Port of Nelson Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species (Research Project ZBS2000-04)
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Technical Paper No: 2008/05
Prepared for MAFBNZ Post Border Directorate by Graeme Inglis, Nick Gust, Isla Fitridge, Don Morrisey, Oliver Floerl, Chris Woods, Marie Kospartov, Barbara Hayden, Graham Fenwick
ISBN No: 978-0-478-32139-5 (Print) ISBN No: 978-0-478-32132-6 (Online)
ISSN No: 1176-838X (Print) ISSN No: 1177-6412 (Online)
June 2006
Disclaimer
While every effort has been made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry does not accept any responsibility or liability for error or fact omission, interpretation or opinion which may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information.
Any view or opinions expressed do not necessarily represent the official view of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
The information in this report and any accompanying documentation is accurate to the best of the knowledge and belief of the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA) acting on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. While NIWA has exercised all reasonable skill and care in preparation of information in this report, neither NIWA nor the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry accept any liability in contract, tort or otherwise for any loss, damage, injury, or expense, whether direct, indirect or consequential, arising out of the provision of information in this report.
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Contents Page
Executive summary 1
Introduction 3
Biological baseline surveys for non-indigenous marine species 3
Description of the Port of Nelson 5
Existing biological information 13
Results of the first baseline survey 16
Methods 16
Survey method development 16
Diver observations and collections on wharf piles 17
Benthic fauna 17
Epibenthos 19
Sediment sampling for cyst-forming species 19
Mobile epibenthos 19
Sampling effort 21
Sorting and identification of specimens 21
Definitions of species categories 25
Data analysis 26
Survey results 28
Native species 29
Cryptogenic species 30
Non-indigenous species 31
Species indeterminata 47
Notifiable and unwanted species 47
Previously undescribed species in New Zealand 48
Cyst-forming species 48
Comparison of results from the initial and repeat baseline surveys of the Port of Nelson 48
i Possible vectors for the introduction of non-indigenous species to the port 57
Assessment of the risk of new introductions to the port 57
Assessment of translocation risk for introduced species found in the port 57
Management of existing non-indigenous species in the port 58
Prevention of new introductions 59
Conclusions and recommendations 60
Acknowledgements 61
References 62
Appendix 1: Definitions of vessel types and geographical areas used in analyses of the LMIU SeaSearcher.com database.
Appendix 2: Geographic locations of the sample sites in the Port of Nelson.
Appendix 3: Specialists engaged to identify specimens obtained from the New Zealand Port surveys.
Appendix 4: Generic descriptions of representative groups of the main marine taxonomic groups collected during sampling.
Appendix 5: Criteria for assigning non-indigenous status to species sampled from the Port of Nelson.
Appendix 6a: Results from the pile scrapings.
Appendix 6b: Results from the benthic grab samples.
Appendix 6c: Results from the benthic sled samples.
Appendix 6d: Results from the dinoflagellate cyst core samples.
Appendix 6e: Results from the fish trap samples.
Appendix 6f: Results from the crab trap samples.
Appendix 6g: Results from the starfish trap samples.
Appendix 6h: Results from the shrimp trap samples.
ii Executive summary This report describes the results of a repeat port baseline survey of the Port of Nelson undertaken in December 2004. The survey provides a second inventory of native, non indigenous and cryptogenic marine species within the port and compares the biota with the results of an earlier port baseline survey of the Port of Nelson undertaken in January 2002.
The survey is part of a nationwide investigation of native and non-native marine biodiversity in 13 international shipping ports and three marinas of first entry for yachts entering New Zealand from overseas.
To allow a direct comparison between the initial baseline survey and the resurvey of the Port of Nelson, the survey used the same methodologies and sampled the same sites used in the initial baseline survey. To improve the description of the biota of the port, some additional survey sites were added during the repeat survey.
Sampling methods used in both surveys were based on protocols developed by the Australian Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for baseline surveys of non-indigenous species (NIS) in ports. Modifications were made to the CRIMP protocols for use in New Zealand port conditions. These are described in more detail in the body of the report.
A wide range of sampling techniques was used to collect marine organisms from habitats within the Port of Nelson. Fouling assemblages were scraped from hard substrata by divers, benthic assemblages were sampled using a sled and benthic grabs, and a gravity corer was used to sample for dinoflagellate cysts. Mobile predators and scavengers were sampled using baited fish, crab, starfish and shrimp traps.
Sampling effort was distributed in the Port of Nelson according to priorities identified in the CRIMP protocols, which are designed to maximise the chances of detecting non-indigenous species. Most effort was concentrated on high-risk locations and habitats where non-indigenous species were most likely to be found.
Organisms collected during the survey were sent to local and international taxonomic experts for identification.
A total of 193 species or higher taxa were identified in the first survey of the Port of Nelson in January 2002. They consisted of 130 native species, 13 non-indigenous species, 20 cryptogenic species (those whose geographic origins are uncertain) and 30 species indeterminata (taxa for which there is insufficient taxonomic or systematic information available to allow identification to species level).
During the repeat survey, 257 species or higher taxa were recorded, including 176 native species, 13 non-indigenous species, 32 cryptogenic species and 36 species indeterminata. Many species were common to both surveys. Around 48% of the native species, 54% of non-indigenous species, and 38% of cryptogenic species recorded during the repeat survey were also found in the earlier survey.
The 13 non-indigenous organisms found in the repeat survey of the Port of Nelson included representatives of 5 taxanomic groups. The non-indigenous species detected
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 1 were: (Annelida) Hydroides elegans; (Bryozoa) Bugula flabellata, Cryptosula pallasiana, Electra tenella, Celleporaria nodulosa, Watersipora subtorquata; (Hydrozoa) Lafoeina amirantensis, Filellum serpens?, Synthecium campylocarpum, Synthecium subventricosum; (Mollusca) Crassostrea gigas, Theora lubrica and (Macroalgae) Undaria pinnatifida. Six of these species - Hydroides elegans, Electra tenella, Filellum serpens?, Synthecium campylocarpum, Synthecium subventricosum and Undaria pinnatifida - were not recorded in the earlier baseline survey of the Port of Nelson. In addition, 6 non-indigenous species that were present in the first survey – Polydora hoplura (Annelida), Conopeum seurati, Electra angulata, Schizoporella errata, Anguinella palmata (Bryozoa) and Ciona intestinalis (Urochordata) – were not found during the repeat survey.
Ten species recorded in the repeat survey are new records for New Zealand waters. Two of these were newly discovered non-indigenous species (a bryozoan, Celleporaria nodulosa, and a hydroid, Lafoeina amirantensis). The others are sponges that do not correspond with existing descriptions from New Zealand or overseas and may be new to science.
The only species from the Port of Nelson on the New Zealand register of unwanted organisms is the Asian kelp, Undaria pinnatifida. This alga is known to now have a wide distribution in southern and eastern New Zealand.
Most non-indigenous species located in the Port are likely to have been introduced to New Zealand accidentally by international shipping or spread from other locations in New Zealand (including translocation by shipping).
Approximately 68 % (13 of 19 species) of NIS in the Port of Nelson are likely to have been introduced in hull fouling assemblages, 5 % (one species) via ballast water and 22 % (four species) could have been introduced by either ballast water or hull fouling vectors. One species (5%) is suspected to have arrived on drift plastic.
The predominance of hull fouling species in the introduced biota of the Port of Nelson (as opposed to ballast water introductions) is consistent with findings from similar port baseline studies overseas.
2 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Introduction Introduced (non-indigenous) plants and animals are now recognised as one of the most serious threats to the natural ecology of biological systems worldwide (see Wilcove et al. 1998; Mack et al. 2000). Growing international trade and trans-continental travel mean that humans now intentionally and unintentionally transport a wide range of species outside their natural biogeographic ranges to regions where they did not previously occur. A proportion of these species are capable of causing serious harm to native biodiversity, industries and human health. Recent studies suggest that coastal marine environments may be among the most heavily invaded ecosystems, as a consequence of the long history of transport of marine species by international shipping (Carlton and Geller 1993; Grosholz 2002). Ocean-going vessels transport marine species in ballast water, in sea chests and other recesses in the hull structure, and as fouling communities attached to submerged parts of their hulls (Carlton 1985; Carlton 1999; AMOG Consulting 2002; Coutts et al. 2003). Transport by shipping has enabled hundreds of marine species to spread worldwide and establish populations in shipping ports and coastal environments outside their natural range (Cohen and Carlton 1995; Hewitt et al. 1999; Eldredge and Carlton 2002; Leppakoski et al. 2002).
