966. *Holt, G. G.: Thermal Fatigue Testing of Chromium Alloy Guide Vanes. Dept. of Supply. ARL/ME 295. Melbourne, Australia. May 1968. Hatch, A. J., Rosenberg, H. W., and Erbin, E. F.: Ef- Honeycutt, C. R., Margin, T. F., Sawyer, J. C., and fect of Environment on Cracking in Titamin Steigerwald, E. A.: Elevated Temperature Fa- Alloys. ASTM STP No. 397. PP. 122-136. 1966. tigue of TZC Molybdenum Alloy under High Fre- Hay, D. R. and Scala, E.: Effect of Carbon Addition quency and High Vacuum Conditions. Trans. on the Shear Modulus of Tungster and Tungsten ASM. Vol. 60. P. 450. 1967. .3% Rhenium Alloy. Fall Meeting AIME. Chicago, Hooke, F. H.: The Fatigue Life of Safe Life and Fail- Illinois. 30 October - 3 November 1966. Safe Structures - A State-of-the-Art Review. Hayden, H. W. and Floreen, S.: Effects of Various ARL/SM 334. Aeronautical Research Labs. Modes of Loading on the Stress Corrosion Melbourne, Australia. June 1971. Cracking of a Maraging Steel. Corrosion. Vol. Hoover, W. R. and Hertzberg, R. W.: The Fatigue 27. PP. 429-433. Martin Marietta RIAS. 1971. Characteristics of Unidirectionally Solidified Healy, M. S., Marschall, C. W., Halden, F. C., and AI-AlaNi Eutectic Alloy. Trans. Amer. Society Hyler, W. S.: The Fatigue Behavior of Materials Metals. Vol. 61. PP. 769-776.1968. for Supersonic Transport. NASA CR-215. 1965. ^Hosier, J. C. and Tillack, D. J.: Inconel Alloy 617, Heimerl, G. J., Baucom, R. M., Manning, C. R., and A New High Temperature Alloy. Western Metal Braski, D. N.: Stability of Four Titanium Alloy and Tool Expo, and Conf. Los Angeles, Califor- and Four Stainless Steel Sheet Materials After nia. 13-17 May 1972. See also: Metals Engi- Exposures up to 22,000 Hours at 550°F neering Quarterly. Vol. 12. PP. 51-55. August (561°K). NASATN-D-2607.1965. 1972.

1-12 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

*Hudson, C. M. and Hardrath, H. F.: Effects of Changing Amplitude on the Rate of Fatigue- Crack Propagation in Two Aluminum Alloys. NASATN-D 960. September 1961.

*Hudson, C. M. and Raju, K. N.- Investigation of Jack, A. R. and Price, A. T.: The Use of Crack In- Fatigue-Crack Growth Under Simple Variable- itiation and Growth Data in the Calculation of Amplitude Loading. NASA TN-D-5702. March Fatigue Lives of Specimens Containing Defects. 1970. Metal Construction and British Welding Journal. *Hudson, C. M. and Hardrath, H. F.: Investigation of Vol. 3. PP. 416-419. November 1971. Available the Effects of Variable-Amplitude Loadings on asA72-11098. Fatigue Crack Growth Propagation Patterns. Jackson, E. G.: Rolling-Contact Fatigue Evaluations NASA TN-D-1803. August 1963! of Bearing Materials and Lubricants. ASLE *Hyatt, M. V.: Stress Corrosion Cracking of High Trans. Vol. 2. No. 1. PP. 121-128. 1959. Strength Aluminum Alloys. The Boeing Com- Jacobs, A. J.: Optimizing the Combination of pany. D6-24840. Available as AD-905675L. Strength and Stress Corrosion Resistance of 7075 Aluminum by Thermal-Mechanical Treat- I ments. Rocketdyne. Report R-7822. April 1969. Available as AD-851514.

Jacoby, G. H.: Comparison of Fatigue Lives Under Illg, W.: Factors in Evaluating Fatigue Life of Struc- Conventional Program Loading and Digital Ran- tural Parts. NASA TN-D-725. April 1961. dom Loading. Effects of Environment and Com- plex Load History on Fatigue Life. ASTM STP Illg, W.: Fatigue Tests on Notched and Unnotched Sheet Specimens of 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 No. 462. P. 184. January 1970. Aluminum Alloys and of SAE 4130 Steel with Jahnke, L. P.: Titanium in Jet Engines. Paper Special Consideration of the Life Range from 2 presented at Titanium '69. Cincinnati, Ohio. to 10,000 Cycles. NACA TN-3866. 1956. 16-17April 1969. ^_ Illg, W. and Castle, C. B.: Fatigue of Four Stainless James, L. A. and Schwenk, E. B.: Fatigue-Crack Steels and Three Titanium Alloys. Before and Propagation of Type 304 Stainless Steel at After Exposure to 550°F (561°K) Up to 8800 Elevated Temperatures. Met. Trans. Vol. 2. PP. Hours. NASATN-D-2899. 1965. 491-496. 1971. *lllg, W. and Imig, L. A.: Fatigue of Four Stainless Steels, Four Titanium Alloys and Two Aluminum Joffa, R. E., Robinson, J. F., and Shackelford, L. A.: Alloys Before and After Exposure to Elevated The Compliant Ball Bearing. Presented at Amer- Temperatures for Up to Three Years. NASA TN- ican Ordnance Assoc. Ball Bearing Conf. D-6145. April 1971. Dartmouth College, New Hampshire. 4-6 Sep- tember 1968. Autonautics. 4 September 1968. *lmpellizeri, L. F.: Cumulative Damage Analysis in Available as X69-15411, AD-850544L and Structural Fatigue. Effects of Environmental IDEP-104.20.30.40-C1-20. and Complex Load. History on Fatigue Life. ASTM STP No. 462. PP. 40-68. 1970. *Johnson, C. R. and Grimsley, J. D.: Short-Time Impellizeri, L. F.: Development of a Scatter Factor Stress Rupture of Prestressed Titanium Alloys Applicable to Aircraft Fatigue Life. ASTM STP Under Rapid Heating Conditions. NASA TN- No. 404. PP. 136-156. 1966. D-6052. November 1970. Itagaki, H. and Shinozuka, M.: Application of Monte *Johnson, K. L.: Strength of Surfaces in Rolling Con- Carlo Technique to Fatigue Failure Analysis tact. Proc. Canadian Cong, of Appl. Mechanics. Under Random Loading. Technical Report No. Laval University. Quebec, Canada. 22-26 May 16. (NSF-GK 3858 and 24925). Columbia Uni- 1967. P. 3-191 to 3-205. Available as A69- versity. July 1971. 11989.

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Johnson, L. G.: The Statistical Treatment of Fa- Karlashov, A. V. and Shevelia, V. V.: Some Surface tigue Experiments. Elsevier. New York, New Phenomenon Problems in Corrosion Fatigue. York. 1965. Soviet Materials Science. Vol. 2. PP. 313-315. July-August 1966. Available as A68-17400. Johnston, J. R. and Ashbrook, R. L.: Oxidation in Thermal Fatigue of Nickel and Cobalt Base *Kashtalyan, Y. A.: Elasticity Characteristics for Alloys in a High Velocity Gas Stream. NASA T.M.- Tungsten-Molybdenum Alloys at Standard and D-5376. August 1969. High Temperatures. AFFTD-HT-23-770-67. 1965.Available asAD-678310. Joseph, Phillip J.: Feasibility of Detecting Impen- ding Fatigue Failure in Metals by Observation of Kaufman, D. F. and Isserow, S.: Research for De- Surface Chemical and Physical Phenomena. velopment of a Superior Titanium Alloy for Use Cornell Aeronautical Lab. CAL-NM-2555-P-I. to 1200°F. January 1967. Available as AD- April 1969. Available as AD-856384. 824000. Jost, G. S. and Verinder, F. E.: A Survey of Fatigue *Kaufman, M., and Wasielewski, G. E.: Development Life Variability in Aluminum Alloy Aircraft of Hot-Corrosion Resistant Nickel-Base Alloys Structures. Aero. Res. Labs. Melbourne, Austra- for Marine Gas Turbine Service. lia. February 1971. Available as AD-886963. NAVSHIPRANLAB NO. 8-613. 1 July 1970. Available as AD-874-591. Jost, G. S.: The Fatigue of 24S-T Aluminum Alloy Wings Under Asymmetric Spectrum Loading. Kenig, M. J.: Some Anomalies in Creep and Low Cy- ARL/SM-295. February 1964. cle Fatigue Behavior of Metals. Journal of Ma- terials. Vol. 7. No. 1. PP. 60-63. March 1972. Ju, F. P., Yao, J. T. P., and Liu, T. T.: On the Available-as.A7-2.258.7-9 CTiteTion of Low Cycle~Shear Fracture. AF'F D~L~ TR-70-144. P. 265. University of New Mexico. ''Kenig, M. J. and Dillon, 0. W.: Journal of Applied December 1969. Mechanics. Vol. 33. No. 4. PP. 906-916. 1966. Ju, F. D.: A Criterion for Dynamic Low Cycle Shear Kenig, M. J. and Dillon, 0. W.: Developments In Me- Fracture. ME-39AFOSR-69-0999TR. University chanics. Proc. 9th Midwestern Mech. Conf. Vol. of New Mexico. March 1969. Available as AD- 3. 1967. 688233. Kenig, M. J. and Gold, L.: Developments In Mechan- Judy, Jr., R. W. and Goode, R. J.: Procedures for ics. Vol. 5. Proc. llth Midwestern Mech. Conf. Stress-Corrosion Cracking Characterization and PP. 781-794. 1969. Interpretation to Failure-Safe Design for High- ^Kennedy, C. R.: Effect of Stress State on High- Strength Steels. NRL-6988. November 1969. Temperature Low-Cycle Fatigue. ASTM STP No. Available as AD-703210. 338. PP. 92-104. October 1962. Judy, Jr., R. W. and Goode, R. J.: Stress- Kenneford, A. S., Joyce, M. M. and Turner, S.: The Corrosion-Cracking Characterization Proce- Effect of Carbon Content on the Fatigue and dures and Interpretations to Failure-Safe Use of Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel. Roy. Titanium Alloys. ASME Trans. Series D. Journal Am. Res. Dev. Est. October 1965. Available as of Basic Engineering. Vol. 91. PP. 614-617. AD-474317. December 1969. Available as A70-21456. ^Kent, W. B.: Development Study of Compositions K for Advanced Wrought Nickel-Base Superalloys. NASA CR-120934. Cyclops Corp. Bridgefield, Pennsylvania. January 1972. *Kent, W. B.: Wrought Nickel-Base Superalloys. NASA CR-72687. Cyclops Corp. Bridgefield, Kalish, D. and Kulin, S. A.: Thermo-mechanical Pennsylvania. March 1970. Treatments Applied to Ultra-High Strength Steels. Final Technical Report. Man Labs, Inc., Kleinert, G. W.: Contemporary Approach to Com- for Bureau of Naval Weapons Contract NOW- mercial Powerplant Development. SAE Paper 64-0356-C. April 1965. Available as AD- 710449. General Electric Company. May 1971. 614806. Available as A71-28327. 1-14 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

*Koenig, H. A., Vogel, W., and Cernock, L: Elasto- plastic Cyclic Analysis of Structural Members. Proc. Gas Turbine and Fluids Engineering Con- ference and Products Show. 26-30 March 1972. ASME Paper 72-GT-l. March 1972. Available as A72-25604, *Lake, F. N. and Smeal, C. R.: Process Development for Precision Forging Columbium Base Alloys. *Koff, B. L.: Graphite Fan Blade Development. SAE AFML-TR-67-94. April 1967. Available as AD- Paper 710771. General Electric Company. Sep- 814808. tember 1971. Available as A72-10265. *Land, D. W, Williams, R. R., and Rinehart, W. A.: Kofstad, P. and Kvernes, I.: Studies of Oxidation Testing Superalloys at 2000°F(1367°K) and of Niobium Alloys at Very High Temperatures. 2200°F(1478°K)in a Mach 4.6 Airstream. Mc- AFML-TR-67-40. 1967. Donnell Douglas Corporation. Report MDC *Krempl, E.: An Inelastic Stress-Strain Law for Q0449. NASACR-120913. N72-26440. April Elevated Temperature and Slowly Time Varying 1972. Loads. Int. J. Frac. Mech. Vol. 8. No. 4. PP. 365- *Lazan, B. J.: Creep and Fatigue Properties Under 382. December 1972. Available as A73-15235. Cyclic Loading at Elevated Temperatures. Proc. Krisch, A.: Creep Tests on 2-1/4 Per Cent Symposium Current Aeronautical Fatigue Prob- Chromium 1 Per Cent Molybdenum Steel in lems. Rome, Italy. 23-25 April 1963. PP. 3-48. Bainitic Condition. In Advances in Creep Design. Pergamon Press. 1965. PP. 251-261. Halsted Press, New York. 1971. *Lazan, B. J.: Stress-Strain-Time Relations for *Krivonogon, G. S., Matveyev, V. V., Bocharova, L. Idealized Materials. ASTM STP No. 325. 1962. A., Solonina, 0. P., Alekseyenko, M. F., and Chaykovskiy, B. S.: High-Temperature Vibration Lemkey, F. D., Bayles, B. J., and Salkind, M. J.: Re- Strength of Certain Steels and Alloys Based on search Investigation of Phase-Reinforced High Titanium and Aluminum. AFFTD-HT-23-503-70. Temperature Alloys Produced Directly from the Termoprochnost Materialov I Konstruktivnykh Melt. AMRA-CR-6405/4. United Aircraft. Elemontov. No. 5. PP. 9-18. 1969. Available as UACRLD910. July 1965. Available as AD- AD-717012. 622302. *Kufaev, V. N. and Pogrebniak, A. D.: Effect of Pro- Leverant, G. R.: The Fatigue Behavior of a Dis- gram Parameters on the Fatigue Life of Heat- persion Strengthened Metal. Trans. Met. Soc. Resistant Material Subjected to Fatigue AIME. Vol.239. P. 1992.1967. Loading. Strength of Materials. PP. 622-626. July 1970.Available asA71-33407. Leybold, Herbert A.: The Effects of Combined Prior Stress and Atmospheric Corrosion on the Fa- Kumaran, S. and Ramachandran, E. G.: Fatigue tigue Life of Aluminum Alloys. NASA TN- Properties of Aircraft Materials at Elevated D-2359.1964. Temperatures. Journal Aeronatuical Society of India. Vol. 22. PP.. 189-193. August 1970. Liebowitz, Harold: Fracture, An Advanced Treatise. Available as A71-23204. H. Liebowitz Editor. New York. Academic. 1968. *Kuriat, R. I., Dubinin, V. P. Tret, and Yachenko, G. Lindborg, U.: Creep Cracks and the Concept of N.: Effect of Thermal Fatigue on Material Life. Damage. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics AFFTD-HT-23-770-67. 1965. Available as AD- of Solids. Vol. 16. PP. 323-328. September 678310. 1968. Available as A68-44575.

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Lipsitt, H. A., Frank, D. F., and Smith, G. C.: Miner's M Law: What Price Conformity? AFFDL- TR-70-144. P. 113. December 1969. Lipsitt, H. A.: Crack Propagation in Cumulative Damage Fatigue Tests. Proc. 11th AF Science *Mahoney, M. W. and Paton, N. E.: The Effect of Ox- Engineering Symposium. 1964. ide Thickness on the Hot Salt Stress Corrosion^ Lipsitt, H. A.: A Technique for Turbine Bucket Fail- Susceptibility of Ti-6AL-4V. Corrosion-NACE. Vol. 28. No. 10. PP. 374-377. October 1972. ure Prediction. ONRL-M-1-69. Office of Naval C. Research. London.January 1969. *Malashenko, I. S. and Movcehan, B. A.: In- -Lister, E.: State-of-the-Art Summary, Aircraft Pow- vestigation of the Effect of Complex Alloying on er Plant Turbines. NAPTC-ATD-131. Naval Air the Physico-chemical Properties of Niobium. Propulsion Test center. Trenton, New Jersey. AFFTD-HT-23-770-67. 1965. Available as AD- August 1967. Available as AD-822189. 678310. *Livshits, B. G. and Rymashevskiy, G. A.: K-state *Mangiapane, J. A., O'Connor, J. J., and Sundt, C. and Connecting Forces of Single-Phase Solid V.: Development of Hollow Turbine Disks. United Solutions on a Nickel Base. FMM. Vol. 13. No. Aircraft Corporation. 1968. Available as A69- 2.1962. 22345. Llewellyn, G.: Hot Corrosion Problems Associated Manson, S. S.: Behavior of Materials Under Con- with Gas Turbines. ASTM STP No. 421. P. 3. ditions of Thermal Stress. NACA Rep. 1170. June 1966. 1954. Supersedes NACA TN-2933. Lockhart, R. J.: Composite Turbine Engine Compo- Manson, S. S.: Creep Under Nonsteady Tem- nents. Final Report. IITRI Project G8027. Ford peratures and Stresses. In Mechanical Behavior Motor Company. April 1968. of Materials at Elevated Temperatures. John E. Dorn, ed. PP. 419-473. McGraw-Hill. 1961. Loginov, H. E.: Investigation of the Influence of Technological and Metallurgical Factors in the *Manson, S. S.: Design Considerations for Long Life Endurance of Heat-Resistant Alloys Used in En- at Elevated Temperatures. Proc. International gine Construction. Materialy. Kazan Conference Conference on Creep. 1963-1964. Vol. 178. of Young Student Workers. Kazan, Part 3A. London, England. October 1963. Tatknigoizdat. 1967. *Lowell, C. E., Grisaffe, S. J., and Deadmore, D. L.: *Manson, S. S.: Interfaces Between Fatigue, Creep Oxidation of TD Nickel at 1050 and 1200°C as and Fracture. International Journal of Fracture Compared to Three Grades of Nickel of Differ- Mechanics. Vol. 2. No. 1. PP. 327-363. March ent Purity. Oxidation of Metals. Vol. 4. No. 2. 1966. Available as A66-38105. 1972. Available as A72-40915. *Manson, S. S.: Thermal Stress and Low Cycle Fa- Lowndes, Jr., H. B.: Air Force Flight Dynamics Lab- tigue. McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1966. oratory. Correlation Between Full Scale Fatigue Manson, S. S.: Time-Temperature Parameters for Test and Service Experience. Presented at the Creep-Rupture Analysis. ASM Publication No. Eleventh Conference of the International Com- D8-100. January 1970. mittee on Aeronautical Fatigue (ICAF). Stock- holm. May 1969. Manson, S. S. and Brown, W. F.: Influences of Stress Concentrations at Elevated Tem- Lundberg, B. K. 0. and Sigge, E.: Development of peratures and the Effects of Nonsteady Load Statistical Methods for Designing Aircraft with and Temperature Conditions on the Creep of Respect to Fatigue. Aero. Res. Inst. of Sweden. Metals. ASTM STP No. 260. 1959. September 1961. Available as AD-631350. Manson, S. S. and Halford, G. R.: A Method of Lundberg, B. K. 0. and Eggwertz, S.: A Statistical Estimating High-Temperature Low Cycle Fa- Method for Fail-Safe Design with Respect to tigue Behavior of Materials. Thermal and High Aircraft Fatigue. Proc. 2nd Congress ICAS. Per- Strain Fatigue. PP. 154-170. The Metals and gamon Press. 1960. Metallurgy Trust. London. 1967. 1-16 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Manson, S. S., Halford, G. R., and Spera, D. A.: The McHenry, H. I.: Fatigue Crack Propagation in Steel Role of Creep in High Temperature Low Cycle Alloys at Elevated Temperature. ERR-FW-1029. Fatigue. In Advances in Creep Design. PP. 229- General Dynamics Corp. September 1970. 249. Halsted Press. New York. 1971. Meleka, A. H.: Combined Creep and Fatigue Prop- Manson, S. S., Halford, G. R., and Spera, D. A.: The erties. Metal Rev. Vol. 7. No. 25. PP. 43-93. Role of Creep in High-Temperature Low-Cycle 1962. Fatigue. A. E. Johnson Memorial Volume Nation- al Eng. Lab. Glasgow, Scotland. 1970.. Merkin, Aaron M.: A Fatigue History of the F-105 Aircraft. AFFDL-TR:70-144. P. 779. Fairchild Manson, S. S. and Hirschberg, Marvin H.: Fatigue Hiller Corporation. December 1969. Behavior in Strain Cycling in the Low and Inter- mediate Cycle Range. Fatigue - An Inter- Mihalism, J. R.: Sigma Formation in Nickel-Rich disciplinary Approach. John J. Burke, Norman L. Nickel-Cobalt-Chromium-Aluminum- Reed and Volker Weiss, eds. PP. 133-178. Syr- Titanium-Carbon Alloys at 1650°F. AIME. Vol. acuse University Press. 1964. 239. P. 180. 1967. Margolin, H., Farrar, P., and Greenfield, M. A.: Miller, G. A., Avery, D. H., and Backofen, W. A.: Fa- Thermo-Mechanical Strengthening of High tigue Crack Growth in Some Copper Base Strength Titanium Alloys. AFML-TR-67-380. Alloys. Trans. Met. Soc. AIME. Vol. 236. P. New York University. August 1967. Available as 1667. 1966. AD-830323. *Miller, M., Newman, D., Slepitis, J., and Marinets, T. K. and Pustovoit, V. K.: A Machine for Snyderman, N.: Vectored Thrust Cruise Pro- Studying the Influence of Variables of Tem- pulsion Development Program. Supplemental perature and Power Conditions on the Fatigue Materials Section. Vol. 1. CPC R982. Vol. 1. Resistance of Refractory Alloys. AFFTD- Curtiss-Wright Corp. February 1968. Available MT-24-493-68. February 1969. Available as AD- as AFAPL-TR-67-159 and AD 387349. 688730. *Mitchell, T. E. and Raffo, P. L.: Mechanical Prop- erties of Some Tantalum Alloys. Can. Journal *Marlowe, D. E. and Steel, J. S.: A Fatigue Crack In- Physics. Vol. 45. No. 2. PP. 1047-1062. 1967. itiation Detector. Journal of Materials. Vol. 7. Mock, J. A.: Metallided Metals Master Heat, Wear, No. 11. PP. 28-31. National Bureau of Stand- Oxidation. Materials Engineering. P. 57. May ards. 1972. Available as A72-25823. 1970. ^Martin, George and Schillings, T.: The Early Detec- Moon, D. M. and Sabol, G. P.: Fatigue Deformation tion of Fatigue Damage. NA-69-701. North in Precipitation Hardened Nickel-Based Alloys. American Rockwell. August 1969. Available as Westinghouse R and C Center. 1970. Available AD-859086. asA71-21570. May, M. J. and Honeycombe, R.: Journal of Indus- Moore, C. C., Perkins, P. A., and Smeaton, D. A.: trial Metals. Vol. 92. P. 41. 1963. Flanged-Mounted Ball-Bearing Fatigue Tests. McClaren, S. W. and Best, J. H.: Low Cycle Fatigue ASME Paper 67-WA/CF-2. General Electric Design Data on Materials in a Multi-Axial Stress Company. ASME Fluids Eng. Conf. Chicago, Field. RTD-TDR-63-4094. Air Force Materials Illinois. 8-11 May 1967. See also AMSE, Trans. Lab. November 1963. Series D-J of Basic Engineering. Vol. 89. PP. 919-931. Available as A68-16285 and A68- McClintock, F. A. and Argot], A. S.: Mechanical Be- 11844. havior of Materials. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc. 1966. Morgan, A. W. and Wyllie, D.: A Survey of Failures of Roller Bearings in Grease Lubricated Elec- McDanels, D. L. and Signorelli, R. A.: Stress- trical Machinery. AOL-53. Admiralty Oil Lab. Rupture-Properties of Tungsten Wire From Cobham, England. November 1968. Available as 1200° to 2500°F. NASA TN-D-3467. 1966. AD-849922.

1-17 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Morral, F. R.: Corrosion of Cobalt and Cobalt *Nessler, C. G.: Final Report on Joining Techniques Alloys. Corrosion. P. 307. 1 July 1969. for Fabrication of High-Temperature Superalloy Blades. PWA-4333. December 1971. Available Morrison, T. W., Tallian, T., Walp, H. 0., and Baile, asAFML-TR-71-237andAD-743107. G. H.: The Effect of Material Variables on the Fatigue Life of AISI 52100 Steel Ball Bearings. *Nessler, G. C.: Joining Techniques for Fabrication ASLE Transactions. Vo. 5. No. 2. PP 347-364. of High Temperature Superalloy Blades. Pratt November 1962. and Whitney Aircraft. East Hartford, Connect- icut. Report No. PWA-4120. December 1970. Morrison, T. W., Walp, H. 0., and Remorenko, R. P.: Available as AD-885203L. Materials in Rolling Element Bearings for Nor- mal and Elevated (450°F) Temperature. ASLE *Nikitina, L. P. and Revyakina, N. N.: Comparative Transactions. Vol. 2. No. 1. PP. 129-146. 1959. Test for Thermal Cycling of Nickel Alloys. Trans. Central Scientific Research and Design Inst. of *Morrossi, J. L. and Falco, J. J.: Survey of Hot Cor- Boilers and Turbines. No. 69. PP. 159-166. rosion Test Rigs. AMMRC MS72-1. January 1966. USSR. Available as AD-686989. 1972. Available as AD-901941L. *Nikitina, L. P. and Revyakina, N. N.: Comparative *Mossakovskii, V. I. and Rybka, M. T.: Gen- Testing for Thermal Cycling of Nickel Alloys for eralization of the Griffith-Sneddon Criterion for the Blades of Gas Turbines. Trudy. TsKTI. Issue the Case of a Non-Homogeneous Body. PMM. 53. P. 157. USSR. 1965. Vol. 28. PP. 1061-1069.1964. Nordmark, G. E.: Axial Stress Fatigue Strength of Moyar, G. J. and Sinclair, G. M.: Cyclic Strain Ac- Plain Sheet Specimens and Riveted Butt Joings cumulation Under Complex Multiaxial Loading. in High Strength Aluminum Alloys. Alcoa Report Proc. 1st. Int. Conf. Creep. Inst. Mech. Eng. Vol. No. 12-63-12. June 1963. 2. P. 47. 1963. Muralidharan, R. and Levy, S.: Prediction of Tran- sient Thermal Stresses in Air-Cooled Turbine Buckets. Part 1. Transient Stress Evaluation of Cooled Turbine Buckets. Report No. S-69-1023. General Electric Company. Schenectady. January 1969.

Obrien, J. L.: Future Research in Rolling Contact N Fatigue. ASME Paper 67-WA/CF-4. Arthur D. Little, Inc. ASME Winter Annual Meeting. Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania. 12-17 November 1967. Available as A68-11846.

National Materials Advisory Board: Hot Corrosion Ohnysty, B., Moore, V. S., Stetson, A. R., and Comp- in GasTurbines. Report NMAB 260. May 1970. ton, W. A.: Test Manual Evaluation of Composite Materials for Gas Turbine Engines. AFML-TR 66- Naumann, Eugene C.: Evaluation of the Influence 156. Part 3. March 1968. Available as AD- of Load Randomization and of Ground- 831243. Air-Ground Cycles on Fatigue Life. NASA Tech- nical Note D-1584. 1964. ''Oridney, V. N., Yegorshina, T. V., Yefimov, A. I., and Khazanov, M. S.: A Study of the Structure of Naumann, Eugene C.: Variable-Amplitude Fatigue Surface Layers and Heat-Resistant Cast Stator Tests with Particular Attention to the Effects of Blades Under Steady and Non-steady Heating. High and Low Loads. NASA TN-D-1522. AFFTD-HT-23-770-67. 1965. Available as AD- December 1962. 678310.

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*0rr, R. L, Sherby, 0. V., and Dorn, J. E.: Correla- *Parker, R. J. and Zaretsky, E. V.: Rolling-Element tions of Rupture Data for Metals at Elevated Fatigue Lives of Through-Hardened Bearing Ma- Temperatures. Trans. Am. Soc. Metals. Vol. 46. terials. ASME Paper 71-LUB-13. NASA Lewis P. 113. 1954. Research Center. ASLE and ASME Joint Lub. Conf. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 5-7 October 1971.Available asA72-11535. Parker, R. J. and Zaretsky, E. V.: Reevaluation of the Stress-Life Relation in Rolling-Element Bearings. NASA TN-D-6745. NASA Lewis Re- search Center. E-6768. April 1972. Available as N72-20457. Parker, R. J.: Low Mass Rolling Elements for Bear- Parker, R. J. and Zaretsky, E. V.: Effect of Residual ings. Report No. NASA-CASE-LEW-11087-1. Stresses Induced by Prestressing on Rolling NASA Lewis Research Center. 24 November Element Fatigue Life. Report No. NASA TN- 1971. Available as N72-20464. Patent. D-6995. NASA Lewis Research Center. E-6922. October 1972. Available as N72-33484. *Parker, R. J. and Zaretsky, E. V.: Rolling Element Fatigue Lives of Four M-Series Steels and AISI *Penkov, A. M. and Pogrebnyak, A. D.: Study of the 52100 at 150°F. NASA Lewis Research Center. Fatigue Life of Heat-Resistant Alloy Gas NASATN D-7033. February 1971. Turbine Engine Blades with Consideration of Op- erational Force and Heat Loading. AFFTD- *Parker, R. J., Zaretsky, E. V., and Dietrich, M. W.: HT-23-503-70. Termoprochnost Materialov I Rolling-Element Fatigue Lives of Four M-Series Konstruktivnykh Elementov. No. 5. PP. 19-31. Steels and AISI 52100 at 150°F. NASA TN- 1969. Available as AD-717012. D-7033. 1971. ^Perkins, Dave: Extensive Defense Potential Seen Parker, R. J., Zaretsky, E. V., and Dietrich, M. W.: in Hollow Bearing Balls. Metalworking News. Rolling Element Fatigue Lives of AISI T-l, AISI Vol. 6. No. 265. PP. 1-5. April 1962. M-42, AISI 52100, and Halmo at 150°F. NASA TN-D-6179. 1971. Petrasek, D. W. and Signorelli, R. A.: Preliminary Evaluation of Tungsten Alloy Fiber/Nickel- *Parker, R. J. and Zaretsky, E. V.: Bearing Life Pre- Base-Alloy Composites for Turbojet Engine Ap- diction and Reliability - A Practical Approach. plications. NASATN-D-5575. February 1970. Am. Ord. Assoc. Prod. Assur. Sym. PP. 351-367. 16-17 November 1972. ^Phillips, Edward P.: Effect of Outdoor Exposure at Elevated Temperature on the Fatigue Life of Ti- *Parker, R. J. and Zaretsky, E. V.: Rolling-Element SAl-lMo-lV Titanium Alloy and AM 350 Stain- Fatigue Life of Ausforded M-50 Steel Balls. less Steel Sheet. NASA TN-D-5362. 1969. NASA TN-D-4954. NASA Lewis Research Center. December 1968. Available as N69- *Plumbridge, W. J.: Review-Fatigue-Crack Propaga- 14383. tion in Metallic and Polymeric Materials. Journal of Materials Science. Vol. 7. PP. 939- Parker, R. J. and Zaretsky, E. V.: Rolling-Element 962. August 1972. Available as A72-39793. Fatigue Lives of Four M-Series Steels and AISI 52, 100 at 150°F. NASA TN-D-7033. NASA Popp, H. G. and Coles, A.: Subcritical Crack Growth Lewis Research Center. E-5687. February 1971. Criteria for Inconel 718 at Elevated Tem- Available as N71-17409. peratures. Proc. Air Force Conf. on Fatigue and Fracture of Aircraft Structures and Materials. *Parker, R. J. and Zaretsky, E. V.: Rolling-Element AFFDL-TR-70-144. 1970. Fatigue Lives of Through Hardened Bearing Ma- terials. NASA TM-X-67874. NASA Lewis Re- Pridantev, M. V.: Structure and Properties of Heat- search Center. E-5687.1971. Available as N71- Resistant Metals and Alloys. NASA TTF-557. P. 28854. 353.1970.

1-19 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

:cRonay, M.: Interaction of Cyclic Torsion with Axial Loads. Proc. 5th Pacific Area National Meeting. Seattle, Washington. 31 October - 5 November 1965. Columbia University. New York, New York. ASTM STP No. 404. November 1966. *Quigg, H. T. and Schirmer, R. M.: Effect of Sulfur in JP-5 Fuel on Hot Corrosion of Coated Super- 'Royster, D. M.: Tensile Properties and Creep alloys in Marine Environment. Phillips Strength of Three Aluminum Alloys Exposed up Petroleum Company. Bartlesville, Oklahoma. to 25,000 Hours at 200° and 400°F (370° to Report 4706-67R. April 1967. Available as AD- 480°K). NASATN-D-5010. 1969. 814757. See also AD-860191L, AD-864270L, andAD-870020L. *Quigg, H. T., Schirmer, R. M., and Bagnetto, L: Ef- fect of Sulfur in JP-5 Fuel on Hot Corrosion of Coated Superalloys in Marine Environment. Phillips Petroleum Company. Report 5644-70. March 1970. Available as AD-870020L. See *Sabol, G. P., Hengstenberg, T. F., and Moon, D. M.: alsoAD-814757, AD-860191L, and AD- Low Cycle Fatigue in Udimet 500. Proc.-Fifth In- 864270. ternational Materials Symposium. Berkeley, California. PP. 753-762. 13-17 September -1971. *Sanga, R. V. and Porter, T. H.: Application of Frac- ture Mechanics for Fatigue Life Prediction. AFML-TR-70-144. P. 595. The Boeing Company. Raffo, P. L.: Dynamic Strain Aging in Carbide December 1969. Strengthened Molybdenum Alloys. ASM/AIME *Saunders, Sam C.: On the Analytical Basis for Fa- Metallurgical Transactions. Vol. 1. P. 835. tigue Life Predictions. AFFDL-TR-70-144. P. 1970. 131. Boeing Scientific'Research Lab. December Rapp, R. A. and Goldberg, G. N.: The Oxidation of 1969. Cb-Zr and Cb-Zr-Re Alloys in Oxygen at 1000°C. Saunders, Sam C.: A Probabilistic Interpretation of Trans. AIME. Vol. 236. P. 1619. November Miner's Rule - II. SI AM Journal Appl. Math. Vol. 1966. 19. PP. 251-265. 1970. Rentz, W. A. and Donachie, Jr., M. A.: Oxidation and Saunders, S. C.: On the Probabilistic Determina- Sulfidation Corrosion of Nickel-Base Super- tion of Scatter Factors Using Miner's Rule in Fa- alloys. Amer. Soc. for Test Metals. Technical Re- tigue Life Studies. Proc. ASTM Symposium on port No. C6.18.5. 1966. Probabilistic Aspects of Fatigue. PP. 185-203. Rice, J. R.: The Mechanics of Crack Tip Deforma- Atlantic City, New Jersey. 27 June - 2 July tion and Extension by Fatigue. Symp. Fatigue 1971.Available asA73-13237. Crack Growth. ASTM STP No. 381. 1965. Saunders, S. C.: Some Comments on Miner's Rule. *Roche, T. K. and Graham, D. L.: Development of Ox- Proc. Int. Conf. Struct. Safety Reliability. idation Resistant, High-Strength, Columbium- Washington, D.C. 1969. Base Alloys. Union Carbide. AFML-TR-69-344. Schatzberg, P.: Influence of Water and Oxygen on January 1970. Available as AD-877904. Fatigue Life and Wear During Rolling Contact *Rohlik, H. E. and Kofskey, M. G.: Recent Radial Lubrication. Report No. NSRDC-3061. Naval Turbine Research at the NASA Lewis Research Ship Res. and Development Center. July 1969. Center. ASME Paper 72-GT-42. March 1972. Available as X69-19060 and AD-856253.

1-20 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

*Scheirer, S. T.: Development of Columbium Alloy *Schijve, J.: Fatigue Life and Crack Propagation Combinations for Gas Turbine Blade Appli- under Random and Programmed Load Se- cations/Summary Report. TRW, Inc. ER 7197-3. quences. Int. Series of Monographs in June 1968. Available as AD-86967.2. Aeronautics and Astronautics. Current Aeronautical Fatigue Problems. PP. 403-428. *Scheirer, S. T.: Development of Columbium Alloy Pergamon Press. 1965. Combinations for Gas Turbine Blade Appli- cations. Report No. 1 through 3. Contract *Schirmer, R. M. and Quigg, H. T.: Effect of JP-5 F33615-67-C-1688. September 1966 to March Sulfur Content on Corrosion of Superalloys in 1968. Marine Environments. Phillips Petroleum Co. Research Division. Report 4370-66R. July *Scheirer, S. T.: Development of Columbium Alloy 1966. Combinations for Gas Turbine Blade Appli- cation. TRW, Inc. Ohio. ER 7197-7. October Schmidt, F. F. and Ogden, H. R.: The Engineering 1970. Available as AD-876475. Properties of Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloys. DMIC Report 190. Battelle Memorial In- *Schijve, J.: Analysis of the Fatigue Phenomenon in stitute. 20 September 1963. Available as AD- Aluminum Alloys. 1964. Available as N65- 426264. 35462. Schurer, S. T.: Development of Columbium Alloy Schijve, J., Jacobs, F. A., and Tromp, P. J.: Crack Combinations for Gas Turbine Blade Appli- Propagation in Aluminum Alloy Sheet Materials cations. AFML-TR-70-187. October 1970. Under Flight Simulation Loading. AFFDL- TR-69-50. Nat. Aero. Lab. NRL. September Schwartz, Martin W.: Application of Fracture Me- 1970. chanics to the Estimation of Fatigue Life. Paper Schijve, J.: Cumulative Damage Problems in Air- 70-601. AIAA 6th Propulsion Joint Specialist craft Structures and Materials. Aero. Jour. Vol. Conf. San Diego, California. 15-19 June 1970. 74. No. 714. P. 517 June 1970. Also published In Astronautics and Aeronautics. Vol. 10. No. 4. as NZR-MP-69005 and presented as 2nd Plan- PP. 63-64. April 1972. tema Memorial Lecture. ICAF Symp. Stockholm. Schwartz, J. I. and Williams, F. G.: The Applicability 1969. of Sudden Death Test Techniques to the Fatigue Schijve, J., Heath-Smith, J. R., and Welbourne, E. Life of Ball Bearings. Final Report. Report No. R., Editors: Current Aeronautical Fatigue Prob- NSRDC-2690. Naval Ship R and D Center. June lems. Proc. 3rd ICAF Symposium. Rome, Italy. 1968. Available as X68-19056 and AD-834209. 23-25 April 1963. Pergamon Press. 1965. Scibbe, H. W. and Zaretsky, E. V.: Advanced Design Schijve, J.: Fatigue of Aircraft Structures. Israel Concepts for High Speed Bearings. ASME Paper Journal of Tech. Vol. 8. No. 1-2. PP. 1-20. 1970. 71-DE-50. NASA Lewis Research Center. ASME Schijve, J.: Fatigue Tests with Random Flight - Design Eng. Conf. and Show. New York. 19-22 Simulation Loading. NASA SP-309. P. 253. May April 1971. Available asA71-27328. 1971. Scibbe, H. W. and Zaretsky, E. V.: Advanced Design Schijve, J.: Research on Structural Fatigue Testing. Concepts for High Speed Bearings. NASA TM- MS-61-63. Nat. Aero and Astro Res. Inst. Oc- X-52958. NASA Lewis Research Center. 1971. tober 1961. Available as AD-631662. Available as N71-16554. Schijve, J.: Fatigue Crack Propagation in Light Scibbe, Herbert W. and Anderson, William J.: Eval- Alloy Sheet Material and Structures. Ref. MP uation of Ball-Bearing Performance in Liquid 195. National Luchtvaartlaboratorun. Hydrogen at DN Values to 1.6 Million. ASLE Amsterdam. August 1960. Trans. Vol. 5. No. 1. PP. 220-232. April 1962.

1-21 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

*Scibbe, H. W., Parker, R. J., and Zaretsky, E. V.: *Sheffler, K. D.: Interactions Between Creep, Fa- Rolling Element Fatigue Life of SAE 52100 tigue and Strain Aging in Two Refractory Alloys. Steel Hollow Balls. NASA Lewis Research NASA CR-120891. TRW Materials Technology Center. NASA TN-D-3832. February 1967. Lab. Cleveland, Ohio. TRW ER-7451. February 1972. Available as N72-21529. -Scibbe, H. W. and Zaretsky, E. V.: Advanced Design Concepts for High Speed Bearings. Design En- *Sheffler, K. D., Sawyer, J. C., and Steigerwald, E. gineering Conf. New York, New York. ASME No. A.: Mechanical Behavior of Tantalum-Base 71-DE-50. 1971. T-ll 1 Alloy at Elevated Temperatures. Trans. ASM. Vol. 62. P. 749. 1969. Scott, D.: Ball Bearing Steels - Factors In- fluencing Rolling Contact Fatigue Resistance. *Shemegan, Y. M. and Koval, Y. I.: Effect of High Report No. NEL-360. National Engineering Lab. Frequency Heating on Fatigue Strength of Heat- Scotland. August 1968. Available as N69- Resistant Steel EI612 and Heat-Resistant 29554. Alloys EI437B and ZhS-6K. AFFTD- HT-23-503-70. Termoprochnost Materialov I Scott, D. and Blackwell, J.: Study of the Effect of Konstruktivnykh Elementov. No. 5. PP. 32-35. Material and Hardness Combination on Rolling 1969. Available as AD-717012. Contact. NEL Report.239. July 1966. *Shima, Fumio: Fatigue of Aircraft Structures. PVoc. Scott, D. and Blackwell, J.: A Study of the Effects 18th National Congress for Applied Mechanics. of Elevated Temperature Lubricants on Materi- PP. 167-176. Tokyo Metropolitan Univ. 8-9 als for Rolling Elements. NEL Report 317. November 1968. Available as A71-29434. August 1967. Available as AD-848678.

