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A STUDY on TREE DIVERSITY in ASSOCIATION with VARIABILITY of IRONWOOD (Eusideroxylon Zwageri T

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A STUDY on TREE DIVERSITY in ASSOCIATION with VARIABILITY of IRONWOOD (Eusideroxylon Zwageri T Deutscher Tropentag 2003 International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development Technological and Institutional Innovations for Sustainable Rural Development Georg-August-University Goettingen, October 8 - 10, 2003 A STUDY ON TREE DIVERSITY IN ASSOCIATION WITH VARIABILITY OF IRONWOOD (Eusideroxylon zwageri T. et B.) IN JAMBI, INDONESIA Bambang Irawan1 and Franz Gruber2 1 Agriculture Faculty Jambi University – Indonesia and a Ph.D candidate at Forest Botany Institute, Goettingen University – Germany. Email: [email protected] 2 Forest Botany Institute, Goettingen University – Germany Abstract A study on tree diversity in association with variability of ironwood has been conducted at Senami forest stand in Jambi, Indonesia. Senami is one of natural forest stand that dominated by ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri T. et B.) species. The researches have been conducted from October 2002 to November 2002 using systematic plot sampling. The field research found that ironwood grows associatively with more than a hundred tree species. At tree stage, species number that were recorded are 99. At pole stage, ironwood grows associatively with 90 species. At sapling stage, it grows with 125 species while at seedling stage ironwood grows with 92 species. The most important species for wood production are Eusideroxylon zwageri, Palaquium hasseltii, Litsea spp., Ochanostachys amentacea, and Shorea spp. All of the species belong to 28 families. The most dominant families are Lauraceae followed by Moraceae, Euphorbiacea, Anacardiaceae, Caesalpinaceae and Burseraceae. The study also revealed that each ironwood variety grows in some small clusters. It can be found in about 68 % of forest area. The alternatives of cluster composition of ironwood variety are daging, kapur and sirap (4.69 %), daging and sirap (9.38%), and sirap and tanduk (4.69%). Sirap is the variety that able to form cluster with any other varieties. The Sørensen coefficient index between ironwood communities obtained that the most similar communities are the communities of daging and sirap with index of 0.792, followed by daging and kapur (0.569), sirap and tanduk (0.497), kapur and sirap (0.488), daging and tanduk (0.478), and kapur and tanduk (0.364). Keywords: ironwood, tree diversity, variability 1. Introduction The lowland rain forests of Sumatra support 111 dipterocarp species, including six endemics. The emergent trees, which can reach 70 m tall, are also dipterocarps (Dipterocarpus spp., Parashorea spp., Shorea spp., Dryobalanops spp.) and, to a lesser extent, species in the Caesalpiniaceae family (Koompasia spp., Sindora spp., and Dialium spp.). Dipterocarps dominate 1 Deutscher Tropentag 2003 International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development Technological and Institutional Innovations for Sustainable Rural Development Georg-August-University Goettingen, October 8 - 10, 2003 the canopy layer as well. Other canopy and understory tree families that are common include Burseraceae, Sapotaceae, Euphorbiacae, Rubiaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, and Myristicaceae. Sumatra once contained pure stands of ironwood forests (Whitten et al. 2000). Jambi is one of 32 provinces in Indonesia which is situated in the southern part of Sumatra. It is geographically located between 0° 45′ and 2° 25′ latitude South and 101° 10′ and 104°55′ longitude East. It is bordered by Riau province in the North, Berhala gulf in the East, South Sumatra in the South and West Sumatra in the West (Anonymous, 1997). According to Governor of Jambi’s decree No. 108, 1999, the forest area in Jambi province is 2,179,440 ha (42.73% of the total land area). 870,250 ha of this is protection forest (17% of land area) and about 1,320,700 ha production forest (25.67% of total area). In the past ironwood grew at almost every part of Jambi forest except in Kerinci District but due to over exploitation, nowadays, this species can be found only in some forest areas such as Senami forest, Sengkati, Durian luncuk and some areas in Merangin, Sarolangun, Bungo and Tebo Districts. Local people recognized four varieties of ironwood namely daging, kapur, sirap and tanduk (see Irawan and Gruber, 2002). However, there is no further information on the ironwood’s variety distribution and their association with other tree species in natural forest. The study has been conducted to obtained this information since it is useful for future management of ironwood. 2. Research methods 2.1. Time and study site The field research has been conducted from October 2002 to November 2002 at Senami natural forest stand Jambi - Indonesia. Senami forest stand is located at Tembesi resort forest on Batanghari district forest in provincial forestry service of Jambi. Field condition of Senami forest is flat to undulate with elevation of 0 – 5 %. According to Schmidt and Fergusson (1951) The climate is type A with annual precipitation of 2662 mm. Senami forest is dominated by ironwood associatively with medang (Litsea sp.) and balam (Palaquium sp.). 