Like many other coastal nations, New Zealand is just beginning to document the numbers, identity, distribution and impacts of non-indigenous species in its coastal waters. A review of existing records suggested that by 1998, at least 148 marine species had been recorded from New Zealand, with around 90 % of these establishing permanent populations (Cranfield et al. 1998). Since that review, an additional 41 non-indigenous species or suspected non- indigenous species (i.e. Cryptogenic type 1 – see “Definitions of species categories”, in methods section) have been recorded from New Zealand waters. To manage the risk from these and other non-indigenous species, better information is needed on the current diversity and distribution of species present within New Zealand.
BIOLOGICAL BASELINE SURVEYS FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MARINE SPECIES In 1997, the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) released guidelines for ballast water management (Resolution A868-20) encouraging countries to undertake biological surveys of port environments for potentially harmful non-indigenous aquatic species. As part of its comprehensive five-year Biodiversity Strategy package on conservation, environment, fisheries, and biosecurity released in 2000, the New Zealand Government funded a national series of baseline surveys. These surveys aimed to determine the identity, prevalence and distribution of native, cryptogenic and non-indigenous species (NIS) in New Zealand’s major shipping ports and other high risk points of entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas. The government department responsible for biosecurity in the marine environment at the time, the New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries (MFish), commissioned NIWA to undertake biological baseline surveys in 13 ports and three marinas that are first ports of entry for vessels entering New Zealand from overseas (Figure 1). Marine biosecurity functions are now vested in MAF Biosecurity New Zealand.
The New Zealand baseline port surveys were based on protocols developed in Australia by the CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) for port surveys of introduced marine species (Hewitt and Martin 1996; Hewitt and Martin 2001). They are best described as “generalised pest surveys”, as they are broad-based investigations whose primary purpose is to identify and inventory the range of non-indigenous species present in a port (Wittenberg and Cock 2001; Inglis et al. 2003).
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 3 Opua (Marina) Whangarei (Marina and Port) Auckland (Marina and Port) Tauranga (Port)
Gisborne (Port) Taranaki (Port) Napier (Port) Nelson (Port)
Wellington (Port) Picton (Port)
Lyttelton (Port)
Timaru (Port)
Dunedin (Port)
Bluff (Port)
Figure 1: Commercial shipping ports in New Zealand where baseline non- indigenous species surveys have been conducted. Group 1 ports surveyed in the summer of 2001/2002 and re-surveyed in the summer of 2004/2005 are indicated in bold and Group 2 ports surveyed in the summer of 2002/2003 are indicated in plain font. Marinas were also surveyed for NIS in Auckland, Opua and Whangarei in 2002/2003.
The surveys have two stated objectives: i. To provide a baseline assessment of native, non-indigenous and cryptogenic1 species, and ii. To determine the distribution and relative abundance of a limited number of target species in shipping ports and other high risk points of entry for non-indigenous marine species (Hewitt and Martin 2001).
Initial surveys were completed in New Zealand’s 13 major shipping ports and 3 marinas of first entry during the summers of 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 (Figure 1). These surveys recorded more than 1300 species; 124 of which were known or suspected to have been introduced to New Zealand. At least 18 of the non-indigenous species were recorded for the first time in New Zealand in the port baseline surveys. In addition, 106 species that are potentially new to science were discovered during the surveys and await more formal taxonomic description.
1 “Cryptogenic:” species are species whose geographic origins are uncertain (Carlton 1996).
4 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Worldwide, port surveys based on the CRIMP protocols have been completed in at least 37 Australian ports, at demonstration sites in China, Brasil, the Ukraine, Iran, South Africa, India, Kenya, and the Seychelles Islands, at six sites in the United Kingdom, and are underway at 10 sites in the Mediterranean (Raaymakers 2003). Despite their wide use, there have been few evaluations of the survey methods or survey design to determine their sensitivity for individual unwanted species or to determine the completeness of biodiversity inventories based upon them. Inglis et al. (2003) used a range of biodiversity metrics to evaluate the adequacy of sample effort and distribution during the initial New Zealand survey of the Port of Wellington and compared the results with those from seven Australian port baseline surveys. In general, they concluded that the surveys provided an adequate description of the richness of the assemblage of non-indigenous species present in the ports, but that the total richness of native and cryptogenic species present in the survey area was likely to be under estimated. The authors made a number of recommendations for future surveys that included increasing the sample effort for benthic infauna, maximising dispersion of samples throughout the survey area (rather than allocation based on CRIMP priorities) and modification of survey methods or design components which had high complementarity in species composition. Both Inglis et al. (2003) and a more recent study by Hayes et al. (2005) on the sensitivity of the survey methods concluded that generalised port surveys, such as these, are likely to under-sample species that are very rare or which have restricted distributions within the port environments and, as such, should not be considered surveys for early detection of unwanted species.
Instead, the port surveys are intended to provide a baseline for monitoring the rate of new incursions by non-indigenous marine species in port environments, and to assist international risk profiling of problem species through the sharing of information with other shipping nations (Hewitt and Martin 2001). Despite the large number of ports that have been surveyed using modifications of the CRIMP protocols, no ports have been completely re-surveyed. This means that there has been no empirical determination of the background rate of new arrivals or of the surveys’ ability to detect temporal changes in the composition of native and non- indigenous assemblages.
This report describes the results of a second, repeat survey of the Port of Nelson undertaken in December 2004, approximately 3 years after the initial baseline survey. In the manner of the first survey report (Inglis et al. 2006a), we provide an inventory of species recorded during the survey and their biogeographic status as either native, introduced (“non-indigenous”) or cryptogenic. Organisms that could not be identified to species level are also listed, as species indeterminata (see “Definitions of species categories”, in methods section).
The report is intended as a stand-alone record of the re-survey and, as such, we reiterate background information on the Port of Nelson, including its history, physical environment, shipping and trading patterns, development and maintenance activities, and biological environment. Where available, this information is updated with new data that have become available in the time between the two surveys.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PORT OF NELSON
General features Port Nelson is situated at the southern end of a naturally protected inlet, on the eastern shoreline of Tasman Bay, on the central north coast of New Zealand’s South Island (41o S. 173o 17’E.; Figure 2). Access to the wharves of the Port is gained through a deep dredged channel between Boulder Bank and Haulashore Island, south of Nelson (Thompson 1981). The 13 km natural breakwater protects the port in all weather conditions.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 5
Figure 2: Tasman Bay and Port Nelson map
Following early exploration by Kupe, the Nelson region was settled by a succession of different M ori tribal groups (e.g. H wea, Waitaha and Ng ti M moe). The 1820’s brought an influx of sealers, whalers and associated traders to the region. The first party of European Nelson settlers, under Captain Arthur Wakefield, arrived in 1841 and Nelson Haven was found and chosen as the place for the settlement. At the time, a port of a kind, behind the long Boulder Bank, was found to be within ready communication with the small Waimea Plain, and there the next wave of new settlers landed in 1842. The port gradually developed to service the other nearby coastal settlements. By the 1880’s orchard yields were sufficient to establish fruit-preserving and jam-making industries, and early in the following century an export trade in apples to Australia and the UK commenced. Haulashore Island was connected to the Boulder Bank until The Cut was made in 1906, which provided the new entrance to the port. From the early 1900’s to 1922 the Union Steam Ship Company ran a passenger and service from Nelson to the West Coast and Picton. After centralisation of shipping was introduced in 1943, the port was used only by coastal vessels and tankers until 1951, when improvements made it possible for overseas ships to load and unload (Allan 1954). Goods handled in 1964 totalled 292,677 tons. At that time motor spirits were the main import, while fruit, frozen meat, and timber were the main exports (www.teara.govt.nz). Nelson harbour is typical of most estuarine waters with relatively deep channels feeding gradually sloping intertidal banks. The strongest tidal currents are seen in areas such as the entrance channels and the channel parallel to Boulder Bank, where narrow channels constrict flow (ASR Marine Consulting and Research Ltd. 2003). Near the Port, patterns of flow are such that currents flow parallel with the Port walls. The currents converge during the ebb and diverge during the flood at the northern end of the wharves. They always diverge where the estuary widens, opposite the Main Wharf. Temporary eddies occur at high tide in the main channel opposite the Port (ASR Marine Consulting and Research Ltd. 2003). Tides range in
6 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand the harbour from 4.10 m at mean high water to 1.52m at mean low water, giving a tidal range of 2.72 m (Ministry of Works and Development 1986). The port is dredged to a minimum of 9.8 m depth. Sediment composition in the Port is a product of the tidal current regime and ranges from muds (high silt and clay contents) in the area closest to the Port to sand further afield (Hopkins and Barter 2001).