Scott, D., Loy, B., and Mills, G.: Metallurgical Shinozuka, M., Yang, J.-N. and Heer, E.: Optimum Aspects of Rolling Contact Fatigue. NEL Report Structural Design Based on Reliability Analysis. 321. September 1967. Proc. Eighth International Symposium on Space Seybolt, A. V. and Beltran, A. N.: Hot Corrosion Technology and Sciences. PP. 245-258. Tokyo, Problems Associated with Gas Turbines. ASTM Japan. August 1969. STPNo. 421. P. 21. June 1966. Shinozuka, M. and Yang, N.-N.: Optimum Structural *Shahinian, P., Smith, H. H., and Hawthorne, J. R.: Design Based on Reliability and Proof-Load Fatigue Crack Propagation in Stainless Steel Test. Annals of Assurance Science. Proc. Eighth Weldments at High Temperature. Welding Re- Reliability and Maintainability Conference. Vol. search Supplement. November 1972. 8. PP. 375-391. 1969. *Shahinian, P., Smith, H. H., and Watson, H. E.: Fa- Shinozuka, Masanobu: Structural Reliability Under tigue Crack Growth in Type 316 Stainless Steel Conditions of Fatigue and Ultimate Load Fail- at High Temperature. Journal of Engineering for ure. AFML-TR-68-234. Ohio State Univ. Re- Industry. ASME. Vol. 93. Ser. B. No. 4. PP. 976- search Foundation. July 1968. Available as AD- 980.1971. 840353. Shank, M. E. and Versnyder, F. L.: The Development *Siergiej, J. M.: Extrusion of Beryllium Structural of Columnar Grain and Single Crystal High Tem- Shapes. ASTM STP No. 379, PP. 106-118, Feb- perature Materials Through Directional Solidi- ruary 1965. fication. Vol. 6. PP. 213-247. October 1970. Available asA70-44857. -Signorelli, R. A.: Review of Status and Potential of Tungsten-Wire-Superalloy Composites for Ad- Shanley, F. R.: Historical Note on the 1.5 Factor vanced Gas Turbine Blades. NASA TM-X-2599. of Safety for Aircraft Structures. Journal of September 1972. Available as N72-30471. Aeronautical Science. P. 243. 1962. *Silverman, B. S., Hooson, R. E. and Saleme, E.: Fa- Sharp, W. H.: High Temperature Alloys for the Gas tigue Prediction Methods Based on Strain Cy- Turbine - the State of the Art. Paper 650708. cling. March 1968. Available as AD-839727L. SAE Combined Powerplant and Transportation Meeting. Cleveland, Ohio. 18-21 October 1965. Silverstein, Abe: Progress in Aircraft Gas Turbine Available as A66-17079. Engine Development. NASA TM-X-52240. 1966. 1-22 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

*Simmons, W. F. and Wagner, H. J.: Current and *Spera, D. A.: Calculation of Thermal Fatigue Life Future Usage of Materials in Aircraft Gas Based on Accumulated Creep Damage. NASA Turbine Engines. DMIC Memo 245. 1 February TN-D-5489. 1969. 1970. Battelle Memorial Institute. Available as AD-701371. *Spera, D. A., Howes, M. A., and Bizon, P. T.: Thermal-Fatigue Resistance of Fifteen High *Sines, G. and Waisman, J. L, eds.: Metal Fatigue. Temperature Alloys Determined by the Fluidized McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1959. Bed Technique. NASA TM-X-52975. 1971. Smeal, C, R.: An Investigation of High-Strength Sprague, R. A.: Effect of Creep Exposure on the Refractory Metal Alloys - The Influence of Fracture Toughness of Two Low Alloy Steels. Thermal-Mechanical Treatments on the Struc- Paper 65 WA/MET-13. ASME Winter Annual ture and Properties of High Carbon CB-132M. Meeting. Chicago. 7-11 November 1965. TRW Summary Report ER-7081. 31 January 1967. Spyra, W.: High Temperature Corrosion of Iron, Nickel, Chromium, Nickel-Chromium and Nickel- Smith, Arthur M.: Low Cycle Fatigue of Jet Engines. Iron 20% - Chromium Alloys Due to Vanadium Paper 700207. SAE National Business Aircraft Pentoxide and Hydrogen Sulfide. NLL CE Trans. Meeting. Wichita, Kansas. 18-20 March 1970. 5172.1968. Available as A70-25879. St. John, F. J., Rentz, W. A., and Freeman, Jr., W. Smith, C. F.: Fatigue Failure Distribution for Ball R.: Evaluation of Recently Developed Sulf ida- Bearings. ASME/ASLE International Lubrication tion Resistant Alloys. 6th Annual National Con- Conference. New York. 9-12 October 1972. ference on Aircraft and Prop. Systems. Sep- Available as A73-14329. tember 1966. Smith, C. R.: Linear Strain Theory and the Smith Stagg, A. M.: An Investigation of the Scatter in Method for Predicting Fatigue Life of Struc- Variable-Amplitude Fatigue Test Results of tures for Spectrum Type Loading. ARL-64-55. 2024 and 7075 Materials. ARC CP-1123. Aero April 1964. Res. Council. London. May 1969. Available as Smith, Clarence R.: A Method for Estimating the AD-877282. Fatigue Life of 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy Air- *Stargardter, H.: Blade Development in the Ad- craft Structures. NAEC. ASL-1096. General vanced Composite Engine ACE Program. Pratt Dynamics/Convair. December 1965. Available and Whitney Aircraft. East Hartford, Connect- asAD-632123. icut. Materials Review for 72. Proc. National Smith, Clarence R.: Tips on Fatigue. NAVWEPS 00- Symposium and Exhibition. Los Angeles, Califor- 25-559. Bureau of Naval Weapons. 1963. nia. ll-13April 1972. Available as A72-28102. Smith, R., Hirschberg, M., and Manson, S. S.: Fa- *Stetson, A. R.: Evaluation of Various Materials for tigue Testing of Metals and Alloys - Strain Cy- the Future Use in Structural Applications in the cling in Low and Intermediate Life Range. NASA Hot End of Gas Turbine Engines. Report No. TN-D-1574. 1963. RDR-1632. Solar. 1969. Available as N70- 73448. Speakman, E. R.: Fatigue Life Improvement Through Stress Coining Methods. Douglas Paper Strafford, K. N.: The Sulfidation of Metajs and 5516. Presented at AIAA Meeting in Los Ange- Alloys. Metals and Materials. P. 153. October les, Calif. 14-16 July 1969. 1969. Spera, D. A.: A Linear Creep Damage Theory for the *Stringer, J.: Hot Corrosion in Gas Turbines. MCIC Thermal Fatigue of Materials. PhD Thesis. Uni- 72-08. Battelle Memorial Institute. June 1972. versity of Wisconsin. 1968. Available as AD-745474. Spera, D. A.: The Calculation of Elevated- *Suciu, S. N.: High Temperature Turbine Design Temperature Cyclic Life Considering Low Cycle Considerations. General Electric Company. Fatigue and Creep. NASA TN-D-5317. 1969. December 1970. Available as A71-15670.

1-23 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Switzky, Harold: Designing for Structural Reliabili- Topper, T. H.: Cumulative Fatigue Damage Under ty. Journal of Aircraft. Vol. 2. PP. 509-516. Cyclic Strain Control. NAEC ASL-1115. Illinois November-December 1965. Available as A66- University. April 1967. Available as AD- 15074. 659302. Topper, T. H., Wetzel, R. M., and Morrow, J.: Neuber's Rule Applied to Fatigue of Notched Specimens. Journal of Materials. Vol. 4. No. 1. PP. 200-209. March 1969. Trent, D. J. and Bouton, I.: Applications of the Re- sidual Strength Concept to Fatigue Design Criteria. AFFDL-TR-70-144. P. 117. North Taira, Shuji: Lifetime of Structures Subjected to American Rockwell. December 1969. Varying Load and Temperature. Creep in Tseitlin, V. I., Gromov, G. A., and Kriuchkova, A. N.: Sturctures. Editor: N. J. Hoff. PP. 96-119. Low-Cycle Fatigue of Titanium Alloys. Metal Sci- Academic Press. New York. 1962. ence and Heat Treatment. Vol. 14. No. 3. PP. Taira, Shuji: Thermal Fatigue and Its Relation to 343-344. November 1972. Available as A73- Creep Rupture and Mechanical Fatigue. Paper 14007. presented at International Conference on High Tucker, Lee E.: A Procedure for Designing Against Temperature Structures at Columbia University. Fatigue Failure of Notched Parts. Thesis. State January 1963. University of Iowa. 1970. Taira, Shuji: X-Ray Investigation on Fatigue Dam- age of Metals Under Mean Stress. l-Plane Bend- ing Fatigue. JSME. Bulletin. Vol. 8. PP. 557- 565. November 1965. Available as A66-19551. Talboom, F. P., Joseph, A. D., and Bradley, E. F.: Columbium Systems for Turbine Blade Appli- Vaccauri, J. A.: Columbium and Tantalum Buck cations. Paper presented at the SAE-ASME Air High Temperature Limits. Materials Engineer- Transport and Space Meeting. New York. 27-30 ing. March 1969. April 1964. Valluri, S. R.: A Unified Engineering Theory of High Tavernelli, J. F. and Coffin, Jr., L. F.: Experimental Stress Level Fatigue. Aerospace Engineering. Support for Generalized Equations Predicting Vol. 20. PP. 18-19, and 68-69. October 1961. Low Cycle Fatigue. Journal Basic Eng. Trans. Vannimvegen, R. R., Majumdar, S., and Kukel, J.: ASME. Series 0. PP. 533-541. December 1962. Integrated Engine Instrument System Selected Tiffany, C. F. and Lorenz, P. M.: An Investigation Studies on Low-Cycle Fatigue. REPT 70-6785. of Low Cycle Fatigue Failures Using Applied GarreU Corporation. September 1970. Avail- Fracture Mechanics. AFML-TDR-64-53. The able as N72-14802 and AD-728045. Boeing Company. May 1964. Van Thyne, R. J.: Development of Oxidation- Tilley, G. P.: Fracture Behavior of Two Creep- Resistant Hafnium Alloy. IITRI. Final Report. Resistant Materials Subjected to Cyclic Loading Contract No. 65-0301-F. 29 July 1966. at Elevated Temperature. Proc. Inst. of Mech. Varin, J. D., Sprague, R. A., and Donachie, M. J.: Eng. Vol. 180. No. 46. PP. 1045-1054. 1965- Some Recent Applications of Superalloys. 1966. Paper presented at Golden Gate Metals Confer- Tompkins, B. and Biggs, W. D.: Low Endurance Fa- ence. San Francisco, California. 23-27 Sep- tigue in Metals and Polymers. Journal Materials tember 1968. Science. Vol. 4. P. 544. 1969. VerSynder, F. L. and Piearcey, B. J.: Single Crystal Tompkins, B.: Fatigue Crack Propagation - An Alloy Extends Turbine Blade Service Life Four Analysis. Philosophical Magazine. Vol. 18. P. Times. SAE Journal. Vol. 74. No. 8. PP. 36-42. 1041.1968. August 1966.

1-24 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

w Weltzin, R. D. and Koves, G.: Surface Treatment of TI-6AR-4V for Impact-Fatigue and Wear Resist- ance. ASTM STP No. 432. P. 283. 1968. Westwood, A. R. C.: Effects of Absorption on Walker, C. D.: Strain-Fatigue Properties of Some Strength. Strengthening Mechanisms - Metals Steels at 950°F with a Hold in the Tension Part and Ceramics. PP. 407-429. Syracuse Univer- of the Cycle. Joint Inst. Conf. on Creep. ASME sity Press. 1966. and Inst. of Mechanical Engineers. PP. 3-49. Westwood, A. R. C.: Effects of Environment on 1963. Fracture Behavior. Fracture in Solids. PP. 553- Walker, E. K.: An Effective Strain Concept for 605. Interscience. New York. 1963. Crack Propagation and Fatigue Life with Specif- Wetzel, R. M.: Fatigue of Notched Parts with Em- ic Applications to Biaxial Stress Fatigue. AFFDL-TR-70-144. P. 225. December 1969. phasis on Local Stresses and Strains. NADC ST- 6818. Illinois University. September 1968. Walp, H. 0., Remorenko, R. P., and Porter, J. V.: Available as AD-852144. Endurance Tests of Rolling-Contact Bearings of Wetzel, R. M.: Smooth Specimen Simulation of Fa- Conventional and High Temperature Steels tigue Behavior of Notches. T/AM-295. Illinois Under Conditions Simulating Aircraft Gas University. May 1967. Available as AD-817498. Turbine Applications. WADC-TR-58-392. 1959. Available as AD-212904. Whaley, R. E.: Comparison of 7075-T73 and 7079- T6 Bearing Strength Properties. MAC- *Walters, J. J.: Study of the Hot Corrosion of Su- 32A-351.10. McDonnell Aircraft Corporation. peralloys. AFML-TR-67-297. AVCO/Lycoming December 1965. Available as AD-805964L. Division. Available as AD-822779. Whaley, R. E.: Fatigue Tests of Unmachined, Me- *Wasielewski, G. E. and Wukusick, C. S.: Nickel- chanically Machined, and Chemically Machined Base Superalloy Oxidation. AFML-TR-69-27. Panels of Aluminum and Titanium Alloys. Proc. February 1969. of Fifth Pacific Area National Meeting. Seattle, Wasielewski, G. E.: Nickel-Base Superalloy Oxida- Washington. 31 October - 5 November 1965. tion. AFML-TR-67-30. January 1967. McDonnell Aircraft Corporation. St. Louis, Mis- souri. ASTM STP No. 404. November 1966. Wei, R. P. and Langes, J.: Correlation Between Sustained Load and Fatigue Crack Growth in Wheatfall, W. L., Dapkunas, S. J., and Sydavar, J.: High Strength Steels. ASTM Materials Research Oxidation Behavior of IN-738 and MAR-M432. and Standards. Vol. 9. No. 7. July 1969. Naval Ship Research and Development Center. Bethesda, Maryland. R&D Report on Project SF Wei, R. P. and Ritter, D. L.: The Influence of Tem- 35-432-002, NSRDC-814-122. August 1971. perature on Fatigue Crack Growth in a Mill An- Available as AD-887215L. nealed Ti-6Al-4V Alloy. Journal of Materials. Vol. 7. PP. 240-250. June 1972. Wilcox, B. A., Gilbert, A., and Allen, B. C.: Elevated Temperature Deformation and Fracture of a Wei, R. P.: Some Aspects of Environment- Precipitation Hardened Molybdenum Alloy. . Enhanced Fatigue Crack Growth. Journal of En- Sixth Metallwerk Plansee Seminar. Vol. I. Met- gineering Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 1. No. 4. allwerk Plansee AG. Reutte, Austria. 1968. 1969. Wilkov, M. A.: Crack Initiation in Fatigue of Metals. Weissmann, S.: Mechanism of Fatigue Failure of EMRL RM-1012. University of Texas. May 1966. Metals. Part III. Extension of Fatigue Life of Available as AD-640419. Crystals through Control of Substructure. AFML-TR-66-123-PT-3. Rutgers University. Williams, F. G. and Schwartz, J. I.: The Applicability November 1967. Available as AD-824918. of Sudden-Death Test Techniques to Fatigue Life of Ball Bearings. NSRDC. June 1968. Avail- Wells, C. H. and Sullivan, C. P.: The Low Cycle Fa- able as AD-834209. tigue Characteristics of a Nickel-Base Super- alloy at Room Temperatures. ASTM Trans. Quar- Woods, M. J. and Cass, T. R.: Recent Developments terly. Vol. 57. P. 841. 1964. in Mar M-509. Cobalt No. 42. P. 3. March 1969.

1-25 LIFE PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

Wronski, A.: The Temperature-Dependence of Yield and Brittle-Fracture Stresses in Polycrystalline Molybdenum. Journal Inst. Metals. Vol. 92. Part 11. PP. 376-377. July 1964. Wurst, J.C.,Berner,W. E., Cherry, J. A., and Zaretsky, E. V.: The Changing Technology of Gerdeman, D. A.: The Evaluation of Materials for Rolling-Element Bearings. Machine Design. Vol. Aerospace Applications. AFML-TR-67-165. June 38. No. 24. PP. 205-223. 13 October 1966. 1967. Zaretsky, E. V. and Anderson, W. J.: Rolling- Wurst, J. C., Cherry, J. A., Gerdeman, D. A., and Contact Fatigue Studies with Four Tool Steels Hecht, N. L: The High Temperature Evaluations and a Crystallized Glass Ceramic. Journal of of Aerospace Materials. AFML-TR-66-308. Oc- Basic Engineering. Trans. ASME. Ser. D. Vol. 83. tober 1966. No. 4. PP. 603-612. December 1961. Wurst, J. C., Cherry, J. A., Gerdeman, D. A. and Zaretsky, E. V., Parker, R. J., and Anderson, W. J.: Hecht, N. L.: The Evaluation of Materials Sys- Component Hardness Differences and Their Ef- tems for High Temperature Aerospace Appli- fect on Bearing Fatigue. Paper No. 65-LUB-7. cations. AFML-TR-65-339. Pt-l. July 1966. ASME. 1965. Wurst, J. C. and Cherry, J. A.: The Evaluation of Zaretsky, Erwin V., Parker, Richard J., and An- High Temperature Materials. Vols. I and II. derson, William J.: Effect of Component Differ- AFML-TDR-64-62. March and September 1964. ential Hardnesses on Rolling-Contact Fatigue and Load Capacity. NASATN-D-2640. 1965. *Zhukov, V. V. and Osintsev, A. N.: Fatigue Strength of Alloy Khl5NTOV-7M3T2YuR jn the Tem- perature Range 500-850°C After Mechanical and Electrochemical Polishing. Report No. FSTC-HT-23-500-71. Trudy Kazanskiy Aviatsionnyy Institut. 1969. Available from NTISasAD-729864. *Yao, J. T. P. and Munse, W. H.: Low Cycle Axial Fa- tigue Behavior of Mild Steel. Proc. Fourth *Zhukov, V. V. and Osintsev, A. N.: Investigation of Pacific Area National Meeting. ASTM. Los An- the Influence of Electrochemical Polishing on geles, California. 1-3 October 1962. University the Fatigue Limit of Alloy EI617 at a Tem- of Illinois. Urbana. ASTM STP No. 338.1963. perature of 850°C. Trudy KAI. Vol. 96.1968.

1-26 PROBLEM AREA 2

Fracture toughness data on various structural materials - Available data are categorized with respect to test methods, K|C vs Kc and other peculiar parameters considered by the investigators. In particular, data derived from ASTM standard tests are identified. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA

*Blatherwick, A. A. and Viste, N. D.: Fatigue Damage During Two-Level Biaxial-Stress Tests. AFML- TR-66-355. February 1967. Available as AD- . 815020. *Adler, P. N., Deiasi, R., and Gerchwind, G.: In- Boettner, R. C., Laird, C., and McEvily, A. J.: Crack fluence of Microstructure on the Mechanical Nucleation and Growth in High Strain Low Cycle Properties and Stress Corrosion Susceptibility Fatigue. Trans. Met. Soc. AIME. PP. 233-379. of 7075 Aluminum Alloy. Metal Transactions Vol. 3. PP. 3191-3200. December 1972. 1965. Air Force. Fracture Toughness and Tear Tests. Bornemann, Alfred: The Correlation Between the AFML-TDR-64-238. 1964. Fracture Toughness at Different Strain Rates and the Fragmentation Characteristics of *Air Force, Navy, Army, FAA: Military Stand- Proposed Shell Materials. February 1968. Avail- ardization Handbook, Metallic Materials and able as AD-395011. Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures. MIL-HDBK-5B. AFML WPAFB, Ohio. 1 Sep- Broek, D. and Schijve, J.: The Influence of the Mean tember 1971. Stress on the Propagation of Fatigue Cracks In Aluminum Alloy Sheet. Nat. Aero. Research In- Anderson, R. B. and Sullivan, T. L: Fracture Me- stitute. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Report chanics of Through-Cracked Cylinderical Pres- No. NRL-TNM.2111. 1963. sure Vessels. NASA TN-D-3252. 1966. Brown, B. F.: The Application of Fracture Mechan- ics to Stress Corrosion Cracking. Metals and Materials. Vol. 2. No. 12. PP. 171-183. 1968. B Brown, B. F.: A New Stress-Corrosion Cracking Test Procedure for High-Strength Alloys. Mate- rials and Research Standards. Vol. 6. No. 3. March 1966. Barsom, J. M.: Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Propaga- Brown, Jr., W. F., Srawley, J. E.: Current Status of tion Below K Sub ISCC. Proc. of Third National Plane Crack Toughness Testing. NASA TM- Symposium on Fracture Mechanics. Lehigh Uni- X-52209. June 1966. versity. August 1969. *Brown, Jr., W. F. and Srawley, J. E.: Plane Strain Bates, R. C.: Fractography and Fracture Mechan- Crack Toughness Testing of High Strength Met- ics. ASM Trans. Quarterly. Vol. 62. PP. 380- allic Materials. ASTM STP No. 410. 1967. 389. June 1969. Available as A69-36957. Brown, Jr., W. F.: Comments on K Data Used in *Beaumont, P. W. R. and Phillips, D. C.: Tensile c the 5th Fracture Committee Report. Notes to Strength on Notched Composites. Journal of ASTM Special Committee on the Fracture Test- Comp. Mat. Vol. 6. P. 32-46. January 1972. ing of High Strength Metallic Materials. 24 April *Beck, E. J.: Effect of Beta Processing and Fabri- 1964. cation on Axial Loading Fatigue Behavior of Brown, Jr., W. F., editor: Review of Developments Titanium. AFML-TR-69-108. Martin Marietta in Plane Strain Fracture Toughness Testing. Denver. 1969. ASTM STP No. 463. 1970. Beck, E. J. and Schwartzberg, F. R.: Determination of Mechanical and Thermophysical Properties *Brownhill, D. J., Davies, R. E., and Sprowls, D. 0.: of Refractory Metals. AFML-TR-65-247. July Mechanical Properties Including Fracture 1965. - ' Toughness and Fatigue, and Resistance to Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Stress-Relieved Beck, F. H.: Stress Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Stretched Aluminum Alloy Extrusions. Alcoa. Alloys. Ohio State University Research Founda- New Kensington, Pennsylvania. March 1967. tion. Report 2267-2. 11 July 1967. Available as AD-811099.

1-3 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA

Bubsey, Raymond T.Jones, Melvin H., and Brown, Campbell, J. E.: Review of Recent Developments - Jr., William F.: Clevis Design for Compact Mechanical Properties of Metals. December Tension Specimens Used in PJane Strain Frac- 1968. Available as AD-844652. ture Toughness Testing. NASA TM-X-1796. May Carman, C. M., Armiento, D. F., and Markus, H.: 1969. Plane Strain Fracture Toughness of High Bubsey, R. T. and Brown, Jr., W. F.: Crack Tough- Strength Aluminum Alloys. December 1965. ness Characteristics of Several Alloys for use Carter, C. S.: Evaluation of a High Purity 18 Per- in Heavy Sections of High-Speed Aircraft. NASA cent Nl (300) Maraging Steel Forging. AFML TR- TND-4998. January 1969. 70-139. June 1969. Bueckner, H. F.: Coefficients for Computation of *Carter, C. S.: Fracture Toughness and Stress Cor- the Stress Intensity Factor K| for a Notched rosion Characteristics of High Strength Marag- Round Bar. Fracture Toughness Testing and Its ing Steel. D6-25459. The Boeing Company. Ren- Applications. ASTM STP No. 381. P. 82.1965. ton, Washington. 26 August 1970. Available as AD-712723. Carter, C. S.: Fracture Toughness and Stress Cor- rosion Characteristics of a High Strength Maraging Steel. Metallurgical Trans. Vol. 2. PP. 1621-1626. 2 June 1971. Available as A71- Campbell, J. E.: Current Methods of Fracture 32175. Toughness Testing of High Strength Alloys With Emphasis on Plane Strain. Defense Metals In- Catanach, Jr., W. M. and Erdogan, F.: Fatigue Crack formation Center. Report 207. 31 August 1964. Propagation in Cylindrical Shells. Proc. 2nd In- ternational Congress on Fracture. Brighton, Campbell, James E.: Fracture Toughness of High England. 13-18 April 1969. Strength Steels for Military Applications. DMIC- Memo-239. Battelle Memorial Institute. August Catanach, Jr., W. M. and Erdogan, F.: Fatigue Crack 1968. Available as AD-681424. Propagation in Cylindrical Shells. NASA CR- 1197. Lehigh University. October 1968. Campbell, J. E.: The Mechanical Properties of the 18 Percent Nickel Maraging Steels, DMIC. Re- Cherry, J. A.: Fracture Toughness Testing of 7075- port 198. Battelle Memorial Institute. 24 Feb- T6 Aluminum Sheet and Laminates. Engineering ruary 1964. Test Memo 20. University of Dayton Research Center. January 1968. ^Campbell, J. E., Barone, F. J., and Moon, D. P.: Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness Data for Christensen, R. H. and Harmon, M. B.: Limitations Selected Materials and Alloys. Battelle Me- of Fatigue Crack Research in the Design of morial Institute. Columbus, Ohio. DMIC Report Flight Vehicle Structures. Fatigue Crack S-28. Air Force Materials Lab. WPAFB, Ohio. Propagation. ASTM STP No. 415. P. 7. 1967. June 1969. Available as AD-865426. Clarke, P. C. and Kay, M. M. B.: Effect of Surface Campbell, J. E.: Review of Alloys and Fabrication Films on Fatigue Life of Steels. Materials Re- Methods Used for Tactical Missile Motor Cases. search and Standards. Vol. 5. PP. 600-606. DMIC-Memo-224. Battelle Memorial Institute. December 1965. Available as A66-15483. August 1967. Available as AD-818416. *Clifford, L. D.: Mechanical and Thermal Properties Campbell, J. E.: Review of Recent Developments - of High-Temperature Titanium Alloys. AFML- Low Temperature Properties of Metals. Battelle TR-67-41. Southern Reserach Institute. Birm- Memorial Institute. February 1970. Available as ingham, Alabama. 1967. Available as AD- AD-866215. 814022.

11-4 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA

Colangelo, W. J. and Ferguson, M. S.: The Role of Crooker, T. W. and Lange, E. A.: Fatigue Crack Pro- Strain Hardening. Exponent in Stress Corrosion pagation in a High Strength Steel under Con- Cracking of a High Strength Steel. Corrosion. stant Cyclic Load with Variable Mean Loads. Vol. 25. P. 509.1970. NRL-6805. Naval Research Lab. November Columbia University: On the Second Order Strain 1968. Accumulation in Aluminum in Reversed Cyclic Crooker, T. W., Cooley, L. A., Lange, E. A., and Torsion at Elevated Temperatures. June 1965. Freed, C. N.: Fatigue Crack Propagation and Available as AD-470068. Plane Strain Fracture Toughness Character- Corn, D. L: Effect of Crack Shape on PTC Fracture istics of a 9 Ni-4Co-0.25C Steel. ASM Trans. Toughness Behavior. Douglas Aircraft Com- Vol. 61. P. 568. 1968. pany, Inc. R & D Report No. SM-49149. January Crooker, T. W., Judy, Jr., R. W., and Cooley, L. A.: 1966. Subcritical Crack Growth in Several Titanium Cornell University: An Attempt to Determine the Alloys. NRL MR-2160. September 1970. Avail- Effect of Environment on Slow Crack Growth in able as AD-712056. High-Strength Aluminum. July 1962. Available Curtis, R. E. and Spurr, W. F.: Effects of Micro- asAD-617420. structure on the Fracture Properties of *Crews, Jr., J. H.: Elastoplastic Stress-Strain Be- Titanium Alloys in Air and Salt Solution. Trans- havior at Notch Roots in Sheet Specimens actions Quarterly. Vol. 61. PP. 115-127. March Under Constant-Amplitude Loading. NASA TN- 1968. D-5253.1969. Crichlow, W. J.: The Optimum Design of Shell Structure for Static Strength, Stiffness, Fatigue and Damage Tolerance Strengths. AGARD Sym- posium on Structural Optimization. October 1970. Available as N71-13143. Crooker, T. W. and Lange, E. A.: Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Propagation Studies of Some High Dahlberg, E. P.: Fatigue Crack Propagation in High Strength Structural Steels. NRL-6870. April Strength 4340 Steel in Humid Air. Trans. ASM, 1969. Available as AD-687077. A70-21452. Vol. 58,1965. See also ASME Trans. Series D. Journal Basic Damiano, V. V., London, G., and Witt, F.: Flow and Engineering. Vol. 91. PP. 570-574. September Fracture Characteristics of Zone Purified Ber- 1969. yllium and Selected Beryllium-Rich Alloys. F- Crooker, T. W.: Crack Propagation in Aluminum C1820. Franklin Institute Research Lab. June Alloys Under High-Amplitude Cycle Load. NRL- 1967. Available as AD-816290. 7286. 12 July 1967. Davis, S. 0.: Plane Strain Fracture Toughness *Crooker, T. W.: Effect of Tension-Compression Cy- Properties of Three Aluminum Alloys as a Func- cling of Fatigue Crack Growth in High Strength tion of Specimen Geometry. AFML-TR-65-150. Alloys. NRL-7220. Naval Research Lab. January July 1965. Available as AD-470276. 1971.AvailableasAD-718321. Davis, S. 0.: Development and Utilization of a Com- Crooker, T. W.: Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in Ti- bination Cryogenic and Elevated Temperature 6A1-4V Alloys at Various Yield Strength and - Compliance Gage for Determination of Fracture Fracture Toughness Levels. NRL Progress Re- Toughness of High Strength Metallic Materials. port. P. 32. June 1971. AFML-TR-66-335.July 1967.

1-5 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA

*Davis, S. 0., Tupper, N. G., and Niemi, R. M.: Effect Donohue, P. and Erbacher, H.: Structural Test and of Specimen Type and Crack Orientation on Failure Analysis of the FB-111/F-l 1 IB Boron- Fracture Toughness. AFML-TR-67-38. March Epoxy Wing Box. GIDEP 347.00.00.00-K4-137. 1967. Available as AD-815909. Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. June 1971. Available as AD-891782L. Davis, S. 0. and Niemi, R. M.: Precracked. Charpy Impact Fracture Toughness Properties of Driscoll, D. E.: Reproducibility of Charpy Impact Backup Flux-Welded Ti-SAl-2.5 Sn Alloy Plate Test. Impact Testing. ASTM STP No. 176. P. 70. from - 320 Degrees to 550 Degrees F. AFML- 1955. TR-65-304. AFML and Monsanto Research Corp. *Dubensky, R. G.: Fatigue Crack Propagation in January 1966. 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloys at High *Deel, 0. L. and Mindlin, H.: Engineering Data on Stresses. NASA CR-1732. University of Akron, New and Emerging Structural Materials. AFML- Ohio. March 197.1. TR-70-252. Battelle Memorial Institute. Oc- Dugdale, D. S.: Yield of Steel Sheets Containing tober 1970. Available as AD-720728. Slits. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Sol- DeMorton, M. F.: Brittle Fracture Research Abroad ids. Vol.8. 1960. - 1968 Report on a Visit to the USA, Britian Dunn, William P.: An Energetic Approach to Fatigue and Japan During October to November 1968. Failure. WVT-7031. Watervliet Arsenal. Febru- DSL-331. Defense Standards Lab. May 1969. ary 1970. Available as AD-712990. Available as AD-856049. : Detert, K. and Lipp, H. J.: Fatigue Properties of 18 Percent Ni Maraging Steel. Proc. American So- ciety of Metals 2nd Metals International Con- ference on Strength of Metals and Alloys. Vol. 3. Pacific Grove, California. 30 August - 4 Sep- tember 1970. Available as A71-21553. Erdogan, F.: Crack Propagation Theories. NASA CR-901.1967. Diamond, P. and Payne, A. 0.: Reliability Analysis Erickson, W. H. and Work, C. E.: A Study of the Ac- Applied to Structural Tests. NASA SP-309. cumulation of Fatigue Damage in Steel. ASTM. Proc. 6th ICAF Symposium. Miami, Florida. Vol. 61. P. 704.1961. 13-14 May 1971. Available as N72-29903. Eshelby, J. D.: The Elastic Field of a Crack Extend- Dieter, G. E. and Shapiro, E.: Fracture of Metals ing Non-Uniformly Under General Anti-Plane during Deformation Processing under Condi- Loading. J. Mech. Phys. Solids. Vol. 17. PP. 177- tions of Hot Working. Drexel Institute of Tech- 199.1969. nology. November 1966. Available as AD- 804328. Evans, J. W. and Wilshire, B. W.: Transient and Steady State Creep Behavior of Nickel, Zinc and Dixon, J. R., Strannigan, J. S., and McGregor, J.: Iron. Trans. AIME. Vol. 242. P. 1303. 1968. Stress Distribution in Tension Specimen Notched on One Edge. Journal Strain Analysis. Vol. 4. No. 1. PP. 27-31. January 1969. Donaldson, D. R. and Anderson, W. E.: Crack Pro- pagation Behavior of Some Airframe Materials. Proc. Crack Propagation Symposium. Vol. 2. *Feddersen, C. E., Simonen, F. A., and Hulbert, L. September 1961. E.: An Experimental and Theoretical In- Donat, R. C.: Fatigue Tests on a Boron-Epoxy vestigation of Plane-Stress Fracture of 2024- Laminate. Journal of Composite Materials. Vol. T351 Aluminum Alloy. NASA CR-1678. Battelle 4. PP. 124-128. January 1970. Memorial Institute. September 1970.

1-6 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA

Feeney, J., McMillan, J., and Wei, R.: Environmental Forman, Royce G.: Experimental Program to Deter- Fatigue Crack Propagation of Aluminum Alloys mine the Effect of Crack Buckling and Specimen at Low Stress Intensity Levels. The Boeing Com- Dimensions on Fracture Toughness of the Thin pany. D6-60114. May 1969. Sheet Materials. AFFDL TR-65-146. January Figge, I. E. and Newman, Jr., J. C.: Fatigue Crack 1966. Available as AD-483308. Propagation in Structures with Simulated Rivet *Forman, R. G., Kearney, V. E., and Engle, R. M.: Nu- Forces. ASTM STP No. 415. PP. 71-94. 1967. merical Analysis of Crack Propagation in Cyclic- Loaded Structures. Journal of Basic Engineer- Figge, I. E.: Residual Static Strength of Several ing. Vol. 89. No. 3. PP. 459-464. September Titanium and Stainless Steel Alloys and One Su- 1967. peralloy at - 109°F, 70°F, and 550°F. NASA TN-D-2045. 1963. Forney, John W.: Fracture Toughness Evaluation of Titanium, Aluminum, and Steel. FA M66-20-1. Figge, I. E.: Residual Static-Strength and Slow Frankfort Arsenal. March 1966. Available as Crack Growth Behavior of Duplex Annealed Ti- AD-632926. SAl-lMp-lV Sheet. NASA TN-D-4358. March 1968. Forrest, P. G.: The Use of Strain CyclingTests for Assessing Thermal Resistance. Appl. Master. *Figge, I. E.: Residual Strength of Alloys Potentially Res. Vol. 4. P. 239.1965. Useful in Supersonic Aircraft. NASA TN- D-2613. February 1965. Forsyth, P. J. E. and Ryder, D. A.: Some Results of Fisher, D. M., Bubsey, R. T., and Srawley, J. E.: De- the Examination of Aluminum Alloy Specimen . sign and Use of Displacement Gage for Crack Fracture Surfaces. Metallurgia. Vol. 63. No. Extension Measurements. NASA TN-D-3724. 377. PP. 117-124. March 1961. November 1966. Forsyth, P. J. E. and Smale, A. C.: The Tensile Deformation and Fracture Characteristics of *Fisher, D. M. and Repko, A. J.: Plane Strain Frac- Some Aluminum Alloys. RAE-TR-68205. Royal ture Toughness Tests on 2.4 and 3.9 inch-thick Aircraft Establishment. Aug. 1968. Available as Maraging Steel Specimens at Various Yield AD-852052L. Strength Levels. Journal of Materials. Vol. 7. PP. 175-177. June 1972. Available as A72- Freed, C. N. and Krafft, J. M.: Effect of Side Groov- 33317. ing on Measurements of Plane Strain Fracture Toughness. Report to ASTM Committee E-24. Fisher, J. W., Frank, K. H., Hert, M. K., and Mc- 12 May 1965. Namee, B. M.; Effect of Weldments on the Fa- tigue Strength of Steel Beams. Lehigh Univer- Freed, C. N.: A Comparison of Fracture Toughness sity. Fritz Engineering Lab. Report No. 3342. Parameters for Titanium Alloys. Engineering September 1969. Fracture Mechanics. Vol. I. PP. 175-189. June 1968. Available as A68-38067. . Floreen, S. and Hayden, H. W.: The Effect of Noble Metal Additions on the Toughness of Iron- Freed, C. N. and Goode, R. J.: Correlation of Two Carbon Alloys. Transactions of the Metallurgical Fracture Toughness Tests for Titanium and Fer- Society of the AIME. Vol. 239. PP. 1405-1407. rous Alloys. NRL Report 6740. 16 January 1967. 1969. Floreen, S., Hayden, H. W., and Devine, T. M.: Freed, C. N., Goode, R. J.,and Judy, Jr., R. W.: Com- Cleavage Initiation in Fe-Ni Alloys. Metal- parison of Fracture Toughness Test Procedures lurgical Transactions. Vol. 2. PP. 1403-1406. for Aluminum Alloys. NRL Report 6853. 17 Feb- 1971 ruary 1969.

1-7 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA

Freudenthal, A. M.: The Material Aspects of Grosskreutz, J. C. and Shaw, G. G.: Microstructure Reliability. Structural Fatigue in Aircraft. ASTM at the Tips of Growing Fatigue Cracks in STPNo. 404. PP. 67-73.1966. Aluminum Alloys. Fatigue Crack Propagation. ASTM STP No. 415. P. 226. 1967. Frost, N. E.: Effect of Mean Stress on the Rate of Growth of Fatigue Cracks in Sheet Materials. Gruff, J. J. and Hutcheson, J. G.: Effects of Cor- Journal of Mech. Engineering Science. Vol. 4. rosive Environments on Fatigue Life of No. I. PP. 22-35. 1962. Aluminum Alloys Under Maneuver Spectrum Loading. AFFDL-TR-70-144. North American Rockwell. P. 521. December 1969.

H Gait, Bruce C.: An Evaluation of Fatigue Life Im- provement Processes. AFFDL-TR-68-138. Structural Engineering and Design Co. Los An- Hagen, F. C.: Development of Fatigue Data for geles. October 1968. Several Alloys for Use in Aerospace Design. Gibson, R. C., Hayden, H. W., and Brophy, J. H.: Standard Pressed Steel Company. June 1966. Properties of^Stainless Steels with a Micro- Available as AD-805727. duplex Structure. Trans. Quarterly ASM. Vol. 61. Harm, G. T. and Rosenfield, A. R.: Sources of Frac- PP. 85-93. 1968. ture Toughness - The Relation Between K Sub Glaze, L. L. and Lall, T. R.: Wing Teardown Inspec- 1C and the Ordinary Tensile Properties of Met- tion and Review on C-124 Wing Cyclic Fatigue als. Battelle Memorial Institute. 1967. Avail- Aircraft. DAC-LB-33743. Vol. 5. Douglas Air- able as AD-818979. craft Company. February 1968. Available as AD- Hall, A. M. and Slunder, C. J.: The Metallurgy, Be- 830255L. havior and Application of the 18 PerCent Nickel Goode, R. J., Huber, R. W., Howe, D. G., Judy, Jr., Maraging Steels. NASA. SP-5051.1968. R. W., and Crooker, T.W.: High Strength Struc- tural Materials. NRL-6607. September 1967. Hardrath, Herbert F.: Environmental Effects on Fa- Available as AD-662189. tigue of Structural Materials for a Supersonic Transport. Advanced Testing Techniques. ASTM Goode, R. J., Huber, R. W., Howe, D. G., Judy, Jr., STPNo. 476.1970. R. W., Puzak, P. P., Lloyd, K. B., Crooker, T. W., Hartbower, C. E. and Orner, G. M.: Metallurgical Morey, R. E., Lange, E. A., and Freed, C. N.: Met- Variables Affecting Fracture Toughness in High- allurgical Characteristics of High Strength Strength Sheet Alloys. AFASD-TDR-62-868. Structural Materials. NRL-6405. November Man Labs, Inc. June 1963. 1965. Available as AD-634094. Hatch, A. J.: Texture Strengthening of Titanium Goode, R. J. and Judy, Jr., R. W.: Fracture-Safe De- Alloys. Trans. AIME. Vol. 233. No. 1. PP. 44-50; sign of Aluminum and Titanium Alloy Structures. January 1965. NRL-7281. 14 February 1972. Hertzberg, R. W. and Paris, P. C.: Application of Graziano, W. D. and Fitch, Jr., G. E.: Imitation and Electron Fractography and Fracture Mechanics Growth of Fatigue Cracks in and Residual to Fatigue Crack Propagation. Proc. 1st Inter. Strength of the F-100 Wing. North American Conf. on Fracture. Vol. 1. P. 466. 1965. Rockwell. Los Angeles. Proc. Damage Tolerance in Aircraft Structures. ASTM 73rd Annual Meet- Hertzberg, R. W.: Application of Electron Frac- ing. Toronto. 21-26 June 1970. ASTM STP No. tography and Fracture Mechanics to Fatigue 486. PP. 144-163.1971. Available as A71- Crack Propagation in High Strength Aluminum 35159. Alloys. 1965. Available as A65-11302.