2.2. Materials and Methods The materials that were used were forest stand and samples of trees and seedlings. While, the instruments were compass, GPS (Geographical Positioning Systems), Camera, rope and stationery. The research has been conducted using systematic plot survey. The size of sample plot is 20 m 20 m for tree, 10 m x 10 m for pole, 5 m x 5 m for sapling and 2 m x 2 m for seedling observation. Each variety of ironwood was noted according the investigation results. The variety 2 Deutscher Tropentag 2003 International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development Technological and Institutional Innovations for Sustainable Rural Development Georg-August-University Goettingen, October 8 - 10, 2003 of ironwood was recognized based on experience and knowledge of local people and verified by comparing to other morphological structures (see Heyne 1927; De Wit, 1949; Kostermans et al., 1994; Irawan and Gruber, 2002). 2.3. Statistical analysis Species Important Value (SIV) and Family Important Value (FIV) were calculated from the formula below according to Curtis and McIntosh (1950,1951) and Mori et al. (1983) respectively. Relative frequency Number of sample units containing a species = X 100 Sample units for all species Relative density Number of individuals of a species = X 100 Number of individuals of the sample Relative dominance Basal area of a species = X 100 Total basal area of the sample SIV = Relative frequency + Relative density + Relative dominance Relative diversity Number of species of a family = X 100 Total number of species of the sample Relative density Number of individuals of a family = X 100 Total number of individuals of the sample Relative dominance Basal area of a family = X 100 Total basal area of the sample FIV = Relative diversity + Relative density + Relative dominance To obtain similarity between communities of each ironwood variety based on species composition, Sørensen coefficient index is used. The formula is as follows (Sørensen, 1948): 2 X number of shared species Sørensen coefficient = Species of community 1 + species of community 2 3 Deutscher Tropentag 2003 International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development Technological and Institutional Innovations for Sustainable Rural Development Georg-August-University Goettingen, October 8 - 10, 2003 3. Results and discussions 3.1. Species richness The field research found that ironwood grows associatively with more than a hundred tree species. Species number that were recorded are 99 species of trees, 90 species of poles 125 species of saplings and 92 species of seedlings From those number of species only some species that economically important for wood production namely Eusideroxylon zwageri, Palaquim sp., Dyera costulata, Litsea sp., Shorea sp., Hopea mengarawan, Tetramerista glabra, Ochanostachys amentacea, Peronema canescens, Koompassia malaccensis. Table 1. Economically important tree species for wood production at study site Local name Scientific name Mean diameter Mean SIV Basal area Volume (m) height (m) (m2/ha) (m3/ha) Balam Palaquium sp 0.33 21.40 9.21 0.77 12.42 Bulian Eusideroxylon zwageri 0.26 24.68 19.98 1.10 5.18 Jelutung Dyera costulata 0.33 12.0 1.16 0.09 0.72 Kacang-kacang Strombosia javanica 0.20 8.00 0.91 0.03 0.18 Keruing Dipterocarpus sp. 0.37 17.00 1.26 0.11 1.28 Medang Litsea sp 0.29 15.60 19.02 0.99 11.07 Meranti Shorea sp 0.26 24.00 6.72 0.39 6.58 Petaling Ochanostachys amentacea 0.36 19.50 7.14 0.65 8.83 Kempas Koompassia malaccensis 0.22 15.00 1.97 0.04 0.38 Sungkai Peronema canescens 0.22 16.00 1.46 0.08 0.85 Among ironwood variety, sirap variety is the most common species that followed by daging, kapur and tanduk variety. The species important index of those variety are 4.15, 1.03, 12.69 and 2.11 respectively. Total SIV for this species is 19.98. The SIV of those varieties is low because most of big trees at the study area have been felled by illegal logging (Irawan, 2002). Other researchers mentioned that the major traits to ironwood are over-exploitation, shifting cultivation, the introduction of chain saws and extensive road systems by the timber industry, selective logging, infrastructure (roads, dams, power lines etc.) especially since the 1998-1999 economic crisis (Peluso, 1992; Kostermans et al., 1994; IUCN, 2001; WWF, 2001). Even ironwood is still one of the dominant species in the study site but the number is quite different to results obtained by research that conducted at unexploited forest. Whitten et al. (2000) wrote that ironwood forest can vary from forest in which it is virtually the only species of large tree present, to forest in which it is one of many species but clearly the dominant one. An example of the former was investigated by a team from CRES in Rimbo Kulim near the river Kahidupan, Muara Tembesi in Jambi.
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