Port operation, development and maintenance activities The Port of Nelson (Figure 3) currently consists predominantly of linear berth face, and incorporates berthage operated by Port Nelson Ltd (www.portnelson.co.nz) and several independent fishing companies. These include two of New Zealand's largest operators, Amaltal and the Sealord Group. There are two heavy-duty wharves: the remodelled Main Wharf and Brunt Quay; and two multipurpose berths: McGlashen Quay and Kingsford Quay. There are also three designated lay-up berths for ship repair work and refitting. The main independently operated berth is McKellar Quay, with several other smaller wharves and facilities designated for use by fishing fleets. Port Nelson is Australasia’s largest fishing port. Nelson interests hold over half of New Zealand's sustainable catching rights and, as such, this port is used heavily by various fishing vessels (www.portnelson.co.nz). In 2000, there were 79 registered fishing vessels in Port Nelson (Sinner et al. 2000). Berth construction is a mixture of concrete and wood decking on Australian hardwood or concrete piles, with some solid concrete berths (Lay-up berths). Table 1 summarises berthage facilities at Port Nelson. The port has MAF inspection and quarantine, and customs clearance facilities.
Figure 3: Port of Nelson map
There is a recreational marina nearby eastwards of the port in Dixon Basin. During the 1980’s the Nelson Harbour Board dredged the area between Vickerman Street reclamation and the Matai River to create Dixon Basin. The marina currently has 485 berths (420 pontoon berths, 33 pile berths and 32 swing moorings) for vessels up to 20 m in length (www.ncc.govt.nz). Additional berths have been constructed over the past few years and it is expected that the marina will reach full capacity in two to three years. The port also contains a superyacht berth where yachts larger than 20 m are able to moor.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 7 Vessels unable to be berthed immediately in the port may anchor off the Boulder Bank approximately 1 nautical mile north of The Cut. Pilotage is compulsory on vessels over 100 GRT unless they have pilot exemption. Vessels under 130 m in length can move at any stage of the tide (www.portnelson.co.nz).
Within the port, there is on-going annual maintenance dredging at the approach and entrance channels and in the harbour to clear debris that mainly comes down the Maitai River and Nelson Haven sand banks, with approximately 50,000 m3 of spoil removed per annum (Port Nelson Ltd 2005). The spoil is taken out into southern Tasman Bay where it is deposited in consented spoil grounds approximately 3.5 km west of the harbour entrance (Port Nelson Ltd 2005). In addition to maintenance dredging, capital dredging of 50,000 m3 was conducted in 2002-2003 to increase the approach channel and inner harbour depth by 300 mm (M. McGuire, Port Nelson Ltd., pers. comm.). The Tasman Bay spoil grounds also received the dredge spoil originating from additional berth constructions at the Nelson marina (in 2005, 10,000 m3 from the marina was deposited in these spoil grounds; D. Carter, Port Nelson Ltd., pers. comm.).
Capital works since the port baseline survey in January 2002 have included a squaring-off the west end of Brunt Quay wharf, completed in June 2005 (D. Carter, pers. comm.). The new section has a concrete deck and steel piles (M. McGuire, pers. comm.). Each year approximately five to ten piles are replaced or encased in concrete in general maintenance works, mostly on Main Wharf North and some on McGlashen Quay (D. Carter, pers. comm.).
In terms of future development, Port Nelson Ltd is proposing a small reclamation behind Main Wharf South (D. Carter, pers. comm.).
Imports and exports Port Nelson is a net export facility; a higher volume of cargo is loaded than unloaded (Taylor 1998). In 2004, cargo volumes reached a record 2.5 million tonnes, driven by a strong performance from the fruit, forestry and fishing sectors, and this volume increased again in 2005, to over 2.6 million tonnes (Port Nelson Ltd 2005). Increased containerisation of export apples and timber products resulted in a record container throughput of 51,128 TEU2 in 2004. This was exceeded in 2005, reaching 57,144 TEU (Port Nelson Ltd 2005).
The volumes and value of goods imported and exported through the Port of Nelson are summarised below. These data describe only cargo being loaded for, or unloaded from, overseas ports and do not include domestic cargo (Statistics New Zealand 2006b). Also available from Statistics New Zealand (2006a) was a breakdown of cargo value by country of orgin or destination and by commodity for each calendar year; we analysed the data for the period 2002 to 2005 inclusive (ie. the period between the first and second baseline surveys).
Imports The weight of cargo unloaded at the Port of Nelson has increased each year since the 2002 initial baseline survey, with 139,461 tonnes gross weight being unloaded in the year ended June 2005 (Statistics New Zealand 2006b). This represents an increase in weight of almost 43% compared to the year ending June 2002 (Table 2). The value of cargo unloaded dropped slightly in 2003 and 2004, but returned to its 2002 level of $222 million in 2005. Overseas cargo unloaded at the Port of Nelson accounted for less than 1% both by weight and by value of the total overseas cargo unloaded at New Zealand’s seaports (Table 2).
2 TEU = twenty foot equivalent unit. This is a standard size of container and a common measure of capacity in the container logistics business.
8 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand The Port of Nelson imported cargo in 92 different commodity categories between 2002 and 2005 inclusive (Statistics New Zealand 2006a). The dominant commodities by value imported at the Port of Nelson during this time were vehicles (52 %), boilers and machinery (6 %), animal-originated products not elsewhere specified (5 %), fertilisers (5 %), and wood and wooden articles (4 %; Figure 4). Of these five commodities, vehicles ranked first each year, and both fertilisers and boilers/machinery ranked in the top five each year. Animal-originated products ranked in the top 5 every year except 2005 where it was replaced by fish and aquatic invertebrates, and wooden articles ranked in the top 5 only in 2005.
The Port of Nelson received imports from 75 countries of initial origin3 between 2002 and 2005 inclusive (Statistics New Zealand 2006a). During this time, the Port of Nelson imported most of its overseas cargo by value from Japan (45 %), Australia (16 %), Thailand (7 %), China (4 %) and France (4 %; Figure 5). Japan and Australia were ranked first and second, respectively, each year. Thailand ranked third every year except 2005, where China was third and Thailand was fourth. France, Germany and the United States also ranked in the top five in some years (Statistics New Zealand 2006a).
87: Vehicles 16% 84: Boilers, machinery & mechanical appliances 05: Animal originated products 2% not elsewhere specified 2% 31: Fertilizers 2% 44: Wood & wood articles 3% 03: Fish & aquatic invertebrates
3% 52% 27: Mineral fuels, oils & products 4% 73: Iron or steel articles
88: Aircraft, spacecraft and parts 5% thereof 39: Plastics and articles thereof
5% Other commodities 6%
Figure 4: Top 10 commodities by value unloaded at the Port of Nelson summed over the period January 2002 to December 2005 inclusive (data sourced from Statistics New Zealand 2006a). Commodity category descriptions have been summarised for brevity; category numbers are provided in the legend and full descriptions are available at Statistics New Zealand (2006a).
3 The country of initial origin is not necessarily the country that the ship carrying the commodity was in immediately before arriving at the Port of Nelson; for ship movements see the section on “Shipping movements and ballast discharge patterns”
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 9 Japan
15% Australia 1% Thailand 1% 2% China 2% France 45% 3% USA
4% Italy
4% Germany
Indonesia 7% Malaysia
Other countries 16%
Figure 5: Top 10 countries of initial origin that cargo was unloaded from at the Port of Nelson. The data are percentages of the total volume of cargo unloaded in the period January 2002 to December 2005 inclusive (data sourced from Statistics New Zealand 2006a).
Exports In the year ending June 2005, the Port of Nelson loaded 1,187,575 tonnes of cargo for export (Statistics New Zealand 2006b). This represented an increase on 2003 and 2004 figures, but a drop of 3.5 % compared to the year ending June 2002 (Table 3). The value of this cargo has declined by almost 13 % since the year ending June 2002, with a value of $699 million in the year ending June 2005. For the financial years ending June 2002 to 2005, overseas cargo loaded at the Port of Nelson accounted for around 5 % by weight and around 3 % by value of the total overseas cargo loaded at New Zealand’s seaports (Table 3).
The Port of Nelson exported cargo in 76 different commodity categories between 2002 and 2005 inclusive (Statistics New Zealand 2006a). The dominant commodity categories (as defined by Statistics New Zealand 2006a) by value loaded at the Port of Nelson for export during this time were wood and wooden articles (31 %), fish and other aquatic invertebrates (30 %) and fruit and nuts (22 %; Figure 6). Fish and wood ranked in the top two each year and fruit ranked third each year (Statistics New Zealand 2006a).