11-8 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA

Hirschberg, M. H.: A Low Cycle Fatigue Testing Fa- Hunter, D. B.: Development of a Stable-Beta cility. Manual on Low Cycle Fatigue Testing. Titanium Alloy. Titanium Metals Corp. of Amer- ASTMSTPNo. 465. PP. 67-86. 1969. ica. WAL TR-405/2-13. December 1965. Avail- able as AD-635635. Horsby, J. J.: Fracture Mechanics - Crack In- itiation and Initial Growth: D3-7660. The Boeing Company. Wichita, Kansas. 1970. Available as AD-876952L. Hubbard, R. P.: Crack Growth Under Cyclic Com- pression. Trans. ASME. Journal Basic Engineer- ing. Vol. 91. Series D. No. 4. P. 625. December Irwin, G. R., Krafft, J. M., Paris, P. C., and WeNs, 1969. A. A.: Basic Aspects of Crack Growth and Frac- ture. NRL-6598. November 1967, Hubbell, W. C. and Brotzen, F. R.: Elastic Constants of Niobium-Molybdenum Alloys in the Tem- Irwin, G. R.: Crack Extension Force for a Part- perature Range -190 to +100°C. J. Applied Through Crack in a Plate. Journal of Applied Me- Physics. Vol. 43. PP. 3306-3312. Aug. 1972. chanics. Vol. 84E. No. 4. PP. 651-654. December 1962. Hudson, C. M. and Scardina, J. T.: Effect of Stress- Ratio on Fatigue Crack Growth in 7075-T6 Irwin, G. R.: Exploratory Aspects of Fracture Me- Aluminum Alloy Sheet. Eng. Fracture Mech. Vol. chanics. Fracture Mechanics Workshop Notes. l.No. 3. P. 429. April 1969. August 1965. *Hudson, C. M.: Effect of Stress Ratio on Fatigue- Irwin, G. R.: Fracture Testing of High-Strength Crack-Growth in 7075-T8 and 2024-T3 Sheet Materials Under Conditions Appropriate Aluminum Alloy Specimens. NASATN-D-5390. for Stress Analysis. NRL Report 5486. 27 July August 1969. 1960. Hudson, C. M.: Fatigue Crack Propagation in Irwin, G. R.: Plastic Zone Near a Crack and Frac- Several Titanium and Stainless Steel Alloys and ture Toughness. Proc. of the Seventh Sagamore One Superalloy. NASATN-D-2331.1964. Ordnance Materials Research Conference. MeTE 661-611/F. Syracuse University Research *Hudson, C. M.: Investigation of Fatigue Crack Institute. P. IV-63. August 1960. Growth in Ti-8Al-lMo-lV (Duplex-Annealed) Specimens Having Various Widths. NASA TN- D-3879. March 1967. Hudson, C. M.: Investigation of the Effect of Vac- uum Environment on the Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of 7075-T6. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. Vol. Jackson, J. D. and Boyd, W. K.: Stress-Corrosion 9. No. 6. PP. 1424-1427. November-December and Accelerated Crack-Propagation Behavior of 1972. Available as A73-15764. Titanium and Titanium Alloys. DMIC Technical *Hudson, C. M.: Studies of Fatigue Crack Growth in Note. Battelle Memorial Institute. 1 February Alloys Suitable for Elevated Temperature Appli- 1966. cations. NASA TN-D-2743. April 1965. James, Lee A.: The Effect of Stress Ratio on the Hull, D. and Beardmqre, P.: Velocity of Propagation Elevated Temperature Fatigue-Crack Pro- of Cleavage Cracks in Tungsten. Inter. Journal pagation of Type 304 Stainless Steel. Nuclear Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 2. PP. 468-487. June Technology. Vol. 14. PP. 163-170. May 1972. 1966. Available as A67-13471. Available as A72-27663. Hunt, R. T.: Crack Propagation and Residual Static Jones, M. H. and Brown, Jr., W. F.: Acoustic Detec- Strength of Stiffened and Unstiffened Sheet. tion of Crack Initiation in Sharply Notched Spec- Current Aeronautical Fatigue Problems. PP. imens. Materials Research and Standards. Vol. 287-324. Pergamon Press. 1965. 4. P. 120. 1964.

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Jones, R. E.: Comparison of Fracture Toughness Kaufman, J. G., Moore, R. L., and Schilling, P. E.: Values Obtained Using Semi-Infinite Aluminum Fracture Toughness of Structural Aluminum Plates With Values Obtained Using Laboratory Alloys. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 2. Size Specimens. AFML-TR-69-58. Dayton Uni- PP. 197-210. May 1971. Available as A71- versity. UDRI TR-68-34. April 1967. Available 36849. asAD-853693. Kaufman, J. G., Schilling, P. E., and Nelson, Jr., F. Judy, Jr., R. W., Puzak, P. P., and Lange, E. A.: G.: Fracture Toughness of Aluminum Alloys. Characterization of Fracture Toughness of 5Ni- Metals Engineering Quarterly. Vol. 8. PP. 39-47. Cr-Mo-V Steel by Charpy V Notch and Dynamic August 1969. Available as A69-41476. Tear Tests. NRL-6873.1 April 1969. Kaufman, J. G., Nelson, Jr., F. G., and Holt, M.: Judy, Jr., R. W., Goode, R. J., and Freed, C. N.: Frac- Fracture Toughness of Aluminum Alloy Plate. ture Toughness Characterization Procedures Engineering Fracture Mechanics. August 1968. and Interpretations to Fracture-Safe Design for Structural Aluminum Alloys. NRL-6871. May Kaufman, J. G., Nelson, Jr., F. G., and Holt, M.: 1969. Available as AD-687396. Fracture Toughness of Aluminum Alloy Plate Determined with Center-Notch Tension, Single Edge-Notch Tension and Notch-Bend Tests. En- K gineering Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 1. No. 2. P. 259. August 1968. Kaufman, J. G., Nordmark, G. E., and Lifka, B. W.: Fracture Toughness, Fatigue and Corrosion Kalish, David and Kulin, S. A.: Coupling of Ultrahigh Characteristics of 7075-T651, 7075-T7351 and Strength and Fracture Toughness in Steels by 7079-T651 Aluminum Alloys; Alcoa. AFML- Means of Thermomechanical Processes. AFML- TR-65-107. May 1965. Available as AD- TR-68-69. Man Labs, Inc. March 1968. Available 473610. asAD-832649. Kaufman, J. G., Nordmark, G. E., and Lifka, B. W.: Kalish, David and Kulin, S. A.: Coupling of Ultrahigh Fracture Toughness, Fatigue and Corrosion Strength and Fracture Toughness in Steels by Characteristics of 2020-T651, 2024-T851, and Means of Thermomechanical Processes. AFML- 7001-T75 Aluminum Alloys. AFML-TR-66-291. TR-67-115. Man Labs, Inc. May 1967. Available September 1966. asAD-815014. Kaufman, J. G.: Fracture Toughness Fatigue and Kamdar, M. H.: Determination of Fracture Corrosion Characteristics of High Strength Propagation and Initiation Energies for Be- Aluminum Extrusions and Plate. Alcoa. New ryllium. RIAS TR-67-13C. ARPA Order-848. Kensignton, Pennsylvania. September 1972. Martin Marietta. July 1967. Available as AD- 819326. Kaufman, J. G., Moore, R. L., and Schilling, P. E.: Fracture of Structure Aluminum Alloys. ASTM Kamdar, M. H.: Crack Initiation in the Zinc-Mercury Metals Exposition. Philadelphia. October 1969. Embrittlement Couple. AROD 3937-16-MC. Martin Marietta. 1970. Available as AD- Kaufman, J. G., Schilling, P. E., and Nelson, Jr., F. 726308. G.: The Effect of Specimen Size, Particularly Thickness, on the Results of Plane-Strain Frac- Kattus, J. R. and McDowell, Jr., D. W.: Strength of ture Toughness Tests. Presented at ASTM E-24 Structural Alloys Under Rapid Heating and Subcommittee III Meeting. 26 March 1969. Loading. ASTM. Vol. 60. PP. 928-939.1960. Keis, J. A., Smith, H. L., Romine, H. E., and Bern- Kaufman, J. G.: Fracture Toughness Testing. ASTM stein, H.: Fracture Testing of Weldments. Frac- STP No. 476. PP. 96-111. 1970. Available as ture Toughness Testing and Its Application. A71-34557. ASTM STP No. 381.1965.

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Kelly, A. and Davies, G. J.: The Principles of Fibre Klima, Stanley J., Lesco, D. J., and Freche, J.C.: Ap- Reinforcement of Metals. Metallurgical Review. plication of Ultrasonics to Detection of Fatigue Vol. 10. No. 37, PP. 1-77. 1965. Cracks. Experimental Mechanics. Vol. 6. PP. 154-161. March 1966. Available as A66- Kendall, D. P. and Davidson, T. E.: The Effect of 23630. Strain Rate on Yielding in High Strength Steels. Trans. ASME. Journal of Basic Engineering. March 1966. Klima, Stanley J., Lesco, Daniel J., and Freche, John C.: Application of Ultrasonics to Detection "•Kendall, David P.: The Effect of Loading Rate and of Fatigue Cracks. Society for Experimental Temperature on the Fracture Toughness of High Stress Analysis. Proc. Second International Strength Steels. Watervliet Arsenal. Report No. Congress on Experimental Mechanics. 28-30 WVT-7044. July 1970. Available as AD-713357. September 1965. Available as A66-15938. *Kendall, E. G. and McClelland, J. D.: Non-Me'tallic Klima, Stanley J., Lesco, Daniel J., and Freche, Materials for High Temperature Structural Ap- John C: Ultrasonic Techniques for Detection and plications. ASTM STP No. 379. February 1965. Measurement of Fatigue Cracks. NASA TN- D-3007. September 1965. Available as N65- Kennedy, A. J.: Process of Creep and Fatigue in 32647. Metals. PP. 331-341. John Wiley. New York. 1963. Kobayashi, A. S., Ziv, M., and Hall, L. R.: Approx- imate Stress Intensity Factor for an Embedded Kenny, S. P.: Fracture Toughness - An Exam- Elliptical Crack Near Two Parallel Free Sur- ination of the Concept in Predicting the Failure faces. International Journal of Fracture Me- of Material. Progress in Materials Science. Vol. chanics. Vol. 1. PP. 81-95. June 1965. 13. No. 3. Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1968. Kogaev, V. P.: Program-Controlled Elec- Available as A69-11431. tromagnetic Machine for Fatigue Tests. Indus- Kimball, Kenneth E.: Supplement to Fatigue Tests trial Laboratory. Vol. 32. PP. 438-439. of Glass-Fabric-Base Laminates Subjected to November 1966. Available as A67-13565. Axial Loading - Effect of Notches. Report No. Koondel, R. E.: Metallurgical Investigation of Rene 1823-C. Forest Products Lab. Department of 41 Resistance Panels. NAA Report No. TFD- Agriculture. October 1958. 60-232. March 1960.

King, Troy T.: Some Developments in the Air Force Kortovich, C. S. and Steigerwald, E. A.: Corrosion Structural Integrity Program (ASIP). AFFDL- Fatigue Behavior of 4340 Steel Above KISCC. TR-70-144. December 1969. TRW Equipment Labs. ER-7588. July 1972. Available as AD-747700 and N73-12584. Kirkby, W. T. and Edwards, P. R.: Cumulative Fa- tigue Damage Studies of Pinned-Lug and Krafft, J. M.: Correlation of Plane Strain Crack Clamped-Lug Structural Elements in Aluminum Toughness with Strain Hardening Character- Alloy. TR-69182. British R.A.E. 1969. istics of Low, Medium and High Strength Steels. Applied Materials Research. Vol. l.No. l.PP. 88-101.April 1964. Kirkby, W. T. and Edwards, P. R.: Variable Krafft, J. M.: A Rate Spectrum of Strain Hard- Amplitude Loading Approach to Material Eval- enability and Fracture Toughness. Report of uation and Component Testing and Its Appli- NRL Progress. P. 6. 1966. cation to the Design Procedures. Fatigue Design Procedures. 4th ICAF Symposium. E. Gassner Krafft, J. M.: Fracture Toughness of Metals. Prog- and W. Schutz, eds. P. 253. Pergamon Press. ress Report. U.S. Naval Research Labs. 1969. November 1964.

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Kramer, I. R., and Shen, H.: Effect of Vacuum on Kusenberger, F. N., Langford, Jr., J., Francis, P. H., . the Mechanical Behavior of Metals. AFOSR- and Barton, J. R.: Nondestructive Evaluation of 66-0007. Martin Marietta. RR-70. October Metal Fatigue. AFOSR-70-1206TR. Southwest 1965. Available as AD-628794. Research Institute. March 1970. Available as AD-705653. Kraska, I. R. and Kamon, H. W.: Eddy Current In- spection of Turbine Blades. Technical Report. Kusenberger, F. N., Francis, P. H., Leonard, B. E., August 1969 - March 1971. Prepared by Gen- and Barton, J. R.: Nondestructive Evaluation of eral American Transportation Corporation. Metal Fatigue. AFOSR-69-1429TR. Southwest Niles, Illinois. AFML-TR-70-266. October 1971. Research Institute. April 1969. Available as AD- Available as AD-743105 and N72-31786. 688892.

Kreider, K. G.: Mechanical Testing of Metal Matrix Composites. In Composite Materials: Testing and Design. ASTM STP No. 460. PP. 203-214. 1969. Krupp, W. E. and Walker, E. K.: Influence of Frac- ture Parameter Interactions of the Design Pro- Laird, C. and Smith, C. G.: Crack Propagation in cess. Lockheed-California Co. Report LR- High Stress Fatigue. Phil. Mag. Vol. 7. P. 847. 25132. March 1972. Available as AD-893321. 1962. Kubiak, E. J.: Infrared Detection of Fatigue Cracks Laird, C.: The Influence of Metallurgical Structure and Other Near-Surface Effects. Applied Optics. on the Mechanisms of Fatigue Crack Propaga- Vol. 7. PP. 1743-1747. September 1968. Avail- tion. ASTM STP No. 415. P. 131. 1967. able as A68-43277. Lamar, F. W.: Stress-Cracking and Fracture Tough- Kuhn, P. and Figge, I. E.: Unified Notch-Strength ness of Polycarbonate Material. Bendix Corpo- Analysis for Wrought Aluminum Alloys. NASA ration. Report BDX-613-512. July 1971. TN-D-1259. 1962. Landers, C. B. and Hardrath, H. F.: Results of Axial- *Kuhn, P.: Notch Effects on Fatigue and Static Load Fatigue Tests on Electropolished 2024-T3 Strength. In Current Aeronautical Fatigue Prob- and 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy Sheet Specimens lems, Series of Monographs in Aeronautics and with Central Hole. NACA TN-3631.1965. Astronautics. PP. 229-264. Pergamon Press. 1965. Lange, E. A.: Fracture Toughness - An Engineering Design Parameter. Metals Engineering Quarter- Kula, E. B. and Anctil, A. A.: Tempered Martensite ly. Vol. 11. PP. 31-39. November 1971. Avail- Embrittlement and Fracture Toughness in 4340 able as A72-12509. Steel. AMRA TR-67-03. U.S. Army Material Re- Lange, E. A.: Fracture Toughness of Structural search Agency. Watertown, Mass. January Metals. NRL-7046. Naval Research Lab. May 1967. 1970. Available as AD-707338. Kusenberger, Felix N. and Barton, John R.: Ex- *Langstone, P. F.: Fracture Toughness of High perimental Substantiation of Fatigue Detection Strength Materials. Journal British Inter- Capability. Southwest Research Institute. June planetary Society. Vol. 25. PP. 253-277. 1972. 1963. Available as AD-844804. Lardner, R. W.: A dislocation Model for Fatigue Kusenberger, F. N., Barton, J. R., Fogwell, W. J., Crackin Metals. Phil. Mag. Vol. 17. P. 71. 1968. and Barsion, H. F.: Development of a Test Device Utilizing a Practical Nondestructive Test Lauchner, Edward A. and Herfert, Robert E.: Elec- Technique to Detect Fatigue Damage in Metals tron Fractography Pinpoints Cause of Fatigue and Alloys. Southwest Research Institute. June Fracture. Metal Progress. Vol. 91. PP. 79-80. 1962. Available as AD-633873. February 1967. Available as A67-20250.

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Lautzenheiser, C. E., Whiting, A. R., and Wylie, R. Lowengrub, M.: A Note on Griffith Cracks. Duke E.: Crack Evaluation and Growth During Low- University, April 1966. Available as AD- Cycle Plastic Fatigue - Nondestructive Tech- 653826. niques for Detection. Materials Evaluation. Vol. Lowndes, Jr., H. B. and Wood, H. A.: Air Force 24. PP. 241-248. May 1966. Available as A- Flight Dynamics Laboratory Review of Fa- 66-29316. tigue/Fracture Research in the United States. *Lee, H. H. and Uhlig, H. H.: Corrosion Fatigue of Prepared for the Structures and Materials Pan- Type 4140 High Strength Steel. Metallurgical el. AGARD. November 1970. Trans. Vol. 3. PP. 2949-2957. November 1972. *Lynch, J. F., Ruderer, C. G., and Duckworth, W. H.: Leggett, H., Cook, J. L, and Schwab, D. E.: Tech- Engineering Properties of Ceramics. Databook niques for Elevated Temperature Testing of Thin to Guide Materials Selection for Structures Ap- Superalloys. Metals Engineering Quarterly. Vol. plication. AFML-TR-66-52. Battelle Memorial 6. No. 5. PP. 31-37. 1966. Available as A67- Institute. Columbus, Ohio. 1966. Available as 13553. AD-803765. *Leggett, H.', Cook, J. L., Schwab, D. E., and Powers, C. T.: Mechanical and Physical Properties of Su- M peralloy and Coated Refractory Alloy Foils. Douglas Aircraft. Santa Monica, California. AFML-TR-65-147. 1965. Available as AD- 468607. Manjoine, M. N.: Biaxial Brittle Fracture Tests. Lehr, K. R. and Liu, H. W.: Fatigue Crack Propaga- Paper 64-Met-3. ASME. May 1964. See also tion and Strain Cycling Properties. International Journal of Basic Engineering. ASME. June 1965. Journal Fracture Mech. Vol. 5. No. 1. P. 45. Manson, S. S. and Hirschberg, M. H.: Crack In- March 1969. itiation and Propagation in Notched Fatigue Lewis, Richard E. and Willner, Elliott: Determina- Specimens. Proc. First International Confer- tion of Tolerable Imperfections in Light Metal ence on Fracture. Vol. 1. T. Yokobori, T. Sheet Alloys for Aerospace Applications. June Kowasaki, J. L. Swedlow, Eds. Japanese Society 1966. Presented at AIAA 4th Aerospace Sci- Strength Fracture Mater. PP. 478-498. 1966. ence Meeting (West Coast) Los Angeles. Avail- able as AD-635968. Manson, S. S., Nachtigall, A. J., and Freche, J. C.: A Proposed New Relation for Cumulative Fa- *Liu, A. F.: Statistical Variation in Fracture Tough- tigue Damage in Bending. Proceedings of Amer- ness Data of Airframe Materials. AFFDL- ican Society for Testing and Materials. Vol. 61. TR-70-144. Proc. Air Force Conf. Fatigue and PP. 679-703.1961. Fracture of A/C Structures and Materials. Boe- ing Report No. D6-15784-TN. 15-18 December *Marek, P., Perlman, M., Pense, A. W., and Tall, L.: 1969. Available as AD-889758L. Fatigue Tests on a Welded Beam with Pre- Existing Cracks. Report No. FEL-Reprint-70-10. Liu, H. W.: Discussion on Critical Appraisal of Frac- Lehigh University. Presented at the 51st AWS ture Mechanics. Fracture Toughness Testing Annual Meeting held at Cleveland, Ohio. 8-12 and Its Applications. ASTM STP No. 381. P. 23. June 1970. 1965. Masters, J. N. and White, J. L.: Development of Low, John R.: Effects of Microstructure on Fracture Fracture Toughness Properties of D6-AC Steel Toughness of High Strength Alloys. Engineering for F-l 11 Applications. AFML-TR-70-310. The Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 1. PP. 47-53. June Boeing Company. Seattle. D180-10597-4. 1968. Available as A68-38059. January 1971.

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May, M. J. and Walker, E. F.: Fracture Toughness *McNitt, R. P., Thompson, W. F., and Sawyer, S. 0., Testing. British Iron and Steel Research Asso- Ill: Utilization of Hollow Notched Rounds in ciation (BISRA). Open Report. MG/A/53/68. Fracture Toughness Evaluation. Virginia 1968. Available as N71-15194. Polytechnic Institute. Report VPI-E-71-2. March 1971. Available as AD-720217. McCulloch, A. J. and Melcon, M. A.: Investigation Miller, G. A.: The Dependence of Fatigue Crack of the Representation of Aircraft Service Growth Rate on the Stress Intensity Factor and Loadings in Fatigue Tests. ASD TR-61-435. the Mechanical Properties of Some High January 1962. Available as AD-276-123. Strength Steels. ASM Trans. Quarterly. Vol. 61. *McCullough, L. D. and Green, D. R.: Electrothermal pp. 442-448. September 1968. Available as Nondestructive Testing of Metal Structures. A68-42217. Materials Evaluation. Vol. 30. PP. 87-91. April Mittenbergs, A. A.: Emperical Analysis of Fatigue 1972. Available as A72-27200. Strength of Pin-Load Lug Joints, Fatigue Tests McDonald, D. E., and Wood, W. A.: Fatigue Mech- of Aircraft Structures, Low-Cycle, Full-Scale anism in Titanium at Ultrasonic Frequency. Re- and Helicopters. ASTM STP No. 338. PP. 131- port TR-8. George Washington University. May 149. 1962. 1971. Available as AD-723533. Moore, J. F., Tsang, S., Coate, F. M., Weinstein, D. *McEvily, Jr., A. J. and Illg, W.: A Method for Pre- S., and Hoenig, G: The Early Detection of Fa- dicting the Rate of Fatigue-Crack Propagation. tigue Damage. NA-70-640. North American ASTM STP No. 274. 14 October 1959. Rockwell. November 1970. Available as AD- 715630. McElvily, A. J. and Boettner, R. C.: On Fatigue Crack Propagation in FCC Metals. Acta Meta. *Moore, R. L., Nordman, G. E., and Kaufman, J. G.: Vol. 11. P. 725. 1963. Fatigue and Fracture Characteristics of Aluminum Alloy Cylinders Under Internal Pres- McHardy, J.: Investigation of the Mechanism of sure. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 4. Stress Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys. Alcoa. PP. 51-63. Alcoa Aluminum. 1972. February 1966. Available as AD-633767. • Mordfin, L. and Halsey, N.: Programmed Maneuver McMillan, J. C. and Hertzberg, R. W.: Application - Spectrum Fatigue Tests of Aircraft Beam of Electron Fractography to Fatigue Studies. Specimens. NBS Report 7472. May 1962. Electron Fractography. ASTM STP No. 436. P. 89.1968. ' Morton, Jr., W. Wallace and Peckham, Cyril G.: Structural Flight Loads Data from F-5A Aircraft. *McMillan, J. C. and Hyatt, M. V.: Development of TRSEG-TR-66-51.1967. High-Strength Aluminum Alloys with Improved Mostovoy, S., Crosley, P. B., and Ripling, E. J.: Use Stress-Corrosion Resistance. D6-60074, Boe- of Crack Line Loaded Specimens for Measuring ing Co., Renton, Washington. 31 May 1967. Plane Strain Fracture Toughness. Materials Re- Available as AD-820137. search Laboratory, Inc. January 1966. McMillan, J. C. and Pelloux, R. M.: Fracture *Mukherjee, B. and Burns, D. J.: Regression Models Propagation Under Program and Random Loads. for the Effect of Stress Ratio on Fatigue Crack Fatigue Crack Propagation. ASTM STP No. 415. Growth Rate. Probabilistic Aspects of Fatigue. PP. 505-532. 1967. PP. 43-60. ASTM STP 511. 1972. Available as A73-13231. McMillan, J. C. and Pelloux, R. M.: Fatigue Crack Propagation Under Programmed and Random *Mukherjee, B.: A Note on the Analysis of Fatigue Loads. Boeing Scientific Research Labs. July Crack Growth Data. Int. J. Frac. Mech. Vol. 8. 1966. Available as AD-650417. PP. 449-452.1972. Available as A73-15241.

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Mulherin, J. H.: Stress Corrosion Susceptibility of High Strength Steel in Relation to Fracture Toughness. Paper 66-MET-5. ASME Metals En- gineering Conf. Cleveland. 18-22 April 1966. Available as A66-26973. Oding, I. A.: Creep and Stress Relaxation in Metals. Mulherin, J. H., Armiento, D. F., and Markus, H.: Olives and Boyd. Edinburgh and London. 1965. The Relationship Between Fracture Toughness Orner, G. M. and Hartbower, C. E.: Sheet Fracture and Stress Concentration Factors for Several Evaluated by Charpy Impact and Slow Bend. High Strength Aluminum Alloys. ASME Paper Welding Journal. Vol. 40. PP. 405S - 416S. 63-WA-306. November 1963. 1961.

*Paris, P. C. and Sih, G. C.: Stress Analysis of Cracks. Fracture Toughness Testing and Its Ap- Naumann, Eugene C., Hardrath, Herbert F., and plications. ASTM STP No. 381. P. 30. 1965. Guthrie, David E.: Axial Load Fatigue Tests of Paris, P. C.: Stress-Intensity Factors by Dimen- 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy Sheet sional Analysis. Lehigh University. Institute of Specimens under Constant and Variable Research Report. 1961. Amplitude Loads. NASATN-D-212. 1959. Paris, P. C.: Fatigue Crack Growth. Third Annual Naumann, E. C. and Schott, R. L.: Axial-Load Fa- Workshop in Fracture Mechanics. Denver, Col- tigue Tests Using Loading Schedules Based on orado. 7-19 August 1966. Maneuver-Load Statistics. NASATN-D-1253. 1962. ^Pearson, S.: The Effect of Mean Stress on Fatigue Crack Propatation in Half-Inch (12.7 mm) Thick *Naumann, E. C.: Evaluation of the Influence of Load Specimens of Aluminum Alloys of High and Low Randomization and of Ground-Air-Ground Cy- Fracture Toughness. Engineering Fracture Me- cles on Fatigue. NASA TN-D-1584. October chanics. Vol. 4. PP. 9-24. 1972. 1964. Available as N64-32426. Pellini, W. S.: Criteria for Fracture Control Plans. *Nelson, F. G., Schilling, P. E., and Kaufman, J. G.: Naval Research Lab. Washington, D.C. Report The Effect of Specimen Size on the Results of NRL-7406. 11 May 1972. Available as AD- Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness Tests. 4th Na- 743058andN72-31938. tional Symposium on Fracture Mechanics. Pitts- burgh, Pa. 24-26 August 1970. Engineering Pellissier, G. E.: Some Microstructural Aspects of Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 4. PP. 33-50. March Maraging Steel in Relation to Strength and 1972. Available as A72-24886. Toughness. RTD TDR-63-4048. Air Force Mate- rials Lab. WPAFB, Ohio. November 1963. Newman, Jr., J. C.: Fracture of Cracked Plates Under Plane Stress. NASA Langley Research Pellissier, G. E.: Some Microstructural Aspects of Center. Presented at the National Symposium Maraging (250) Steel in Relation to Strength on Fracture Mechanics. Bethlehem, Pennsylva- and Toughness. Third Maraging Steel Review nia: 19-21 June 1967. Conference. WADD. Dayton, Ohio. 1963. Nordberg, H. and Hertzberg, R. W.: Fatigue Crack Pendleberry, S. L., Simenz, R. F., and Walker, E. K.: Propagation in A514 Steel. Lehigh University. Fracture Toughness and Crack Propagation of Fritz Engineering Laboratory. Report No. 358.7. 300M Steel. TD-DS-68-18. Lockheed California November 1969. Company. August 1968.

11-15 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA

Petersen, V. C., Guersey, J. B., and Buehl, R. C.: Manufacturing Procedures for a New High Strength Beta Titanium Alloy Having Superior Formability. AFML-TR-69-171. Crucible Steel Company. June 1969. Quist, William E. and Hyatt, Michael V.: The Effect Petrak, G. J.: Mechanical Property Evaluation of of Chemical Properties on the Fracture Proper- Beta Forged Ti-6Al-4V. Report No. UDRI TR- ties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloys. Proc. AIAA/ASME 70-34. AFML-TR-76-291. Dayton University Re- 7th Structures and Materials Conference. search Institute. January 1971. Available as Cocoa Beach, Florida. 18-20 April 1966. Tech- AD-720828. nical Papers AIAA. PP. 228-242. 1966. Avail- able as A66-28009. *Petrasek, D. W. and Signorelli, R. A.: Stress- Rupture and Tensile Properties of Refractory Metal Wires at 2000° and 2200°F (1093° and 1204°C). NASATN-D-5139. April 1969. Pook, L. P.: Linear Fracture Mechanics: What It.ls, What It Does. NEL Report No. 465.1970. Pugh, E. N., Green, J. A. S., and Slattery, P. W.: On the Propagation of Stress-Corrosion Cracks *Raffo, P. L.: Dynamic Strain Aging During the in a Magnesium-Aluminum Alloy. Proc. 2nd In- Creep and Tensile Testing of Molybdenum - ternational Conference on Fracture. Brighton, Titanium- Carbon Alloy. NASA TN-D-5169. England. PP. 387-395. Chapman'and Hall, Ltd. April 1969. April 1969. *Raffo, P. L.: Yielding and Fracture in Tungsten and Pugh, E. N., Green, J. A. S., and Sedricks, A. J.: Cur- Tungsten-Rhenium Alloys. NASA TN-D-4567. rent Understanding of Stress-Corrosion May 1968. Phenomena. Proc. International Conferenceon Interfaces. Melbourne, Australia. PP. 237-256. Raffo, P. L.: Exploration Study of Mechanical Prop- R. C. Gifkins, Ed. Butterworths. August 1969. erties and Heat Treatment of Molybdenum - Hafnium- Carbon Alloys. NASA TN-D-5025. Pugh, E. N. and Westwood, A. R. C.: Concerning 1969. Critical Species in Stress - Corrosion Phenomena. Stress Corrosion Testing. ASTM Randall, P. N.: Severity of Natural Flaws as Frac- STP No. 425. PP. 228-247. 1967. ture Origins. Report No. STL-4439-6006- RU-000. TRW Space Technology Laboratories. Puzak, P. P. and Lange, E. A.: Fracture Toughness October 1965. Available as AD-472891. of 180 to 210 KSI Yield Strength Steels. Metals Engineering Quarterly. Vol. 10. P. 6. 1970. *Ronald, T. M. F., Hall, J. A., and Pierce, C. M.: Some Observations Pertaining to Simple Fracture Pyle, R., Schillinger, D. E., and Carman, C. M.: Toughness Screening Tests for Titanium. AFML- Plane Strain Fracture Toughness and Mechan- TR-70-311.March 1971. ical Properties of 2219-T87 Aluminum and 5 Al-2.5 Sn ELI Titanium Alloy Weldments and *Ronald, T. M . F.: A Study of Tempered Martensite One Inch Thick 5A1-2.5 Sn ELI Titanium Alloy Embrittlement Using Standard and Subsize V- Plate. NASA CR-7396. The Boeing Company. Notch Charpy Specimens. AFML-TR-68-388. D2-114465-1. November 1968. May 1969.

11-16 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA

Sims, Chester T.: A Contemporary View of Cobalt Base Superalloys. Journal Metals. PP. 27-42. December 1969. *Smith, C. R.: Evaluation of Fatigue Life of Chrome- Salkind, M. J. and Patarini, V.: Fatigue of Boron ite Plated Specimens. AFFDL-TR-65-166. Con- Filament. AIMETrans. Vol.239. PP. 1268- vair. San Diego, Calif. December 1965. 1270. August 1967. Available as A67-37390. Smith, F. W.: Stresses Near A Semicircular Edge Schijve, J. and Jacobs, F. A.: Fatigue Crack Crack. PhD Thesis. University of Washington. Propagation in Unnotched and Notched December 1965. Aluminum Alloy Specimens. NRL TR-M-2128. Nat. Aero-Astro. Res. May 1964. Available as Smith, H. L., Stonesifer, F. R., and McKinney, K. R.: N65-35458. Fracture Toughness Studies Using Thick Acrylic Materials. AFFDL-TR-70-144. P. 395. December Schilling, P. E. and Kaufman, J. G.: Fracture Tough- 1969. ness, Fatigue and Corrosion Characteristics of High Strength Aluminum Extrusions and Plate. *Smith, S. H., Porter, T. R., and Sump, W. D.: Alcoa. December 1967. Available as AD- Fracture-Crack-Propagation and Fracture- 825686. Toughness Characteristics of 7079 Aluminum- Alloy Sheets and Plates in Three Aged Condi- Scully, J. C.: Kinetic Features of Stress Corrosion tions. NASA CR-996. Langley Research Center. Cracking. Corrosion Science. Vol. 7. 1967. February 1968. Seagle, S. R., Seeley, R. R., and Hail, G. S.: The In- *Smith, S. H.: Random-Loading Fatigue Crack fluence of Composition and Heat Treatment on Growth Behavior of Some Aluminum and the Aqueous Stress Corrosion of Titanium. Re- Titanium Alloys. ASTM STP No. 404. PP. 74- search and Development Report 492. Reactive 100. 1966. Available as A67-23434. Metals, Inc. 15 March 1967. Smoot, P. R. and Colgate, J. D.: The Mechanical Sedriks, A. J. and Pugh, E. N.: Effects of Environ- Properties of Three Titanium Alloys. AMMRC- ment on the Fracture Behavior of Titanium and TR-10-26. September 1970. Available as AD- its Alloys. AMMRC-CR-68-01. Martin Marietta 718040. RIAS-TR-68-11C. August 1968. Available as AD-674255. Sofronov, Yu D.: On the Rate of Spreading of Fa- tigue Cracks. AFFTD-MT-64-434. November Server, W. L. and Tetelman, Alan S.: The Use of 1965. Available as AD-624758. Pre-Cracked Charpy Specimens to Determine Dynamic Fracture Toughness. AROD 8016- *Sommer, Alfred W. and Martin, Gardner R.: Design 5-MC. University of California. UCLA-Eng-7153. Allowables for Titanium Alloys. AFML- July 1971. Available as AD-730678. TR-69-161. North American Rockwell. Los An- . geles. NA-69-350. June 1969. Shapiro, Eugene: Fracture of Metals During Spaeder, G. J., Brown, R. M., and Murphy, W. J.: Deformation Processing Under Conditions of The Effect of Hot Rolling Variables on the Frac- Hot Working. Drexel Institute of Technology. ture Toughness of 18 Ni Maraging Steel. ASM April 1968. Available asAD-668830. Trans. Quarterly. Vol. 60. PP. 418-425. Sep- Simmons, Ward F.: Rupture Strength of Selected tember 1967. Available as A67-40057. High Iron, Nickel-Base, and Refractory Metal Srawley, J. E. and Beachem, C. D.: Fracture of High Alloys. DMIC Memo 236.1 May 1968. Strength Sheet Steel Specimens Containing Sims, Chester T.: A Contemporary View of Nickel- Small Cracks. Evaluation of Metallic Materials Base Superalloys. Journal Metals. PP. 1-11. Oc- in Design for Low Temperature Service. ASTM tober 1966. STP No. 302. P. 69. 1961.

11-17 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA

Srawley, J. E.: Plane Strain Fracture Toughness. Steigerwald, E. A.: Plane Strain Fracture Tough- Fracture. Vol. IV. P. 45. Academic Press. 1969. ness for Handbook Presentation. AFML- TR-67-187. TRW, Inc. July 1967. Available as Srawley! J. E. and Beachem, C. D.: The Effect of AD-821626. Small Surface Cracks on.Strength. Proc. Se- venth Sagamore Ordnance Materials Research Steigerwald, E. A.: Plane Strain Fracture Tough- Conference. MeTE 661-611/F. Syracuse Univer- ness of High Strength Materials. Engineering sity Research Institute. PP. 1V-169. 1960. Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 1. No. 3. P. 473. April Srawley, J. E., Jones, M. H., and Gross, B.: Ex- 1969. perimental Determination of the Dependence of Steigerwald, E. A.: What You Should Know About Crack Extension Force on Crack Length for a Fracture Toughness. Metal Progress. Vol. 92. Single-Edge-Notch Tension Specimen. NASA PP. 96-101. November 1967. Available as A68- TN-D-2396. August 1964. 11272. *Srawley, J. E. and Brown, Jr., W. F.: Fracture Tough- Stephens, R. I., Dubensky, R. G., Frauen, L. L., and ness Testing Methods. Fracture Toughness Wrenn, R. L.: Fatigue Behavior of Molybdenum. Testing and Its Applications. Proc. ASTM 67th Themis-UI:21. Iowa University. May 1970. Annual Meeting. 21-26 June 1964. ASTM STP Available as AD-709580. No. 381. P. 133.1965. *Stonesifer, F. R. and Smith, H. L.: Fracture Data Srawley, J. E.: Plane Strain Fracture Toughness on Prospective Alloys for Deep Submergence Tests on Two- Inch-Thick Maraging Steel Plate and Space Applications. NRL Memo Report at Various Strength Levels. Proc. 2nd Inter- 1933. November 1968. Available as AD- national Conference on Fracture. Brighton, 680021. Sussex, England. 13-18 April 1969. Available as Sullivan, A. M.: New Specimen Design for Plane- A69-26496. Strain Fracture Toughness Tests. Materials Re- Srawley, J. E. and Gross, B.: Stress Intensity Fac- search and Standards. Vol. 4. P. 20. 1964. tors for Crackline Loaded Edge Crack Speci- Sullivan, C. P., Donachie, Jr., M. J., and Morral, F. mens. NASATN-D-3820. 1967. R.: Cobalt Base Superalloys - 1970. Cobalt Srawley, J. E.: Fracture 1969. Proc. Second Inter- Monograph Series: Centre d' Information du national Conference on Fracture. P. 131. P. L. Cobalt. Brussels. 1970. Pratt, ed. Chapman and Hall. London. 1969. Sullivan, C. P. and Donachie, Jr., M. J.: Some Ef- Srawley, J. E. and Brown, Jr., W. F.: Fracture Tough- fects of Microstructures of Mechanical Proper- ness Testing. NASA TMX-52030. June 1964. ties of Nickel Base Superalloys. Metals Engi- Standard Pressed Steel Co.: Development of Fa- neering Quarterly. PP. 36-45. February 1967. tigue Data for Several Alloys for Use in Aero- Sullivan, C. P., Varin, J. D., and Donachie, Jr., M. space Design. Progress Report No. 4. January J.: Relationship of Properties to Microstructure 1968. Available as AD-829683. in Cobalt Base Superalloys. Metals Engineering Steigerwald, E. A. and Hanna, G. L.: Influence of Quarterly. PP. 17-29. May 1969. Work-Hardening Exponent on the Fracture Toughness of High Strength Materials. AIME Sullivan, T. L.: Texture Strengthening and Fracture Trans. Vol. 242. PP. 320-328. February 1968. Toughness of Titanium Alloy Sheet at Room and Available as A68-20813. Cryogenic Temperatures. NASA TN-D-4444. Lewis Research Center. May 1968. Steigerwald, E. A.: Literature Survey on the In- fluence of Alloy Elements on the Fracture Swanson, S. R.: Random Load Fatigue Testing: A Toughness of High Strength Steels. AMMRC State of the Art Survey. Presented at the ASTM CR-67-13-F. TWR, Inc. ER-7217. February 1968. 70th Annual Meeting. Boston. 25-30 June Available as AD-665432. 1967.

11-18 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA

Swanson, S. R.: An Investigation of the Fatigue of Aluminum Alloy Due to Random Loading. UTIA Report No. 84. February 1963. Von Euw, E. F. J., Hertzberg, R. W., and Roberts, R.: Delay Effects in Fatigue Crack Propagation. Presented at Fifth National Symposium on Frac- ture Mechanics. University of Illinois. 1971.

Tavernelli, J. F. and Coffin, Jr., L. F.: A Compilation and Interpretation of Cyclic Strain Fatigue Weatherford, W. D., Valtierra, M. L., and Ku, P. M.: Testson Metals. Trans. ASM. Vol. 51. PP. 438- Mechanisms of Wear in Misaligned Splines. 453. 1959. Trans. ASME. Vol. 90F. 1968. Tiffany, C. F. and Masters, J. N.: Fracture Tough- Wei, R. P.: Fatigue-Crack Propagation in Some ness Testing and Its Applications. ASTM STP Ultrahigh-Strength Steels. Proc. ASTM 69th An- No. 381.1965. nual Meeting. 26 June - 1 July 1966. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Available as A67-41952. Tipper, L. F.: Testing for Brittleness in Structural Steels. Report P3. Admiralty Advisory Commit- Wei, R. P. and Landes, J.: Correlation Between tee on Structural Steel. Her Majesty's Sta- Sustained Load and Fatigue Crack Growth in tionary Office. 1962. High Strength Steels. ASTM Materials and Re- search Standards. Vol. 9. No. 7. July 1969. Truell, Rohn and Chick, Bruce: The Use of Ultra- sonic Methods to Determine Fatigue Effects In *Wei, R. P.: Fracture Toughness Testing in Alloy De- Metals. WADCTR-59-389. Brown University. velopment. ASTM STP No. 381. April 1965. June 1959. Available as AD-226098. Wei, R. P. and Lauta, F. J.: Measuring Plane-Strain TRW Equipment Lab: Influence of Work Hardening Fracture Toughness with Carbonitrided Single- Coefficient on Crack Propagation in High Edge-Notch Specimens. Materials Research and Strength Steels. AFML-TR-65-31. May 1965. Standards. Vol. 5. P. 305.1965. Available as AD-466448. Weibull, W.: Fatigue Testing and Analysis of Tuffnell, G. W., Pasquine, D. L., and Olson,J. H.: An Results. Pergamon Press. 1961. Investigation of the Fatigue Behavior of 18 Per- Weiss, V.: Application of Weibulls Statistical Ap- cent Nickel Maraging Steel. Trans. ASM Quar- proach to Sheet Specimens. ASTM Paper 62- terly. Vol. 59. PP. 769-783. December 1966. WA-270. 1962. Available as A67-17800. Weiss, V. and Sessler, J. G.: Aerospace Structural Turner, N. G. and Roberts, W. T.: Dynamic Strain Metals Handbook. Vol. II - Non-Ferrous Alloys. Ageing in Titanium. Journal of the Less- ASD-TDR-63-741. Vol. 2. March 1963. Common Metals. Vol. 16. PP. 37-44. September 1968. Available as A68-40589. White, D. L. and Watson, H. T.: Determination of Design Data for Heat Treated Titanium Alloy Turner, N. G. and Roberts, W. T.: Fatigue Behavior Sheet. Vol. 2B. Test Techniques and Results for of Titanium. Trans. AIME. Vol. 242. PP. 1223- Creep and Fatigue. ASD-TDR-62-335. May 1230. July 1968. Available as A68-37103. 1962.