The Port of Nelson loaded cargo for export to 103 countries of final destination4 between 2002 and 2005 inclusive (Statistics New Zealand 2006a). During this time, the Port of Nelson exported most of its overseas cargo by value to Australia (20 %), Japan (19 %), the USA (10 %), China (9 %) and unknown destinations in the European Union (8 %; Figure 7). Australia ranked first and Japan second in all years except 2002, when their ranks were reversed. The USA and China ranked third or fourth each year except in 2004 when the USA ranked fifth and “Destination unknown – EU” ranked third (Statistics New Zealand 2006a).
4 The country of final destination is not necessarily the country that the ship carrying the commodity goes to immediately after departing from the Port of Nelson; it is the final destination of the goods. For ship movements see “Shipping movements and ballast discharge patterns”
10 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand 4% 44: Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal 2%1% 2% 2% 03: Fish and other aquatic invertebrates 2%
2% 31% 08: Fruit and nuts, edible; peel of citrus fruit or 2% melons 16: Meat, fish, crustaceans, molluscs etc
02: Meat and edible meat offal
22: Beverages, spirits and vinegar
04: Dairy produce, eggs, honey, other edible 22% animal products 23: Food industries, residues and wastes thereof; prepared animal fodder 07: Vegetables and certain roots and tubers; edible
20: Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants 30% Other commodites
Figure 6: Top 10 commodities by value loaded at the Port of Nelson summed over the period January 2002 to December 2005 inclusive (data sourced from Statistics New Zealand 2006a). Commodity category descriptions have been summarised for brevity; category numbers are provided in the legend and full descriptions are available at Statistics NZ (2006a). Australia
Japan 15% 20% United States of America
2% China, People's Republic of
3% Destination Unknown - EU
3% United Kingdom
5% Korea, Republic of 19% Germany 6% Spain
Hong Kong (Special 8% Administrative Region) 10% Other countries 9%
Figure 7: Top 10 countries of final destination that overseas cargo was loaded for at the Port of Nelson summed over the period January 2002 to December 2005 inclusive (data sourced from Statistics New Zealand 2006a).
Shipping movements and ballast discharge patterns According to Inglis (2001), a total volume of 157,000 m3 of ballast water was discharged in Port Nelson in 1999, with the largest country-of-origin volumes of 43,099 m3 from Japan, 9,335 m3 from Taiwan, 3,243 m3 from Australia, and 100,238 m3 unspecified.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 11 Port Nelson Ltd recorded 1,178 vessel arrivals in the 2005 financial year, slightly lower than the 1,267 arrivals in the 2004 financial year (Port Nelson Ltd 2005). As well as a high volume of domestic shipping traffic, Port Nelson handles vessels from a range of international destinations. Since June 2005, vessels have been required to comply with the Import Health Standard for Ships’ Ballast Water from All Countries (www.fish.govt.nz/sustainability/biosecurity). No ballast water is allowed to be discharged without the express permission of an MAF (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry) inspector. To allow discharge, vessels Masters are responsible for providing the inspector with evidence of either: discharging ballast water at sea (200 nautical miles from the nearest land, and at least 200 m depth); demonstrating ballast water is fresh (2.5 ppt sodium chloride) or having the ballast water treated by a MAF approved treatment system.
To gain a more detailed understanding of international and domestic vessel movements to and from the Port of Nelson between 2002 and 2005 inclusive, we analysed a database of vessel movements generated and updated by Lloyds Marine Intelligence Unit, called ‘SeaSearcher.com’. Drawing on real-time information from a network of Lloyd's agents and other sources around the world, the database contains arrival and departure details of all ocean going merchant vessels larger than 99 gross tonnes for all of the ports in the Group 1 and Group 2 surveys. The database does not include movement records for domestic or international ferries plying scheduled routes, small domestic fishing vessels or recreational vessels. Cruise ships, coastal cargo vessels and all other vessels over 99 gross tonnes are included in the database. The database therefore gives a good indication of the movements of international and domestic vessels involved in trade. Definitions of geographical area and vessel type categories are given in Appendix 1.
International vessel movements Based on an analysis of the LMIU ‘SeaSearcher.com’ database, there were 311 vessel arrivals to the Port of Nelson from overseas ports between 2002 and 2005 inclusive (Table 4). These came from 28 different countries represented by most regions of the world. The greatest number of overseas arrivals during this period came from the following areas: Australia (75), Japan (70), the northwest Pacific (42), Pacific Islands (29), and the east Asian seas (20; Table 4). The previous ports of call for 12 of the international arrivals were not stated in the database. Vessels arriving from Australia came mostly from ports in Queensland (22 arrivals) and New South Wales (21), followed by 15 arrivals from Victoria, 8 from Tasmania, 5 from South Australia and 4 from Western Australia ( Table 5). The major vessel types arriving from overseas at the Port of Nelson were general cargo vessels (116 arrivals), bulk /cement carriers (106 arrivals), and container ships and ro/ro (43 arrivals; Table 4).
According to the ‘SeaSearcher.com’ database, during the same period 849 vessels departed from the Port of Nelson to 28 different countries, also represented by most regions of the world. The greatest number of departures for overseas went to Australian ports as their next port of call (376 movements) followed by Japan (274) and the northwest Pacific (90; Table 6). The major vessel types departing to overseas ports from the Port of Nelson were container ships and ro/ro (358 movements), passenger / vehicle / livestock carriers (266), bulk / cement carriers (103) and general cargo vessels (93; Table 6).
Domestic vessel movements The ‘SeaSearcher.com’ database contains movement records for 2,420 vessel arrivals to the Port of Nelson from New Zealand ports between 2002 and 2005 inclusive. These arrived from
12 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand 16 different ports in both the North and South Islands (Table 7). The greatest number of domestic arrivals during this period came from Wellington (761 arrivals), Lyttelton (494 arrivals), Napier (223 arrivals), Nelson (ie. closed-loop trips; 212 arrivals), and Auckland (158 arrivals). Container ships and ro/ro’s were by far the dominant vessel type arriving at the Port of Nelson from other New Zealand ports (1158 arrivals) followed by general cargo vessels (444 arrivals), passenger / vehicle / livestock carriers (266 arrivals), bulk / cement carriers (247 arrivals) and fishing vessels (183 arrivals; Table 7).
During the same period, the ‘SeaSearcher.com’ database contains movement records for 1,876 vessel departures from the Port of Nelson to 17 New Zealand ports in both the North and South Islands. The largest numbers of domestic movements from the Port of Nelson travelled to Wellington (439 movements), Napier (255), Tauranga (246) and Nelson (ie. closed-loop trips; 212 departures, Table 8). Container ships and ro/ro’s dominated the vessel types leaving the Port of Nelson on domestic voyages (841 movements), followed by general cargo vessels (466 movements), bulk / cement carriers (250 movements) and fishing vessels (193 movements; Table 8).
EXISTING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION Over the last two decades a number of biological surveys have been carried out in Nelson Port, although few of these have specifically focused on collecting and identifying non- indigenous species, However, the exceptions being the Undaria pinnatifida studies described below and the NIWA Client Report by Inglis et al. (2006b) which showed particular emphasis on surveillance for early detection of unwanted organisims in New Zealand Ports.). In addition, the intial NIWA baseline survey (see following section) of the Port of Nelson has made a valuable addition to the biological information available in the area. Most ecological studies have been undertaken within the Port environment, mainly for Port Nelson Limited. We briefly review these studies and their findings below.
Roberts (1992) assessed the impact of dredging and disposal of dredge waste on the sediments and the benthic fauna in Port Nelson. The impact of long term dumping and the toxicity of Port sediments were investigated by assessing differences between the biota of Tasman Bay and the Port. Little difference was found between the two. Port sediments contained similar numbers of taxa, but more individuals than Tasman Bay. Species composition was similar, but Port sediments contained higher numbers of small worms (polychaetes and nematodes), and fewer crustaceans than Tasman Bay samples. The non-indigenous tiny window shell (Theora lubrica) was also noted as common in the Port and species lists were produced. The sediments in the Port contained slightly higher levels of total organic carbon and much higher levels of ammonia than other samples during toxicity tests, indicating they contained more biodegradable organic material. Levels of trace metals (copper, lead and zinc) were higher in dredge samples from the Port than from Tasman Bay samples, but were still well below the standard international sediment quality criteria (Puget Sounds screening levels) used to indicate levels of individual contaminants that could cause biological impacts.
Forrest and Roberts (1995) examined the effects of stormwater runoff from log and woodchip stockpiles in the Port area. Sample sites were located in the direct vicinity of outfalls at berths throughout the Port. The encrusting plants and animals inhabiting concrete, wood and steel surfaces around the outfalls in these areas were noted and ranked on several levels of abundance, ranging from abundant to absent. A total of 48 species was recorded, with the dominant phylum being the molluscs. The non-indigenous mollusc Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster) was the only mollusc to be classed as abundant over all surface types and at all locations sampled. It was also one of the most abundant organisms recorded overall.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 13 Stevens (1997) assessed the effects of reclamation and dredging options at four berths within Port Nelson – Main Wharf, Slipway, Maitai and Sealord. Macrofaunal samples were collected from each berth by dredge, their abundance ranked and species lists subsequently produced for each berth. None of the sites were thought to have special ecological value. There was little diversity in the conspicuous flora and fauna observed within the area of Main Wharf, and the macrofauna was characteristic of sandy and muddy substrates. The slipway area was the most degraded site and had an impoverished fauna. The seabed in the vicinity of Maitai consisted of flat areas of shell and sand and other areas where mega ripples had formed. The rippled areas had little conspicuous flora and fauna present. Where the bottom profile was flatter, the macrofauna consisted of a biota commonly found in sand and shell sediments. The Sealord area was dominated by horse mussels (Atrina zelandica) and associated biota, but the overall density of species recognised as being ecologically important was low. Macrofaunal composition reflected the mixed sandy and muddy sand substrate present across the site. Currents in the area investigated were strong.
Barter (1999) assessed sediment from the Port Nelson slipway basin for trace metals and described the diversity, abundance and composition of the associated benthic macrofaunal community. All of the sediment samples collected consisted of very fine soft mud, with varying degrees of trace metal enrichment ranging from low or undetectable at outer sites to higher in the highly enriched, black anoxic sediments close to the slipway. Most of the sediment samples collected contained sandblasting grains, tar balls and visible paint flecks. All of the macrofaunal communities sampled appeared to have been impacted by sediment quality when compared with the community structure from other less disturbed sites around the Port. This was highlighted by the presence of high numbers of nematode worms, indicating either organic enrichment or habitat disturbance, in all of the samples. Species lists were produced, and included the non-indigenous bivalve Theora lubrica, which was present in 90 % of all samples. Large (dead) non-indigenous Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) shells were also noted at one site, and large increases in faunal diversity and numbers were thought to be associated with their presence.
Taylor and MacKenzie (2001) tested Port Nelson for the presence of the toxic blooming dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum, and did not detect any resting cysts (sediment samples) or motile cells (phytoplankton samples).
The invasive Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida was identified in Port Nelson in 1997, and this port is deemed in the optimal temperature zone for this macroalga (Sinner et al. 2000). The extent of this kelp in Port Nelson and Nelson Haven is assessed annually as part of the Nelson State of the Environment Report for coastal areas (Nelson City Council 2004). The 2003 Nelson State of the Environment Report (Nelson City Council 2003) details the distribution and density of Undaria in the harbour environment from 1999 to 2003, with maps detailing infestation locations. Comparatively heavy infestations of Undaria were found in the Nelson marina, on Haulashore Island and through the Cut during the 1999 survey. In addition, Undaria was found on the hull of a moored vessel. A cleanup of the area followed, but not all plants could be removed due to the high level of infestation. By 2000, the infestation had spread, and 35 vessels were infested. Again, a cleanup of the area was initiated. In spite of these efforts, Undaria had spread even further by 2001 - there were now dense beds of Undaria where intermittent plants had been in 2000. New areas of infestation were noted on harbour piles and shoals. Infested vessels had increased in number from 35 in 2000 to 45 in 2001 (Nelson City Council 2003). Regular removal of plants had some impact on the abundance and total biomass of Undaria, but it failed to prevent or limit vessel infestation. Results of annual monitoring since 2001 suggest that efforts to clear the Undaria from Nelson Harbour have been ineffective and the overall infestation has remained constant. Some areas
14 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand have escaped infestation (including the outer Boulder Bank and the seaward side of Haulashore Island), but this is largely due to wave exposure, mobile sediments and these areas being regularly exposed at high tide. Considering the vigorous pattern of spread displayed by Undaria since its discovery in 1997, the vitality of native seaweeds appears surprisingly unaffected, coexisting with Undaria in some areas and apparently dominating it in other areas (Nelson City Council 2004). It has been deemed impractical to eradicate Undaria from Nelson Haven, and Undaria has been included in the Nelson/Tasman Regional Pest Management Strategy as a regional surveillance pest (Nelson City Council 2004).
Hopkins and Barter (2001) prepared a report assessing the variations to dredging disposal by Port Nelson Limited. Sampling stations were located within the port environment, along the existing shipping channel and in an area at the outer limit of dredging activity where an extension to dredging was proposed. The macrofauna in the area of the proposed extension to dredging comprised a total of 29 taxa. The dominant infaunal taxa were polychaetes, bivalves and small crustaceans. The epifauna was dominated by sea stars, nudibranchs and sea cucumbers. Species abundance varied among samples, particularly for amphipods. Sediment composition varied across the sampling stations, ranging from largely mud to mostly sand. This was attributed to strong tidal currents along the shipping channel and away from the port structures that cause scouring of muddier sediments. The ash free dry weight (AFDW) component of sediments suggested a very low level of organic enrichment, particularly in areas away from the Port.
Monitoring surveys have been conducted every three years since 1994 on behalf of Port Nelson Ltd to assess the environmental affects of spoil disposal, particularly long-term effects of spoil associated contaminants. The monitored sites are outside of the port, in southern Tasman Bay. Sites are monitored in the disposal area, the surrounding “spreading zone” and more distant “control zone”, for factors including macrofaunal community composition and trace metal concentrations. The non-indigenous bivalve Theora lubrica was the only non- indigenous species recorded in the 2001 survey (Hopkins 2001). The 2001 survey showed that the macrofaunal community composition within the dumping zone was considerably different to the communities at the spreading and control zones, apparently due to differences in physical habitat caused by the spoil disposal. The bristle worms Prionospio sp. and Armandia maculata were relatively abundant at the dumping sites but were not present at the spreading or control sites, and sabellid and glycerid worms were also more abundant at the dumping sites than at the control and spreading sites. The control and spreading sites had a high abundance of the bivalve Nucula nitidula and moderate abundances of the gastropod Autrofusus glans, the non-indigenous bivalve Theora lubrica and the spionid polychaete Cossura sp, all of which were absent from the dumping sites. The report provides a list of benthic macrofauna taxa and their abundances at each site. The report also found that there was no evidence of significant contaminated-related ecological impacts from Port Nelson’s dredge spoil disposal operation. Trace metal concentrations in sediments and contaminant levels in shellfish were within guideline levels and there were no significant changes in contaminant concentrations compared with previous surveys.
In 2003, Port Nelson Ltd and Nelson City Council jointly initiated a four-year monitoring programme for the port area to provide a long-term database of environmental quality in the port area. Physical characteristics such as sediment metal concentration and grain size are monitored annually, whilst additional physical characteristics (sediment toxicity and organotins, and semi volatile organic compounds) and biological indicators (benthic macrofauna abundance and shellfish bioaccumulation) are monitored over the four year period. In the second year of monitoring (the 2004-2005 summer), three sites were monitored for benthic macrofauna, with lower species richness and abundance at site NCC-02 (Saltwater
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 15 Creek, south of the port) compared to sites PNL-05 (Wood-chip pile, near McGlashen Quay, Port Nelson) and PNL-10 (Sealord Wharf near McKellar Quay, Port Nelson). The report suggested that this pattern may reflect the narrower ecological niche provided by the intertidal estuarine environment at Saltwater Creek (Hopkins and Barter 2006). The most abundant taxa at the two port sites were the non-indigenous bivalve Theora lubrica and the polychaetes Prionospio sp., Heteromastus filiformis, and Cossura consimilis. Full species lists were provided, and Theora lubrica was the only non-indigenous species recorded during the survey. The physical component of the same monitoring survey found that some sites had elevated contaminant levels and shellfish contamination levels which exceeded those recommended for safe human consumption (Hopkins and Barter 2006).
RESULTS OF THE FIRST BASELINE SURVEY An initial baseline survey of the Port of Nelson was completed in January 2002 (Inglis et al. 2006a). The report identified a total of 196 species or higher taxa. They consisted of 133 native species, 14 non-indigenous species, 15 cryptogenic species (those whose geographic origins are uncertain) and 34 species indeterminata (taxa for which there is insufficient taxonomic or systematic information available to allow identification to species level). Six species of marine organisms collected from the Port of Nelson had not previously been described from New Zealand waters. Three of these were newly discovered non-indigenous species (the bryozoan Celleporaria nodulosa, the hydroid Lafoeina amirantensis and the ascidian Cnemidocarpa sp.) and three were considered cryptogenic (the sponges Halichondria n. sp. 5, Haliclona n. sp. 1, Haliclona n. sp. 7). The sponges did not match existing species descriptions and may have been new to science.