11-19 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS DATA

*Wilhem, D. P.: Fracture Mechanics Guidelines for Y Aircraft Structural Applications. AFFDL- TR-69-111. Northrop Corporation. NOR 69-142. February 1970. Available as AD-702528. *Young, S. G. and Leonard, L: Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration Hardening of Steels and Superalloys. Wilson, W. K.: Analytical Determination of Stress NASA TN-D-5131 March 1969 Intensity Factors for the Manjoine Brittle Frac- ture Test Specimen. Report No. WERL-0029-3. Westinghouse Research Laboratories. August Z 1965. Wood, W. A. and MacDonald, D. E.: Metal Fatigue at Ultrasonic Frequency. Proc. International Zinkham, R. E.: Anisotropy and Thickness Effects Symposium on High-Power Ultrasonics. Graz, in Fracture of 7075-T6 and T-651 Aluminum Austria. 17-19 September 1970. PP. 50-52. Alloys. Journal of Engineering and Fracture Me- 1972. chanics. Vol.1. No. 2. August 1968.

11-20 .tit -„-•- PROBLEM AREA 3

Fracture mechanics analysis -'capabilities and limitations - A significant amount of publications deal with linear elastic fracture mechanics and assumes plane strain. Attempts are made to identify any work that was done, taking into account elastic-plastic theories. FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

Anderson, W. E. and Paris, P.: Evaluation of Air- craft Material by Fracture. Metals Engineering Quarterly. Vol. 1. PP. 33-44. May 1961. Avery, D. H. and Backofen, W. A.: Nucleation and Abelkis, Paul R.: Fatigue Strength Design and Growth of Fatigue Cracks. Fracture of Solids. P. Analysis of Ai rcraft Structures. Part I. Scatter 339. John Wiley, New York. 1963. Factors and Design Charts. AFFDL- TR-66-197-PT-1. Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc. June 1967. B Abelkis, P. R. and Bobovski, W. P.: Fatigue Strength Design and Analysis of Aircraft Struc- tures, Part II. Fatigue Life Analysis Computer Babel, H. W. and Sines, G.: A Biaxial Fracture Program - User's Manual. AFFDL- Criteria for Porous Brittle Materials. Trans. TR-66-197-PT-2. Douglas Aircraft Company, ASME Series D. J. Basic Engineering. Vol. 90. Inc. November 1966. PP. 285-291. June 1968. Abelkis, P. R.: Fatigue Design Criteria and Life Pre- Bailey, J. A., Haas, S. L., and Shah, M. K.: Effect diction Computer Program for Aircraft Struc- of Strain-Rate and Temperature on the Resist- tures, AFFDL-TDR-64-56. Douglas Aircraft Com- ance to Torsional Deformation of Several pany, Inc. February 1965. Aluminum Alloys. Int. J. of Mechanical Sciences. Vol. 14. PP. 735-754. November 1972. Avail- Abelkis, P. R.: Fatigue Life Scatter Factors for De- able as A73-13117. sign and Analysis of Aircraft Structures. Douglas Paper No. 4807. Douglas Aircraft Com- Banerjee, B. R.: Fracture Micromechanics of Fe- pany, Inc. 1968. Ni-Co and Other Alloys. Crucible Steel Company of America. October 1965. Available as AD- Achenbach, J. D.: Brittle and Ductile Extension of - 803751. a Finite Crack by a Horizontally Polarized Shear Wave. Int. J. of Engineering Science. Vol. 8. PP. *Barone, M. R. and Robinson, A. R.: Determination 947-966. 1970. of Elastic Stresses at Notches and Corners by Integral Equations. Int. J. of Solids Structures. Achenbach, J. D.: Crack Propagation Generated by Vol. 8. PP. 1319-1338. 1972. Available as A73- a Horizontally Polarized Shear Wave. Journal 12075. Mechanics and Physics Solids. Vol. 18. PP. 245- 259.1970. Barsom, John M.: Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Propagation Below K)SCc. U.S. Steel Corpo- *Allen, F. C.: The Stress Analysis of Centrally ration (Monroeville, Pa.) Applied Research Lab Cracked Plates. Douglas Paper No. 5513. Technical Report ARL-B-63103-2. June 1969. Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc. Revised April Available as AD-855834L. 1970. Barsom, J. M., Sovak, J. F., and Imhof, Jr., E. J.: Allen, F. C. and Bentley, C. W.: Investigations in Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Propagation Below the Field of Fracture Mechanics. Douglas Report KISCC in Four High-Yield-Strength Steels. U.S. No. LB-32026. December 1964. Steel Corp. Monroeville, Pa. Applied Research *Amateau, M. F., Dull, D. L, and Raymond, L.: The Lab. Tech Report ARL-89.021-024(3). Effect of Processing on Plastic Strain Anisotro- December 1970. Available as AD-886970L. py of TJ-6A1-4V. Report No. TR-0059(6250-10) Barsom, J. M.: Investigation of Subcritical Crack SAMSO TR-70-380. Aerospace Corporation. Propagation. PhD Dissertation. University of September 1970. Pittsburgh. 1969. Amateau, M. F. and Kendall, E. George: A Review Barson, J. M.: Review and Analysis of Fatigue- of Ti-6Al-6V-25Sn Fatigue Behavior. Report Crack Propagation Laws. U.S. Steel Corpo- No. TR-0059(6250-10)-6 SAMSO TR-70-275. ration. Monroeville, Pa. Applied Research Lab Aerospace Corporation. August 1970. Available Technical Report ARL-89.018-020(5). June asAD-710635. 1969. Available as AD-855833L.

1-3 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

Barton, C. 1, Reisdorf, B. G., Cox, P. H. S., Chilton, Bell, W. larvdrBjerrtiam, P. P.: The Effect of Mean J. M., and Oskin, Jr., C. E.: Investigation of Ther- Stress and'Fatigue Strength of Plain and mal Embrittlement in 18 Ni-250-Maraging « Notched Stainless Steel Sheet in the Range Steel. AFML-TR-67-34. March 1967. Available From 10 to 10? Cycles. ASTM STP No. 338. PP. asAD-815473. 25-46.1963. Battelle Memorial Institute: Rupture Strength of Benjamin, W. David: Environmentally Induced Selected High-Iron, Nickel-Base, Cobalt-Base, Delayed Failures in Martensitic High-Strength and Refractory Metal Alloys. DMIC Memo 236. Steels. AFML-TR-68-80. TRW, Inc. ER-6877-8 . 1 May 1968. April 1968. Available as AD-832650. Battelle Memorial Institute: Structural Changes in Berry, W. E.: DMIC Review of Recent Developments High Strength Steel Associated with Stress Cor- - Corrosion and Compatability. Battelle Me- rosion and Its Relationship to Delayed Failure. morial Institute. June 1968. Available as AD- September 1964. Available as AD-617785. 833699. Beachem, C. D.: An Electron Fractographic Study *Bhatt, S. J.: Fracture Mechanics Evaluation of on the Influence of Plastic Strain Conditions Stress Intensity Factors for Various Crack Upon Ductile Rupture Processes in Metals. Geometries and Loading Conditions. Report No. Trans. ASM. Vol. 56. P. 318. September 1963. WAPD TM-976. Bettis Atomic Power Lab. Pitts- Beachem, C. D.: Electron Microscope Fracture Ex- burgh, Pa. December 1970. amination to Characterize and Identify Modes Birkle, A. J., Wei, R. P., and Pellissier, G. E.: of Fracture. Naval Research Lab Report NRL- Analysis of Plane Strain Fracture in a Series of 6293. September 1965. Available as AD- 0.45C-Ni-Cr-Mo Steels with Different Sulfur 623567. Contents. Trans. ASM. Quarterly 59. P. 981. Beck, E. J.: Determination of Mechanical and 1966. Thermophysical Properties of Refractory Met- als. AFML-TR-65-247. Martin Marietta. July *Bockrath, G. E. and Glassco, J. B.: A Theory of Duc- 1965. Available as AD-471505. tile Fracture. Report No. MDC-G2895. Mc- Beck, T. R.: Stress Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Donnell Douglas Company. August 1972. Alloys - Preliminary Report on Ti-8Al-lMo-lV *Bockrath, G. E. and Glassco, J. B.: Fracture Tough- Alloy and Proposed Mechanism. Boeing Scien- ness of High Strength Sheet Metal. Douglas Air- tific Research Labs. July 1966. Available as AD- craft Company. No. 1607.1963. 640229. Bockrath, G. E. and Christensen, R. H.: Master Fa- Beck, T. R.: Electrochemical Aspects of Titanium tigue Curves. Douglas Aircraft Engineering Stress Corrosion Cracking. Proc. Conference on Paper No. 999.1964. Fundamental Aspects of Stress Corrosion Cracking. 11-15 September 1967. Ohio State Bockrath, G. E. and Glassco, J. B.: A Study of the University. NACE. 1969. Fracture Toughness of High Strength Sheet Metals. Douglas Aircraft Company. SM-43570. Begley, J. A.: A Study of Fracture Transition March 1963. Phenomena in Aluminum Alloy 7075-T651. PhD Disseration. Lehigh University. 1969. Bockrath, G. E. and Glassco, J. B.: A Study of the Residual Crack Strength of Sheet Metals. Begley, R. T., Harrod, D. L., and Gold, R. E.: High Douglas Aircraft Company. SM-42634. Temperature Creep and Fatigue Behavior of the December 1962. Refractory Metals. Paper. AIMMPE & NASA Symposium on Metallurgy and Technology of Bowie, 0. L.: Rectangular Tensile Sheet with Sym- Refractory Metal Alloys. Washington, D.C. metric Edge Cracks. Paper 64-APM-3. ASME. 25-26 April 1968. Available as A68-36888. 1964.

1-4 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

*Bowles, C. Q.: Strain Distribution and Deformation Carlson, R. L., Zielsdorff, G. F. and Harrison, J. C.: at the Crack Tip in Low Cycle Fatigue. Midwest Buckling in Thin Cracked Sheets. AFFDL- Research Institute. Kansas City, Mo. Final Tech- TR-70-144. P. 193. December 1969. nical Report AMMRC CR-70-23. June 1970. Carr, F. L. and Larson, F. R.: Macrofractographic Boyle, R. W., Sullivan, A. M., and Krafft, J. M.: De- Techniques. Chapter 13 of Techniques in Metals termination of Plane Strain Fracture Toughness Research. Vol. 2. Part 1. Interscience with Sharply Notched Sheets. Welding J. Re- Publishers. 1966. search Supplement. Vol. 41. P. 428s. 1962. Brammer, I. S. and Dawe, D. W.: Metallography of Carr, F. L., Nunes, J., and Larson, F. R.: Mechanical SAP Alloys and Its Relation to Creep Resist- Properties and Fracture Surface Topography of ance. AFML-TDR-64-211. October 1964. Avail- a Thermally Embrittled Steel. AMRA TR-66-28. able as AD-608868. September 1966. Available as AD-643082. Breyan, William: Effects of Block Size, Stress Lev- Chan, S. K., Tuba, I. S., and Wilson, W. K.: On the el and Loading Sequence on the Fatigue Char- Finite Element Method in Linear Fracture Me- acteristics of Aluminum Alloy Box Beams. ASTM chanics. Eng. Fracture Mech. Vol. 2. No. 1. PP. STPNO.-462. January 1970. 1-17. July 1970. Brown, B. F.: A New Stress-Corrosion Cracking Chen, W. T.: Plane Thermal Stress at Elliptical Test Procedure for High-Strength Alloys. Mate- Elastic Inclusion Under Uniform Heat Flow. rials Research and Standards. Vol. 6. No. 3, Quarterly. J. Mechanics and Applied Math. Vol. March 1966. 22. Pt. 1. PP. 115-123. February 1969. Brummer, S. B. and Cocks, F. H.: Gordon Research Clark, Jr., W. G.: Fracture Mechanics in Fatigue. Conference. Corrosion. 1970. Exp. Mech. Vol. 11. PP. 421-428. September 1971. Byskov, E.: The Calculation of Stress Intensity Fac- tors Usingthe Finite Element Methods with Clausing, D. P.: Effects of Plastic Strain State on Cracked Elements. Int. J. Fracture Mechanics. Ductility and Toughness. Int J Fracture Mechan- Vol. 6. No. 2. PP. 159-167. June 1970. ics. Vol. 6. No. 1. PP. 71-85. March 1970. Coffi n, Jr., L. F.: Cyclic Strain and Fatigue Study of a 0.1 C-2 MO Steel. Trans. Met. Soc. AIME. Vol.230. P. 1690. 1964. *Coffin, Jr., L. F.: The Effects of Frequency on High Temperature, Low Cycle Fatigue. AFFLD TR- 70-144. General Electric Company. Schenec- Calfno, F. D.: Effect of Residual Stress on Fracture tady, New York. 15 December 1969. Strength of AISI 301 Stainless-Steel and Ti- 5A1-2.5 ELI Titanium Cracked Thin-Wall Cylin- Coffin, Jr., L. F.: Thermal Stress and Thermal ders. NASA TN-D-4777. September 1968. Stress Fatigue. Special Summer Program. MIT. June 1968. Campbell, J. E.: Current Methods of Fracture Toughness Testing of High-Strength Alloys With Coles, A. and Skinner, D.: Assessment of Thermal Emphasis on Plane Strain. DMIC Report No. Fatigue Resistance of High Temperature Alloys. 207. Battelle Memo Inst. 31 August 1964. Journal Roy. Aero. Soc. Vol. 69. P. 343. 1965. Caputo, Angelo A. and Hilzinger, John E.: Flaw Corten, H. T., Taylor, C. E., and Rowlands, R. E.: Ap- Point and Dynamic Microphotoelasticity In- plication of Photoelasticity to Fracture Mechan- vestigation. USAAVLABS TR-69-49. Rocket- ics. Illinois University. July 1966. Available as dyne. June 1969. Available as AD-856255. AD-487763. Garden, A. E.: Thermal Fatigue of a Nickel-Base Cottrell, A. H.: The Mechanical Properties of Mat- Alloy. J. Basic Engineering. Vol. 87. No. 1. ter. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. P. 287. March 1965. 1964.

1-5 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

*Dietz, J. M. and Salkin, R. V.: Appraisal of the Locati and Prot Methods for Determining Fa-' tigue Limits. J Materials. Vol. 7. No. 1. PP. 32-37. March 1972. Available as A72-25824. Dahlberg, E. P.: An Annotated Bibliography of Re- Dixon, J. R.: Elastic-Plastic Strain Distribution in cent Papers and Reports on the Subject of Am- Flat Bars Containing Holes or Notches: J. Mech. bient Temperature Aqueous Stress Corrosion Phys. Solids. Vol. 10. PP. 253-263. 1962. Cracking of Titanium and Titanium Alloys. NRL- BIB-29. Naval Research Lab. October 1966. Dodd, R. A.: Mechanism of Stress Corrosion Crack- Available as AD-642128. ing in Face-Centered-Cubic Metals. AFOSR 65- 2702. University of Wisconsin. 1965. Available Dahlberg, E. P.: ARPA Coupling Program on Stress asAD-628085. Corrosion Cracking. ARPA Order-878. Naval Re- search Lab. November 1967. Available as AD- Donaldson, B. K.: A Brief Survey of Transfer Matrix 663560. Techniques with Special Reference to the Analysis of Aircraft Panels. AFML-TR-67-285. Dally, J. W. and Panizza, G. A.: Conductive September 1967. Polymers as Fatigue Damage Indicators. Paper 1915. Presented at the Society for Ex- Duggan, Terance V.: Current Trends in Fatigue Re- perimental Stress Analysis Fall Meeting. 1971. search. Chartered Mechanical Engineer. Vol. 17. Available asA72-11509. pp. 443-449, 456. November 1970. Das, B. R.: Thermal Stresses in Long Cylinder Con- taining Penny-Shaped Crack. Int. J. of Engineer- ing Science. Vol. 6. No. 9. PP. 497-516. Sep- tember 1968. Davidson, Thomas E.: The Relationship Between Eccles, D. and Heath, W. G.: Titanium Structures Pressure Effects Upon Fracture Mechanisms in Practice. Proc. Royal Aeronautical Society and Ductility and Its Practical Implications. Wa- Symposium on the Effect of New Materials on tervliet Arsenal. 1968. Available as AD- Aircraft Design. London, England. 4 March 837112L. 1971. Aeronautical Journal. Vol. 75. PP. 805- Davies, P. W. and Dennison, J. P.: A Review of 809. November 1971. Available as A72-13616. Intergranular Fracture Processes in Creep. J. Edmunds, H. G. and White, D. J.: Observations of Ind. Metals. Vol. 87. PP. 119-125. 1958-1959. the Effect of Creep Relaxation on High-Strain *Davis, Sidney 0.: An Application of Fracture Con- Fatigue. Journal Mech. Eng. Science. P. 8. 1966. cepts to the Prediction of Critical Length of Fa- Embley, G. T. and Sih, G. C.: Response of a Penny tigue Cracks. Part I - A Review of Pertinent Shaped Crack to Impact Waves. Proc. 12th Aspects of Fracture. Development of Relevent Midwestern Mechanics Conference. 1971. Concepts of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics. AFML-TR-70-202, Pt. 1. January 1971. Avail- Emery, A. F., Kobayashi, A. S., and Smith, F. W.: able as AD-719757. Stress Intensity Factors for Penny Shaped Cracks. ASME Paper 67-WA/APM-2. Presented *Davis, Sidney 0.: An Application of Fracture Con- at the Winter Annual Meeting. Pittsburgh, Pa. cepts to the Prediction of Critical Length of Fa- November 1967. tigue Cracks. Part V - Experimental Determi- nation of Fracture Toughness and Critical Crack Erdogan, F.: Fatigue and Fracture of Cylindrical Length of 7075-T7351 Aluminum Alloy Plates. Shells Containing a Circumferential Crack. Int. AFML-TR-70-202. Part 5. January 1972. Avail- J. of Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 6. PP. 379-392. able as AD-748254. December 1970.

1-6 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

*Erhardt, K., Wilson, A., Pelloux, R., and Grant, N. J.: Mechanisms of Fatigue Crack Propagation in Aluminum Alloys. MIT. AFML-TR-71-109. May 1971. Available as AD-728655. Garg, S. K. and Siekmann, J.: On the Fracture of a Thin Spherical Shell Under Blast Loading. SESA 2nd International Congress on Ex- perimental Mechanics. 28 September - 1 Oc- tober 1965. Experimental Mechanics. Vol. 6. PP. 39-44. January 1966. Available as A66- . Fias, Inc.: On the Mechanism(s) of Stress Cor- 17211. rosion Cracking. AROD 5023-1. Fias TR-65-7. August 1965. Available as AD-620509. Gayle, J. B.: Distribution of Failure Times in Stress Corrosion Tests. NASATM-X-53355. November Field, F. A.: Yielding in a Cracked Plate in Longi- 1965. Available as N66-14066. tudinal Shear. Trans. ASME. Vol. 30. Part E. P. 622. 1963. Gehring, R. W.: Room Temperature Simulation of Elevated Temperature Structural Tests by the *Figge, I. E.:'An Empirical Equation Relating Fatigue Applied Load Ratio Method. North American Limit and Mean Stress. NASA TN-D-3883. April Rockwell - Columbus. Proc. Structures. 1967. AIAA/ASME 11th Structures Structural Flewitt, P. E. J. and Heald, P. T.: The Growth of Fa- Dynamics and Materials Conference. 22-24 tigue Cracks in Aluminum. Int. J. of Fracture Me- Denver, Colorado. PP. 75-85. AIAA. 1970. chanics. Vol. 7. PP. 17-22. March 1971. Avail- Available as A70-27134. able as A71-25053. Gell, M. and Leverant, G. R.: The Characteristics Floreen, S. and Hayden, H. W.: Some Observations of Stage I Fatigue Fracture in a High Strength of Void Growth During the Tensile Deformation Nickel Alloy. Acta Meta. Vol. 16. P. 553. 1968. of a High Strength Steel. Scripta Metallurgica. Gerard, George: Optimum Structural Design Con- Vol.4. PP. 87-94. 1970. cepts for Aerospace Vehicles: Bibliography and Assessment. AFFDL-TR-65-9. Allied Research Forman, R. G. and Kobayashi, A. S.: On the Axial Associates, Inc. June 1965. Rigidity of a Perforated Strip and the Strain Energy Release Rate in a Centrally Notched Gerard, George: Optimum Structural Design Con- Strip Subjected to Uniaxial Tension. J of Basic cepts for Aerospace Vehicles: Bibliography and Engineering. Vol. 68. P. 693. 1964. Assessment. AFFDL-TR-67-188. Allied Re- search Associates, Inc. December 1966. Forman, R. G.: Study of Fatigue Crack Initiation Ginsberg, F. and Stern, I.-L: Exploratory Approach from Flaws Using Fracture Mechanics Theory. for Screening High Strength Steels for Suscep- AFFDL-TR-68-100. 1968. tibility to Environmental Stress Cracking. Re- Franklin Institute: The Fatigue Behavior of Single port No. TM-44. Naval Applied Science Lab. Crystal Molybdenum - Part I. Cyclic Strain Be- June 1966. Available as AD-817173L. havior of Copper and Aluminum - Part II. ARL Gordon, G. M. and Brown, D. A.: Thermal Shock 65-11. Available as AD-616352. Failure of Tungsten Refractory Metals and Fujii, C. T., Beachem, C. D., and Brown, B. F.: A Rec- Alloys III - Applied Aspects. Proc. Third Tech- ommended Procedure for Assessing the Stress nical Conference. Los Angeles. 9-10 December Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of 5000 Se- 1963. Vol. 30. PP. 857-870. Gordon and Breach ries Aluminum Alloy Sheet. NRL-MR-2476. June Science Publishers, Inc. 1966. Available as 1972. Available as AD-747944 and N73-12577. A66-36154.

1-7 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

Grant, N. J., Bridenbaugh, P., and Robert, K.: Grosskreutz, J. C. and Shaw, G. G.: Mechanisms of Deformation and Fracture as a Function of Fatigue in 7075-T6 Aluminum. AFML-TR-66-96. Strain Rate at Hot Working Temperatures. MIT. Midwest Research Institute. May 1966. Avail- September 1967. Available as AD-824168. able as AD-486769. Green, J. A. S. and Sedricks, A. J.: Surface Films Grosskreutz, J. C. and Shaw, G. G.: Mechanisms of and Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Titanium Fatigue in 1100-0 and 2024-T4 Aluminum. Aluminum Alloys. Met. Trans. Vol. 2. P. 1809. AFML-TR-65-127. Midwest Research Institute. July 1971. July 1965. Available as AD-470299. *Greszczuk, L. B.: Stress Concentrations and Fail- ure Criteria for Orthotropic and Anisotropic Plates with Circular Openings. 2nd Conference Composite Materials Testing and Design. ASTM H STP No. 497. PP. 363-381.1972. Available as A72-25474. Griffith, G. E.: Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Plastic Flow in a Tension Panel with Hahn, G. T., Rosenfield, A. R., Hulbert, L. E., and a Circular Hole. NACA TN-1705. 1948. Kanninen, M. F.: Elastic-Plastic Fracture Me- chanics. AFML-TR-67-143. Battelle Memorial Gross, Bernard and Mendelson, A.: Plane Institute. January 1968. Available as AD- Elastostatic Analysis of V-Notched Plates. 829191. See AD-843704 September 1968 for NASATN-D-6040. October 1970. later report AFML-TR-67-143-PT-2. Gross, B. and Srawley, J. E.: Stress-Intensity Fac- Hahn, G. T., Rosenfield, A. R.: Effects of Second- tors by Boundary Collocation for Single- Phase Particles on Ductility. AFML-TR-65-409. Edge-Notch Specimens Subject to Splitting January 1966. Available as AD-480038. Forces. NASATN-D-3295. February 1966. Hahn, G. T. and Rosenfield, A. R.: Local Yielding Gross, B. and Srawley, J. E.: Stress-Intensity Fac- and Extension of a Crack Under Plane Stress. tors for Three-Point Bend Specimens by Bound- Battelle Memorial Institute. 1964. ary Collocation. NASA TN-D-3092. December 1965. Hahn, G. T., Sarrate, G. T., and Rosenfield, A. R.: Experiments on the Nature of the Fatigue Crack Gross, B., Srawley, J. E., and Brown, Jr., W. F.: Plastic Zone. AFFDL-TR-70-144. P. 425. Stress- Intensity Factors for a Single- December 1969. Edge-Notch Tension Specimen for Boundary Collocation of a Stress Function. NASA TN- Haines, D. J. and Wright, G. P.: Experimental D-2395. August 1964. Method of Determining Thermal Strains. Ex- perimental Mechanics. Vol. 9. No. 7. PP. 327- Gross, B. and Srawley, J. E.: Stress-Intensity Fac- 331. July 1969. tors for Single-Edge-Notch Specimens in Bend- ing or Combined Bending and Tension by Hanna, G. L. and Steigerwald, E. A.: Development Collocation of a Stress Function. NASA TN- of Standardized Test Methods to Determine D-2603. January 1965. Plane Strain Fracture Toughness. AFML- TR-65-213. TRW, Inc. September 1965. Avail- Grosskreutz, J. C.: Fatigue Mechanisms and the able as AD-475012. Development of Fatigue Resistant Materials. AFFDL-TR-70-144. Midwest Research Institute. *Hardrath, Herbert F.: Fatigue and Fracture Me- PP. 47. December 1969. chanics. AIAA Paper No. 70-512. Presented to the AIAA/ASME 11th Structures, Structural Grosskreutz, J. C. and Benson, D. K.: The Effects Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Denver, of the Surface on the Mechanical Properties of Colorado. 22-24 April 1970. Published in Metals. Surfaces and Interfaces. Volume II. P. Journal of Aircraft. Vol. 8. No. 3. PP. 129-142. 61. Syracuse University. 1968. March 1971.

1-8 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

Hayden, H. W., Gibson, R. C., and Brophy, J. H.: Su- Hutchinson, J. W.: Plastic Stress and Strain Fields perplasticity in the Ni-Fe-Cr System, Trans. at A Crack Tip. Journal Mech. Phys. Solids. Vol. Quarterly ASM. Vol. 60. PP. 3-14. 1967. 16. P. 337. 1968. Hayden, H. W., Gibson, R. C., and Brophy, J. H.: Su- perplastic Metals. Scientific American. Vol. 220. PP. 28-35. March 1969. Hayden, H. W., Moffatt, W. G., and Wulff, J.: The Structure and Properties of Materials. Vol. 3. Mechanical Behavior. John Wiley and Sons. New Irwin, G. R.: Analytical Aspects of Crack Sress York. .1964. Field Problems. T and AM Report No. 213. Uni- versity of Illinois. March 1962. Hayden, H. W. and Floreen, S.: Observations of Lo- calized Deformation During Ductile Fracture. Irwin, G. R.: Analysis of Stresses and Strains Near Acta Metallurgica. Vol. 17. PP. 213-224. Martin the End of a Crack Traversing a Plate. J. Applied Marietta-RIAS. 1969. Mechanics. Trans. ASME. Vol. 24. No. 3. Sep- tember 1957. Hayden, H. W. and Brophy, J. H.: The Interrelation of Grain Size and Superplastic Deformation in Irwin, G. R.: Fracture Mechanics, In Instructional Ni-Cr-Fe Alloys. Trans. Quarterly ASM. Vol. 61. Mechanics. Pergamon Press. Oxford. 1960. PP. 542-549. Martin Marietta-RIAS. 1968. Irwin, G. R.: Fracture Mechanics. Structural Me- Hayden, H. W. and Floreen, S.: The Deformation chanics. Pergamon Press. New York. 1960. and Fracture of Stainless Steels Having Micro- Ivey, J.: Plastic Stress-Strain Relations and Yield duplex Structures. Trans. Quarterly ASM. Vol. Surfaces for Aluminum Alloys. J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 61. PP. 489-499. Martin Marietta-RIAS. 1968. Vol. 3. PP. 15-31.1961. Hayden, H. W., Floreen, S., and Goodell, P. D.: The Deformation Mechanisms of Superplasticity. Metallurgical Trans. Vol. 3. PP. 833-842. Martin Marietta-RIAS. 1972. *Hayhurst, D. R.: Creep Rupture Under Multi-Axial States of Stress. J. Mech. Phys. Solids. Vol. 20. PP. 381-390. 1972. Available as A73-13981. Jacobson, Loren A.: The Weibull Statistical Distri- bution as Applied to Brittle Fracture. AFML- *Haythornthwaite, R. M., Jenkins, D. R., Coon, M. D., TR-65-176. August 1965. Available as AD- and Febber, C. K.: Flow and Fracture of Metals 472095. Under Complex Stress. AFML-TR-66-111. Re- port No. 06348-20-F. University of Michigan. Jenkins, D. R.: Kinematic Hardening of Zinc Alloy May 1966. Available as AD-485308. Tubes. Journal Applied Mechanics. Vol. 32. PP. 849-858. 1965. *Heer, E. and Yang, Jann-Naw: Optimum Pressure Johnson, H. H. and Paris, P. C.: Sub-Critical Flaw Vessel Design Based on Fracture Mechanics and Growth. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 1. Reliability Criteria. Report No. JPL TM-33-470. No. 1. PP. 3-45. June 1968. Jet Propulsion Lab. February 1970. Available from NTIS as NASA CR-116827. Johnson, R. E., Carnmett, J. T., and Coles, A.: Analysis and Application of Cyclic Crack Growth *Hilton, P. D. and Hutchinson, J. W.: Plastic In- Rate Curves. Third National Symposium on tensity Factors for Cracked Plates. Eng. Frac. Fracture Mechanics. Lehigh University. August Mech. Vol. 3. No. 4. PP. 435-451.1971. 1969. . *Hoffman, C. A. and Welton, J. W.: Metallographic Johnson, R. E.: Fracture Mechanics - A Basis for Study of Dispersion-Strengthened Alloys After Brittle Fracture Prevention. WAPD TM-505. Failure in Stress Rupture. NASA TN-D-3527. Westinghouse Electric Corporation. November August 1966. 1965. Available as AD-629436.

1-9 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

Jordan, S., Maddux, G., and Mallet, R. Magic: An Keer, L. M. and Fu, W. S.: Some Stress Distribu- Automated General Purpose System for Struc- tions in Elastic Plate Due to Rigid Heated tural Analysis. AFFDL-TR-68-56, Vol. 2. July Punches. Int. J. Engineering Science. Vol. 5. No. 1969. 7. PP. 555-570. July 1967. Keller, Jr., D. V.: The Analysis of Metallic Adhesion Data. Proc. Adhesion or Cold Welding of Mate- rials in Space Environments. ASTM and ACLE Annual Meeting. Toronto, Canada. 1-2 May 1967. ASTM STP No. 431. PP. 181-207.1967. Available as A68-34176. Kies, J. A.: Fracture Mechanics - Its Uses and Lim- itations. Failure Analysis Seminar. NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. Houston, Texas. 9 Kachanov, L. M.: Investigation in Elasticity and November 1965. Plasticity. Collection of Articles. Collection 3. AFFTD MT-54-533. August 1965. Available as Kling, R. E.: Understanding Fatigue in Metals. Ma- AD-621063. chine Design. Vol. 37. PP. 202-208. October 1965. Available as A66-10865. Kaechele, L. E.: Review and Analysis of Cumulative Fatigue Damage Theories. The Rand Corpo- Kobayashi, A. S.: On the Magnification Factors of ration. RM 3650-RP. 1963. Deep Surface Flaws. Structural Development Research Memo No. 16. The Boeing Company. Kahl, Michael R. and Reifsnider, K. L.: Effects of December 1965. Local Strength Variations on Plastic Enclave De- velopment at Crack Tips. VPI-E-72-15. Virginia Kobayashi, A. S. and Engstrom, W. L.: Transient Polytechnic Institute. June 1972. Available as Analysis in Fracturing Aluminum Plate. Univer- AD-747783. v sity of Washington. Technical Report No. 3. November 1966. Available as AD-804949. Kassir, M. K. and Sih, G. C.: Three-Dimensional Stress Distribution Around An Elliptical Crack Kobayashi, A. S. and Maiden, D. E.: Stress Intensity Under Arbitrary Loadings. J. Applied Mechanics. Factor for a Straight Crack Approaching a Vol. 33. PP. 601-611. 1966. Circular Hole. University of Washington. AFFDL- TR-70-144. December 1969. Kassir, M. K. and Sih, G. C.: External Elliptical Crack in Elastic Solid. International Journal of Kobayashi, A. S. and Moss, W. L.: Stress Intensity Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 4. No. 4. PP. 347-356. Magnification Factors For Surface Flawed 1968. Tension Plate and Notched Round Tension Bar. Fracture 1969. Chapman and Hall. London. Kassir, M. K. and Sih, G. C.: Thermal Stresses in 1969. Solid Weakened by External Circular Crack. Int. J. Solids and Structures. Vol. 5. No. 4. PP. 351- Koskinen, M. F.: Elastic-Plastic Deformation of a 367. April 1969. Single Grooved Flat Plate Under Longitudinal Shear. Trans. ASME. Vol. 85. Part D. P. 585. Kassir, M. K. and Sih, G. C.: Griffiths Theory of 1963. Brittle Fracture in Three-Dimensions. Lehigh University. March 1967. Available as AD- Kostrov, B. V.: Unsteady Propagation of Longitu- 659306. dinal Shear Cracks. PMM. Vol. 30. PP. 1241- 1248.1966. Kattus, J. R.: Tensile and Creep Properties of Structural Alloys Under Conditions of Rapid Krafft, J. and Irwin, G. R.: Crack Velocity Consid- Heating, Rapid Loading and Short Times at Tem- erations. Proc. ASTM 67th Annual Meeting. perature. Southern Research Report No. 3962- ASTM STP No. 381. June 1964. 867-2-1 to International Nickel. 10 April 1959. Kramer, I. R.: The Effects of Surface Layer on Keer, L. M.: A Note on Shear and Combined Plastic Deformation and Crack Propagation. Loading for a Penny-Shaped Crack. J. Mechan- AMMRC CR-71-2/2. Martin Marietta. August ics Physics and Solids. Vol. 14. PP. 1-6. 1966. 1971. Available as AD-731825.

111-10 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

Kramer, I. R.: The Effect of the Surface Layer and Lekhitskii, S. G.: Theory of Elasticity of an Ani- Environment on Cyclic Behavior and Fatigue of sotropic Elastic Bdoy. Holden-Day, Inc. San Metals. AFFDL-TR-70-144. Martin Marietta. Francisco. 1963. December 1969. Liebowitz, Harold, ed.: Fracture, An Advanced Kramer, I. R.: The Effect of Surface Alloying on the Treatise. 7 vols. Academic Press. New York. Fatigue Behavior of Aluminum and Titanium. 1968. AFMLTR-69-182. Martin Marietta MCR- Lin, T. H.: Mechanism of Fatigue Crack Nucleation 69-242. July 1969. Available as AD-860248. Based on Microstresses Caused by Slip. UC- Kramer, I. R., Shen, H. K., and Podlaseck, S. E., Jr.: DE-R68-19. University of California. 1968. The Influence of a Space Environment on the Lin, T. H.: Theory of Inelastic Structures. Chapter Mechanical Behavior of Metals. Presented 2. John Wiley. New York. 1968. SESA Meeting. Denver. 5-7 May 1965. Also in Experimental Mechanics. Vol. 6. PP. 23-29. Lin, T. H. and Ito, Y. M.: A Micromechanic Theory January 1966. of the Effect of Mean Stress on Fatigue Crack Nucleation. AFFDL-TR-70-144. P. 63. December 1969. *Liu, A. F.: Stress Intensity Factor For a Corner Flaw. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 4. PP. 175-179. Lockheed California Company. 1972. Landgraf, R. W.: Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue of Hardened Steels. T/AM-320. University of Liu, G. C., Lau, S. S., and Dorn, J. E.: The Plastic Illinois. Urbana. 1968. Deformation Behavior of Mo Single Crystals Under Compression. Applied Research. Vol. 11. Lantanision, R. M. and Ruffe, Jr., A. W.: The Tem- PP. 645-651.16 June 1972. perature Dependence of Stacking Fault Energy in Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys. Met. Trans. Vol. 2. PP. 505- Liu, H. W.: Fatigue Crack Propagation and Applied 509.1971. Stress Range - An Energy Approach. Journal of Basic Engineering. Vol. 85. Series D. P. 116. Lantanision, R. M. and Westwood, A. R. C.: 1963. Surface- and Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior. Advances in Corrosion Science and Logan, H.: The Stress Corrosion of Metals. John Technology. Vol. 1. PP. 51-145. Plenum Press. Wiley and Sons. New York. P. 234. 1966. New York. 1970. Louie, N. A.: Experimental Fracture Studies and Lantanision, R. M. and Staehle, R. W.: Stress- Equation-of-Art Measurements. RTD TDR 63- Corrosion Cracking of Iron-Nickel-Chromium 3102. Aerojet General Company. March 1964. Alloys. Proc. Conf. on Fundamental Aspects of Available as AD-433240. Stress-Corrosion Cracking. NACE. Houston. PP. Lubahn, J. D. and Felgar, R. P.: Plasticity and Creep 214-307. 1969. of Metals. John Wiley. New York. 1961. Lardner, R. W.: The Effect of Crystal Orientations on Fatigue Crack Growth. Canadian J. of Phys- M ics. Vol. 46. PP. 2225-2226. October 1968. Available as A69-10344. Leggett, H. and Greszczuk, L. B.: Development of a System for Prestressing Brittle Materials. Macmillan, N. H.: The Theoretical Strength of Sol- Prepared for NASA MSFC under Contract NAS ids. Journal Materials Science. Vol. 7. P. 239. 7-429. August 1967. 1972. Leggett, H., Schwab, D. E., and Cook, J. L.: Tech- Macmillan, N. H. and Kelly, A.: On the Relationship niques for Elevated Temperature Tensile Test- Between Ideal Tensile Strength and Surface ing of Thin Superalloy. Metals Engineering Quar- Energy. Material Science and Engineering. Vol. terly. Vol. 6. No. 4. November 1966. 10. P. 139.1972. 1-11 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

Macmillan, N. H. and Gane, N.: Microdeformation Melcon, M. A. and McCullock, A. J.: Simulation of of Solids. Journal Applied Physics. Vol. 41. P. Random Aircraft Service Loadings in Fatigue 627.1970. Tests. Current Aeronautical Fatigue Problems. PP. 347-402. Pergamon Press. 1965. *Manson, S. S.: Fatigue: A Complex Subject-Some Simple Approximations. NASA Lewis Research Mendelson, Alex: Plasticity: Theory and Appli- Center. Cleveland, Ohio. Exper. Mechanics. Vol. cation. The MacMillan Company. 1968. 5. No. 7. PP. 193-226. July 1965. Meneghetti, U.: Stress and Strain Fields Produced Manson, S. S. and Hirschberg, M. H.: Crack In- by Heat Source in Plane with Elliptic Hole. Mec- itiation and Propagation in Notched Fatigue canica. Vol. 3. No. 1. PP. 28-33. March 1968. Specimens. Proposed NASA Technical Note. September 1965. *Miller, J.: Low Cycle Fatigue Under Biaxial Strain Controlled Conditions. Journal of Materials. Vol. *Manson, S. S. and Hirschberg, M. H.: Low Cycle Fa- 7. No. 3. PP. 307-314. September 1972. Avail- tigue of Notched Specimens by Consideration of able as A72-44259. Crack Initiation and Propagation. NASA TN- Miner, M. A.: Cumulative Damage in Fatigue. Trans. D-3146.June 1967. ASME. Series A. Journal Applied Mechanics. Vol. *Mason, W. P. and MacDonald, D. E.: The Use of 67. No. 3. PP. 159-164. 1945. High Power Ultrasonics (Macrosonics) in Study- Morrow, Jodean: Cyclic Plastic Strain Energy and ing Fatigue in Metals. Report No. TR-6. George Fatigue of Metals. Internal Friction, Damping Washington University. Institute for the Study and Cyclic Plasticity. ASTM STP No. 378. PP. of Fatigue Fracture and Structural Reliability. 45-84. 1965. Available as A66-14549. March 1971. *Mukherjee, A. K., Rosenfield, A. R., Hulbert, L. E., McClintock, F. A.: Discussion on Influence of Met- and Hahn, G. T.: Notch Behavior in Metals. allurgical Structure. In Fracture Crack Propaga- AFML-TR-66-266. Battelle Memorial Institute. tion. ASTM STP No. 415. P. 170. 1967. May 1966. Available as AD-801536. McClintock, F. A.: Effects of Root Radius, Stress, Crack Growth and Rate on Fracture Instability. Proc. Royal Society. April 1965. McClintock, F. A.: On the Plasticity and Growth of Fatigue Cracks. Fracture of Solids. P. 65. John N Wiley. New York. 1963. McClintock, F. A. and Irwin, G. R.: Plasticity *Naumann, Eugene C.: Fatigue Under.Random and Aspects of Fracture Mechanics. Fracture Tough- Programmed Loads. NASATN-D-2629. Febru- ness Testing and Its Applications. ASTM STP ary 1965. No. 381.1965. *Nessler, C. G.: Second Quarterly Report Joining McEvily, A. J.: Fatigue Crack Growth and the Strain Techniques for Fabrication of High Temperature Intensity Factor. AFFDL-TR-70-144. P. 451. Superalloy Blades. 1 October 1970 through 31 December 1969. December 1970. PWA-4120, Pratt and Whitney Aircraft, East Hartford, Connecticut. December *McLaughlin, Jr., P. V.: Plastic Limit Behavior and 1970. Available as AD-885203. Failure of Filament Reinforced Materials. Int. J. Solids Structures. Vol. 8. PP. 1299-1318. 1972. Neuber, H.: Theory of Notch Stresses, Principles Available as A73-12072. for Exact Calculation of Strength with Refer- ence to Structural Form and Material. J. W. McMillan, J. Corey: Development of High-Strength Edwards. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 1946. Aluminum Alloys with Improved Stress- Corrosion Resistance. AFML-TR-67-180. The Newhouse, D. L. and Wundt, B. M.: A New Fracture Boeing Company. Report D6-60074. June 1967. Test for Alloy Steels. Metal Progress. Vol. 78. Available as AD-820137. P.81. 1960.