Since the first survey was completed, several species recorded in it have been re-classified as a result of new information or re-examination of specimens during identification of material from the repeat baseline survey. For example, the ascidian, Cnemidocarpa sp., was subsequently re-identified as a native species (Cnemidocarpa nisiotus). The revised summary statistics for the Port of Nelson following re-classification were a total of 193 species or higher taxa, consisting of 130 native species, 13 non-indigenous species, 20 cryptogenic species and 30 species indeterminata. These revisions have been incorporated into the comparison of data from the two surveys below.
The 13 non-indigenous organisms described from the Port of Nelson included representatives of five phyla. The non-indigenous species detected were: Polydora hoplura (Annelida), Bugula flabellata, Cryptosula pallasiana, Conopeum seurati, Electra angulata, Celleporaria nodulosa, Schizoporella errata, Watersipora subtorquata, Anguinella palmata (Bryozoa), Lafoeina amirantensis (Hydrozoa), Crassostrea gigas, Theora lubrica (Mollusca), and Ciona intestinalis (Urochordata). None of these species are listed on the New Zealand register of unwanted organisms. One of the non-indigenous species recorded, the bivalve Crassostrea gigas, is listed on the Australian ABWMAC schedule of non-indigenous pest species. Approximately 77 % (10 of 13 species) of non-indigenous species recorded in the Port of Nelson initial baseline survey were likely to have been introduced in hull fouling assemblages, 8 % (one species) via ballast water and 15 % (two species) could have been introduced by either ballast water or hull fouling vectors. Methods
SURVEY METHOD DEVELOPMENT To allow a direct comparison between the initial baseline survey and the resurvey of the Port of Nelson, the survey used the same methodologies, occurred in the same season, and sampled the same sites used in the initial baseline survey (as requested by Biosecurity NZ).
16 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand To improve the description of the biota of the port, some additional survey sites were added during the repeat survey. These are described below.
The sampling methods used in this survey were based on the CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) protocols developed for baseline port surveys in Australia (Hewitt and Martin 1996; Hewitt and Martin 2001). CRIMP protocols have been adopted as a standard by the International Maritime Organisation’s Global Ballast Water Management Programme (GloBallast). Variations of these protocols are being applied to port surveys in many other nations. A group of New Zealand marine scientists reviewed the CRIMP protocols and conducted a workshop in September 2001 to assess their feasibility for surveys in this country (Gust et al. 2001). A number of recommendations for modifications to the protocols ensued from the workshop and were implemented in surveys throughout New Zealand. The modifications were intended to ensure cost effective and efficient collection of baseline species data for New Zealand ports and marinas. The modifications made to the CRIMP protocols and reasons for the changes are summarised in Table 9. Further details are provided in Gust et al. (2001).
Baseline survey protocols are intended to sample a variety of habitats within ports, including epibenthic fouling communities on hard substrata, soft-sediment communities, mobile invertebrates and fishes, and dinoflagellates. Below, we describe the methods and sampling effort used for the re-survey of the Port of Nelson. The survey was undertaken from December 13th to 17th 2004.
DIVER OBSERVATIONS AND COLLECTIONS ON WHARF PILES Fouling assemblages were sampled on four pilings at each berth. Selected pilings were separated by 10 – 15 m and comprised two pilings on the outer face of the berth and, where possible, two inner pilings beneath the berth (Gust et al. 2001). On each piling, four quadrats (40 cm x 25 cm) were fixed to the outer surface of the pile at water depths of approximately - 0.5 m, -1.5 m, -3.0 m and -7 m. A diver descended slowly down the outer surface of each pile and filmed a vertical transect from approximately high water to the base of the pile, using a digital video camera in an underwater housing. On reaching the sea floor, the diver then ascended slowly and captured high-resolution still images of each quadrat using the photo capture mechanism on the video camera. Because of limited visibility, four overlapping still images, each covering approximately ¼ of the area of the quadrat were taken for each quadrat. A second diver then removed fouling organisms from the piling by scraping the organisms inside each quadrat into a 1-mm mesh collection bag, attached to the base of the quadrat (Figure 8). Once scraping was completed, the sample bag was sealed and returned to the laboratory for processing. The second diver also made a visual search of each piling for potential invasive species and collected samples of large conspicuous organisms not represented in quadrats. Opportunistic visual searches were also made of breakwalls and rock facings within the commercial port area. Divers swam vertical profiles of the structures and collected specimens that could not be identified reliably in the field.
BENTHIC FAUNA Benthic infauna was sampled using a Shipek grab sampler deployed from a research vessel moored adjacent to the berth (Figure 9), with samples collected from within 5 m of the edge of the berth. The Shipek grab removes a sediment sample of ~3 l and covers an area of approximately 0.04 m2 on the seafloor to a depth of about 10 cm. It is designed to sample unconsolidated sediments ranging from fine muds and sands to hard-packed clays and small cobbles. Because of the strong torsion springs and single, rotating scoop action, the Shipek grab is generally more efficient at retaining samples intact than conventional VanVeen or Smith McIntyre grabs with double jaws (Fenwick pers obs). Three grab samples were taken at
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 17 haphazard locations along each sampled berth. Sediment samples were washed through a 1-mm mesh sieve and animals retained on the sieve were returned to the field laboratory for sorting and preservation.
Figure 8: Diver sampling organisms on pier piles.
Figure 9: Shipek grab sampler: releasing benthic sample into bucket
18 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand EPIBENTHOS Larger benthic organisms were sampled using an Ocklemann sled (hereafter referred to as a “sled”). The sled is approximately one meter long with an entrance width of ~0.7 m and height of 0.2 m. A short yoke of heavy chain connects the sled to a tow line (Figure 10). The mouth of the sled partially digs into the sediment and collects organisms in the surface layers to a depth of a few centimetres. Runners on each side of the sled prevent it from sinking completely into the sediment so that shallow burrowing organisms and small, epibenthic fauna pass into the exposed mouth. Sediment and other material that enters the sled is passed through a mesh basket that retains organisms larger than about 2 mm. Sleds were towed for a standard time of two minutes at approximately two knots. During this time, the sled typically traversed between 80 – 100 m of seafloor before being retrieved. Two to three sled tows were completed adjacent to each sampled berth within the port, and the entire contents were sorted.
Samples collected Sled in mesh container mouth
1 Meter
Figure 10: Benthic sled
SEDIMENT SAMPLING FOR CYST-FORMING SPECIES A TFO gravity corer (hereafter referred to as a “javelin corer”) was used to take small sediment cores for dinoflagellate cysts (Figure 11). The corer consists of a 1.0-m long x 1.5- cm diameter hollow stainless steel shaft with a detachable 0.5-m long head (total length = 1.5 m). Directional fins on the shaft ensure that the javelin travels vertically through the water so that the point of the sampler makes first contact with the seafloor. The detachable tip of the javelin is weighted and tapered to ensure rapid penetration of unconsolidated sediments to a depth of 20 to 30 cm. A thin (1.2 cm diameter) sediment core is retained in a perspex tube within the hollow spearhead. In muddy sediments, the corer preserves the vertical structure of the sediments and fine flocculant material on the sediment surface more effectively than hand- held coring devices (Matsuoka and Fukuyo 2000). The javelin corer is deployed and retrieved from a small research vessel. Cyst sample sites were not constrained to the berths sampled by pile scraping and trapping techniques. Sampling focused on high sedimentation areas within the Port and avoided areas subject to strong tidal flow. On retrieval, the perspex tube was removed from the spearhead and the top 5 cm of sediment retained for analysis. Sediment samples were kept on ice and refrigerated prior to culturing. Culture procedures generally followed those described by Hewitt and Martin (2001).
MOBILE EPIBENTHOS Benthic scavengers and fishes were sampled using a variety of baited trap designs described below.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 19 50 cm Attachment point
Directional Fins Sample core within removable tip section
Figure 11: Javelin corer
Opera house fish traps Opera house fish traps (1.2 m long x 0.8 m wide x 0.6 m high) were used to sample fishes and other bentho-pelagic scavengers (Figure 12). These traps were covered in 1-cm2 mesh netting and had entrances on each end consisting of 0.25 m long tunnels that tapered in diameter from 40 to 14 cm. The trap was baited with two dead pilchards (Sardinops neopilchardus) held in plastic mesh suspended in the centre of the trap. Two trap lines, each containing two opera house traps were set for a period of 1 hour at each site before retrieval. Previous studies have shown opera house traps to be more effective than other types of fish trap and that consistent catches are achieved with soak times of 20 to 50 minutes (Ferrell et al. 1994; Thrush et al. 2002).
Box traps Fukui-designed box traps (63 cm x 42 cm x 20 cm) with a 1.3 cm mesh netting were used to sample mobile crabs and other small epibenthic scavengers (Figure 12). A central mesh bait holder containing two dead pilchards was secured inside the trap. Organisms attracted to the bait enter the traps through slits in inward sloping panels at each end. Two trap lines, each containing two box traps, were set on the sea floor at each site and left to soak overnight before retrieval.
Starfish traps Starfish traps designed by Whayman-Holdsworth were used to catch asteroids and other large benthic scavengers (Figure 12). These are circular hoop traps with a basal diameter of 100 cm and an opening on the top of 60 cm diameter. The sides and bottom of the trap are covered with 26-mm mesh and a plastic, screw-top bait holder is secured in the centre of the trap entrance (Andrews et al. 1996). Each trap was baited with two dead pilchards. Two trap lines, each with two starfish traps were set on the sea floor at each site and left to soak overnight before retrieval.
Shrimp traps Shrimp traps were used to sample small, mobile crustaceans. They consisted of a 15 cm plastic cylinder with a 5-cm diameter screw top lid in which a funnel had been fitted. The funnel had a 20-cm entrance that tapered in diameter to 1 cm. The entrance was covered with 1-cm plastic mesh to prevent larger animals from entering and becoming trapped in the funnel entrance. Each trap was baited with a single dead pilchard. Two trap lines, each containing two scavenger traps, were set on the sea floor at each site and left to soak overnight before retrieval.
20 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Opera house trap
Box trap Starfish trap
1 meter
Figure 12: Trap types deployed in the port.
SAMPLING EFFORT A summary of sampling effort during the second baseline survey of the Port of Nelson is provided in Table 10, and the exact geographic locations of sample sites are given in Appendix 2. The distribution of effort aimed to maximise spatial coverage and represent the diversity of active berthing sites within the area. Total sampling effort was constrained by the costs of processing and identifying specimens obtained during the survey.
During the initial baseline survey, most sample effort was concentrated around four berths – Kingsford Quay, Lay-up & Repair Facility, Main Wharf and McGlashen Quay - that were spread throughout the port and that represented a range of active berths and lay-up areas (Figure 3). Duplicate javelin cores were taken from four sites distributed throughout the port basin (Inglis et al. 2006a). These same locations were sampled during the re-survey of the port. To improve description of the flora and fauna in the resurvey, we increased replication by adding additional sites within the port, harbour and marina. Additional trapping took place at Boulder Bank and the Ministry of Fisheries Wharf; trapping, benthic sleds and grab samples at Nelson Haven, The Cut and the marina; and trapping and diver pile scraping at the Superyacht Berth. Six sites were sampled for dinoflagellate cysts using the javelin corer.
The spatial distribution of sampling effort for each of the sample methods is indicated in the following figures: diver pile scrapings (Figure 13), benthic sledding (Figure 14), box, starfish and shrimp trapping (Figure 15), opera house fish trapping (Figure 16), shipek grab sampling (Figure 17) and javelin cyst coring (Figure 18).
SORTING AND IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIMENS Each sample collected in the survey was allocated a unique code on waterproof labels and transported to a nearby field laboratory where it was sorted by a team into broad taxonomic groups (e.g. ascidians, barnacles, sponges etc.). These groups were then preserved and individually labelled. Details of the preservation techniques varied for many of the major taxonomic groups collected, and the protocols adopted and preservative solutions used are indicated in Table 11. Specimens were subsequently sent to over 25 taxonomic experts (Appendix 3) for identification to species or lowest taxonomic unit (LTU). We also sought information from each taxonomist on the known biogeography of each species within New Zealand and overseas. Species lists compiled for each port were compared with the marine species listed on the New Zealand register of unwanted organisms under the Biosecurity Act 1993 (Table 12) and the marine pest list produced by the Australian Ballast Water Management Advisory Council (Table 13).
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 21
Figure 13: Diver pile scraping sites
Figure 14: Benthic sled sites
22 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Figure 15: Sites trapped using box (crab), shrimp and starfish traps
Figure 16: Opera house (fish) trapping sites
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 23
Figure 17: Shipek benthic grab sites
Figure 18: Javelin core sites
24 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand DEFINITIONS OF SPECIES CATEGORIES Each species recovered during the survey was classified into one of four categories that reflected its known or suspected geographic origin. To do this we used the experience of taxonomic experts and reviewed published literature and unpublished reports to collate information on the species’ biogeography.
Patterns of species distribution and diversity in the oceans are complex and still poorly understood (Warwick 1996). Worldwide, many species still remain undescribed or undiscovered and their biogeography is incomplete. These gaps in global marine taxonomy and biogeography make it difficult to reliably determine the true range and origin of many species. The four categories we used reflect this uncertainty. Species that were not demonstrably native or non-indigenous were classified as “cryptogenic” (sensu Carlton 1996). Cryptogenesis can arise because the species was spread globally by humans before scientific descriptions of marine flora and fauna began in earnest (i.e. historical introductions). Alternatively the species may have been discovered relatively recently and there is insufficient biogeographic information to determine its native range. We have used two categories of cryptogenesis to distinguish these different sources of uncertainty. In addition, a fifth category (“species indeterminata”) was used for specimens that could not be identified to species-level. Formal definitions for each category are given below.
Native species Native species have occurred within the New Zealand biogeographical region historically and have not been introduced to coastal waters by human mediated transport.
Non-indigenous species (NIS) Non-indigenous species (NIS) are known or suspected to have been introduced to New Zealand as a result of human activities. They were determined using a series of questions posed as a guide by Chapman and Carlton (1991; 1994); as exemplified by Cranfield et al. (1998).
1. Has the species suddenly appeared locally where it has not been found before? 2. Has the species spread subsequently? 3. Is the species’ distribution associated with human mechanisms of dispersal? 4. Is the species associated with, or dependent on, other non-indigenous species? 5. Is the species prevalent in, or restricted to, new or artificial environments? 6. Is the species’ distribution restricted compared to natives?
The worldwide distribution of the species was tested by a further three criteria:
7. Does the species have a disjunctive worldwide distribution? 8. Are dispersal mechanisms of the species inadequate to reach New Zealand, and is passive dispersal in ocean currents unlikely to bridge ocean gaps to reach New Zealand? 9. Is the species isolated from the genetically and morphologically most similar species elsewhere in the world?
In this report we distinguish two categories of NIS. “NIS” refers to non-indigenous species previously recorded from New Zealand waters, and “NIS (new)” refers to non-indigenous species first discovered in New Zealand waters during this project.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 25 Cryptogenic species Category 1 Species previously recorded from New Zealand whose identity as either native or non- indigenous is ambiguous. In many cases this status may have resulted from their spread around the world in the era of sailing vessels prior to scientific survey (Chapman and Carlton 1991; Carlton 1992), such that it is no longer possible to determine their original native distribution. Also included in this category are newly described species that exhibited invasive behaviour in New Zealand (Criteria 1 and 2 above), but for which there are no known records outside the New Zealand region.
Cryptogenic species Category 2 Species that have recently been discovered but for which there is insufficient systematic or biogeographic information to determine whether New Zealand lies within their native range. This category includes previously undescribed species that are new to New Zealand and/or science.
Species indeterminata Specimens that could not be reliably identified to species level. This group includes: (1) organisms that were damaged or juvenile and lacked morphological characteristics necessary for identification, and (2) taxa for which there is not sufficient taxonomic or systematic information available to allow identification to species level.
DATA ANALYSIS
Comparison with the initial baseline survey Several approaches were used to compare the results of the current survey with the earlier baseline survey of the Port of Nelson, completed in 2002 (Inglis et al. 2006a).
Summary statistics were compiled on the total number of species and phyla found in each survey and on the numbers of species in each biogeographic category (i.e. native, non- indigenous, etc) recovered by each survey method. Several taxa (Order Tanaidacea (tanaids), Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish), Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Class Anthozoa (sea anemones) were specifically excluded from analyses as, at the time the reports were prepared, we had been unable to secure identification of specimens from the resurvey.
While these summary data give the numbers of species actually observed in each survey they do not, by themselves, provide a robust basis for comparison, since they do not account for differences in sample effort between the surveys, variation in the relative abundance of species at the time of each survey (for a discussion of these issues, see Gotelli and Colwell 2001), or the actual species composition of the recorded assemblages. The latter is important if port surveys are to be used to estimate and monitor the rate of new incursions by non- indigenous species.