111-12 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

Pellini, W. S. and Puzak, P. P.: Fracture Analysis Diagram Procedures for the Fracture-Safe En- gineering Design of Steel Structures. NRL Re- port 5920. March 1963. Oppel, G. U. and Hill, P. W.: Strain Measurements *Pellini, W. S. and Judy, Jr., R. W.: Significance of at the Root of Cracks and Notches. Exper. Me- . Fracture Extension Resistance (R-Curve).Fac- chanics. Vol. 4. No. 7. PP. 206-211.1964. tors in Fracture-Safe Design for Nonfrangible "Orange, T. W., Sullivan, T. L, and Calfo, F. D.: Frac- Metals. NRL Report 7187. October 1970. Avail- ture of Thin Sections Containing Through and able as AD-716407. Part-Through Cracks. NASA TN-D-6305. April Pelloux, R. M.: Crack Extension by Alternating 1971. Shear. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 1. P. 697. 1970. Pelloux, R. M.: Crack Propagation Theories. Air Force Conference on Fatigue and Fracture of Aircraft Structures and Materials. Miami Beach, Florida. 15-18 December 1969. Paris, P. C.: Crack Propagation Caused By Fluc- Pelloux, R. M.: Mechanics of Formation of Ductile tuating Loads. ASME. Paper No. 62-MET-3. Fatigue Striations. Trans. ASM. Vol. 62. P. 281. 1962. 1969. *Paris, P. C. and Erdogan, F.: A Critical Analysis of Peterson, R. E.: Stress Concentration Design Fac- Crack Propagation Laws. J. Basic Engineering. tors. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 1962. Vol. 85. No. 4. PP. 528-534.1963. Prager, W.: Conditions for Structural Optimality. Pari s, P. C. and Sih, G. C.: Stress Analysis in Computers and Structures. Vol. 2. PP. 833-840. Cracks. ASTM STP No. 381. P. 41. April 1965. 1972. Available as A73-13679. Paris, P. C., Gomes, M. P., and Anderson, W. E.: Prager, W.: Optimal Thermoelastic Design for a A Rational Analytic Theory of Fatigue. The Trend Given Deflection. Int. J. Mech. Sci. Vol. 12. PP. in Engineering. Vol. 13. No. 1. P. 9. 1961. 705-709. 1970. Paris, P. C.: The Fracture Mechanics Approach to Fatigue. Fatigue - An Interdisciplinary Ap- proach. J. J. Burke, N. L. Reed, and V. Weiss, eds. Syracuse University Press. PP. 107-132. 1964. Pellini, W. S.: Advances in Fracture Toughness Rice, J. R.: Mechanics of Cracktip Deformation and Characterization Procedures and in Qualitative Extension by Fatigue. Fatigue Crack Pro- Interpretations to Fracture-Safe Design for pagation. ASTM STP No. 415. P. 247. 1967. Structural Steels. NRL Report 6713. 3 April Rice, J. R.: Stresses Due to a Sharp Notch in a 1968. Work Hardening Elastic Plastic Material Loaded Pellini, W. S.: Evolution of Engineering Principles by Longitudinal Shear. J. Applied Mechanics. for Fracture-Safe Design of Steel Structures. Vol. 34. PP. 287-298. 1967. NRL Report 6957. 23 September 1969. Rice, J. R. and Rosengren, G.: Plane Strain Pellini, W. S. and Srawley, J. E.: Procedures for the Deformation Near a Crack Tip in a Power- Evaluation of Fracture Toughness of Pressure Hardening Material. J. Mech. Phys. Solids. Vol. Vessel Materials. NRL Report 5609. June 1961. 16. 1968.

1-13 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

Richard, R. M. and Blacklock, J. R.: Finite Element Sih, G. C.: Three-Dimensional Stress-State in a Analysis of Inelastic Structures. AIAA Journal. Cracked Plate. AFFDL-TR-70-144. P. 175. Vol. 7. No. 3. March 1969. December 1969. *Sih, G. C. and Embley, G. T.: Impact Response of a Finite Crack in a Plane Extension. Int. J. Solids Structures. Vol. 8. PP. 977-993. 1973. Avail- able as A72-32920. Sih, G. C. and Liebowitz, H.: Mathematical Theories of Brittle Fracture, In Mathematical Fundamen- tals of Fracture. H. Liebowitz, ed. Vol. 2. PP.67- Samuelson, G. S. and Stuiver, W.: Response of 190. Academic Press. New York. 1968. Plastic Shells With Metal Cores to Transient Ex- ternal Pressures. AIAA Journal. Vol.9. No. 11. Sih, G. C. and Liebowitz, H.: On the Griffith Energy PP. 2246-2252. November 1971. Criterion for Brittle Fracture. Int. J. Solid Struc- tures. Vol. 3. PP. 1-22.1967. Sandoz, G.: ARPA Coupling Program on Stress Cor- rosion Cracking. NRL MR-20 28. July 1969. Sinclair, George M. and Rolfe, Stanley T.: Available as AD-696055. Analytical Procedure for Relating Subcritical Crack Growth to Inspection Requirements. ARL- Sandoz, G.: ARPA Coupling Program on Stress Cor- B-63203. U.S. Steel Corporation. January rosion Cracking. NRL MR-2013. ARPA Order 1969. Available as AD-846116L. 878. May 1969. Available as AD-691206. Savin, G. N.: Stress Concentration Around Holes. Sinclair, G. M.: Mechanical Behavior of Dilute Pergamon Press. New York. 1961. Alloys of Niobium. TID-22117. Illinois Univer- sity. July 1965. Available as N66-12944. Sawyer, Stephen G.: Collocated Interfacial Stress Intensity Factor for Finite Bi-Material Plates. Smith, F. W., Emery, A. F., and Kobayashi, A. S.: BRL-1498. Ballistic Research Labs. September Stress Intensity Factors for Semi-Circular 1970. Available as AD-716334. Cracks. J. Applied Mechanics. Trans. ASME. P. 953.1967. Sedricks, A. J., Green, J. A. S., and Novak, D. L.: Comparison of the Corrosion and Stress- Smith, G. C.: Dispersion Strengthened Materials. Corrosion Behavior of a Tenary Al-Zn-Mg Alloy. PP. 27-66. Iliffe Books, Ltd. 1966. Available as Metallurgical Transactions. Vol. 1. P. 1815. July A67-24636. 1970. Selines, R. J., Stoltz, R. E., and Pelloux, R. M.: Cor- rosion Fatigue Crack Propagation in Aluminum Smith, H. R., Piper, D. E., and Downey, F. K.: A Alloys. AFML-TR-72-21-PT-1/2. Massachusetts Study of Stress-Corrosion Cracking by Wedge- Institute of Technology. February 1972. Avail- Force Loading. J. Basic Engineering Fracture able as AD-747709 and N73-12597. Mechanics. Vol. 1. No. 1. PP. 123-128.1968. Sessler, J. G. and Weiss, V.: Aerospace Structural Smith, R. W., Hirschberg, H. H., and Manson, S. S.: Metals Handbook. 4th Revision. Syracuse Uni- Fatigue Behavior of Materials Under Strain Cy- versity Press. 1967. cling in Low and Intermediate Life Range. NASA TN-D-1574. April 1963. Shah, R. C. and Kobayashi, A. S.: On the Parabolic Crack in an Elastic Solid. Eng. Frac. Mech. Vol. Smith, S. H. and Liu, A. F.: Fracture Mechanics Ap- l.No. 2. PP. 309-325. 1968. plication to Materials Evaluation and Selection for Aircraft Structure and Fracture Mechanics. Shneiderovich, R. M.: Fatigue During Elastic- The Boeing Company. Seattle, Washington. Re- Plastic Deformation. AFFTD-TT-65-1413. port No. D6-17756. 1966. January 1966. Available as AD-633658. Sneddon, I. N. and Tweed, J.: The Stress Intensity Sih, G. C.: Some Elastodynamic Problems of Factor for a Griffith Crack in an Elastic Body in Cracks. Int. J. Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 4. PP. Which Body Forces are Acting. Int. J. Fracture 51-68. 1968. Mechanics. Vol. 3. PP. 317-330. 1967. 1-14 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

Srawley, J. E. and Brown, W. F.: Fracture Tough- Tiffany, C. F., Masters, J. N., and Pall F. A.: Some ness Testing. NASA TN-D-2599. January 1965. Fracture Considerations in the Design and Analysis of Spacecraft Pressure Vessels. Stanyukovich, A. V.: Brittleness and Plasticity of Presented at National Metal Congress. Chicago, . Heat Resistant Materials. AFFTD- Illinois. October 1966. MT-24-464-68. July 1969: Available as AD- 696280. Tiffany, C. F. and Masters, J. N.: Applied Fracture Mechanics. Fracture Toughness Testing and its Steigerwald, E. A.: Selecting Metals for Fracture Application. ASTM STP No. 381. 1965. Toughness. Paper 69-DE-10. ASME Design En- gineering Conference and Show. New York. 5-8 Tiffany, C. F., and Lorenz, P. M.: An Investigation May 1969. Available as A69-28842. of Low-Cycle Fatigue Failures Using Applied Fracture Mechanics. ASD-ML-TDR-64-53. Boe- Sullivan, C. P. and Ellison, E. G.: Some Micro- ing Co., Seattle, Washington. May 1964. structural Observations on the Deformation and Fracture Characteristics of a Nickel-Base Alloy Timoshenko, S. and Goodier, J. N.: Theory of in Static Creep. ASM Trans. Quarterly. Vol. 59. Elasticity. 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill Book Com- PP. 1002-1005. December 1966. Available as pany. New York. 1951. A67-17809. Tompkins, B.: Fatigue Crack Propagation - An Swann, Peter R.: Stress Corrosion Failure. Scien- Analysis. Phil. Magazine, Vol. 18. P. 1041. tific American. Vol. 214. PP. 72-81. February 1968. 1966. Available as A66-19601. *Truax, D. J. and McMahon, Jr., C. J.: Plastic Prop- *Swedlow, J. L: Elasto-Plastic Cracked Plates in erties and Fracture of Titanium-Aluminum Plane Strain. Carnegie Institute of Technology. Alloys. Pennsylvania University. August 1970. Pittsburgh, Penn. Int. J. Fracture Mechanics. Available as AD-712476. Vol. 5. No. 1. PP. 33-44. March 1969. TRW, Inc.: Influence of Grain Morphology on the Swedlow, J. L., Williams, M. L., and Young, W. H.: Ductil.e-to-Brittle Transition in Tungsten. AFML- Proceedings 1st International Conference Frac- TR-65-23. TRW, Inc. C-AF33-615-1187. July ture. Vol. 1. PP. 259-283. 1966. 1965. Available as AD-459063. Tsai, S. W.: Experimental Determination of the Elastic Behavior of Orthotropic Plates. J. of En- gineering for Industry. PP. 315-317. August 1965.

Tetelman, Alan S.: Recent Developments in Mac- roscopic and Microscopic Fracture Mechanics. AROD 8016:2-MC. Report No. TR-2. September 1970. Available as AD-714693. U Tetelman, A. S. and McEvily, Jr., A. J.: Fracture of Structural Materials. John Wiley and Sons. New York. 1967. Underwood, J. H.: Crack Tip Deformation Measure- Tiffany, C. F., Lorenz, P. M., and Hall, L. R.: In- ments Accompanying Fracture in Fibrous and vestigation of Plane Strain Flaw Growth in ' Laminar Composites. WVT-7201. Watervliet Ar- Thick-Walled Tanks. NASA CR-54837. The Boe- senal. June 1972. Available as AD-747760 and ing Company. D2-24078-1. February 1966. N73-12623.

1-15 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

Wilhelm, D. P.: Investigation of Cyclic Crack Growth Transitional Behavior. ASTM Preprint No. 38. June 1966. Williams, James C.: The Influence of Micro- *Vermilyea, D. A.: A Theory for the Propagation of structure on the Fracture Topography of Stress Corrosion Cracks in Metals. Journal Elec- Titanium Alloys. D6-23622. The Boeing Com- trochemical Society. Vol. 119. No. 4. PP. 405- pany. June 1968. Available as AD-685379. 407. General Electric Company. April 1972. Available as A72-25852. Williams, M. L.: Stress Singularities, Adhesion and Fracture. Proc. Fifth U.S. National Congress Ap- plied Mechanics. PP. 451-464.1966. W Wilshaw, T. R.: The Deformation and Fracture of Mild Steel Charpy Specimens. SU-DMS-66-6. Stanford University. January 1966. Available as Walker, E. K.: An Effective Strain Concept for AD-478590. Crack Propagation and Fatigue Life with Specif- ic Applications to Biaxial Stress Fatigue. Witmer, E. A., Mack, E. W., Pian, T. H., and Berg, AFFDL-TR-70-144. P. 225. Lockheed California B. A.: An Improved Discrete-Element Analysis Company. December 1969. and Program for the Linear-Elastic Static Analysis of Meridionally-Curved, Variable- Walles, K. F. A. and Tilly, G. P.: Creep and Fatigue Thickness, Branched Thin Shells of Revolution Behavior of Materials. The Engineer. Vol. 224. Subjected to General External Mechanical and PP. 551-554. 27 October 1967. Available as Thermal Loads. Part I. Analysis and Evaluation. A68-10110. MIT. Aeroelastic and Structures Research Lab. Report No. ASRL-TR-146-4-PT-1. March 1968. Weibull, W.: Theory of Fatigue Crack Propagation in Sheet Specimens. Acta Metallurgica. Vol. 11. Wood, D. S.: The Effect of Creep on the High-Strain PP. 745-752. 1963. Fatigue Behavior of a Pressure Vessel Steel. Welding Journal Res. Suppl. Vol. 45. P. 92S. *Weiss, V. and Yukawa, S.: Critical Appraisal of 1966. Fracture Mechanics. ASTM STP No. 381. Syr- acuse University. April 1965. Wood, H. A.: The Role of Fracture Mechanics in the Air Force Airplane Structural Integrity Program. Wellner, K. V. and Tuba, L. S.: Method of Suc- AFFDL-TM-5-FDTR. June 1970. cessive Approximation Applied to Elastic- Plastic Deformation Theory. Journal Strain Wood, Howard A.: Fracture Control Procedures for Analysis. Vol. 4. No. 1. PP. 40-44. January Aircraft Structural Integrity. AFFDL-TR-71-89. 1969. July 1971. Wells, A. A.: British Welding Journal. Vol. 10. PP. Wood, W. A.: Experimental Approach to Basic 567-570. November 1963. Study of Fatigue. TR-24. Columbia University. August 1965. Whiteson, B. V., Phillips, A., Kerlins, V., and Rawe, R. A.: Special Fractographic Technique for Fail- Wood, W. A.: Elastic Fatigue in Titanium Studied ure Analysis. Electron Fractography. ASTM STP by Scanning Electron Microscopy. TR-2. George No. 436. P. 151. July 1968. Washington University. April 1970. Wilhelm, D. P.: Fracture Mechanics Guidelines for Wright, R. N.: Studies of Some Brittle Fracture Aircraft Structural Applications. AFFDL- Concepts. SSC-170. Illinois University. Sep- TR-69-111. Northrop Corporation. December tember 1965. Available as AD-476684L. 1969.

111-16 FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS

Z Zamrik, S. Y.: The Octahedral Shear Strain Theory and Its Relation to Biaxial Cumulative Fatigue Damage. Proc. of 3rd Interamerican Conference on Materials Technology. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Zamrik, S. Y., ed.: Design for Elevated Temperature PP. 201-208.14-17 August 1972. Environment. Proc. 1st National Congress on Pressure Vessels and Piping. San Francisco, California. 10-12 May 1971. ASME. New York. 1971. Available as A72-23196.

1-17 PROBLEM AREA 4

Hydrogen embrittlement of superalloys - this subject is of interest regarding turbine buckets, which are exposed to high temperatures. It will be of increasing importance if additional interest develops in using hydrogen as the fuel in gas turbine engines. HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT

Aitchison, I.: The Effect of Orientation of Hydride .Campbell, J. E.: Effects of Hydrogen Gas on Metals Precipitates on the Fracture Toughness of Cold- a-t Ambient Temperature. TR DMIC S-31. Bat- Rolled Zercalo Y-2 and 2.5NB Zirconium. ASTM telle Memorial Institute. Columbus, Ohio. 1970. STP No. 458. PP. 160-178. Atomic Energy of Cavett, R. H. and.Van Ness, H. C.: Welding Journal. Canada, Ltd. Available as N70-76430. Welding Research Supplement. Vol. 42. PP. 316s-319s. July 1963. B Chandler, W. T. and Walter, R. J.: Hydrogen Effects in Refractory Metals. Refractory Metal Alloys. Machlin, I., Begley, R. T., and Weisert, E. D., eds. *Beck, F. H. and Fontana, M. G.: Stress Corrosion Plemum Press. PP. 197-250. 1968. Cracking of Titanium Alloys. NASA CR-117177. Ohio State University Research Foundation. Chandler, W. T. and Walter, R. J.: Hydrogen Effects December 1970. in Refractory Metals. Symposium on Metallurgy and Technology of Refractory Metal Alloys. American Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Benson, Jr., R. B., Dann, R. K., and Roberts, Jr., L. Petroleum Engineers and National Aeronautics W.: Transactions. American Institute of Mining. and Space Administration. Washington, D.C. Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers. Vol. 25-28 April 1968. 242. No. 10. PP. 2199-2205. October 1968. Cotterill, P.: The Hydrogen Embrittlement of Met- Blackburn, M. J. and Williams, J. C.: Metallurgical als. Progress in Materials Science. Vol. 9. No. Aspects of Titanium Stress Corrosion Cracking. 4. PP. 241-259. Pergamon Press. 1961. Proc. Conference on Fundamental Aspects of Stress Corrosion Cracking. 11-15 September 1967. Ohio State University. NACE. 1969. Bomberger, H. B.: The Corrosion Resistance of Titanium. RMI TR-D-15. Reactive Metals, Inc. 28 March 1966. Dexter, Howard B.: Salt Stress Corrosion of Resid- Boyd, J.D.: Precipitation of Hydrides in Titanium ually Stressed Ti-8Al-lMo-lV Alloy Sheet After Alloys. Trans. ASM. Vol. 62. 1969. Exposure at Elevated Temperatures. NASA TN D-3299. 1966. Boyd, J. D., Haynie, F. H., Boyd, W. K., Wood, R. A., Williams, D. N., and Jaffee, R. I.: The Effect Dibari, G. A.: Electroplating on 18 Percent Nickel of Composition on the Mechanism of Stress- Maraging Steel - Relative Resistance to Hydro- Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys in N204 gen Embrittlement. November 1965. and Aqueous and Hot-Salt Environments. Bat- Donachie, Jr., M. J., Danesi, W. P., and Pinkowish, telle Memorial Institute. 29 February 1968. A. A.: Effects of Salt Atmosphere on Crack Sen- Boyd, W. K. and Fink, F. W.: The Phenomenon of sitivity of Commercial Alloys at 600 to 900°F. Hot-Salt Stress - Corrosion Cracking of Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium. ASTM Titanium Alloys. NASA CR-117. 1964. STP No. 397. PP. 179-193. 1966. Braski, David N.: Preliminary Investigation of Ef- fect of Environmental Factors on Salt Stress *Dull, D. L. and Raymond, L.: Stress History Effect Corrosion Cracking of Ti-8Al-lMo-IV at on Incubation Time for Stress Corrosion Crack Elevated Temperatures. NASA TM-X-1048. Growth in AISI 4340 Steel. Metallurgical Trans. 1964. Vol. 3. November 1972.

IV-3 HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT

Dunegan, E. L. and Tetelman, A. S.: Non- Fontana, Mars G.: Corrosion Cracking of Metallic Destructive Characterization of Hydrogen Materials. AFML-TR-69-16. Ohio State Univer- Embrittlement Cracking by Acoustic Emission sity. February 1969. Available as AD-849870.. Techniques. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Freche, J. C. and Waters, W. L: A Nickel Base Vol. 2. PP. 387-402. June 1971. Available as ' Alloy, WAZ-20, With Improved Strength in the A71-38773. 200 to 2200 F Range. ASM Materials Engineer- Duttweiler, R. E. and Wagner, R.: An Investigation ing Expo, and Congress. NASA Lewis Research of Stress Corrosion Failures in Titanium Com- Center. 13-16 October 1969. Available as A70- pressor Components. General Electric Com- 15097. pany. August 1964. Available as AD-471844. Frick, V., Janser, G. R., and Brown, J. A.: Space Shuttle Materials. Society of Aerospace Mate- rials and Process Engineers. Vol. 3. PP. 597- 634.1971. Fricke, E., Stuwe, H. P., and Vibrans, G.: Metal- lurgical Transactions. Vol. 2. No. 9. PP. 2697- Ekvall, R. A., Frank, R. G., and Young, W. R.: T-l 11 2700. September 1971. Alloy Cracking Problems During Processing and Fabrication. Recent Advances in Refractory Alloys for Space Power Systems. NASA SP-245. PP. 221-260. 1970. Elsea, A. R. and Fletcher, E. E.: Hydrogen Induced Delayed Brittle Failures of High Strength Steels. DMIC Report 196. 20 January 1964. Gestov, L. B.: Study of Heat-Resisting Materials for Gas Turbine Components. Thermal Engineer- ing. PP. 53-57. Heating and Ventilating Re- search Assoc. Bracknell, England. May 1970. Available as N70-76804. *Gray, H. R.: Effects of Hot-Salt Corrosion on Titanium Alloys. Metals Engineering Quarterly. Fayet, A. P.: Influence of Hydrogen on the Mechan- PP. 10-17. November 1972. Available as A73- ical Properties of Charpy V-Notch Specimens of 13268. Low Carbon Steel. AROD 4800-4. Stanford Uni- versity. TR-4. SU-DMS-66-8. September 1966. Gray, H. R.: Effects of Initial Hydrogen Content of Available as AD-643944. a Titanium Alloy on Susceptibility to Hot-Salt Stress-Corrosion. NASATM-X-2404. NASA Feige, N. G. and Murphy, T. J.: Environmental Ef- Lewis Research Center. November 1971. Avail- fects on Titanium Alloys. TMCA Second Annual able as N72-12457. Conference. April 1966. Gray, H. R.: Effects of Hot-Salt Stress Corrosion Fidelle, J. P., Allemand, L. R., Roux, C., and Rapin, on Titanium Alloys. Metals Engineering Quarter- M.: In Hydrogen in Metals. J. P. Fidelle and M. ly. Vol. 12. PP. 10-17. November 1972. Avail- Rapin, eds. Valduc Colloquim, Commissariat a 1 able as A73-13268. Energie Atomique. France. PP. 131-172. Sep- tember 1967. *Gray, Hugh R.: Role of Hydrogen in Hot-Salt Stress Corrosion of a Titanium Alloy. NASA TN D-6188. *Flieder, W. G., Richard, C. E., Buchman, 0. A., and E-5960. February 1971. Available as N71- Walters, F. M.: An Analytical Study of Hydrogen 17348. Cooled Panels for Application to Hypersonic Aircraft. NASA CR-1650. NASA Langley Re- *Gray, Hugh R.: Hydrogen Environment Embrit- search Center. April 1971. Available from Gar- tlement. NASA TM-X-68088. Lewis Research rett Corporation as Garrett 68-3667. Center. Cleveland, Ohio. 1972.

IV-4 HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT

*Gray, Hugh R.: Hot-Salt Stress-Corrosion of Hose, D. G.: Effects of Vacuum and Inert Atmos- Titanium Alloys: Generation of Hydrogen and Its phere Heat Treatment on the Stress- Embrittling Effect. NASA TN-D-5000. January Corrosion-Cracking Resistance of Several 1969. Titanium Alloys. Presented at the ARPA Review. Lehigh University. 1-2 August 1966. Groeneveld, T. P., Fletcher, E. E., and Elsea, A. R.: A Study of Hydrogen Embrittlement of Various Alloys. NASA CR-77374. Battelle Memorial In- I stitute. Columbus, Ohio. June 1966.

H Ivanova, V. S., Gurevich, S. E., Kopev, I. M., Kudryashov, U. G., and Stepanov, V. N.: Fatigue Embrittlement of Metallic Materials. AFFTD- HT-23-258-69. June 1969. Available as AD- Hancock, G. G. and Johnson, H. H.: Transactions. 696519. American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers. Vol. 236. No. 4. PP. 513- 516. April 1966. Harris, Jr., J. A. and VanWanderham, M. C.: In- fluence of Elevated Temperature on Metals in Gaseous Hydrogen. Pratt and Whitney Aircraft. West Palm Beach, Florida. PWA FR-5082. April 1972. Jewett, R. P, Walter, R. J., Chandler, W. T., and Harris, Jr., J. A. and VanWanderham, M. C.: Prpp- Frohmberg, R. P.: Hydrogen-Environment erties of Materials in High Pressure Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals. NASA Technology at Cryogenic, Room, and Elevated Tem- Survey. Contract NAS 8-19(C). Rocketdyne. peratures. NASACR-119884. Pratt and Canoga Park, California.1972. Whitney Aircraft. West Palm Beach, Florida. PWA FR-4566. June 1971. K Harrison, R. W. and Smith, J. P.: Advanced Refrac- tory Alloy Corrosion Loop Program. General Electric Company. GESP-562. NASA CR-72818. 12 November 1970. Ketcham, Sara J.: Chemical Milling of Alloy Steels. NAEC-AML-2418. March 1966. Available as AD- Hatch, A. J., Rosenberg, H. W., and Erbin, E. F.: Ef- 631952. fects of Environment on Cracking in Titanium Alloys. Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Titanium. Ketcham, Sara J.: Chemical Milling of Metals and ASTM STP No. 397. PP. 122-136. 1966. Alloys - Its Effect on Stress Corrosion Suscepitibility and Hydrogen Embrittlement. Heimerl, G. J., Braski, D. N., Royster, D. M., and NAMC-AML-1236. May 1961. Available as AD- Dexter, H. B.: Salt Stress Corrosion of Ti- 648980. SAl-lMo-lV Alloy Sheet At Elevated Tem- peratures. Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium. ASTM STP No. 397. PP. 194-214. 1966. Klima, S. J., Nachtigall, A. J., and Hoffman, C. A.: Hickman, B. S., Williams, J. C., and Marcus, H. L: _ Preliminary Investigation of Effect of Hydrogen Transgranular and Intergranular Stress Cor- on Stress-Rupture and Fatigue Properties of an rosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys. Reprint sub- Iron -, a Nickel -, and a Cobalt - Base Alloy. mitted to the International Interfaces Confer- NASA TN-D-1458. Lewis Research Center. ence. 14 April 1969. Cleveland, Ohio. December 1962.

IV-5 HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT

Lane, I. R., Cavallero, J. L., and Morton, A. G. S.: Mackay, T. L., Gilpin, C. H., and Tiner, N. A.: Stress Fracture Behavior of Titanium in the Marine En- Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys at Am- vironment. MEL R&D Phase Report 231/65. bient Temperature in Aqueous Solutions. Quar- U.S. Navy Marine Engineering Laboratory. An- terly Progress Report SM-49105-03. Missile napolis, Maryland. 1965. and Space Division. Astropower Laboratory. April 1967. Laws, J. S., Frick, V., and McConnell, J.: Hydrogen Gas Pressure Vessel Problems in the M-l Fa- Marcus, H. L. and Stocker, P. J.: In Specialists cilities. NASA CR-1305. Washington, D.C. Meeting on Stress Corrosion Testing Methods. March 1969. AGARD Conference Proc. No. 98. PP. 16-1 to 16-6. January 1972. Lessmann, G. G. and Gold, R. E.: Determination of the Weldability and Elevated Temperature Mauney, D. A. and Starke, Jr., E. A.: Technical Note; Stability of Refractory Metal Alloys. Long-Time Explanation of the Cleavage Plane in Stress Temperature Stability and Refractory Metal Corrosion Cracking of Alpha Phase Titanium- Alloys. NASA CR-1608. 1970. Aluminum Alloys. Corrosion. Vol. 25. No. 4. April 1969. Lingwall, R. G. and Ripling, E. J.: Elevated Tem- perature Stress Corrosion of High Strength McGreen, J. and Grenshaw, M.A.: The Elec- Sheet Materials in the Presence of Stress Con- trochemical Introduction of Hydrogen into Met- centrators. Material Research Lab., Inc. NASA als. Proc. Conference on Fundamental Aspects CR-88979. August 1967. of Stress Corrosion Cracking. 11-15 September 1967. Ohio State University. NACE. 1969. Livanov, V. A., Bukhanova, A. A., and Kolachev, B. A.: Hydrogen in Titanium. Daniel Davey and McNitt, R. P.: Unmasking Hydrogen Embrittlement. Company, Inc. New York. 1962. Machine Design. Vol. 44. PP. 62-66. 30 November 1972. Available as A73-14425. Livanov, V. A., Kolachev, B. A., and Bukanova, A. A.: Hydrogen Embrittlement of Titanium and Its McPherson, W. B. and Cataldo, C. E.: Recent Ex- Alloys. The Science Technology and Application perience in High Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen of Titanium. R. Jaffee and N. Promisel, Eds. Per- Equipment at Room Temperature. TR-D8-1411. gamon Press. 1970. American Society of Metals. Metals Park, Ohio. October 1968. Logan, H. L., McBee, M. J., Becktoldt, C. J., Sand- erson, B. T., and Ugiansky, G. M.: Chemical and Moss, T. A., Davis, R. L., and Barna, G: J.: Refrac- Physical Mecha.isms of Salt Stress - Corrosion tory Alloy Requirements for Space Power Sys- Cracking in the Titanium 8-1-1 Alloy. Stress- tems. Recent Advances in Refractory Alloys for Corrosion Cracking of Titanium. ASTM STP No. Space Power Systems. NASA SP-245. PP. 1-18. 397. PP. 215-229. 1966. 1970. Lorenz, P. M.: Effect of Pressurized Hydrogen Upon Inconel 718 and 2219 Aluminum. NASA N CR-100208. The Boeing Company. Seattle, Washington. TR-D2-114417-1. February 1969. Louthan, Jr., M. R.: Stress Orientation of Titanium Nelson, H. G., Williams, D. P., and Tetelman, A. S.: Hydride in Titanium. Trans. AIME. Vol. 227. Oc- Metallurgical Transactions. Vol. 2. No. 4. PP. tober 1963. 953-959. April 1971.

IV-6 HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT

Nielsen, N. A.: Observations and Thoughts on Sanderson, G. and Scully, J. C.: Hydride Formation Stress Corrosion Mechanisms. Corrosion-Nace. in Thin Foils of Dilute Titanium Aluminum Alloys. Vol. 27. No. 5. May 1971. Trans. AIME. Vol. 239. December 1967. Nunes, John, Anctil, Albert A., and Kula, Eric B.: Sanrock, G. D. and Leonard, L.: Cold Reduction as Low Temperature Flow and Fracture Behavior of a Means of Reducing Embrittlement of a Cobalt- Tantalum. Reprint. AMRATR-64-22. Army Ma- Base Alloy. NASA TN-D-3528. NASA Lewis Re- terials Research Agency. August 1964. Avail- search Center. L-605. August 1966. able as AD-448479. Simenz, R. F., Van Orden, J. M., and Wald, G. G.: Environmental Effects Studies on Selected Titanium Alloys. Stress-Corrosion Cracking of "Titanium. ASTM STP No. 397. PP. 53-79. 1966. Spitzig, W. A., Talda, P. M., and Wei, R. P.: Fatigue- Petersen, V. C. and Bomberger, H. B.: The Mech- Crack Propagation and Fractographic Analysis anism of Salt Attack on Titanium Alloys. Stress- of 18 Ni 250 Maraging Steel Tested in Argon Corrosion Cracking of Titanium. ASTM STP No. and Hydrogen Environments. Engineering Frac- 397. PP. 80-94. 1966. ture Mechanics. Vol. 1. PP. 155-165. June 1968. Piper, D. E. and Fager, D. N.: The Relative Stress- Corrosion Susceptibility of Titanium Alloys in Steele, L. E.: USA Studies on Irradiation Effects to the Presence of Hot Salt. Stress-Corrosion Advanced Pressure Vessel Materials. NRL- Cracking of Titanium! ASTM STP No. 397. PP. MR-1947. December 1968. Available as AD- 31-52.1966. 684067. Stephens, J. R.: Exploratory Investigation of Y, La, and Hf Coatings for Nitridation Protection of Chromium Alloys. Metallurgical Transactions. Vol. 3. PP. 2075-2086. NASA Lewis Research Center. August 1972. Available as A72-39290. Rideout, S. P., Louthan, Jr., M. R., and Selby, C. Stephens, Joseph R. and Garlick, Ralph G.: Com- L: Basic Mechanisms of Stress-Corrosion patibility of Tantalum, Columbium, and their Cracking of Titanium. Stress-Corrosion Crack- Alloys with Hydrogen in Presence of Tem- ing of Titanium. ASTM STP No. 397. PP. 137- perature Gradient. NASATN-D-3546. 1966. 151.1966. Stone, L. H. and Freedman, A. H.: Cyclic Hot-Salt Robinson, H. A., Frost, P. D., and Parris, W. M.: Ef- Stress Corrosion of Titanium Alloys. Northrop fect of Hydrogen on Some Mechanical Proper- Corporation. NOR-67-151. AFML-TR-67-289. ties of Titanium Alloy Heat-Treated to High September 1967. Available as AD-825239. See Strength. AIME Trans. Vol. 212. No. 4. PP. 464- alsoAD-489108. 469. August 1958. Straumanis, M. E.: Mechanisms of Metallic Cor- Rodgers, H. C.: Hydrogen Embrittlement in Metals. rosion Processes and Hydrogen Embrittlement. Science. Vol. 159. No. 3819. March 1968. Missouri University. April 1968. Available as Ross, E. W.: Rene 100 - A Sigma-Free Turbine AD-669006. Blade Alloy. Journal Metals. Vol. 19. PP. 12-14. Sullivan, T. L. and Orange, T. W.: Continuity Gage General Electric Company. December 1967. Measurement of Crack Growth on Flat and Curved Surfaces at Cryogenic Temperatures. NASA TN-D-3747. 1966. *Sullivan, Timothy L.: Uniaxial and Biaxial Fracture Toughness of Extra-Low Interstitial 5A1-2.5SN Sanderson, G. and Scully, J. C.: Hydride Formation Titanium Alloy Sheet at 20°K. NASA TN- in Corroded Titanium Alloys. Corrosion Science. D-4016. NASA Lewis Research Center. Vol.6.1966. Cleveland, Ohio. June 1967.

IV-7 HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT

Walter, R. J., Jewett, R. P., and Chandler, W. T.: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 5. No. 2. PP. 98-110. January 1970. Walter, R. J.: Effect of High Pressure Hydrogen on Tiller, W. A. and Schrieffer, R.: A Hydrogen Pump Metals. Paper D8-14.2 ASM Materials Engineer- for Stress Corrosion Cracking. Scripta Metal- ing Exposition and Congress. Detroit, Michigan. lurgia.Vol.4. 1970. 14-17 October 1968. Available as A69-19667. Tiner, N. A., MacKay, T. L., Asunmaa, S. K., and In- Walter, R. J. and Chandler, W. T.: Materials Science gersoll, R. G.: Use of Electron Micro- and Engineering. Vol. 8. PP. 90-97. 1971. autoradiography for Evaluating Micro- segregation of Hydrogen in Titanium Alloys. Walters, F. M. and Buchman, 0. A.: Heat Transfer ASM Trans. Quarterly. Vol. 61. No. 2. PP. 195- and Fluid Flow Analysis of Hydrogen Cooled 202. June 1968. Panels and Manifold Systems. NASA CR-66925. June 1970. Toy, S. M. and Phillips, A.: Hydrogen Emanation and Distribution in Metals and Alloys. Corrosion. Watson, Gordon K.: Preliminary Evaluation of Vol.26. No. 7. July 1970. T-lll Clad UN Fuel Specimens from 2500 Hour 1040°C(1900°F) Lithium Loop Test. NASA Turley, R. V. and Avery, C. H.: Elevated- TMX-52998. 1971. Temperature Static and Dynamic Sea-Salt Stress Cracking of Titanium Alloys. Stress- *Watson, G. K. and Stephens, J. R.: Effect of Aging Corrosion Cracking of Titanium. ASTM STP No. at 1040°C (1900°F) on the Ductility and Struc- 397. PP. 1-30. 1966. ture of a Tantalum Alloy T-lll. NASA TN- D-6988. NASA Lewis Research Center. October 1972. Available as N72-32549. Westlake, D. G.: Hydrogen Embrittlement - A Resistometric Study of Niobium/Columbium/Hydrogen Alloys. Metal- lurgical Society. AIME. Trans. Vol. 245. PP. 287- 292. Argonne National Lab. February 1969. Vennett, R. M. and Ansell, G. S.: Transactions Quarterly. American Society of Metals. Vol. 60. *Wheatfall, W. L. and Schwab, R. C.: Hot Corrosion No. 2. PP. 242-251. June 1967. Behavior of Several Newly Developed Nickel- Base Superalloys. Report 3199. Naval Research Vennett, R. M. and Ansell, G. S.: Transactions and Development Laboratory. Annapolis, Mary- Quarterly. American Society of Metals. Vol. 62. land. February 1970. Available as AD-864927. No. 4. PP. 1007-1013. December 1969. Williams, D. N.: Studies of the Mechanism of Crack Propagation in Salt Walter Environments of Candidate Supersonic Transport Titanium Alloy W Materials. Battelle Memorial Institute. SST- 66-1. January 1966. Available as AD-478725L. Williams, D. N.: The Hydrogen Embrittlement of Titanium Alloys. Journal Inst. Metals. Vol. 91. Walter, R. J. and Chandler, R. J.: Effect of High PP. 147-152.1962-1963. Pressure Hydrogen on Metals. Paper D-8-14.2. ASM Materials Engineering Exposition and Con- Williams, D. P.: Gaseous Hydrogen Embrittlement gress. Detroit. 14-17 October 1968. Available of Aerospace Materials. Paper Presented to IAF asA69-19667. 22nd International Congress. Brussels, Belgium. 20-25 September 1971. Walter, R. J., Hayes, H. G., and Chandler, W. T.: In- fluence of Gaseous Hydrogen on Metals. NASA Williams, D. P. and Nelson, H. G.: Metallurgical CR-119917. Rocketdyne. Canoga Park, Califor- Transactions.Vol. 1. No. 1. PP. 63-68. January nia. Report R-8716. May 1971. 1970.

IV-8 PROBLEM AREA 5

Protective coatings - Airbreathing engines operating in contaminated environments are in need of protection against attack by the contaminants. Information on the various candidate coatings and the effects of combustion products of contaminants in jet fuels on engine components is of prime interest. For example, the sulfur ordinarily contained in JP fuels reacts with salt present in shipboard and offshore environments and the resulting compounds attack turbine buckets severely. PROTECTIVE COATINGS

B Bitzer, E-. B., Rexer, J., and Fenish, R. G.: High Tem- perature Protective Coatings for Refractory ..Metals. Contract No. NASw-1030. Progress Re- port No. I.February 1965. Baker, F. R.: Further Development of Coatings for Protection of Dispersion Strengthened Nickel *Brentnall, W. D.: Tungsten Reinforced Oxidation from Oxidation. AFML-TR-67-320. Dupont. Resistant Columbium Alloys. Solar. San Diego, August 1967. California. RDR 1 635-1. Naval Air Systems Command. Washington, D.C. February 1969. Barth, C. F.: Evaluation of the Stress Corrosion Available as AD-874412. Susceptibility of Titanium Sheet Alloy Coated with High Temperature Sealants. TRW Equip- ment Labs. ER-6841-3. November 1966. Avail- able as AD802628. *Bartlett, E. S. and Browning, M. F.: Investigation of Corrosion-Resistant Coatings for Service at 2500°C. Battelle Memorial Institute. Columbus, Ohio. 5 July 1972. Available as AD-901571. Bartlett, E. S., Browning, M. F., Bower, W. K., *Cornie, J. A. and Goodspeed, R. C.: Development Felton, G. W., and Stowell, W. R.: Investigation of a Ductile Oxidation Resistant Columbium of Corrosion-Resistant Coatings for Service at Alloy. Westinghouse Electric Corporation. July 2500F. Battelle Memorial Institute. Final Engi- 1969. Available as AFML-TR-69-64 and AD- neering Report for Period 9 June 1971 - 8 May 863464. 1972. July 1972. Available as AD-801571L Bartlett, R. W. and Gage, P. R.: Investigation of Mechanism for Oxidation Protection and Failure of Intermetallic Coatings for Refractory Metals. ASD-TDR-63-753. Part II. July 1964. Bartocci, R. C.: Behavior of High-Temperature Coatings for Gas Turbine Engines. ASTM STP Danek, G. J.: State-of-the-Art Survey on Hot Cor- No. 421. P. 169. 1967. rosion in Marine Gas Turbine Engines. Report 32/65. U.S. Navy Marine Engineering Lab. An- Beauregard, R. J.: Feasibility Study of Columbium napolis, Maryland. March 1965. Alloy Castings. Avco Lycoming Div. Stratford, Connecticut. Final Report. AMMCR CR-70-5(F). Davis, S. 0., Watson, D. C., and Haulman, C. R.: November 1971. Available as AD-739572. Evaluation of Resistance Versus Radiant Heat- ing Method on the Stress Rupture Properties of Bergman, P. A.: Corrosion Problems in Aircraft Gas Coated C013 Columbium Alloy in Air at 2400°F. Turbines. Corrosion. Vol. 23. M arch 1967. AFML-TR-64-339. April 1965. Bergman, P. A., Sims, C. L, and Beltran, A. N.: Hot Deadmore, D. L.: Cyclic Oxidation of Cobalt- Corrosion Problems Associated With Gas Chromium-Aluminum-Yttrium and Aluminide Turbines. ASTM STP 421. June 1966. Coatings on IN-100 and VIA Alloys in High Betteridge, W.: The Nimonic Alloys.Edward Arnold, Velocity Gases. NASA TN-D-6842. E-6809. July Ltd. London. 1959. 1972. *Betts, R. K.: Selection of Coatings for Hot-Section DeCrescente, M. A. and Bornstein, N. S.: Formation Components of the LM-1500 Marine- and Reactivity Thermodynamics of Sodium Environment Engine. R67FPD357. 2 October Sulf ate with Gas Turbine Alloys. Corrosion. Vol. 1967. Available as AD-829663. 28. No. 5. PP. 127-133.1968.

V-3 PROTECTIVE COATINGS

*Dickson, D. T., Wimber, R. T., and Stetson, A. R.: Gadd, J. D.: Corrosion Resistant Coatings for Very High Temperature Coatings for Tantalum Refractory Metals and Superalloys. 6th Interna- Alloys. AFML-TR-66-317. Solar. San Diego, Cal- tional Plansee Seminar. Reutte/Tyrd, Austria. ifornia. October 1966. Available as AD-801881. June 1968. *Doi, H., Onoda, T., and Harada Y.: Hot Corrosion Gebler, K. A.: Electrophoretic Deposition of Refrac- of Gas Turbine Rotor Blade Materials. ASME tory Metals Coatings. RTDIR-8-344/61. Vitro Paper 72-GT-87. Proc. Gas Turbine and Fluids Labs. December 1966. Available as AD-805992. Engineering Conference and Products Show. San Francisco, California. 26-30 March 1972. *Gerdman, Dennis A., Berner, William E., Cherry, Available as A72-25662. John A., and Petrak, Gerald J.: The Evaluation of Materials for Aerospace Systems. AFML- TR-69-178. Summary Report. University of Dayton Research Institute. UDRI-TR-69-15. June 1969. Available as AD-857617.

Goebel, J. A. and Pettit, F. S.: Na2S04 - Induced Accelerated Oxidation (Hot Corrosion) of Ebihara, W. T., Liu, K. C., and Kmieciak, H. A.: De- Nickel. Metallurgical Transactions. Vol. 1. PP. velopment and Characterization of High Tem- 1943-1954.1970. perature Coatings for Tantalum Alloys. Third Interim Progress Report. ER-6972-3. Contract Goward, G. W., Boone, D. H., and Giggins, C. S.: AF33(615)-5011. 17 April 1967. Formation and Degradation Mechanisms of Aluminide Coatings on Nickel Base Superalloys. Epner, M.: Activities of Chromalloy Division in the ASM. Vol. 60. PP. 228-241. 1967. Development of Refractory Composites (Ductile Aluminum Based Coatings). AFML-TR-65-207. Graham, L. D., and Gadd, J. D: Hot Corrosion Be- Presented at Tenth Refractory Composites havior of Coated and Uncoated Superalloys. Working Group Meeting. Chromalloy Corpo- TRW, Inc. Paper No. 112. 69th Meeting ASTM. ration. August 1965. 1966. Epremian, E. and Criscione, J. M: Research on High Grisaffe, S. J.: Protective Coatings for Super- Temperature Coatings for Graphite Progress alloys. NASA SP-227. P. 305. 1970. Report No. 3. Contract No. AF 33(657)-! 1253. Grisaffe, S. J. and Klechka, E. W.: Process for Pro- March 1964. ducing Nickel Aluminide Coating Low Alloy Stainless Steel. Patent Application. NASA- CASE-LEW 11267-2. July 1967.

H Fitzgerald, B. and Rusert, E. L.: Evaluation of the Fused Slurry Silicide Coating Considering Com- ponent Design and Reuse. AFML-TR-70-154. McDonnell Douglas Astronautics. December Hauser, H. A. and Holloway, J. F.: Evaluation and 1970. .: Improvement of Coatings for Columbium Alloy Gas Turbine Engine Components! AFML-. TR-66-186. Part I. Pratt and Whitney. July 1966. *Hill, V. L. and Rausch, J. J.: Protective Coatings for Tantalum-Base Alloys. AFML-TR-64-354, Pt. II. January 1966. Available as AD-479902. *Gadd, J. D.: Advancement of Protective Coating Systems for Columbium and Tantalum Alloys. Hill, V. L. and Rausch, J. J.: Protective Coatings for AFML-TR-65-203. April 1965. Available as AD- Tantalum Base Alloys. AFML-TR-64-354-PT.3. 476344. IITRI. September 1966. V-4 PROTECTIVE COATINGS

Hill, V. L. and Rausch, J. J.: Protective Coatings for Tantalum Base Alloys. MTRI-B6013-16. 5th Quarterly Report. September 1964. Hollaway, J. F. and Mauser, H. A.: Evaluation and Improvement of Coatings for Columbium Alloy Kmieciak, H. A., Lui, K. C., and Godd, J. D.: Devel- opment and Characterization of High Tem- Gas Turbine Engine Components. AFML- perature Coating for Tantalum Alloys. Fourth TR-66-188-PU. July 1966. Part 2. May 1968. Interim Progress Report. TRW, Inc. ER 6972-4. Thompson Ramo Wooldridge. 17 July 1967. J Available as AD-820638. Krier, C. A.: Coatings for the Protection of Refrac- tory Metals from Oxidation. DMIC Report 161. 1961. Jackson, J. D.: Corrosion of Titanium. Battelle Me- morial Institute. DMIC Memo-218. September •1966. Available as AD-803701. Jaffee, R. I. and Stringer, J.: High Temperature Ox- idation and Corrosion of Superalloys in the Gas Turbine - A Review. High Temperatures - High Pressures. Vol. 3. No. 2. PP. 121-135. 1971. Leckie, H. P.: A comparison of the Stress Cor- Available as A72-17611. rosion Behavior of Some High Strength Steels. U.S. Steel. ARL-B-23104. July 1968. Available James, W. A.: A State-of-the Art Survey of asAD-835922L. Methods Being Used for the Evaluation of Coatings for Superalloys and Refractory Metals. Leggett, H., Schwab, D. E., and Cook, J. L.: Mechan- AGARD Report 509. May 1965. ical and Physical Properties of Superalloy and Coated Refractory Alloy Foils. AFML- Jankowsky, Edward J.: Evaluation of Chromalloy TR-65-147. May 1965. A-12 Coating. NADC-MA-6867. December 1968. Available as AD-845466L. M Johnson, D. E. and Newton, E. H.: Metal Filaments for High Temperature Fabrics. ASD TDR 62-180. Part II. 1963. Jones, E. E.: Development of Repair and Process Machlin, I. and Gilmore, C. M.: Oxidation Resistant Coatings for Air-Cooled Nickel Alloy Turbine Structural Metals for High Temperature Appli- Blades. TRW, Inc. ER-7410-2. 20 May 1970. cation. Metal Progress. Vol. 90. No. 3. PP. 101- 104. September 1966. Jones, E. E. and Peck, J. V.: Develoment of Repair, and Reprocess Coatings for Air Cooled Nickel Marnoch, K.: Research of High Temperature Oxida- Alloy Turbine Blades. AFML-TR-71-278. Final tion Resistant Hafnium-Tantalum Systems. Report. TRW Equipment Labs. ER-7410-F. Third Quarterly Report. Contract AF December 1971. Available as AD-892786L. 33(615)-1628. February 1965.

V-5 PROTECTIVE COATINGS

Maykuth, D. J., Hallowell, J. B., and Ogden, H. R.: Nolting, H. J. and Jefferys, R. A.: Oxidation Resis- Coatings for Tantalum Base Alloys. ASD- tant High Temperature Protective Coatings for TDR-63-232. April 1963. Tungsten. ML TDR-64-227. July 1964. Monson, L. A. and Pollock, W. I.: Development of Coatings for Protection of Dispersion Strength- ened Nickel from Oxidation. Part I. Oxidation Studies, Coating Development and Coating Analysis. AFML-TR-66-47. Dupont. March 1966.

Moore, V. S.: Evaluation of Coatings for Cobalt and Ohnysty, B., Stansfield, 0. M., Stetson, A. R., and Nickel-Base Superalloys. NASA Contract NAS 3- Metcalfe, A. G.: Task II - Development of Tech- 9401. Solar. Task I Report. September 1967. nologyApplicable to Coatings Used in the 3000 Moore, V. S. and Stetson, A. R.: Evaluation of to 4000 Degree F. Temperature Range. ML TDR- Coated Refractory Metal Foils. RTD- 69-294.29 January 1965. TDR-63-4006 Part I. Solar. September 1963. Ortner, M. H. and Klock, S. J.: Development of Pro- tective Coatings for Tantalum T-222 Alloy. Final Summary Report. Contract NAS 3-7613. December 1966. N

Negrin, M.: Protective Coatings for Chromium Alloys. Semiannual Reports 1 and 2. NASA Con- tract NAS 3-7273. Chromalloy. May and Perkins, R. A.: Oxidation Protection of Structures November 1966. for Hypersonic Re-Entry. Summary of the Sixth Refractory Composites Working Group Meeting. *Nejedlik, James F.: Development of Improved ASD-TDR-63-610. Lockheed. June 1962. ' Coatings for Nickel- and Cobalt-Base Alloys. AFML-TR-70-208. TRW Equipment Group. Perkins, R. A. and Packer, C. M.: Coatings for Cleveland. ER-7305-F. December 1970. Avail- Refractory Metals in Aerospace Environments. able as AD-883046. AFML-TR-65-351. Lockheed. September 1965. Nejedlik, J. F.: Effect of Aluminide Coatings on the Petrusha, J. A. and Talboom, F. P.: Superalloy Stress-Rupture Properties of Cast U-700 and Coatings for Components for Gas Turbine En- TRW-NASAV1-A. TRW, Inc. TM-4418. June gine Applications. AFML-TR-66-15. Pratt and 1970. Whitney Aircraft. PWA-2731. February 1966. Nejedlik, J. F.: Superalloy Coating Interactions and *Priceman, S. and Kubick, R.: Development of Corrosion. TRW, Inc. Cleveland. TRW TM-4418. Protective Coatings for Columbium Alloy Gas February 1970. Turbine Blades. AFML-TR-71-172. February 1972. Available as AD-748837. *Newhart, J. E. and Wagner, W. W.: The Devel- opment of a Full-Scale Aircraft Turbine Engine *Priceman, S. and Sama, L.: Development of Fused Controlled Environment Corrosion Test. Cor- Slurry Silicide Coatings for the Elevated- rosion/72. NACE. St. Louis, Missouri. Paper No. Temperature Oxidation Protection of Colum- 76. 20-24 March 1972. Available as A72- bium and Tantalum Alloys. AFML-TR-68-210. 24320. July 1968. Available as AD-850243.

V-6 PROTECTIVE COATINGS

Priceman, S. and Sama, L: Development of Slurry Simonetti, G.: Laboratory Research on Turbine Coatings for Tantalum, Columbium, and Molyb- Blade Materials Corrosion. CIMAC Permanent denum Alloys. AFML-TR-65-204. Sydor. Sep- Committee. 1965. tember 1965. Srp, 0. 0. and Geyer, N. M.: Proc. of International Symposium on High Temperature Technology. PP. 421-445. Butterworth and Company. Lon- don. 1964. Stetson, A. R.: Development of Coatings for Columbium-Base Alloys - Basic Property Meas- Quigg, H. T. and Schermer, R. M.: Effect of JP-5 urements and Coating System Development. Sulfur Content on Hot Corrosion of S uperalloys AFML-TR-67-139-PT 1.1967. in Marine Environment. Progress Report No. 2. BuWEPS Contract 6 4-0443-d. Phillips *Stetson, A. R., Cook, H. A., and Moore, V. S.: De- Petroleum. December 1964. velopment of Protective Coatings for Tantalum Base Alloys. AFML-TR-65-205 PT 1. Solar. June 1965. Available as AD-469639. Stetson, A. R. and Metcalfe, A. G.: Development of Coatings for Columbium-Base Alloys. AFML- TR-67-139-PT 1. September 1967. Rausch, J. J.: Protective Coatings for Tantalum *Stetson, A. R. and Moore, V. S.: Development of Base Alloys. AFML-TR-64-354. November 1964. Coatings for Columbium Base Alloys. Part III - Evaluation of the V-(cr-Ti)-Si Coating for Gas Redden, T. K.: Ni-Al Coating-Base Metal Inter- Turbines. RDR 1380-6-PT 3. August 1967. actions in Several Nickel-Base Alloys. AIME. AFML-TR-67-139 PT 3. Available as AD- Vol. 242. PP. 1695-1702. August 1968. 825774. Ryan, K. H.: Investigati on of Hot Corrosion of Stickley, G. W.: Effect of Several Coatings on Fa- Nickel Base Superalloys Used in Gas Turbine tigue Strengths of Some Wrought Aluminum Engines. Air Force Contract AF-33(615)-5211. Alloys. Journal of Materials. Vol. 1. PP. 19-33. Allison Quarterly Progress Reports 2 and 3. Oc- May 1966. Available as A66-29071. tober 1966-April 1967. *Stinebring, R. C.: Nondestructive Testing of High Temperature Coatings. Materials Research and Standards. Vol. 12. PP. 18-19 and 53. April 1972. Available as A72-26287. Stinebring, R. C.: The Development and Application of Nondestructive Testing Techniques for Eval- Sakae, Y. and Harada, Y.: Protection of Sulfidation uating High Temperature Protective Coatings. Attack on Gas Turbine Blade Alloys Treated by AFM L-TR-69-218. August 1969. Chromium Diffusion Coating. Preprint of 1971 Tokyo Gas Turbine Conference and Products Show. 4-7 October 1971. Sama, Larry: High Temperature Oxidation Resis- tant Coatings for Tantalum Base Alloys. ASD- TDR-63-160. February 1963. *Talboom, F. P., Elam, R. C., and Wilson, L. W.: Eval- Schmidt, F. F. and Ogden, H. R.: The Engineering uation of Advanced Superalloy Protection Sys- Properties of Tantalum and Tantalum Alloys. tems. NASA CR-72813. Pratt and Whitney. DMIC Report 189. Battelle Memo. Inst., Colum- PWA-4055. December 1970. Available as N71- bus, Ohio. 13 September 1963. 17669.

V-7 PROTECTIVE COATINGS

Talboom, F. P. and Petrusha, J. A.: Superalloy White, J. E.: Development of Oxidation Resistant Coatings for Coatings for Components for Gas Tungsten-Base Alloys. AIAA 6th Structural and Turbine Engine Applications. AFML-TR-66-15. Materials Conference. Palm Springs, California Pratt and Whitney. February 1966. 5-7 April 1965. Whitfield, M. G. and Paryuchowski, R. S.: Sulfida- tion Resistant Coatings. Reprint No. 115. 69th Annual Meeting. ASTM. Atlantic City, New Jersey. 27 June - 1 July 1966. Wimber, R. T.: Development of Protective Coatings *Valtierra, M. L. and Ku, P. M.: Research on Mitiga- for Tantalum Base Alloys. Summary Report. ML- tion of Spline Wear by Means of Plastic oatings. TDR-294-PT II. July 1965. Southwest Research Institute. RS-539. 5 Wurst, J. C.: The Evaluation of High Temperature January 1970. Available as AD-867822. Materials. MLTDR-64-62. University of Dayton Research Institute. March 1964. Available as AD-601638. W Wurst, J. C., Berner, W. E., Cherry, J. A., and Gerdman, D. A.: The Evaluation of Materials for Aerospace Applications. AFML-TR-67-165. June 1967. Wachtell, R. L.: Coating Systems Based on Dif- fusion Concepts. Chromalloy American Corpo- Wurst, J. C., Cherry, J. A., Gerdman, D. A., and ration. 69th Annual Meeting. ASTM. 1966. Hecht, N. L.: The Evaluation of Materials Sys- tems for High Temperature Aerospace Appli- Warmuth, D. B., Gadd, J. D., and Jefferys, R. A.: cations. AFML-TR-65-339-PT 1. University of Advancement of High Temperature Protective Dayton Research Institute. July 1966. Coatings for Columbium Alloys. Part 2. ASD- TDR-934PT-2. April 1964. *Wurst, J. C. and Geyer, N. M.: The Evaluation of High Temperature Protective Coatings. Materi- Weatherford, W. D., Valtierra, M. L., and Ku, P. M.: als Research and Standards. Vol. 12. PP. 8-17. Experimental Study of Spline Wear and Lubrica- April 1972. Available as A72-26286. tion Effects. ASLE Trans. Vol. 9. 1966. Weiss, R. 0., Hill, M. L., and Keller, C. A.: An Eval- uation of Coated B66 Columbium Al loy at Elevated Temperatures. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. Vol. 5. No. 2. February 1968. Wheaton, H. L.: Study of the Hot Corrosion of Su- Zerlaut, G. A.: Development of Space Stable Ther- peralloys. Contract AF-33(615)-5212. Lycom- mal Control Coatings. IITRI-U6002-94. IIT Re- ing Quarterly Progress Reports 1, 2, and 3. July search Institute. November 1970. Available as 1966-April 1967. NASACR-103039.

V-8 PROBLEM AREA 6

Composite materials data on low cycle and thermal fatigue - Our aim here is to search for data related to composite structural materials. COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Adams, D. F., Doner, D. R., and Thomas, R. L: Me- • -Bacon, J. F.: Investigation of the Kinetics of chanical Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Com- Crystallization of Several High Temperature , posite Materials. AFML-TR-67-96. May 1967. Glass System. Report J910939-3. United Air- craft Research Lab. September 1970. Ahmad, I. and Barranco, J. N.: Reinforcement of Magnesium with Brittle and Ductile Filaments. *Bailey, J. E. and Barker, H. A.: Ceramic Fibres for Fifth St. Louis Symposium on Advanced Com- the Reinforcement of Gas Turbine Blades. Uni- posites. Washington University. St. Louis, Mis- versity of Surrey. Guildford, England. Proc. 6th souri. April 1971. Universal Conference Ceramic Science. North Carolina State University. Raleigh, North Ahmad, I., Greco, V. P., and Barranco, J. M.: Re- Carolina. December 1970. Plenum Press. PP. inforcement of Nickel with Some High Strength 341-360. 1971. Filaments. Journal Composite Materials. Vol. 1. No. I.January 1967. Baker, A. A.: The Effect of Fibre Diameter and Dis- Alexander, J. A.: Engineering Uses of Filament Re- continuous Fibres on the Fatigue of a Fibre- inforced Metal Matrix Composites. Metals Engi- Reinforced Metal. Applications Material Re- neering Quarterly. Vol. 10. No. 2. P. 22. 1970. search. Vol. 5. No. 4. PP. 210-217. October 1966. Available as A67-17712. Alexander, J. A., Cunningham, A. L., and Chuang, K. C.: Investigation to Produce Metal Matrix Baker, A. A.: The Effect of Fibre Volume Fraction Composites with High Modulus Low Density and Interfacial Bond on the Fatigue of Continuous Filamet Reinforcements. AFML- Aluminum Reinforced with Stainless Steel TR-67-391. February 1968. Wires. Applications Material Research. Vol. 5. No. 3. PP. 143-153. July 1966. Allison Division, General Motors: Beryllium Wire- Metal Matrix Composites Program. Contract Nos. N00019-69-C-0532 and NOOO 19- Baker, A. A.: The Fatigue of Fibre-Reinforced 69-C-9234. Progress Reports. July 1967 - Aluminum. Journal Material Science. Vol. 3. No. April 1969. 4. PP. 412-423. July 1968. Antony, K. C. and Chang, W. H: Mechanical Prop- Baker, A. A. and Cratchley, D.: Metallographic Ob- erties of AI-B Composites. Trans. ASM. Vol. 61. servations on the Behavior of Silica Reinforced No. 3. P. 550. September 1968. Aluminum Under Fatigue Loading. Applied Ma- terial Research. Vol. 3. No. 4. PP. 215-222. Oc- Ashton, J. E., Halpin, J. C., and Petit, P. H.: Primer tober 1964. on Composite Materials: Analysis. Technomic Publishing Company. 1969. Baker, A. A. and Cratchley, D.: Stress-Strain Be- Ashton, J. E. and Waddoups, M. E.: Analysis of An- havior and Toughness of a Fibre Reinforced isotropic Plates. Journal of Composite Material. Metal. Appl. Material Research. Vol. 5. No. 2. Vol.3. P, 148. 1969. PP. 92-103. April 1966. Ashton, J. E. and Whitney, J. M.: Theory of Baker, A. A. and Jackson, P. W.: Silica Fibre Re- Laminated Plates. Technomic Publishing Com- inforcement of Aluminum. Glass Technology. pany. 1971. Vol. 9. No. 2. PP. 36-41. April 1968.

Aulenbach, T. H., Schulz, W. J., and McGarry, F. J.: Baker, A. A., Mason, J. E., and Cratchley, D.: High- Fracture Toughness Testing of Fibrous Glass Strain Fatigue Studies of Composite Material. Resin Composites. 25th SPI Annual Confer- Journal Material Science. Vol. 2. No. 3. P. 229. ence. Washington, D.C. 6-9 February 1970. August 1966.

VI-3 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Barker, R. M., Lin, F., and Dana, J. R.: Three- Boiler, K. H.: Effect of Pre-Cyclic Stresses on Fa- Dimensional Finite Element Analysisof tigue Life of Plastic Laminates with Unwoven Laminated Composites. Computers and Struc- Fibers. AFML-TR-64-168. September 1964. tures. Vol. 2. PP. 1013-1029. 1972. Available Available as AD-606769. asA73-13687. Boiler, K. H.: Fatigue Characteristics of Two New Baskey, R. H.: Fiber-Reinforced Metallic Com- Plastic Laminates Reinforced with 'S' Glass posite Materials. AFML-TR-67-196. September Fibers Under Cyclic Axial or Shear Loading 1967. Available as AD-825364. AFML-TR-66-54. March 1966. -Beasley, R. M. and Clapper, R. B: Thermal- Boiler, K. H.: Fatigue Fundamentals for Composite Structural Composites for Aerospace Appli- Materials. ASTM STP No. 460. PP. 217-235. cations. ASTM STP No. 379. PP. 91-105. Feb- 1969. ruary 1965. Boiler, K. H.: Fatigue Strength of Plastic Beaumont, P. W. R.: The Effect of Environment on Laminates Reinforced with Unwoven 'S' Glass Fatigue and Crack Propagation in Carbon- Fibers. AFML-TR-64-403. December 1964. Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Resin. Paper No. 49. Plastics Institute International Conference on Boiler, Kenneth H.: Effect of Tensile Mean Carbon Fibres, Their Composites, and Appli- Stresses on Fatigue Properties of Plastic cations. London. 2-4 February 1971. Available Laminates Reinforced with Unwoven Glass asA71-20892. Fibers. AFML-TDR-69-86. March 1964. Avail- able as AD-605412. *Beckwith, S. W., Schapery, R. A., and Webb, L. D.: Literature Survey of the Field of Fiber- Boiler, Kenneth H.: Fatigue Characteristics of RP Reinforced Plastic Composites: Part II (August Laminates Subjected to Axial Loading. Modern 1970 - July 1971). Texas A&M University. Plastics. Vol. 41. No. 10. PP. 145-150, and 188. CMR-1. August 1971. Available as PB-210305. June 1964. Bell, J. E. and Hoggatt, J. T.: Development of Pro- Boiler, Kenneth H.: Resume of Fatigue Character- cessing Techniques for Carbon Composites in istics of Reinforced Plastic Laminates Sub- Missile Interstage Applications. AFML- jected to Axial Loading. ASD TDR-63-768. July . TR-69-98. Air Force Materials Lab. Dayton, 1963. Ohio. May 1969. Botsco, R.: A Sonic Test System for Berg, C. A. and Rinsky, A.: Fiber Science and Tech- Nondestructively Evaluating Composite Struc- nology. Vol. 3. P. 294. 1971. tures. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Vol. 24. No. 6. PP. 1348-1349. *Berg, C. A. and Salama, M.: Compressive Fatigue December 1967. in Fiber Reinforced Materials. Journal of Mate- rials. Vol. 7. PP. 216-230. June 1972. Available Bower, C. M. and Slegmund, Donald F.: Crack asA72-33319. Theory and Stress Analysis of Composite Mate- rials. Monsanto Research Corporation. HPC- Bieniek, M. P. and Freudenthal, A. M.: Forced Vi- 65-2. September 1965. Available as AD- brations of Cylindrical Sandwich Shells. Journal 488381L. of the Aerospace Sciences. Vol. 29. PP. 180- 184. February 1962. Breinan, E. M. and Kreider, K. G.: Metallurgical Transactions. MTGTB. Vol. 1. P. 93. 1970. Boiler, K. H.: Effect of Notches on Fatigue Strength of Composite Materials. AFML-TR-69-6. April Brentnall, W. D. and Toth, I. J.: Advanced Aluminum 1969. Available as AD-853045. Matrix Composites. TRW International Report. TM-4588. February 1971. *Boller, K. H.: Effect of Notches on Fatigue Strength of Composite Materials. AFML-TR-69-6. Air Broutman, L. J. and Krock, R. H.: Modern Com- Force Materials Lab. WPAFB, Ohio. July 1969. posite Materials. Addison-Wesley. 1967.

VI-4 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Broutman, L. J. and Sahu, S.: Progressive Damage Chamis, C. C.: Science of Advanced Materials and of a Glass Reinforced Plastic During Fatigue. Process Engineering. Paper 1-4-5. Vol. 14. Proc. 24th Annual Tech. and Mgt. Conference. Western Periodicals Company. 1968. Section 11-D. Society Plast. Ind., Inc. February Chamis, C. C., Hanson, M. P., and Serafini, T. T.: 1969. Designing for Impact Resistance with Unidirec- Broutman, L. J. and Sahu, S.: The Effect of Inter- tional Fiber Composites. NASA TN-D-6463. facial Bonding on the Toughness of Glass Filled 1971. Polymers. 26th Annual SPI Conference. Section *Chamis, C. C, Hanson, M. P., and Serafini, T. T.: 14-C.1971. Impact Resistance of Unidirectional Fiber Com- *Buntin, W. D. and Love, T. S.: An Aluminum Sand- posites. Composite Materials: Testing and De- wich Panel Fatigue Test Under Mach 2.4 Cruis- sign. Proc. ASTM Second Conference. Anaheim, ing Conditions. ASTM STP No. 338. PP. 179- California. 20-22 April 1971. PP. 324-349. 192.1963. 1972. Available as A72-25472. Burningham, N. W. and Rumpel, W. F.: Properties Chen, E. P. and Sin, G. C.: Interfacial Delamination of Boron Fibers and Composites. Polymer Engi- of a Layered Composite Under Anti-Plane neering and Science. Vol. 7. No. 2. PP. 124-127. Strain. Journal Composite Materials. Vol. 5. PP. April 1967. 12-23.1971. Cheng, S: On the Theory of Bending of Sandwich Plates. Proc. 4th U. S. National Congress of Ap- plied Mechanics. Vol. l.PP. 511-518.1962. Chiao, T. T. and Moore, R. L.: A Tensile Test Method for Fibers. Journal of Composite Materials. Vol. 4. P. 118. 1970. Calcote, L. R. and Grimes, G. C.: Investigation of Structural Design Concepts for Fibrous Aircraft *Chiao, T. T. and Moore, R. L.: Strength Retention Structures. Volume II. Technology Appraisal, of S-Glass Epoxy Commposites. Journal of Com- Empirical/Theoretical Methodology. AFFDL- posite Materials. Vol. 6. PP. 156-159. January TR-67-29-Vol. 2. January 1967. • 1972. *Cannell, J. C.: The Compatibility of Whiskers of *Chiao, T. T. and Moore, R. L.: Stress-Rupture of S- Silicon Nitride, Silicon Carbide and Alumina with Glass/Epoxy Multifilament Strands. Journal of Metallic Matrices at High Temperatures. Explo- Composite Materials. Vol. 5. PP. 2-11. 1971. sives Research and Development Estab- Chorne, Juan, Bruch, C. A., and Sutton, W. H.: De- lishment. England. 13/R/68. August 1968. velopment of Composite Structural Materials Available as AD-741573. for High Temperature Applications. General Carlson, C. E., DelGrosso, E. J., and Varholak, E. Electric Company. NASC Contract NOw- M.: Mechanical Properties of Braze-Bonded 66-0443-d. January 1967. Borsic-Al Composites. SAMPE Symposium. Vol. Clougherty, E. V.: Research and Development of 15. PP. 101-115.1970. Refractory Oxidation Resistant Diborides. Part Chamis, C. C.: Computer Code for the Analysis of II. Volume I. Summary. AFML-TR-68-190. July Multilayered Fiber Composites - Users Manual. 1970. NASATN-D-7013. 1971. Compton, W. A. and Steward, K. P.: Test Specifi- Chamis, C. C.: Failure Criteria for Filamentary cations Manual - Composite Materials for Composites. NASA TN-D-5367. 1969. Turbine Compressors. AFML-TR-68-31. Part II. Solar Division. International Harvester. April Chamis, C. C.: Important Factors in Fiber Com- 1968. posite Design. Proc. Society of the Plastics In- dustry 24th Annual Technical Conference. Conliffe, C. H.: Advance Composite Material in Washington, D.C. Section 18-E. PP. 1-13. 4-7 Turbo Machinery Components. AFML- February 1969. TR-68-366. Vol. I and II. February 1969.

VI-5 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Cooper, G. A. and Kelly, A.: Tensile Properties of Davis, J. W., McCarthy, J. A., and Schurb, J. N.: The Fibre-Reinforced Metals: Fracture Mechanics. Fatigue Resistance of Reinforced Plastics. Ma- Journal Mech. Phys. Solids. Vol. 15. No. 4. PP. terial Design Engineering. Vol. 60. No. 7. PP. 279-297. July 1967. 87-91. December 1964. Cordier, K. L. and Cross, W. B.: Materials Tech- Davis, L. W.: Aluminum-Boron Composites. 14th nology Advancement Program for Expandable Refractory Composites Meeting. AFML- Manned Space Structures. NASACR-66949. TR-62-129. P. 201. August 1968. Goodyear Aerospace Corporation. Akron, Ohio. Davis, L. W.: Methods of Making Metal Matrix Com- GER-14774. August 1970. posites. SME Paper EM 70-124. 1970. Cornish, R. H., Nelson, H. R., and Dally, J. W.: Com- Dean, A. V.: Reinforcement of Ni Base Alloys with pressive Fatigue and Stress Rupture Perform- High Strength Tungsten Wire. Journal Inst. Met- ance of Fiber Reinforced Plastics. Proc. 19th als. Vol. 95. PP. 79-86.1967. Annual Technical and Management Conference. Section 9-E. Society Plastics Industry, Inc. Feb- Dean, A. V.: The Reinforcement of Nickel-Base ruary 1964. Alloys with High Strength Tungsten Wires. NGTE-R-266. National Gas Turbine Estab- Courtney, T. H. and Wulff, J.: Matrix-Limited Fa- lishment. England. April 1965. tigue Properties in Fibre Composite Materials. AFOSR 67-0650. MIT. July 1966. Available as Decker, R. F. and Dewitt, R. R.: Trends in High Tem- AD-648544. perature Superalloys. Journal Metals. PP. 139- 145. February 1965. Courtney, T. H. and Wulff, J.: Matrix-Limited Fa- tigue Properties in Fibre Composite Materials. Dolowy, Jr., J. F. and Webb, B. A.: Fabrication and Journal Material Sciences. Vol. 1. PP. 383-388. Heat Treatment Effects on Aluminum-Boron November 1966. Available as A67-13529. Composites. Washington University. St. Louis, Missouri. March 1969. Cunningham, A. L. and Alexander, J. A.: The Fabri- cation Evaluation and Mechanical Properties of Duhl, D. N. and Sullivan, C. P.: Some Effects of Haf- Aluminum Matrix Composites. Advances in nium Additions on the Mechanical Properties of Structural Composites. Society of Aerospace a Columnar Grained Nickel-Base Superalloy. Material and Process Engineers. Western Peri- Journal of Metals. Vol. 23. PP. 38-40. 1971. odicals Company. Vol. 12. Paper AC-15. Oc- tober 1967.

Fahmy, A. and Ragi, A. N.: Thermal Expansion of Graphite-Epoxy Composites. Journal of Applied Physics. Vol. 41. P. 5112. 1970. • Dastin, S.: Advanced Filamentary Composites for Primary Aircraft Structures. Grumman Aircraft Fechek, F. J.: Advanced Composites Efforts - A Engineering Corporation. In Polyblends and Status Report of Air Force Programs with Composites. Proc. Applied Polymer Symposia. Graphite Reinforced Composites. ASME Design. 6-7 June 1969. PP. 81-92. Interscience Engineering Conference and Show. Paper 71- Publishers. New York. 1970. DE-13. 14-22 April 1971. Available as A71- 27323. Davidge, R. W. and Tappin, G.: The Effective Sur- face Energy of Brittle Materials. Journal Mate- Felde, A.: The Notching Effect with Glass Fiber Re- rials Science. Vol. 3. PP. 165-173. 1968. inforced Plastics. WPAFB, Ohio. 1966. Avail- able as AD-636651. Davies, L. G., Powers, W. M., and Shaver, R. G.: Low Cost Metal Matrix Composite Fabrication Feltner, C. E. and Laird, C.: Cyclic Stress-Strain Re- SAMPE National Symposium and Exhibit. 21-23 sponse of FCC Metals and Alloys. Acta Metal- April 1971. lurgica.Vol. 15. P. 1621. 1967.

VI-6 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Fleck, J. N. and Goldstein, M.: Beryllium Rein- Gerard, G. and Lakshmikantham, C.: Structural De- forced Aluminum. 15th National SAMPE Sym.- sign Synthesis Approach to Filamentary Com- posium. Los Angeles, California. April 1969. posites. NASA CR-964. November 1967. Fleck, J. N., Smith, E. G., and Laber, D.: Explosive *Giltrow, J. P.: Some Mechanical Properties of Welding of Metal Matrix Composites. Journal of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics. TR Composite Materials. Vol. 3. P. 699. October 68080. Royal Aircraft Establishment. March 1969. 1968. Available as AD-855351. Floreen, S., Hayden, H. W., and Kenyon, N.: Stress Giltrow, J. P. and Lancaster, J. K,: Friction and Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Maraging Steel Wear of Polymers Reinforced with Carbon Composites. Corrosion. Vol. 27. PP. 519-524. Fibers..Nature. Vol. 214. No. 5093. P. 1106: 1971. '• 1967. • •' • • Floreen, S., Hayden, H. W., and Pilliar, R. M.: Frac- Glenny, R. J. E.: Fibrous Composites with High ture Behavior of an Fe-Cu Microduplex Alloy and Melting-Point Matrices. Proc. Royal Society. - Fe-Cu Composites. Transactions of the Metal- London. Series A. Vol. 319. No. 1536. PP. lurgical Society of AIME. Vol. 245. PP. 2529- 33-44:6 October 1970. 2536.1969. \ *Gray, H. R.: Effects of Hot-Salt Stress Corrosion Floreen, S., Hayden, H. W., and Steigelman, J. Q.: on Titanium Alloys. Metals Engineering Quarter- Fracture Modes in Laminated Steel-Nickel Com- ly. PP. 10-17. November 1972. Available as posites. Transactions Quarterly ASM. Vol. 62. A73-13268. PP. 812-815. 1969. Greszczuk, L. B.: New Test Technique for Shear Forest, J. D.: Design and Application of Modulus and Other Elastic Constants of Boron/Aluminum to Flight Structures. Proc. De- Filamentary Composites. AF/ASTM Symposium signing with Composite Materials. PP. 61-70. on Standards for Filament Reinforced Plastics. Inst. Mech. Eng. London, England. 28 October Dayton, Ohio. 21-23 September 1966. 1971. Available as A72-14745. Grimes, G. C., Pope, B. J., and Ferguson, J. H.: In- Forest, J. D. and Christian, J. L.: Development and vestigation of Structural Design Concepts for Application of Aluminum-Boron Composite Ma- Fibrous Aircraft Structures. Volume III. Tech- terial. AIAA Paper 68-975. October 1968'. nology Appraisal - Experimental Data and Methodology. AFFDL-TR-67-29. Southwest Re- Forsythe, P., George, R., and Ryder, 0.: Applied search Institute. November 1967. Material Research. Vol. 3. PP. 223-228.1964.

Frye, E. R. and Rayner, R. M.: Observations of Fail- H ure Modes in Carbon Composite Materials. Proc. SAMPE Fourth National Technical Confer- ence and Exhibition. Palo Alto, California. PP. 459-472. 17-19 October 1972. Available as Habin, L. M.: A Survery of Modern Developments A73-13042. in the Analysis of Sandwich Structures. Applied Mechanics Review. PP. 93-95. February 1965. Hagemaier, D. J., McFaul, H. J., and Parks, J. T.: Nondestructive Testing Techniques of Fiberglass, Graphite Fiber, and Boron Fiber Composite Aircraft Structure. Douglas Aircraft Company. Paper 5756. American Society of Nondestructive Testing Spring Conference. Los Angeles. 9-12 May 1970. Available as A70- Gales, R. G. and Wood, W. A.: Evaluating Potential 27465. Fatigue Performance of Composites (Cu/W and Cu/Mo) from Microstructural Behavior. Metal Hagerup, E.: Flexural Fatigue Testing of Matrix Composites. ASTM STP No. 438. PP. Polyesters. Journal Applied Polymer Science. 218-228.1968 Vol. 7. No. 3. PP. 1093-1116. May 1963.

VI-7 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

*Hallse, R. L. and Rizley, J. H.: Fused Silica As-An Hancock, J. R.: Proc. Air Force Conference on Fa- Aerospace Material. Proc. 67th Annual Meeting. tigue and Fracture of Aircraft Structures and Chicago, Illinois. 21 June 1964. General Materials. Miami Beach, Florida. 15-18 Dynamics. Pomona, California. ASTM STP No. December 1969. TN AFFDL-TR-70-144. P. 285. 379. PP. 15-24. February 1965. 1970. *Halpin, J. C.: Structure-Property Relations and *Hancock, J. R.: The Initiation and Growth of Fa- Reliability Concepts. Journal of Composite Ma- tigue Bracks in Filament Reinforced Aluminum terials. Vol. 6. PP. 208-231. April 1972. Alloys. ASTM STP 497. PP. 483-502.1972. Available as A72-25480. Halpin, J. C.: Structure-Property Relationships for Hanley, D. P.: Design and Test of a Prototype Composites. Composite Materials of Today and Graphite Fiber/Plastic Fuselage Component. Tomorrow: New Materials and Conventional In- 26th Annual Meeting of the Society of the dustries. Proc. 1st International Conference. Plastics Industry. Washington, D.C. February Lyons, France. PP. 187-210. 22-24 September 1971. 1972. Available as A73-13587. *Hanson, M. P.: Effect of Temperature on the *Halpin, J. C.: Structure-Property Relationships for Tensile and Creep Characteristics of PRO 49 Composites. Proc. First Int. Conf. New Materi- Fiber/Epoxy Composites. 6th Symposium on als and Conventional Industries. Lyons, France. Composite Materials in Engineering Design. St. 22-24 September 1971. Available as A73- Louis, Missouri. 11-12 May 1972. Available as 13587. A72-32137. Halpin, J. C., Kopf, J. R., and Goldberg, W.: Time Harris, B. and Ellison, E. G: Creep and Tensile Prop- Dependent Static Strength and Reliability for erties of Heavily Drawn Tungsten Wire. ASM Composites. Journal of Composite Materials. Trans. Quarterly. Vol. 59. No. 4. PP. 744-754. Vol. 4. P. 462. 1970. December 1966.

Halpin, J. C. and Pagano, N. J.: Consequences of Herman, M.: Beryllium Wire-Metal Matrix Com- Environmentally Induced Dilation in Solids. posites Program. Allison Report EDR-5950.31 Proc. 6th Annual Meeting. Society of Engineer- July 1968. ing Science. Springer. 1969. Hersh, M. S.: Fatigue of Boron/Aluminum Com- Halpin, J. C. and Pagano, N. J.: The Laminate posites. NASA CR-123515. General Approximations for Randomly Oriented Fibrous Dynamics/Covair. December 1971. Available as Composites. Journal of Composite Materials. X72-10074. Vol.3. P. 720. 1969. *Herzog, J. A.: The Metal Composites, Their Rein- forcing Components, and Their Problem Areas. *Halpin, J. C. and Waddoups, Jr., M. E.: Dynamic AFML-TR-67-50. March 1967. Available as AD- Problems Existing in The Design and Devel- 815454. opment of Composite Aircraft Structures. Proc. Hilton, P. D. and Sih, G. C.: Extension of An- Joint National and Western Applied Mechanics isotropic Laminates With Internal Cracks. Proc. Conference. La Jolla, California. PP. 1-7. 26-28 6th Southeastern Conference on Theonetical June 1972. and Applied Mechanics. Tampa, Florida. 23-24 March 1972. Available as A73-13333. Ham, R. K. and Place, T. A.: Journal Mechanics and Hofer, Jr., K. E. and Olsen, E. M.: An Investigation Physics of Solids. Vol. 14. P. 271.1966. of the Fatigue and Creep Properties of Glass Hanby, K. R.: Fiber Reinforced Metal-Matrix Com- Reinforced Plastics for Primary Aircraft Struc- posites. Battelle. DMIC Report S-33.1 July tures. IITRI. April 1967. 1971. *Hoffman, C. A. and Weeton, J. W.: Metal - Metal Hanby, K. R.: Review of Recent Developments - Laminar Composites for High-Temperature Ap- Fiber Reinforced Metals. Battelle Memorial In- plications. NASA TM-X-68056.1972. Available stitute. October 1969. Available as AD-859946. asN72-32541.

VI-8 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Hoffmanner, A. L: Study of Methods to Produce Jacobson, M. J., Preston, J. L., Burke, D. L., and Composite Beryllium Blades. Final Report. Con- Weingarten, V. I: Investigation of Honeycomb tract NOw-65-0281-1. August 1966. Structure Response to Vibration and Acoustic Excitation. Northrop Corporation. NOR 66-64. Holmes, R. D. and Wright, D. W.: Creep and Fatigue January 1966. Characteristics of Graphite/Epoxy Composites. ASME Paper 70-DE-32. May 1970. Jacobson, M. J. and Wenner, M. L.: Dynamic Re- Hewlett, B. W., Mintz, D. C., and Old, C. R.: The sponse of Curved Composite Panels in a Ther- Fabrication and Properties of Carbon Fibre Met- mal Environment. AFSOR 66-2647. November al Composites, international Conference on 1966 Carbon Fibres, Their Composites and Appli- Jacobson, M. J.: Stress and Deflection of Honey- cations. London. 2-4 February 1971. comb Panels Loaded by Spatially Uniform White Noise. AIAA Journal. Vol. 6. No. 8. PP. 1503- *Hunter, Jr., A. R.: Testing 1-mil Molybdenum.- 1510. August 1968. Faced Foil Sandwich up to 1800°.F. Proc. 67th Annual Meeting. Chicago, Illinois. 21 June Jeck, R. W., Weber, E. P., and Schwope, A. D.: Fiber 1964. Lockheed Missiles and Space Company. Reinforced Titanium Alloys, Proc. of Reactive Palo Alto, California. ASTM STP No. 397. Feb- Metals Conference. Vol. 2. International Sci- ruary 1965. ence Publishers. New York. PP. 109-119. 1960. Jeck, R. W., McDanels, D. L, and Weeton, J. W.: I Fiber Reinforced Metallic Composites. Proc. 6th Sagamore Ordnance Materials Research Con- ference. Syracuse, New York. August 1959. Jenkinson, Paul M.: Fatigue Properties of Titanium Ishai, 0. and Lavengood, R. E.: The Mechanical Per- - and Nickel-Base Sandwich Constructions. formance of Bidirectional Fiber-Glass Polymeric Forest Products Lab. Madison, Wisconsin. Composites. Israel Journal of Technology. Vol. FSRP-FPL-147. December 1970. Available as 8. P. 101.1970. AD-716731. Ishida, M.: Stress Concentration at the Tip of a Jones, B. H.: Determination of Design Allowables Central Traverse Crack in a Stiffened Plate Sub- for Composite Materials. Composite Materials: jected to Tension. Proc. Fourth U.S. Congress Testing and Design. Proc. ASTM Symposium. of Applied Mechanics. Berkeley, California. PP. New Orleans. 11-13 February 1969. ASTM STP 955-969. 1963. No. 460. PP. 307-320. 1969. Available as A70- 21900. Joseph, E.: Processing Parameters for Diffusion- Bonded AI-Boron Filament Composites. Thesis. Air Force Institute of Technology. GAW-B/Mich 67-9. 1967. Jackson, P. W., Baker, A. A., Cratchley, D., and Walker, P. J.: The Fabrication of Components from Al Reinforced with Si02 Fibers. Powder Metallurgy. Vol. 11. No. 21. PP. 1-22.1968. K Jackson, P. W. and Cratchley, D.: The Effect of Fiber Orientation on Tensile Strength of Fibre Reinforced Metals. Journal Mechanics and Physics Solids. Vol. 14. No. 1. P. 49. 1966. Kaufman, L.: Investigation of Boride Compounds Jacobson, Marcus J.: Acoustic Fatigue Design In- for Very High Temperature Applications. Semi- formation for Fiber Reinforced Structures. Annual Report 1. Contract AF 33(657)-8635. AFFDL-TR-68-107. Northrop Corporation. NOR Man Labs, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Oc- 68-92. October 1968. tober 1962.

VI-9 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

*Kauf man, L. A.: Investigation of the Fracture Me- Langdon, T. G., Cropper, D. R., and Pask, J. A.: chanics of Boride Composites. Quarterly Re- Creep Mechanisms in Ceramic Materials at port No. 5. Man Labs, Inc. NASA CR-126246. Elevated Temperatures. Proc. Sixth Univ. Conf. January 1972. See also N72-21555. Ceramic Science. North Carolina State Univer- sity. 7-9 December 1970. PP. 297-314. Plenum Kaufman, L. and Clougherty, E. V.: Investigation of Press. 1971. Boride Compounds for Very High Temperature Applications. Semi-Annual Report 2. Contract Larson, J. V.: Cryogenic High Modulus Composites. AF 33(657)-8635. Man Labs, Inc. Cambridge, Quarterly Progress Report No. 38. 1 April to 30 Massachusetts. April 1963. June 1970. NASA Contract C-10360-B. Naval Ordnance Lab. July 1970. Kaufman, L., Clougherty, E. V., and Nesor, H.: In- vestigation of Fracture Mechanics of Boride Lavengood, R. E. and Anderson, R. M.: Matrix Prop- Composites. NASA Technical Report. Contract erties Controlling Torsional Fatigue Life of Fiber NASW 2088. July 1971. Reinforced Composites. Proc. 24th Annual Technical and Management Conference. Section Kaufman, L. and Nesor, H.: Stability Character-. 11-E. Society Plastics Industry, Inc. February ization of Refractory Materials Under High 1969. Velocity Atmospheric Flight Conditions. Part I. Volume I: Summary. AFML-TR-69-84. March Leeds, D. H.: Observations on the Thermal Shock 1970. Resistance of TiC-C Alloys. 8th Refractory Com- posites Working Group. ASD/NASA Meeting. Kelly, A.: Interface Effects and the Work of Frac- Dallas, Texas. January 1964. ture of a Fibrous Composite. National Physics Lab. NPL-IMS-10. February 1970. Leggett, H.: Ceramic Radomes Development - Alumina "A" Sandwiches and Multilayers. SM- Kelly, A. Strong Solids. Clarendon Press. 1966. 49195. Douglas Aircraft Company. September *Kocher, L. H. and Cross, S. L.: Reinforced Cutouts 1966. in Graphite Composite Structures. Bell Aero- Leggett, H., Leonard, B. G., and Edlin, V. E.: Status space Company. Buffalo, New York. Available as of the Prestressed Chemically Consolidated Ce- A72-25475. ramic Program at Douglas Aircraft Company. Kreider, K. G. and Leverant, G. R.: Boron Fiber Met- Douglas Paper No. 3770. Presented at Refrac- al Matrix Composites by Plasma Spraying. tory Inorganic Composites Meeting. January AFML-TR-66-219. July 1966. 1966. Kreider, K. G., Schile, R. D., Breinan, E. M., and Lemkey, F. D. and Salkind, M. J.: Properties of Marciano, M.: Plasma Sprayed Metal Matrix Carbide Wisker Reinforced Refractory Metals Fiber Reinforced Composites. AFML- from Melts. Crystal Growth. ICCG. Boston, TR-68-119. July 1968. Massachusetts. 1966. Lenoe, E. M.: Micromechanics of High Strength, Low Density Boron Filament Reinforced Al Met- allic Composites. AFML-TR-67-125-Pt.l. May 1967. Lenoe, E. M., Murro, R. P., Beaumont, S., and War, J.: Micromechanics of High Strength, Low Density Boron Filament Reinforced Metallic -Lakshmikantham, Chatta: Analysis of Transverse Composites. AFML-TR-67-125-PT.2. 1968. Cracks in Stiffened Fiber-Composite Strip UnderTension. Army Materials and Mechanics Lovelace, A. M. and Tsai, S. W.: Composites Enter Research Center. Watertown, Massachusetts. the Mainstream of Aerospace. Vehicle Design. AMMRCTR-71-1. January 1971. Aeronautics and Astronautics. Vol. 8. P. 54.. 1970. Lancaster, J. K.: The Effect of Carbon Fiber Rein- forcement on the Friction and Wear of Lynch, C. T. and Kershaw, J. P.: Metal Matrix Com- Polymers. R.A:E. Technical Report 66378. posites. CRC Press. Cleveland. 1972. Available . 1966. • . . •:.:•;-'•' •'-;"•'•-_•:• asA72-41528. vi-io : ' :-i COMPOSITE MATERIALS

M Morris, A. W. H. and Burwood-Smith, A.: Fiber Strengthened Nickel-Base Alloy. High Tem- perature Turbines. AGARD CP-73-71. January 197L *Martin, G., Moore, J. F., and Tsang, S.: The Radio- Morris, A. W. H. and Steigerwald, E. A.: An In- graphy of Metal Matrix Composites. North vestigation of the Fatigue Behavior of American Rockwell Corporation. Los Angeles, Tungsten-Reinforced and Steel-Reinforced California. Materials Evaluation. Vol. 30. PP. Silver Composites. Trans. Metallurgical Society. 78-86. April 1972. Available as A72-27199. AIME. Vol. 239. PP. 730-739. 1967. McCandless, L: Chemical Preparation and Physi- comechanical Properties of Silicon Carbide and N Silicon Nitride Fibers. Presented at Southeast Regional Meeting of the ACS. 5-8 November 1969. McCullough, R. L.: Fundamental Concepts of Fiber Nakayama, J.: Direct Measurement of Fracture Reinforced Resin Composites. Marcel Dekker. Energies of Brittle Materials. Journal. American New York. 1971. Ceramics Society. Vol. 48. PP. 583-587. 1965. McDanels, D. L., Signorelli, R. A., and Weeton, J. *Novak, R. C. and Decrescente, M. A.: Impact Be- W.: Analysis of Stress-Rupture and Creep Prop- havior of Unidirectional Resin Matrix Com- erties of Tungsten Fiber Reinforced Com- posites Tested in the Fiber Direction. Composite posites. NASA TN-D-4173-D. September 1967. Materials: Testing and Design. Proc. ASTM Sec- ond Conference. Anaheim, California. 20-22 McDonald, John E.: Composite Technology and April 1971. PP. 311-323. 1972. Available as Carbon/Carbon Materials. Sandia Laboratories. A72-25471. Proc. 10th ASME/University of New Mexico Symposium. 29-30 January 1970. PP. 13-33. 1970. McGarry, F. J. and Mandell, J. F.: Fracture Tough- ness of Fiber Reinforced Composites. Research Report R70-79. Massachusetts Institute of Cutwater, J. 0. and Murphy, M. C.: Modern Technology. December 1970. Plastics. Vol. 47. P. 160. September 1970. Melill, J., Ecker, L., Greenspan, H. J., and Lorenz, R.: Development and Evaluation of Diffusion Bonded Laminated Sections. North American Aviation. RTDIR-9122-/3/. December 1966. Available as AD-805408. Mettes, David G. and Lockwood, Paul A.: The Me- Pagano, N. J. and Whitney, J. M.: Geometric Design chanical Properties of Laminates Reinforced of Composite Cylindrical Characterization Spec- with Performance Glass Fiber Fabric. Proc. 21st imens. AFMLTR-70-130. 1970. Annual Technical and Management Conference. Patsis, A. V., Seraf ini, T. T., Hanson, A. P., and Section 4-C. Society Plastics Industries, Inc. Chamis, C. C.: A Novel Procedure for Selecting February 1966. Matrices for Specified Composite Strength. To Meyerer, W. J.: The Feasibility of Forming a Boron be presented at the 27th Annual SPI Confer- Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Composite by a Hot ence. NASA Lewis Research Center. Unpub- Extrusion Process. AFML-TR-68-127. August lished Data. February 1972. 1968. Pattnaik, A. and Lawley, A.: Deformation and Frac- Moon, F. C. and Mow, C. C.: Wave Propagation in ture in Al-CuA12 Eutectic Composites. Drexel a Composite Material Containing Dispersed University. Department of Metallurgical Engi- Rigid Spherical Inclusions. Rand Corporation. neering. TR-5. January 1971. Available as AD- RM-6139-PR. December 1970. 718360. Vl-ll COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Peterson, G. P. and Tsai, S. W.: Status of Devel- *Rao, P. N. and Hofer, Jr., K. E.: Investigation of the opment of Advanced Composites. Proc. 4th Influence of Material Variables on Fatigue Symposium on Composite Materials. Tokyo, Mechanisms in Composites. ITT Research In- Japan. August 1971. stitute. Chicago, Illinois. IITRI-D6058-FR. December 1970. Petit, P. H.: An Applications Study of Advanced Composite Materials to the C-130 Center Wing Robinson, E. Y.: A Statistical Model for Static Fa- Box. NASA CR-66979. Lockheed Georgia Com- tigue of Multi-Filament Strands. Fibre Science pany. 1970. and Technology. Vol. 2. P. 171. 1970. Petrasek, D. W.: High Temperature Strength of *Robinson, E. Y. and Chiao, T. T.: Analysis of Stress- Refractory-Metal Wires and Consideration for Rupture Data from S-Glass Composites. UCRL- Composite Applications. NASATN-D-6881. 73358. Preprint. 19 August 1971. 1972. Rogers, C. W.: Structural Design with Composites. Petrasek, D. W., Signorelli, R. A., and Weeton, J. Fundamental Aspects of Fiber Reinforced W.: Refractory-Metal Fiber Nickel-Base Alloy Plastic Composites. R. T. Schwartz and H. S. Composites for Use at High Temperatures. Schwartz, eds. Interscience. New York. 1968. NASATN-D-4787. September 1968. Rosen, B. W., Dow, N.F., and Hashin, Z.: Mechanical i H. R.: Plastic Deformation and Failure of Properties of Fibrous Composites. NASA CR-31. Ag-Steel Filamentary Composites. Trans. Metal- 1964. lurgical Society AIME. Vol. 233. PP. 112-116. *Rossi, R. C.: Thermal-Shock-Resistant Materials. 1965. Aerospace Corporation. El Segundo, California. Pinnel, M. R. and Lawley, A.: Correlation of Uniax- Proc. 6th Universal Conference Ceramic Sci- ial Yielding and Substructure in Aluminum- ence. North Carolina State University. Raleigh. Stainless Steel Composites. Met. Trans. Vol. 1. 7-9 December 1970. PP. 123-136. Plenum PP. 1337-1374. 1970. Press. 1971. Pipes, R. B. and Pagano, N. J.: J. Composite Ma- Rossi, R. C., Pepper, R. T., and Riley, W. C.: De- terials. Vol. 4. PP. 338-348. 1970. velopment of Aluminum-Graphite Composites. Proc. 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Ce- Prosen, S. P.: Composite Materials Testing. ASTM ramic Society. Philadelphia. 6 May 1970. STP No. 460. PP. 5-12. 1969. Available as A70- 21876. Rotem, A. and Lifshitz, J. M.: Longitudinal Strength of Unidirectional Fibrous Composite Under High Rate of Loading. 26th Annual SPI Conference. Section 10-G. 1971. *Ruzauskas, E. J. and Hay, R. D.: Fracture Modes in Metal-Matrix Composites. General Electric Company and Drexel University. Philadelphia,. Quatinetz, M., Weeton, J. W., and Herbell, T. P.: Pennsylvania. Journal Composite Materials. Refractory Metal Base Alloy Composites. Pat- Vol. 6. PP. 414-419. 1972. ent Application. NASA-CASE-XLE-03940-2. 11 July 1972.

Sahu, S. and Broutman, L. J.: Mechanical Proper- Rao, P. N. and Hofer, K. E.: An Investigation of Fa- ties of Particulate Composites. Polymer Engi- tigue Behavior of Reinforced Plastics for neering Science. Vol. 12. No. 2. PP. 91-100. Primary Aircraft Structures. IITRI Report No. March 1972. Available as A73-12421. D6002. July 1969. .

VI-12 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

*Salkind, M. J.: Fatigue of Composites. Advanced Sedriks, A. J., Green, J. A. S., and Novak, D. L.: Cor- Approaches to Fatigue Evaluation. NASA SP- rosion Behavior of Aluminum-Boron Composites 309. PP. 333-364. May 1971. Available as N72- in Aqueous Chloride Solutions. Metallurgical 29895. Trans. Vol. 2. P. 871. March 1971. Salkind, M. J. and George, F. D.: Fatigue and Bond- Sheehan, J. E. and Hirschorn, J. S.: Fiber Breakage ing of AlaNi Whisker Reinforced Aluminum. During Powder Metallurgy Fabrication of United Aircraft Corporation. G910583.4. July Aluminum-Boron Composites. ASM. P. 804. 1968. Available as AD-838871. September 1969. Salkind, M. J. and George, F. D.: The Charpy Impact Shimizu, H. and Dolowy, Jr., J. F.: Fatigue Testing Behavior of AlaNi Whisker Reinforced and Thermal-Mechanical Treatment Effects on Aluminum. AIME. Trans. Metallurgical Society. Aluminum-Boron Composites. ASTM STP No. Vol. 242. PP. 1237-1247. 1968. 460. PP. 192-202.1969. Salkind, M. J., George, F. D., Lemkey, F. D., and Bayles, B. J.: Investigation of the Creep, Fa- Shockey, P. D., Anderson, J. D., and Hofer, K. E.: tigue, and Transverse Properties of AlaNi Whis- Structural Airframe Application of Advanced ker and CuAl2 Platelet Reinforced Aluminum. Composite Materials. Vol. V - Mechanical Prop- United Aircraft Corporation. E910344-3. May erties - Fatigue. AFML-TR-69-101-Vol. V. 1966. Available as AD-633241. See also AD- March 1970. Available as AD-867017. 482341, earlier progress report. *Signorelli, R. A.: Review of Status and Potential of Salkind, M. J., Lemkey, F. D., and George, F. D.: Tungsten-Wire-Superalloy Composites for Ad- Whisker Composites by Eutectic Solidification, vanced Gas Turbine Blades. NASA TM-X-2599. Whisker Technology. Albert P. Levitt, ed. PP. September 1972. Available as N72-30471. 343-401. Wiley-lnterscience. New York. 1970. *Signorelli, R. A., Serafini, T. T., and Johns, R. H.: Schaefer, William H., Christian, Jack L., Davis, L. Material and Structural Studies of Metal and W., and Cornish, R. H.: Evaluation of the Struc- Polymer Matrix Composites. NASA TM- tural Behavior of Filament Reinforced Metal X-68101. 1972. Available as A73-12621. Matrix Composites. Vol. II - Materials Devel- opment. AFML TR-69-36-VOL-2. January 1969. *Sih, G. C. and Chen, E. P.: Torsion of a Laminar Available as AD-855866. See also AD-855760 Composite Debonded Over a Penny-Shaped (for Vol. I) and AD-855751 (for Vol. III). Area. Lehigh University. Bethlehem, Pennsylva- Schapery, R. A.: Thermal Expansion Coefficients of nia. Journal of the Franklin Institute. Vol. 293. Composite Materials Based on Energy Princi- No. 4. PP. 251-261. April 1972. Available as ples. Journal of Composite Materials. Vol. 2. P. A72-32247. 380. 1968. Sih, G. C., Paris, P. C., and Irwin, G. R.: On Cracks Schjelderup, H. C. and Purdy, D. M.: Advanced in Rectilinearly Anisotropic Bodies. Inter- Composites - The Aircraft Material of the national Journal Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 1. No. Future. AIAA 3rd A/C Design and Operations 3. PP. 189-203. 1966. Meeting. Seattle, Washington. 12-14 July 1971. Slater, R. C.: University of Arizona Thesis. 1970. Schuster, D. M. and Scala, E.: Properties of Whis- Lawrence Livermore Laboratories. UCRL- ker Composites. Whisker Technology. A. P. 13511.1970. Levitt, ed. PP. 403-441. Wiley-lnterscience. Smith, S. H., Porter, T. R., and Engstrom, W. L: Fa- New York. 1970. Available as A71-14951. tigue Crack Propagation Behavior and Residual Scop, P. M. and Argon, A. S.: Statistical Theory of Strength of Bonded Strap Reinforced, Strength of Laminated Composites. Journal Lamellated and Sandwich Panels. AFFDL- Composite Materials. Vol. 1. P. 92. 1967. TR-70-144. P. 611. The Boeing Company. Ren- ton. December 1969. *Sedor, G. and Watterson, R. K.: Low Cycle Com- pressive Fatigue Failure of E Glass-Epoxy Com- Smith, T. R. and Gwen, M. J.: Fatigue Properties posites. AFOSR TR-72-0322. March 1972. of RP-1. Modern Plastics. Vol. 46. No. 4. PP. Available as AD-744113 and ASLR TR 162-2. 124-125 and 128-132. April 1969. VI-13 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Soliman, F. Y. and Wallace, J. S.: The Effect of Tattersall, H. G. and Tappin, G.: The Work of Frac- Strain Rate on the Fracture of Advanced Fiber- ture and Its Measurement in Metals, Ceramics Reinforced Composites. AFFDL-TR-70-144. P. and Other Materials. Journal of Materials Sci- 377. Lockheed-Georgia Company. December ence. Vol. 1. PP. 296-301.1966. 1969. Tetelman, A. S.: Fracture Processes in Fiber Com- Stuhrke, W. F.: The Mechanical Behavior of posite Materials. Composite Materials: Testing Aluminum-Boron Composite Materials. Metal and Design ASTM STP No. 460. PP. 473-502. Matrix Composites. ASTM STP No. 438. P. 108. 1969. 1968. Thompson, A. W.: Fatigue and Creep Properties of Sullivan, T. L. and Chamis, C. C.: Some Important Reinforced Plastics. Plastics Inst. Trans. Vol. Aspects in Testing High-Modulus Fiber Com- 30. No. 85. PP. 39-50. February 1962. posite Tubes Designed for Multiaxial Loading. Thompson, E. R., George, F. D., and Kraft, E. H.: NASA TM-X-68045. April 1972. Available as Investigation to Develop a High Strength Eu- N72-23583. tectic Alloy with Controlled Microstructure. Sumner, E. V.: Development of Ultrahigh Strength United Aircraft Corporation. J910868-4. July Low Denisty Al Plate Composites. Final Report. 1970. Available as AD-873832. NAS 8-11508. Harvey Report HA-2263. July '"Thompson, E. R., Kraft, E. H., and George, F. D.: 1966. Investigation to Develop A Hight Strength Eu- Sumner, E. V.: The Effect of Heat Treatment on the tectic for Aircraft Engine Use. United Aircraft. Physical Properties of Some Boron-Aluminum K911052-4. July 1971. Available as AD- Alloy Matrix Composites. Advances in Struc- 887395. tural Composites. SAMPE. Western Periodicals Tiffany, C. F.: On the Prevention of Delayed Time Company. Vol. 12. Paper AC-19. October 1967. Failures of Aerospace Pressure Vessels. Sutton, W. H.: Whisker Composite Materials - A Journal of the Franklin Institute. Vol. 290. P. Prospectus for the Aerospace Designer. 567.1970. Astronautics and Aeronautics. Vol. 4. No. 8. PP. 46-51. August 1966. Timoshenko, S.: Strength of Materials. Part II. 3rd Edition. D. Van Nostrand Company. 1963. Sutton, W. H. and Ch'orne, J.: Development of High- Strength, Heat-Resistant Alloys, by Whisker Re- Toth, I. J.: Composite Materials, Testing and De- inforcement. Metals Engineering Quarterly. Vol. sign. ASTM STP No. 460. P. 236. 1969. 3. No. 1. PP. 44-51. February 1963. Toth, I. J.: Creep and Fatigue Behavior of Unidirec- Sutton, W. H. and Chorne, J.: Factors Affecting The tional and Cross-Plied Composites. Composite Tensile Strength of Metals Reinforced with Materials: Testing and Design. ASTM STP No. Strong Fibers. PP. 549-577. Syracuse Univer- 460. PP. 236-253. 1969. sity Press. 1966. Available as A67-13311. Toth, Istvan, J.: An Exploratory Investigation of the Swenson, D. 0. and Rau, Jr., C. A.: International Time Dependent Mechanical Behavior of Com- Journal of Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 6. P. 357. posite Materials. AFML-TR-69-9. TRW Equip- 1970. ment Group. Cleveland. ER-7274-1. April 1969. Available as AD-853544. Toth, I. J., Brentnall, W. D., and Menke, G. D.: Fabricating Aluminum Matrix Composites. A Survey of Aluminum Matrix Composites. Journal of Metals. Vol. 24. PP. 19-25. September 1972. Taig, I. C.: Design of Airframe Components in Toth, I. J. and Shimmin, K. D.: Fatigue and Fracture Carbon Fiber Composite. Designing with Com- of Metal-Matrix Composites. AFFDL-TR-70-144. posite Materials. Proc. Institution of Mechani- TRW, Inc./AFML. P. 343. December 1969. cal Engineers. London, England. 28 October Toy, A.: Mechanical Properties of Be Filament Re- 1971. PP. 71-79. IME. London. 1971. Available inforced Aluminum Composites. Journal of Ma- asA72-14746. terials. Vol. 3. No. 1. P. 43. March 1968. VI-14 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Toy, A., Attridge, D. G., and Sinizer, D. I,: Devel- Warnes, L. A.: The Compatibility of Silicon Nitride,,.. opment and Evaluation of the Diffusion Bonding Whiskers with Metallic Matrices at. Elevated. Process As A Method to Produce Fibrous Rein- Temperatures. Explosives Research and Devel- forced Metal Matrix Composite Materials. opment Est. England. No'. 17/R/65. 16 July AFML-TR-66-350. November 1966. 1965. DMIC 66525. Available as AD-477233. Tsai, S. W., Halpin, J. C., and Pagano, N. J.: Com- Watterson, R. K.: High Compressive Stress, Low , posite Materials Workshop. Technomic Cycle Fatigue of Composite Material,SM Publishing Company. 1968. ": Thesis. Department of Ocean Engineering. MIT. May 1970. Tsai, S. W.: Structural Behavior of Composite Ma- terials. NASA CR-71. 1964. Weeton, J. W.: Fiber Metal Composites. Syracuse University Press. PP. 477-530. 1966. Available Turner, M. J.: Optimization of Structures to Satisfy asA67-13310. Flutter Requirements. AIAA Journal. Vol. 7. No. 5.1969. Welge, R. T.: Application of Boron/Epoxy Rein- forced Aluminum Stringers and Boron/Epoxy Skid Gear for the CH54B Helicopter Tail Cone. U Phase 2: Fabrication Inspection and Flight Test. Final Report. May 1971 - March 1972. United Aircraft Corporation. Stratford, Connecticut. Upp, J. W., Pepper, R. T., Kendall, E. G., and Rossi, NASA CR-112101. 28 August 1972. Available R. C.: High-Temperature Properties of asN72-29009. Aluminum-Graphite Composites. Aerospace Corporation TR-0059 (6250-10)-9 SAMSO TR- *Wheatfall, W. L. and Schwab, R. C.: Hot Corrosion 70-408. 30 October 1970. Available as AD- Behavior of Several Newly Developed Nickel- 718153. Base Superalloys. Report 3199. Naval Research and Development Laboratory. Annapolis, Mary- land. February 1970. Available as AD-864927. Whitney, J. M.: Effects of Constituent Material Properties on the Stability of Fiber Reinforced Vidoz, A. E., Camahort, J. L, and Grossman, F. W.: Composite Plates. Fundamental Aspects of Journal of Composite Material. Vol. 3. No. 2. P. Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composites. R. T. 254. 1969. Schwartz and H. S. Schwartz, eds. Interscience. New York. 1968. Whitney, J. M.: Experimental Determination of W Shear Modulus of Laminated Fiber-Reinforced Composites. Experimental Mechanics. Vol. 7. No. 10. PP. 447-448. October 1967. Waddoups, M. E., Eisenmann, J. R., and Kaminski, Whitney, J. M. and Riley, M. B.: Elastic Properties B. E.: Macroscopic Fracture Mechanics of Ad- of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials. AIAA vanced Composite Materials. Journal of Com- Journal. PP. 1537-1542. September 1966. posite Materials. Vol. 5. PP. 446-454.1971. Wilkining, W. W. and Backofen, W. A.: Deformation Available asA72-11983. Processing of Anisotropic Metals. Final Report. Wadsworth, N. J. and Watt, W.: Some Preliminary Contract N00019-70-C-0071. August 1970. Experiments On Improving the Bond Strength Between R.A.E. Carbon Fibers and Resins. RAE *Winsa, E. A. and Petrasek, D. W.: Pendulum Impact Resistance of Tungsten Fiber/Metal Matrix Technical Memo CPM 68.1967. Composites. Composite Materials: Testing and *Wagner, H. J.: Review of Recent Developments Design. Proc. ASTM Second Conference. Fiber-Reinforced Metals. 6 January 1967. Avail- Anaheim, California. 20-22 April 1971. PP. able as AD-805016. 350-362. 1972. Available as A72-25473.

VI-15 COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Withers, J. C.: The Fabricability of Multilayer Ber- Wu, E.: Fracture Mechanics of Anisotropic Plates. yllium Wire Reinforced Aluminum Composites Composite Materials Workshop. Technomic By Chemical Vapor Deposition. GTC Technical Publishing Company. Stamford, Connecticut. Report 155.5-1. July 1968. 1968. Withers, J. C. and Abrams, E. F.: The Elec- troforming of Composites. Plating. PP. 605- 611. June 1968. Young, J. H. and Carlson, R. G.: Advanced Com- Wolff, E. G. and Hill, R. J.: Research on Boron Fila- posite Material Structural Hardware Devel- ment/Metal Matrix Composite Materials. AFML- opment and Testing Program. AFML-TR-70-140. TR-67-140. June 1967. Vol. I.July 1970.

VI-16 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORS Abel, A 1-3 Babel, H. W. ; 111-3 Abelkis, P. R 111:3. Babitzke, H. R 1-3 AboEIAta, M.M .1-3 •••••Backofen, W. A 1-17 Abrams, E. F VI-16 • . ..-. . 111-3 Achenbach, J. D..; 111-3 VI-15 Achter, M. R 1-3 Bacon, J. F VI-3 Adair.A. M 1-3 Bagnetto, L 1-20 Adams, D. F VI-3 Bailey, J. A 111-3 Adler, P. N 11-3 Bailey, J. E VI-3 Ahmad, 1 1-3 Baker, A. A VI-3, -9 VI-3 Baker, F. R V-3 Aitchison.l. IV-3 Balandin, Y. F 1-10 Alekseyendo, M. F 1-15 Baldi, R.W 1-3 Alexander, J. A. VI-3, -6 Bamberger, E. N ....1-4 Allemand, L R IV-4 Banerjee, B. R 111-3 Allen, B.C 1-25 Barker, H. A VI-3, -4 Allen, F. C 111-3 Barkley,S. G 1-8 Amateau, M. F IIL-3 Barna.G.J IV-6 Anctil, A. A 11-12 Barnes, J. F .....1-10 IV-7 Barnett, R. L 1-4 Anderson, J. D VI-13 Barone, M. R 111-3 Anderson, R. B 1-9 Barranco, J. M 1-3 11-3 VI-3 Anderson, R. M VI-10 Barrere, M 1-4 Anderson, W. E 11-6 Barsom, J. M 11-3 111-3 111-3 Anderson, W.J 1-3,-5,-11 Barsion, H. F 11-12 Ansell, G. S IV-8 Barth, C. F V-3 Antony, K. C VI-3 Bartlett, E. S , V-3 Argon, A. S 1-17 Bartlett, R. W V-3 VI-13 Bartocci, R. C V-3 Armiento, D. F 1-6 Barton, C. J 111-4 11-4,-15 Barton, J. R 1-4 Armstrong, P. E 1-3 11-12 Arwas, E. B 1-3 Baskey, R. H VI-4 Asai, G 1-3 Baskin.Y 1-4,-11 Ashbrook, R. L 1-14 Bass, C. D 1-4. Ashton, J. E VI-3 Bates, R. C 11-3 Asunmaa, S. K IV-8 Baucom, R. M 1-12 Attridge, D. G . VI-15 Bayles.B.J 1-15 Aulenbach, T. H VI-3 VI-13 Ault,G. M 1-3 Beachem, C. D 1-4 Austin, B. A 1-3 11-17,-18 Avery, C. H IV-8 . IH-4,-7 Avery, D. H 1-17 Beardmore, P 1-9 111-3 11-9

VII-3 Beasley, R. M VI-4 Birkle, A. J IM-4 Beaumont, P. W. R 11-3 Bisson, E. E 1-5 VI-4 Bitzer, E. B V-3 Beaumont, S VI-10 Blackburn, M.J 1-5 Beauregard, R. J. .:. V-3 IV-3 Beck, E. J 11-3 Blacklock, J. R 111-14 111-4 BlackwellJ 1-22 Beck, F. H 11-3 Blake, R. E 1-5 IV-3 Blatherwick, A. A 1-5 Beck.T. R 111-4 11-3 Becktoldt, C. J IV-6 Bloomer, N. T 1-5 Beckwith, S. W VI-4 Blucher, J. T 1-5 Bednarski, S 1-4 Bobovski, W. P 111-3 Begley, J. A IM-4 Bocharova, L. A 1-15 Begley, R. T 1-4 Bockrath, G. E 111-4 IM-4 Boettner, R. C 11-3, -14 Belener, P. R 1-4 Boiler, K. H VI-4 BellJ.E VI-4 Bomberger, H. B IV-3, -7 Bell, W. J 1-4 Boone, D. H V-4 111-4 Bornemann, A 11-3 Bellinfante, R. H •: 1-6 Bornstein, N. S V-3 Beltran.A. N 1-22 Bortz, S. A 1-5 V-3 Botsco, R VI-4 Benham, P. P 1-4 Bouton, 1 1-5, -24 111-4 Bower, C. M VI-4 Benjamin, W. D IM-4 Bower, W. K V-3 Benson, D. K 1-4,-11 Bowie, 0. L IM-4 111-8 Bowles, C. Q 111-5 Benson, Jr., R. B IV-3 Bowman, J.C 1-5 Bentley,C.W 111-3 Boyd, J. D IV-3 Berg, B. A 111-16 Boyd, W. K 11-9 Berg, C. A VI-4 IV-3 Bergman, P. A 1-4,-11 Boyle, R. W IM-5 V-3 Bradbury, E. J 1-5 Berkowitz, M. J 1-5 Bradley, E. F 1-5, -8, -24 Berling, J. T 1-5, -7- Bragin, D. YA 1-5 Berner, W. E 1-26 Brammer, I. S 111-5 V-4 Braski, D. N 1-12 Bernstein, H ; 11-10 IV-3 Berry, W. E IM-4 Breinan, E. M VI-4,-10 Best, J. H 1-17 Brentnall, W. D V-3 Betran, A. M 1-5 VI-4,-14 Betteridge, W V-3 Breyan, W IM-5 Betts, R. K V-3 Bridenbaugh, P IM-8 Bhatt, S. J IM-4 Broek, D 11-3 Bieniek, M. P VI-4 Brook, R. H. W 1-5 Biggs, W. D 1-24 Brophy,J..H M-8 Bird, R. J ;.; „ 1-4 111-9

VII-4 Brotzen, F. R 11-9 Castle, C. B 1-13 Broutman, L J. ..VI-4, -5, -12 Cataldo, C. E IV-6 Brown, B. F 11-3 Catanach, Jr., W. M 11-4 lll-5,-7 Cavallero, J. L IV-6 Brown, D. A.. 111-7 Cavett, R. H IV-3 Brown, H. L 1-3 Cernock, L 1-15 Brown, J. A IV-4 Cers, A. E 1-5 Brown, R; M 11-17 Chaboche, J. L. 1-6 Brown, Jr., W. F... 11-3, -4, -9, -18 Chamis, C. C. VI-5, -11, -14 111-8 Chan, S. K 111-5 Brownhill, D. J 11-3 Chandler, R. J IV-8 Browning, M. F V-3 Chandler, W. T IV-3, -5, -8 Bruch, C. A VI-5 Chang, W. H VI-3 Brummer, S. B 111-5 Chaykovskiy, B. S 1-15 Bubsey, R. T 11-4, -7 Chen, E. P 111-5 Buchman, 0. A IV-4, -8 VI-5,-13 Bueckner, H. F 11-4 Chen, W. T 111-5 Buehl.R.C 11-16 Cheng, S VI-5 Bukhanova, A. A IV-6 Cherry, J. A 1-26 Buntin, W. D VI-5 11-4 Burgreen, D : 1-5 V-4. Burke, D. L... VI-9 Chevalier, J. L 1-6 Burningham, N. W VI-5 Chiao, T. T VI-5, -12 Burns, D. J 11-14 Chiarito, P. T 1-6 Burwood-Smith, A Vl-ll Chick, B 11-19 Byskov, E 111-5 Chilton, J. M 111-4 Calcote, L R VI-5 Chiu, Y. P 1-6 Calfno, F.D IH-5,-13 Chorne, J VI-5,-14 Camahort, J. L VI-15 Christensen, R. H 1-6 Campbell, G 1-6 11-4 Campbell, J. E 11-4 111-4 111-5 Christian, R. D 1-7 IV-3 Christian, J. L VI-7, -13 Cannell, J. C VI-5 Chuang.K.C 1-7 Caputo, A. A 111-5 VI-3 Garden, A. E 1-6 Clapper, R. B. ...: ...VI-4 111-5 Clark, Jr., W.G 1-7 Carlson, C. E VI-5 111-5 Carlson, R. G VI-16 Clarke, P. C 11-4 Carlson, R. L 111-5 Clausing, D. P 111-5 Carman, C. M 1-6 Clevenson, S. A 1-7 11-4,-16 Clifford, L D 11-4 Carnmett, J. T 111-9 Clifton, F 1-7 Carr, F. L 111-5 Clougherty, E. V VI-5, -10 Carter, C. S 11-4 Coate, F. M 11-14 Carter,!. L 1-6 Cocks, F. H 111-5 Cass, T. R 1-25 Cocks, M 1-7

VII-5 Coe, H. H 1-3, -7 Cross, W. B VI-6 Coffin, Jr., L F 1-7,-24 Grossman, F. W VI-15 11-19 Cunningham, A. L VI-3, -6 111-5 Curtis, R. E 11-5 Colangelo, W. J 11-5 Curwen, P. W 1-8 Colcord, P. L 1-7 Dahlberg.E. P 11-5 Coleman, T. L 1-7 111-6 Coles, A : 1-19 Dally, J.W 111-6 MI-5,-9 VI-6 Colgate, J. D 11-17 Damiano, V. V ....11-5 Collins, H. E 1-7 Dana, J. R VI-4 Comolli.C.R 1-7 Danek, G. J V-3 Compton, W. A. ...1-18 Danesi, W. P IV-3 ' VI-5 Dann.R. K IV-3 Conliffe, C. H VI-5 Dapkunas, S. J 1-25 Conway, J. B 1-7 Das, B. R 111-6 Cook, H. A V-7 Dastin.S VI-6 Cook, J. L 11-13 Davidge, R. W VI-6 V-5 Davidson, T. E 1-3 Cooley, L. A 11-5 11-11 Coon, M. D 111-9 111-5 Cooper, G. A VI-6 Davies, G. J 11-11 Corbin, P. L 1-7 Davies, L. G VI-6 Cordiano, H. V 1-8 Davies, P. W 111-6 Cordier, K. L VI-6 Davies, R. E. 11-3 Corn.D. L 11-5 Davis, J. W VI-6 Cornie, J. A 1-4, -8 Davis, L. W VI-6, -13 V-3 Davis, R. J .1-8 Cornish, R. H VI-6, -12 Davis, S. 0 11-5 Corrow.C. J 1-8 111-6 Corten, H. T 111-5 V-3 Cotterill, P IV-3 Dawe, D. W 111-5 Cottrell, A. H 111-5 Dawson, V. C. D 1-8 Courtney, T. H VI-6 Deadmore, D. L 1-16 Cox, P. H. S 111-4 V-3 Cratchley, D VI-3, -9 Dean, A. V 1-8 Crews, Jr., J.H 1-8 VI-6 11-5 Decker, R. F VI-5 Crichlow, W.J 1-8 DeCrescente, M. A 1-7 11-5 V-3 Criscione, E. S 1-8 Vl-ll Criscione, J. M V-4 Deel, 0. L 11-6 Crooker.T. W 1-8 Deiasi, R 11-3 11-5 DelGrosso, E. J VI-5 Crooks, D. P 1-9 Demorton, M. F 11-6 Cropper, D. R VI-10 Deneff, G. V 1-8 Crosley, P. B 11-14 Denke, P. H J-6 Cross, S. L VI-10 Dennison, J. P 111-6

VII-6 Derner, W. J 1-8 Eccles, D IM-6 Detert, K 11-6 Edlin, V. E VI-10 Devine, T. M .-., „'. 11-7 Edmunds, H. G. 111-6 Dewitt, R. R VI-6 Edwards, P. R 11-11 Dexter, H. B IV-3, -5 Eggwertz, S '. 1-16 Diamond, P 11-6 Eisenmann, J. R VI-4 Dibari, G. A IV-3 Eklund, P. R 1-9 Dickson.D.T V-4 Ekvall, R. A IV-4 Dieter, G. E .". ,, 11-6 Elam, R. C V-7 Dietrich, M.W , 1-19 Ellis, J. R 1-9 Dietz, J. M 111-6 Ellison, E. G 111-15 Dillon, 0. W 1-8,-14 VI-8 Dixon, J. R 11-6 Elsea, A. R IV-4, -5 111-6 Embley, G. T 111-6, -14 Dodd, R. A 111-6 Emery, A. F 111-6, -14 Doi,H V-4 Endo,T 1-9 Dolowy, Jr., J. F VI-6, -13 Engle, R. M 11-7 Domis, W. F 1-20 Engstrom, W. L 111-10 Donachie, Jr., M. J 1-5, -8 VI-13 11-18 Epner, M V-4 IV-3 Epremian, E V-4 Donaldson, B. K. 111-6 Erbacher, H 11-6 Donaldson, D. R. 11-6 Erbin, E. F 1-12 Donat, R. C 11-6 IV-5 Doner, D. R. VI-3 Erdogan, F 11-4 Donohue, P 11-6 MI-6,-13 Dorn, J. E 1-8,-19 Erhardt, K 111-7 111-11 Erickson, W. H ....11-6 Dotson, R. E 1-7 Erismann, T. H 1-9 Doty, R. J 1-8 Eshelby, J. D 11-6 Dow, N. F VI-12 Esztergar, E. P 1-9 Downey, F. K 111-14 Evans, J. W 11-6 Driscoll, D. E 11-6 Fager, D. N IV-7 Dubensky, R. G 11-6, -18 Fahmy, A VI-6 Dubinin, V. P 1-15 Falco.J.J 1-18 Duckworth, W. H 11-13 Farrar, P 1-17 Dugdale, D. S 11-6 Fayet, A. P IV-4 Duggan, T. V IM-6 Fechek, F. J VI-6 Duhl, D. N VI-6 Feddersen, C. E 11-6 Dull, D. L IM-3 Fedosov, A. 1 1-10 IV-3 Feeney, J. 11-7 Dunegan, H. L 1-9 Feige.N.G IV-4 IV-4 Felde.A VI-6 Dunn, W. P 11-6 Felgar, R. P 111-11 Dunsby, J.A 1-9 Feltner, C. E 1-9 Duttweiler, R. E IV-4 VI-6 Eberhardt, A. D 1-9 Felton, G.W V-3 Ebihara, W. T V-4 Fenish, R. G V-3

VII-7 Fenn, Jr., R. W 1-9 Freudenthal.A. M 1-9,-10 Ferguson, J. H VI-7 11-8 Ferguson, M. S 11-5 VI-4 FidelleJ.P, IV-4 Frick, V IV-4, -6 Field, F. A 111-7 Fricke.E IV-4 Figge, I. E 11-7, -12 Frohmberg, R. P IV-5 111-7 Frost, N. E 11-8 Finger, R. W 1-11 Frost, P. D IV-7 Fink, F. W .- IV-3 Frye, E. R VI-7 Finlay.A.S 1-9 Fu, W. S 111-10 Finnie, 1 1-3 Fujii.C.T 111-7 Fisher, D. M 11-7 Furguron, F. G 1-8 Fisher, J. W 11-7 Gadd, J. D V-4 Fitch, Jr., G. E 11-8 Gage, P. R V-3 Fitzgerald, B V-4 Gales, R. G VI-7 Fleck, J. N VI-7 Gait, B. C 11-8 Fleck, W. G 1-9 Gambino, J. R 1-11 Fleming, D. P 1-3 Gamble, R. P 1-10 Fletcher, E. E IV-4, -5 Gane, N 111-12 Flewitt, P. E. J 111-7 Garcia, W. M 1-10 Flieder, W. G IV-4 Garg.S. K 111-7 Floreen.S 1-12 Garlick, R. G IV-7 11-7 Garofalo, F 1-10 MI-7,-9 Gatewood, B. E 1-10 VI-7 Gay.C 1-10 Fogwell, W. J 11-12 Gayle, J. B 111-7 Folias.E. S 1-9 Gebler, K. A V-4 Fontana, M. G IV-3, -4 Gehring, R. W 111-7 Ford, D. G 1-9 Geiselman, D '. 1-10 Forest, J. D VI-7 Gell.M 1-10 Forman, R. G 11-7 111-7 111-7 George, F. D VI-13, -14 Forney, J.W 11-7 George, R VI-7 Forrest, P. G 11-7 Gerard, G 111-7 Forsythe, P. J. E 11-7 VI-7 VI-7 Gerchwind.G 11-3 France, E. J 1-8 Gerdman, D. A 1-26 Francis, P. H 11-12 V-4,-8 Frank, D. F 1-16 Getsov, L. B 1-10 Frank, K. H 11-7 IV-4 Frank, R. G IV-4 Geyer, N. M V-7, -8 Frauen, L. L 11-18 Gibson, R. C 11-8 Freche, J. C 11-11 111-9 IV-4 Giggins, C. S V-4 Freed, C. N 11-7,-10 Gilbert, A 1-25 Freedman, A. H IV-7 Gilmore, C. M V-5 Freeman, Jr., W. R 1-23 Gilpin, C. H IV-6

VII-8 Giltrow.J.P VI-7 Greenspan, H.J Vl-ll Ginsberg, F 111-7 Grenshaw, M. A: IV-6 Glaser, A. R 1-10 Greszczuk, L. B 111-8,-11 Glassco, J. B 111-4 VI-7 Glaze, L. L 11-8 Griffith, G. E 111-8 Glenny, R. J. E 1-10 Grimes, G. C VI-5, -7 VI-7 Grisaffe, S. J 1-16 Godshall, J. L , 1-4 V-4 Goebel, J. A V-4 Groeneveld.T. P IV-5 Goeller, J. E 1-8 Gromov, G. A 1-24 Gold.L 1-14 Gross, B 11-18 Gold, R. E 111-4 111-8 IV-6 Grosskreutz, J. C 1-4, -11 Goldberg, G.N 1-20 11-8 Goldberg, W VI-8 111-8 Goldhoff, R. M 1-11 Grover, H.J 1-11 Goldstein, M VI-7 Gruff, J. J 11-8 Gomes, M. P 111-13 Guersey, J. B 11-16 Goode, R. J 1-14 Gurevich, S. E IV-5 11-7,-8 Gwen, M.J Vi-13 Goodell, P. D '.. 111-9 Haas, S.L 111-3. Goodelle, R. A 1-8 Habin, L. M VI-7 Goodier, J. N 111-15 Hagemaier, D. J VI-7 Goodspeed, R. C 1-4 Hagen, F. C 11-8 V-3 Hagerup, E ..VI-7 Gorbakon, A. A 1-11 Hahn.G.T 11-8 Gordon, G. M 111-7 lll-8,-12 Coward, G. W V-4 Hail.G.S 11-17 Graff, D. G 1-9 Haines, D. J 111-8 Graham, D. L 1-10, -20 Halden.F.C 1-12 Graham, L. D 1-7 Halford.G 1-11,-16,-17 V-4 Hall, A. M 11-8 Graham, P. H 1-11 HallJ.A 11-16 Gran, R. J 1-11 Hall.LR 1-11 Grant, N. J :. 1-5 11-11 lll-7,-8 111-15 Gray, H. R 1-11 Halliday, J 1-11 IV-4,-5 Hallowed, J. B V-6 VI-7 Hallse, R. L VI-8 Graziano, W. D 11-8 Hatpin, J. C. VI-3, -8, -15 Greco, V. P VI-3 Halsey, N 11-14 Green, D. R 11-14 Ham, R. K 1-3,-11 Green, J. A. S 11-16 VI-8 lll-8,-14 Hamrock, B. J 1-11 VI-13 Hananel.A. S 1-11 Greene, A 1-11 Hanau, H 1-11 Greene, B. N 1-11 Hanby, K. R VI-8 Greenfield, M. A 1-17 Hancock, G. G IV-5

VII-9 Hancock, J. R VI-8 Heald.P.T 111-7 Hancock, P '....'. '. .1-5 Healy, M. S 1-12 Handwerk, G. J • 1-11 Heath-Smith 1-21 Handwerk, J. H 1-4 Heath, W. G 111-6 Hangen, E. B 1-11 Hecht, N. L : V-8 Hanley, D. P '. VI-8 Heer.E 1-22 Hanna, G. L 11-18 111-9 111-8 Hefferman, W. J 1-3 Hanson, A. P Vl-ll Heimerl, G. J 1-12 Hanson, M. P VI-5, -8 IV-5 Harada, Y 1-4, -11 Hengstenberg, T.F 1-20 V-4 Herbell.T. P VI-12 Hardrath, H. F 1-7, -8, -13 Herman, M VI-8 11-8,-15 Hermann, P. C 1-4 III-S Herrick, R. C 1-12 Hardt, R. W 1-11 Hersh, M. S VI-8 Harmon, M. B 1-6 Hert, M.K 11-7 11-4 Hertzberg.R.W I-11,-12 Harmsworth.C. L 1-4 11-8,-15,-19 Harris, B '. VI-8 Herzog, J. A VI-8 Harris, D. 0 1-12 Hickman, B. S IV-5 Harris, Jr., J. A IV-5 Hill.M. L V-8 Harris,!. A -. 1-12 Hill, P. W 111-13 Harris, W. J 1-12 Hill.R. J VI-16 Harrison, J. C 111-5 Hill.V. L V-4,-5 Harrison, R. W IV-4 Hilton, P. D 111-9 Harrod.D. L 1-4 VI-8 111-4 Hilzinger, J. E 111-5 Hartbower, C. E H-8.,-15 Hirschberg, M. H 1-17 Harting, D. R 1-12 11-9,-13 Hartman, A 1-12 111-12,-14 Haryslak, L. W 1-12 Hirschorn.J.S VI-13 Hashin.Z VI-12 Hoch,P 1-12 Hatch, A. J 1-12 Hoenig, S 11-14 11-8 Hoeppner, D. W 1-12 IV-5 Hofer, Jr., K. E VI-8, -12, -13 Haulman,C. R. V-3 Hoff, N. J 1-12 Hauser, H. A '. V-4, -5 Hoffman, C. A 111-9 Hay, D. R , 1-12 IV-5 Hay, R. D VI-12 VI-8 Hayden, H.W 1-12 Hoffmanner, A. L VI-9 11-7.-8. Hoggatt, J.T ! VI-4 MI-7,-9 Holliday, L 1-12 VI-7 Holloway, J. F '. V-4, -5

Hayes, H. G. :.... IV:8 Holmes, P. N 1-12 Hayhurst, D. R 111-9 Holmes, R. D VI-9 Haynie, F. H IV-3 Holt.G.G -. '. 1-12 Haythornthwaite, R. M 111-9 Holt.M 11-10

VII-10 Honeycombe, R -17 Jacobs, F. A 1-21 Honeycutt, C. R.'.'.: '..'. -12 11-17 Hooke, F. H -12 Jacobson, L. A.'. 111-9 Hooson, R. E -22 Jacobson, M. J....! VI-9 Hoover, W. R i -12 Jacoby, G. H '..... 1-13 Horsby.J.J 11-9 Jaffee, R. I IV-3 Hose, D. G. ...:...... : IV-5 V-5 Hosier, J. C '. '. ...1-1: 2 Jahnke.L. P .- 1-13 Howe, D. G.::.: :...ii 8 James; L. A .' 1-13 Howiett, B: w: ::.: vi-9 11-9 Hritz, j. A. .: :....; ; '. 1-12 James, W. A V-5 Hubbard, R. P 11-9 Jankowsky, E. J V-5 Hubbell.W'.C '..'...'.'.'. 11-9 Janser, G. R '. .' : IV:4 Huber.R. W. '.'. 11-8 Jeck, R. W. VI-9 Hudson, C. M '. 1-13 Jefferys, R. A. ; V-8 11-9 Jenkins, D. R 111-9 Hulbert, L. E i: 11-6 Jenkinson, P. M VI-9 lll-8,-12 Jewett, R. P. IV-5, -8 Hull.D : '. 11-9 Joffa, R. E. „...! ...... 1-13 Hunt, R. T .:.... : :....: 11-9 Johns', R. H :.: VI-13 Hunter, Jr., A. R .-., VI-9 Johnson, C. R 1-13 Hunter, D. B '. 11-9 Johnson, D. E V-5 Hunter, P.. A -. 1-7 Johnson, K. L. 1-13 Hutcheson, J. G 11-8 Johnson, L. G 1-14 Hutchinson, J. W : 111-9 Johnson, R. E 111-9 Hyatt, M. V. : '. 1-13 Johnston, J.R 1-14 H-14,-16 Jones, B. H. VI-9 nig.w:..: :..: 1-13 Jones, E. E ....V-5 . 11-14 Jones, M. H 11-4, -9, -18 Imh.of, Jr., E. J 111-3 Jones, R. E 11-10 Imig, L.A :; 1-13 Jordan, S 111-10 Impellizeri, L. F 1-13 Joseph, A. D 1-24 Irwin, G. R '. 11-9 Joseph, E VI-9 IN-9,-12 Joseph, P. J 1-14 VI-13 Jost, G. S 1-14 Ishai.O VI-9 Joyce, M. M 1-14 Ishida.M VI-9 Ju.F.D : 1-14 Isserow.S 1-14 Judy, Jr., R. W 1-14 Itagaki.H.... : '. 1-13 11-7,-8,-10 ito.Y.M : : : ni-n 111-13 Ivanova.V.'S IV-5 Kachanov, L. M 111-10 Ivey, J =..= 111-9 Kaechele, L. E 111-10 Jack, A. R 1-13 Kahl, M. R 111-10 Jackson, E. G 1-13 Kalish.D. : 1-14 Jackson, J. D .11-9 11-10 V-5 Kamdar, M. H 11-10 Jackson, P. W VI-3, -9 Kaminski, B. E VI-15 Jacobs, A. J 1-13 Kamon, H. W 11-12 Karlashov, A. V 1-14 Knudsen.P 1-5 Kashtalyan, Y. A 1-14 Kobayashi.A. S 11-11 Kassir, M. K 111-10 lll-6,-7,-10,-14 Katlin, J. M 1-6 Kocher, L. H VI-10 Kato, H 1-3 Koenig, H. A 1-15 Kattus, J. R H-10 Koff, B. L 1-15 111-10 Kofskey, M. G 1-20 Kaufman.D. F : 1-14 Kofstad.P 1-15 Kaufman, J. G 11-10,-14,-17 Kogaev.V.P 11-11 Kaufman, L. A VI-9, -10 Kolachev, B. A IV-6 Kaufman, M 1-14 Koondel, R. E 11-11 Kay, M. M. B 11-4 Kopev, I. M IV-5 Kearney, V. E :. 11-7 Kopf, J. R VI-8 Keer, L. M 111-10 Kortovich, C. S 11-11 Keis, J. A 11-10 Koskinen, M. F 111-10 Keller, C. A V-8 Kostrov, B. V 111-10 Keller, Jr., D.V 111-10 Koval.Y. 1 1-22 Kellogg, D. H 1-11 Koves, G 1-25 Kelly, A 11-11 Krafft, J. M 11-7, -9, -11 111-11 111-10 VI-6,-10 Kraft, E. H VI-14 Kendall, D. P 11-11 Kramer, I. R 11-12 Kendall, E.G ll-ll lll-10,-ll VI-15 Kraska, I. R 11-12 Kenig, M. J 1-14 Kreider, K. G 11-12 Kennedy, A. J 11-11 VI-4,-10 Kennedy, C. R 1-14 Krempl, E 1-15 Kenneford, A. S 1-14 Krier, C. A V-5 Kenny, S. P 11-11 Krisch.A 1-15 Kent.W. B 1-14 Kriuchkova.A. N 1-24 Kenyon.N : VI-7 Krivonogon, G. S 1-15 Kerlins, V 111-16 Krock, R. H VI-14 Kershaw, J. P VI-10 Krupp.W. E 11-12 Ketcham, S. J IV-5 Ku.P.M 11-19 Khazanov, M.S 1-18 V-8 Kies.J.A 111-10 Kubiak, E. J '. 11-12 Kiessling, M. D 1-10 Kubick,R V-6 Kildsig, J. R 1-7 Kudryashov, U. G IV-5 Kimball.K.E 11-11 Kufaev, V. N * 1-15 King,T.T 11-11 Kuhn, P 11-12 Kirkby.W.T 11-11 KukelJ 1-24 Klechka,E. W V-4 Kula, E. B 11-12 Kleinert, G.W 1-14 IV-7 Klima, S. J 11-11 Kulin,S.A 1-14 IV-5 11-10 Kling, R. E 111-10 Kumaran.S 1-15 Klock, S. J V-6 Kuriat, R. 1 1-15 Kmieciak, H. A V-4, -5 Kusenberger, F. N 11-12

VII-12 Kvernes, I. 1-15 Leverant, G. R 1-15 Kyzer, R.D 1-6 111-7 Laber.D....: '. VI-7 VI-10 Laird, C. '. 11-3 Levy.S .. 1-18 VI-6 Lewis, H 1-5 Lake, F. N 1-15 Lewis, R. E..-, '. 11-12 Lakshmikantham, C VI-7, -10 Leybold, H. A 1-15 Lall, T. R '. 11-8 Liebowitz, H 1-15 Lancaster, J. K VI-7, -10 111-11,-14 Land, D. W 1-15 Lifka.B. W 11-10 Landgraf, R. W 1-9 Lifshitz.J.M VI-12 111-11 Lin.F VI-4 Lane, I. R IV-6 Lin.T.H..: IH-11 Langdon, T. G VI-10 Linborg, U : 1-15 Lange, E. A 1-8 Lingwall, R. G IV-6 11-5,-10,-16 Lipp, H.J : 11-6 Langes, J 1-25 Lipsitt, H. A 1-16 Lankford.Jr.J 11-12 Lister, E 1-16 Lantanision, R. M '. 111-11 Liu, A. F 11-13 Lardner, R. W 111-11 111-11,-14 Larson, F. R 111-5 Liu.G.C 111-11 Larson, J. V VI-10 Liu.H.W . 11-13 Lau.S/S 111-11 111-11 Lauta, F. J 11-19 Liu.K. C : V-4,-5 Lautzenheiser, C. E 11-13 Liu.T. T 1-14 Lavengood, R. L... VI-9,-10 . Livanov, V. A : IV-6 Lawley.A VI-11,-12 Livshits, B. G 1-16 Laws, J. S IV-6 Llewellyn, G... 1-16 Lazan, B. J 1-15 Lockhart, R. J 1-16 Lebedev, T. A 1-11 Lockwood, P. A Vl-ll Leckie, H. P V-5 Logan, H. L 111-11 Lee, H.H 11-12 IV-6 Leeds, D. H VI-10 Loginov, H. E 1-16 Leggett, H 11-12 London, G 11-5 111-11 Loomis, K. E 1-3 V-5 Lorenz, P. M 1-24 VI-10 111-15 Lehr, K. R 11-12 (V-6 Lekhitskii, S. G 111-11 Lorenz, R Vl-ll Lemkey, F. D ._ 1-15 Louie, N. A 111-11 VI-10,-12 Louthan, Jr., M. R IV-6, -7 Lenoe, E. M VI-10 Love.T.S VI-5 Leonard, B. G , VI-10 Lovelace, A. M VI-10 Leonard, L : 1-7 Low, J. R 11-13 M-12,-19 Lowell, C. E 1-16 IV-7 Lowengrub, M 11-13 Lesco, D. J 11-11 Lowndes, Jr., H. B 1-16 Lessmann, G. G IV-6 11-13

VII-13 Loy, B 1-22 McBee, M. J IV-6 Lubahn, J. D 111-11 McCandless, L....: Vl-ll Lundberg, B. K. 0 1-16 McCarthy, J. A VI-6 Lynch, C. T VI-10 McClaren, S. W 1-17 Lynch, J. F. ...'. 11-13 McClelland, J. D 11-11 MacDonald, D. E 11-20 McClintock, F. A 1-17 111-12 111-12 Machlin, I V-5 McConnellJ IV-6 Mack, E. W 111-16 McCoolJ.1 1-6,-7 MacKay, T. L IV-6, -8 McCulloch, A. J 11-14 MacMillan, N.H 111-11,-12 111-12 Maddux, G 111-10 McCullough.L. D 11-14 Mahoney, M. W 1-16 McCullough, R. L Vl-ll Maiden, D. E 111-10 McDanels, D. L 1-17 Majumdar, S 1-24 VI-9,-11 Malashenko, I. S 1-16 McDonald, D. E 11-14 Mallet, R 111-10 McDonald, J.E Vl-ll Malygin.A. F...: 1-10 McDowell, Jr., D.W 11-10 Mandell, J. F Vl-ll McEvily, Jr., A. J 11-3, -14 Mangiapane, J. A 1-16 IH-12,-15 Manjoine, M. N 11-13 McFaul.H.J VI-7 Manning, C. R 1-12 McGarry, F. J Vl-ll Manson.S. S 1-11, -16.-17 McGreen.J IV-6 11-13 McGregor, J 11-6 111-12 McGrew.J.M 1-3 Marcus, H. L IV-5, -6 McHardyJ 11-14 Marek, P 11-13 McHenry, H. 1 1-17 Margin,!. F 1-12 McKinney, K. R 11-17 Margolin, H 1-17 Mclaughlin, Jr., P. V 111-12 Marinets.T. K 1-11,-17 McMahon, Jr., C. J 111-15 Markus, H 11-4, -15 McMillan, J.C 11-7,-14 Marlowe, D. E 1-17 111-12 Marnoch.K V-5 McMullock, A. J 1-8 Marom, E. M 1-7 McNamee, B. M 11-7 Marschall, C. W 1-12 McNitt, R. P 11-14 Martin, G 1-17 IV-6 Vl-ll McPherson, W. B IV-6 Martin, G. R H-17 Melcon, M. A 11-14 Martin, J. A 1-6 111-12 Masarik.V 1-12 Meleka, A. H 1-17 Mason, J. E VI-3 Melill.J Vl-ll Masters, J. N 11-13, -19 Mendelson, A -.. 111-12 111-15 Meneghetti, U 111-12 Matveyev.V.V .' 1-15 Menke, G. D VI-14 Mauney, D. A IV-6 Merkin.A. M 1-17 May, M. J 1-17 Metcalfe, A. G V-6, -7 11-14 Mettes, D. G Vl-ll Maykuth.D. J V-6 Meyerer, W. J Vl-ll VII-14 Mihalism, J. R 1-17 Nachtigall, A. J 11-13 Miller, G. A 1-17 IV-5 11-14 Nakayama, J ,..., VI-1.1 Miller, J ;..' 111-12 Naumann, E. C ; 1-7, -18 Miller, M 1-17 11-15 Mills, G 1-22 111-12 Mindlin.H 11-6 Negrin, M V-6 Miner, M. A 111-12 Nejedlik.J.F V-6 Mintz, D. C VI-9 Nelson, Jr., F. G 11-10, -15 Mitchell, I.E.. 1-17 Nelson, H. G. '. IV-6, -8 Mittenbergs, A. A 1-11 Nelson, H. R VI-6 11-14 Nesor, H : .... VI-10 Mock, J. A : 1-17 Nessler, C. G :. ..1-18 Moffatt, W. G 111-9 111-12 Monson, L. A V-6 Neuber, H : : 111-12 Moon, D. M. ..: 1-17, -20 Newhart, J. E V-6 Moon, F. C .- Vl-ll Newhouse, D.'L : 111-12 Moore, C.C '.. 1-17 Newman, D 1-17 Moore, J. F ; Vl-ll Newman,Jr., J. C U-7,-15 Moore, R. L : 11-10, -14 Newton, E. H V-5 VI-5 -Newton, R : ,...1-7 Moore, V. S .1-18 Nielsen, N. A IV-7 V-6,-7 Niemi, R. M 11-6 Mordfin, L 11-14 Nikitina,L P 1-18 Morgan, A. W 1-17 Nolting, H.J V-6 Morgan, W. C 1-6 Nordberg, H 11-15 Morral, F. R 1-18 Nordmark, G. E 1-18 Morris, A. W. H Vl-ll 11-10 Morrison,!. W 1-18 Novak, D. L 111-14 Morrossi, J. L 1-18 VI-13 Morrow, J 1-9, -24 Novak, R. C Vl-ll 111-12 NunesJ 111-5 Morse, C. R 1-6 IV-7 Morton, A. G. S IV-6 O'Connor, J. S 1-10,-16 Morton, Jr., W. W IV-14 Oberle.H.J '. 1-11 Moss, T. A IV-6 Obrien, J. L 1-18 Moss, W. L 111-10 Oding, I. A 11-15 Mossakovskii, V. 1 1-18 Ogden, H. R ; 1-21 Mostovoy, S 11-14 V-6, -7 Movchan, B. A 1-16 Ohnysty, B 1-18 Mow, C. C Vl-ll V-6 Moyar, G. J 1-18 Old, C. R VI-9 Mukherjee, A. K 111-12 Olsen, E. M VI-8 Mukherjee, B 11-14 Olson, J. H 11-19 Muralidharan.R 1-18 Onoda.T V-4 Murphy, M. C Vl-ll Oppel, G. U 111-13 Murphy, T. J , IV-4 Orange, T. W 111-13 Murphy, W. J 11-17 IV-7 Murro, R. P .-. VI-10 Orazio, Jr., F. D 1-11 VII-15 Oridney, V. N 1-18 Petit, P. H VI-3 Orner, G. M 11-8, -15 Petrak, G. J 11-16 Orr, R. L 1-19 V-4 Ortner, M. H V-6 Petrasek, D. W 1-19 Osintsev, A. N 1-26 11-16 Oskin, Jr., C. E 111-4 VI-12,-15 Cutwater, J. 0 Vl-ll Petrusha, J. A V-6, -8 Packer, C. M V-6 Pettit, F. S V-4 Pagano, N. J VI-8, -11, -12, -15 Phillips, A 111-16 Pall, F. A 111-15 IV-8 Panizza, G. A 111-6 Phillips, D.C 11-3 Paris, P. C 11-8,-9,-15 Phillips, E. P 1-19 IM-3,-13 Pian, T. H 111-16 VI-13 Pichler, H. R VI-12 Parker, R. J 1-3, -19, -22 Piearcey, B. M 1-24 Parks, J.T VI-7 Pierce, C. M f 11-16 Parris, W. M IV-7 Pilliar, R. M VI-7 Parry, J. S. C 1-5 Pinkowish, A. A IV-3 Paryuchowski, R. S V-8 Pinnel, M. R VI-12 Pask.J.A VI-10 Piper, D.E 111-14 Pasquine, D. L •. 11-19 IV-7 Pasternak, R. C 1-9 Pipes, R. B VI-12 Patarini, V 11-17 Place, T. A VI-8 Paton, N. E 1-16 Plumbridge, W. J 1-19 Patsis, A. V Vl-ll Podlasek, Jr., S. E 111-11 Pattnaik.A Vl-ll Pogrebniak, A. D 1-15, -19 Payne, A. 0 11-6 Pollini, R. J 1-12 Pearson, S 11-15 Pollock, W. I V-6 PeckJ.V V-5 Pook,L P 11-16 Peckham, C. G 11-14 Pope,B.J VI-7 Pellini.W.S 11-15 Popp,H.G 1-19 111-13 Porter, J. V 1-25 Pellissier, G. E 11-15 Porter,!. H 1-20 111-4 Porter, T. R 11-17 Pelloux, R. M 11-14 VI-13 lll-7,-13,-14 Powers, C. T :. 11-13 Pendleberry, S. L • 11-15 Powers, W. M VI-6 Penkov, A. M 1-19 Prager.W 111-13 Pense, A. W 11-13 Preston, J. L VI-9 Pepper, R.T '. VI-12 Price, A. T 1-13 Perkins, D 1-19 Priceman, S V-6, -7 Perkins, P. A 1-17 Pridantev, M.V 1-19 Perkins, R. A V-6 Prosen, S. P VI-12 Perlman, M 11-13 Pugh, E. N 11-16, -17 Petersen, V. C 11-16 Purdy, D. M VI-13 IV-7 Pustovoit, V. K 1-17 Peterson, G. P VI-12 Puzak, P. P 11-10, -16 Peterson, R. E 111-13 111-13

VII-16 Pyle, R 11-16 Robinson, H. A IV-7 Quatinetz, M VI-12 Robinson, J. F ....1-13 Quigg, H.T 1-20,-21 Roche, T. K. ...: 1-20 V-7 Rodgers, H. C IV-7 Quist, W. E 11-16 Rogers, C. W VI-12 Raffo, P. L 1-17, -20 Rohlik, H. E 1-20 11-16 Rolfe, S. T : 111-14 Ragi, A. N VI-6 Romine, H. E 11-10 Raju, K. N 1-13 Ronald,!. M.F 11-16 Ramachandran, E. G 1-15 Ronay, M 1-20 Randall, P. N. 11-16 Root, L. E 1-8 Rao, P. N. .: VI-12 Rosen, B. W VI-12 Rapin, M IV-4 Rosenberg, H. W .1-12 Rapp, R. A 1-20 IV-5 Rau, Jr.,C.A VI-14 Rosenfield, A. R 11-8 Rausch, J. J V-4, -5, -7 111-8 Rawe, R. A 111-16 Rosengren, G 111-13 Raymond, L 111-3 Ross, E.W IV-7 IV-3 Rossi, R. C VI-12, -15 Rayner, R. M. , ...VI-7 Rotem, A VI-12 Redden, T. K V-7 Roux.C IV-4 Reifsnider, K. L 111-10 Rowlands, R. E...: 111-5 Reiner, A. N 1-3 Roylance, T. F 1-5 Reisdorf, B. G 111-4 Royster,D. M 1-20 Remorenko, R. P 1-18, -25 IV-5 Rentz, W. A 1-20, -23 Rudenko,V. N 1-9 Repko, A. J 11-7 Ruderer, C. G 11-13 Revyakina, N. N 1-18 Ruffe, Jr., A. W 111-11 Rexer, J V-3 Rumbarger.J.H :..; 1-9 Rice, J. R ; 1-20 Rumborger, J. H 1-12 111-13 Rumpel, W. F VI-5 Richard, C. E IV-4 Rung, R 1-8 . Richard, R. M 111-14 Rusert, E. L V-4 Richmond, C 1-10 Ruzauskas, E. J. : VI-12 Rideout, S. P IV-7 Ryan, K. H V-7 Riley, M. B VI-15 Rybka.M.T 1-18 Riley, W. C VI-12 Ryder, D. A 11-7 Rinehart, W. A 1-15 Ryder, 0 VI-7 Rinsky.A VI-4 Rymashevskiy.G. A 1-16 Ripling, E. J 11-14 Sabol,G.P 1-17,-20 IV-6 Sahu, S VI-5, -12 Ritter, D.L 1-25 Sakae, Y V-7 Rizley, J. H VI-8 Salama, M VI-4 Roberson, J. A 1-3 Saleme.E 1-22 Roberts, Jr., L. W IV-3 Salerno, V. L 1-8 Roberts, W. T 11-19 Salkin, R. V 111-6 Robinson, A. R 111-3 Salkind, M. J 11-17 Robinson, E. Y VI-12 VI-10,-13 VII-17 Sama, L V-6, -7 Scully, J.C 11-17 Samuelson, G. S 111-14 IV-7 Sanderson, B. T IV-6 Seagle, S. R 11-17 Sanderson, G : IV-7 Sedor.G VI-13 Sandoz, G 111-14 Sedricks.A. J 11-16 Sanga, R. V 1-20 MI-8,-14 Sanrock, G.D IV-7 VI-13 Sarrate, G.T 111-8 Seeley, R. R 11-17 Sattar, S. A 1-11 Selby, C. L IV-7 Saunders, S. C 1-20 Selines, R. J 111-14 Savin, G. N 111-14 Serafini, T. T VI-5, -11, -13 Sawyer, J.C 1-22 Server, W. L 11-17 Sawyer, S.G 111-14 Sessler, J. G 11-19 Sawyer, III, S. 0 11-14 111-13 Scala, E 1-12 Seybolt, A. V 1-22 VI-13 Shackelford, L. A 1-13 Scardina, J.T 11-9 Shah, R. C 111-14 Schaefer, W. H VI-13 Shahinian, P 1-22 Schapery, R. A VI-4, -13 Shank, M. E 1-22 Schatzberg, P 1-20 Shanley, F. R 1-22 Scheirer, S.T 1-21 Shapiro, E 11-6, -17 Schermer, R. M V-7 Sharp, W. H 1-22 SchijveJ 1-21 Shaver, R. G VI-6 H-3,-17 Shaw.G.G 1-11 Schile, R. D VI-10 11-8 Schilling, P. E ...11-10, -16, -17 111-8 Schillings,! 1-17 Sheehan, J. E VI-13 Schirmer, R. M 1-20 Sheffler, K.D 1-22 Schjelderup, H. C VI-13 Shemegan, Y. M 1-22 Schmidt, F. F 1-20 Shen, C. N 1-4

V-7 Shen, H ; 11-12 Schott, R. L 11-15 Shen, H. K 111-11 Schrieffer, R .• IV-8 Sherby, O.V 1-19 Schurb, J. N VI-6 Shevelia, V. V 1-14 Schurer, S. T 1-20 Shima.F 1-22 Schuster, D. M VI-13 Shimizu, H VI-13 Schwab, D. E 11-13 Shimmin, K. D VI-14 V-5 Shinozuka.M.- 1-22 Schwab, R. C IV-8 Shneiderovich, R. M 111-14 VI-15 Shockey, P. D VI-13 Schwartz, J.I 1-25 Sieber, H 1-11 Schwartz, M. W 1-21 Siekman, J 111-7 Schwartzberg, F. R 11-3 Siemans, R. E 1-2 Schwenk, E. B 1-13 Siergiej, J. M 1-22 Schwope, A. D VI-9 Sigge.E 1-16 Scibbe, H. W 1-3, -7, -21, -22 Signorelli, R.A 1-17,-19,-22 Scop, P. M VI-13 11-16 Scott, D 1-22 VI-11,-12,-13

VII-18 Sih.G.C IM-6,-10,-14 Snyderman, N...... 1-17 VI-5,-8,-13 Sofronov, Y. D 11-17 Silverman, B. S. 1-22 Soliman, F. Y VI-14 Silverstein,A , 1-22 Sommer,A. W 11-17 Simenz, R. F '.'. 11-15 Sovak, J. F 111-3 IV-7 Spaeder, G. J 11-17 Simmons, W. F 1-23 Speakman.E. R. 1-23 11-17 Spera, D. A ; 1-17, -23 Simonen, F. A 11-6 Spitzig, W. A , IV-7 Simonetti, G V-7 Sprague, R. A. 1-8, -23, -24 Sims, C. L V-3 Spurr.W. F 11-5 Sims, C.T 1-5 Spyra.W 1-23 11-17 Srawley, J. E ....11-3, -7, -17, -18 Sinclair, G. M 1-18 lll-8,-13,-15 111-14 Srp, 0. 0 V-7 Sines, G 1-23 Sprowls, D. 0 11-3 111-3 St. John, F. J 1-23 Sinizer, D. I VI-15 Staehle, R. W 111-11 Skinner, D 111-5 Stagg, A. M 1-23 Slater, R. C VI-13 Stansfield, 0. M V-6 Slattery, P. W 11-16 Stanyukovich, A. V 111-15 Slegmund, D. F VI-4 Stargardter, H 1-23 Slepitis, J 1-17 Starke,Jr.,E.A IV-6 Slot.T 1-5 Steel, J. S 1-17 Slunder, C. J 11-8 Steele, L. E IV-7 Smale, A. C 11-7 Steigelman, J. Q VI-7 Smeal, C. R 1-15, -23 Steigerwald, E. A 11-11,-18 Smeaton, D. A 1-17 lll-8,-15 Smith, A. M 1-23 Vl-ll Smith, C. F 1-23 Steiner, R 1-7 Smith, C. R. .- ; 1-23 Stentz, R. H 1-7 11-17 Stepanov.V. N IV-5 Smith, F. W 11-17 Stephens, J. R IV-7, -8 111-6,-14 Stephens, R. 1 11-18 Smith, G. C '. 1-16 Stern, I. L 111-7 111-14 Stetson, A: R. 1-18, -23 Smith, H. H 1-22 V-4,-6,-7 Smith, H. L 11-10, -17, -18 Steward, K. P VI-5 Smith, H. R 111-14 Stickley, G. W V-7 Smith, J. P : IV-5 Stinebring, R. C V-7 Smith, R 1-23 Stocker, P. J IV-6 Smith, R.W 111-14 Stoltz, R. E 111-14 Smith, S. H 11-17 Stone, L. H IV-7 111-14 Stonesifer, F. R 11-17, -18 VI-13 Stowell, W. R V-3 Smith, T. R VI-13 Stratford, K. N 1-23 Smoot, P. R 11-17 Strannigan, J. S 11-6 Sneddon, I. N 111-14 Straumanis, M. E ..IV-7

VII-19 Stringer, J 1-23 TienJ.K 1-10 V-5 Tiffany, C. F 1-24 Stuhrke, W. F ,. VI-14 11-19 Stuiver.W 111-14 111-15 Stuwe, H. P IV-4 VI-14 Suciu, S. N 1-25 Tillack, D. J 1-12 Sullivan, A. M 11-18 Tiller, W. A IV-8 111-5 . Tilley.G. P '. 1-24 Sullivan, C. P 11-18 Tilly, G.P 111-16 111-15 Timoshenko, S 111-15 VI-6 VI-14 Sullivan, T. L 11-3, -18 Tiner, N. A IV-6, -8 111-13 Tipper, L. F 11-19 IV-7 Tompkins, B 1-24 VI-14 111-15 Sumner, E. V VI-14 Topper, T.H 1-24 Sump, W. D 11-17 Toth, I. J VI-4, -14 Sundt.C.V 1-16 Toy, A VI-14,-15 Sutton, W. H VI-5, -14 Toy, S. M IV-8 Swann, P. R 111-15 Trent, D. J 1-5, -24 Swanson, S. R 11-18 Tromp, P. J 1-21 Swedlow, J. L 111-15 Truax, D. J 111-15 Swenson, D. 0 VI-14 Truell, R 11-19 Switzky, H 1-24 Tsai.S.W 111-15 SydavarJ 1-25 VI-10,-12,-15 Symiuta,W.D 1-8 Tsang.S 11-14 Taig, I. C VI-14 Vl-ll Taira.S 1-24 Tseitlin, V. 1 1-24 Talboom, F. P 1-24 Tuba, I. S 111-5 V-7,-8 Tuba, L.S 111-16 Talda, P. M IV-7 Tucker, L. E 1-24 Tall.L 11-13 Tuffnell, G. W 11-19 Tallian, T. E 1-18 Tupper, N. G 11-6 Tappin, G VI-6, -14 Turley, R. V IV-8 Tattersall, H. G., VI-14 Turner, M. J VI-15 Tavernelli, J. F 1-24 Turner, N. G 11-19 11-19 Turner, S 1-14 Taylor, C. E 111-5 Tweed, J 111-14 Ugiansky, G. M IV-6 Taylor,!. A 1-10 Uhlig, H. H 11-13 Tetelman, A. S 11-17 111-15 Ulrich, Jr., B. H 1-10 IV-4,-6 Underwood, J. H 111-15 VI-14 Upp, J. W VI-15 Vaccauri, J. A 1-24 Thomas, R. L '. VI-3 Valluri.S. R 1-24 Thompson, A. W VI-14 Valtierra, M. L 11-19 Thompson, E. R VI-14 Thompson, J. H 1-8 V-8 Thompson, W. F 11-14 Van Ness, H. C IV-3

VII-20 Van Orden, J. M IV-7 Weatherford.W. D 11-19 Van Thyne, R. J 1-24 V-8 Vannimvegen, R. R 1-24 Webb, B. A VI-6 Van Wanderham, M. C IV-5 Webb, L. D VI-4 Varholak, E. M VI-5 Weber, E. P VI-9 Varin, J. D 1-8, -24 WeetonJ.W...... VI-8, -11, -12, -15 Vennett, R. M IV-8 Wei, R. P ...... 1-25 Verinder, F. E 1-14 11-7, -19 Vermilyea.D. A 111-16 111-4 VerSnyder, F. L 1-22,-24 IV-7 Vibrans, G IV-4 Weibull, W 11-19 Vidoz, A. E VI-15 11-16 Viste, N. D 11-3 Weinstein, D. S. 11-14 Vogel.W. H 1-6,-15 Weiss, R. 0 V-8 Von Euw, E. F. J 11-19 Weiss, V 11-19 Von Gemmingen, F 1-10 Wachtell, R. L V-8 Weissman, S ...... :...... 1-25 Waddoups, M. E VI-3, -8.-15 Welbourne, E. R ...... 1-21 Wadsworth, N. J VI-15 Welge, R.T...... VI-1 5 Wagner, H. J . 1-23 Wellner, K.V ...... 111-16 VI-15 Wells, A. A ...... 11-9 Wagner, R IV-4 111-16 Wagner, W. W V-6 Wells, C. H ...... 1-10, -25 Waisman, J. L ...1-23 Wells, D ...... 1-11 Wald, G. G IV-7 WeltonJ.W...... 111- 9 Walker, C. D 1-25 Weltzin, R. D ...... 1-25 Walker, E. F 11-14 Wenner, M. L ...... VI-9 Walker, E. K. 1-25 Westlake,D.G...... IV- 8 11-12,-16 Westwood, A. R. C ...... 1-25 111-16 11-16 Wallace, J. S VI-14 111-11 Walles, K. F. A 111-16 Wetzel, R. M ...... 1-24, -25 Walp, H. 0 1-18, -25 Whaley, R. E ...... 1-25 Walter, R. J IV-3, -5, -8 Wheatfall.W.L...... 1-25 Walters, F. M IV-4, -8 IV-8 Walters, J. J 1-25 VI-15 War, J VI-10 Wheaton, H.L...... V- 8 Warmuth, D. B V-8 White, D. J ...... 111-6 Warnes, L. A VI-15 White, D. L ...... 11-19 Wasieleuski, G. E 1-14, -25 White, J. E ...... V-8 Waters, W. L. IV-4 Whiteson, B. V...... 111-6 Watson, D.C V-3 Whitfield, M. G ...... V-8 Watson, G. K IV-8 Whiting, A. R ...... 11-13 Watson, H. E 1-22 Whitney, J. M ...... VI-3, -11, -15 Watson, H. T 11-19 Wiebe.W ...... , ...... 1-9 Watt, W VI-15 Wilcox, B. A ...... 1-25 Watterson, R. K VI-13, -15 Wilhelm, 0. P ...... 11-20 Wayman, M. L 1-11 111-16

VII-21 Wilkining.W.W VI-15 Wrenn, R. L 11-18 Wilkov, M. A ....1-25 Wright, D. W VI-9 Williams, D. N IV-3, -8 Wright, G. P 111-8 Williams, D. P IV-6, -8 Wright, R. N 111-16 Williams, F.G 1-21,-25 Wronski.A 1-26 Williams, J.C 111-16 Wu,E VI-16 IV-3,-5 Wukusick, C. S 1-25 Williams, M.L 111-15,-16 WulffJ 111-9 Williams, R. R 1-15 VI-6 Willner, E 11-13 Wundt, B. M 111-12 Wilshaw.T. R 111-16 WurstJ.C 1-26 Wilshire, B. W !ll-6 V-8 Wilson, L.W V-7 Wylie, R. E 11-13 Wilson, R. W J-4 YangJ.N 1-22 Wilson, W. K 11-20 111-9 111-5 Yao, J. T. P 1-14,-26 Wimber, R. T " V-4, -8 Yefimov, A. 1 1-18 Winn, L. W 1-3 Yegorshina, T. V 1-18 Winsa, E. A VI-15 Young, J. H : VI-16 Withers, J. C VI-16 Young, S. G 11-20 Witmer, E. A 111-16 Young, W.E 1-8 Witt, F 11-5 Young, W. H 111-15 Wolfe, T 1-11 Young, W.R IV-4 Wolff, E. G VI-16 Yukawa, S 111-16 Wood, D. S 111-16 Zamrik, S. Y 111-17 Wood, H. A 11-13 Zaretsky.E.V 1-3,-19,-21,-26 111-16 Zartarian, C 1-8 Wood, R. A IV-3 Zerlaut,G.A V-8 Wood, W. A 11-14, -20 Zhukov,V.V 1-26 111-16 Zielsdorff, G. F 111-5 VI-7 Zinkham, R. E 11-20 Woods, M. J 1-25 Ziv.M 11-11 Work, C. E 11-6

VII-22

Li 7 3 2692® *» *•* NASA CR-121202 OR 12,644

Li 7 3 2692® » •* NASA CR-121202 OR 12,644