In any single survey, the number of species observed will always be less than the actual number present at the site. This is because a proportion of species remain undetected due to bias in the survey methods, local rarity, or insufficient sampling effort. A basic tenet of sampling biological assemblages is that the number of species observed will increase as more samples are taken, but that the rate at which new species are added to the survey tends to decline and gradually approaches an asymptote that represents the total species richness of the assemblage (Colwell and Coddington 1994). In very diverse assemblages, however, where a large proportion of the species are rare, this asymptote is not reached, even when very large
26 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand numbers of samples are taken. In these circumstances, comparisons between surveys are complicated by the large number of species that remain undetected in each survey. This issue has received considerable attention in recent literature and new statistical methods have been developed to allow better comparisons among surveys (Gotelli and Colwell 2001; Colwell et al. 2004; Chao et al. 2005). We use several of these new techniques – sample-based rarefaction curves (Colwell et al. 2004), non-parametric species richness estimators (Colwell and Coddington 1994), and bias-adjusted similarity indices (Chao et al. 2005) - to compare results from the two surveys of the Port of Nelson.
Sample-based rarefaction curves Sample-based rarefaction curves depict the number of species that would be expected in a given number of samples (n) taken from the survey area, where n(max) is the total number of samples taken in the field survey. The shape of the curves and the number of species expected for a given n can be used as the basis for comparing the surveys and evaluating the benefit of reducing or increasing sample effort in subsequent surveys (Gotelli and Colwell 2001). For each baseline survey we computed separate sample-based rarefaction curves (Gotelli and Colwell 2001) for each survey method. The curves were computed from the presence or absence of each recorded species in each sample unit (i.e. replicated incidence data) using the analytical formula developed by Colwell et al. (2004) (the Mau Tau index) and the software EstimateS (Colwell 2005).
Separate curves were computed for each of six methods: pile scraping, benthic sleds, benthic grabs, crab traps, fish traps and starfish traps. The remaining methods did not usually recover enough taxa to allow meaningful analyses. For pile scrapes, only quadrat samples were used; specimens collected on qualitative visual searches of piles were not included. Since the purpose of the port surveys is primarily inventory of non-indigenous species, we generated separate curves for native species, cryptogenic category 2 species, and the combined species pool of non-indigenous and cryptogenic category 1 taxa, where there were sufficient numbers of taxa to produce meaningful curves (arbitrarily set at > 8 taxa per category). This was possible for pile scrapes and benthic sleds; for the other survey methods, all taxa (excluding species indeterminata) were pooled in order to have sufficient numbers of taxa.
Note that, by generating rarefaction curves we are assuming that the samples can reasonably be considered a random sample from the same universe (Gotelli and Colwell 2001). Strictly, this does not represent the way that sample units were allocated in the survey. For example, quadrat samples were taken from fixed depths on inner and outer pilings at each berth, rather than distributed randomly throughout the ‘universe’ of pilings in the port. Previously, we showed that there is greater dissimilarity between assemblages in these strata than between replicates taken within each stratum, although the difference is marginal (range of average similarity between strata = 22%-30% and between samples = 25%-35 %, Inglis et al. 2003). This stratification is an example of the common tension in biodiversity surveys between optimising the complementarity of samples (i.e. reducing overlap or redundancy in successive samples so that the greatest number of species is included) and adequate description of diversity within a particular stratum (Colwell and Coddington 1994). In practice, no strategy for sampling biodiversity is completely random or unbiased. The effect of the stratification is likely to be an increase in the heterogeneity of the samples, equivalent to increasing the patchiness of species distribution across quadrats. This is likely to mean slower initial rate of accumulation of new species and slower accumulation of rare species (Chazdon et al. 1998). Because the same survey strategy was used in both port surveys, this systematic bias should not unduly affect comparisons between the two surveys. Furthermore, preliminary trials, where we pooled quadrat samples to form more homogenous units (e.g. piles or berths as the
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 27 sample unit) and compared the curves to total randomisation of the smallest unit (quadrats), had little effect on the rate of accumulation (Inglis et al. 2003).
Estimates of total species richness Estimates of total species richness (or more appropriately total “species density”) in each survey were calculated using the Chao 2 estimator. This is a non-parametric estimate of the true number of species in an assemblage that is calculated using the numbers of rare species (those that occur in just one or two sample units) in the sample (Colwell and Coddington 1994). That is, it estimates the total number of species present, including the proportion that was present, but not detected by the survey (“unseen” species). As recommended by Chao (in Colwell 2005), we used the bias-corrected Chao 2 formula, except when the CV > 0.5, in which case the estimates were recalculated using the Chao 2 classic formula, and the higher of the Chao 2 classic and the ICE (Incidence-based Coverage Estimator) was reported.
Plots of the relationship between the species richness estimates and sample size were compared with the sample-based rarefaction curve for each combination of survey, method, and species category. Convergence of the observed (the rarefaction curve) and estimated (Chao 2 or ICE curve) species richness provides evidence of a relatively thorough inventory (Longino et al. 2002).
Similarity analyses A range of indices is available to measure the compositional similarity of samples from biological assemblages using presence-absence data (Koleff et al. 2003). Many of these are based on the relative proportions of species that are common to both samples (“shared species”) or which occur in only a single sample. The classic indices typically perform poorly for species rich assemblages and are sensitive to sample size, since they do not account for the detection probabilities of rare (“unseen”) species. Chao et al. (2005) have recently developed new indices based on the classic Jaccard and Sorenson similarity measures that incorporate the effects of unseen species. We used the routines in EstimateS (Colwell 2005) to compare samples from the two surveys using the new Chao estimators, but also report the classic Jaccard and Sorenson measures. Separate comparisons were done for each combination of survey method and species category where there were sufficient taxa (see above).
Survey results A total of 257 species or higher taxa were identified from the re-survey of the Port of Nelson. This collection consisted of 176 native (Table 14), 32 cryptogenic (Table 15), and 13 non- indigenous species (Table 16), with the remaining 36 taxa being made up of species indeterminata. In comparison, 193 taxa were recorded from the initial survey of the port in January 2002, comprising 130 native species, 20 cryptogenic species, 13 non-indigenous species and 30 species indeterminata.
The biota in the re-survey included a diverse array of organisms from 14 major taxonomic groups (Figure 20). For general descriptions of the main groups of organisms (major taxonomic groups) encountered during this study refer to Appendix 4, and for detailed species lists collected using each method refer to Appendix 6.
28 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand 36 Native Cryptogenic 1 2 Cryptogenic 2 11 Non-indigenous Non-Indigenous (new) 15 Species indeterminata
17
176
Figure 19: Diversity of marine species sampled in the Port of Nelson. Values indicate the number of taxa in each category.
7 20 46 Annelida 9 Bryozoa 0 Chelicerata Chordata 16 Cnidaria Crustacea 37 1 Dinoflagellata Echinodermata 1 Magnoliophyta 17 Mollusca Phycophyta Platyhelminthes Porifera Urochordata Vertebrata 52 45 1 1 4
Figure 20: Major taxonomic groups sampled in the Port of Nelson. Values indicate the number of taxa in each of the major taxonomic groups.
NATIVE SPECIES The 176 native species recorded during the resurvey of the Port of Nelson represented 68 % of all species identified from this location (Table 14) and included diverse assemblages of annelids (35 species), algae (21 species), crustaceans (33 species), molluscs (46 species), bryozoans (9 species), porifera (4 species) and urochordates (11 species). A number of other less diverse phyla including echinoderms, vertebrates, pycnogonids, dinoflagellates and cnidarians were also recorded from the Port (Table 14).
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 29 CRYPTOGENIC SPECIES Cryptogenic species (n = 32) represented 12 % of all species or higher taxa identified from the Port. The cryptogenic organisms identified included 17 Category 1 and 15 Category 2 species as defined in “Definitions of species categories” above. These organisms included 7 annelids, 1 bryozoan, 6 cnidaria, 4 crustaceans, 1 mollusc, 5 sponges and 8 ascidian species (Table 15). Seven of the Category 1 cryptogenic species (the annelid Eulalia bilineata, the bryozoan Rhynchozoon larreyi, the hydroids Obelia dichotoma, Phialella quadrata, Halecium delicatulum, the amphipod Aora typica and the ascidian Microcosmus squamiger) were not recorded in the initial baseline survey of the port. Only four of the 17 Category 1 species recorded in the initial baseline survey of the Port of Nelson were not found during the re- survey (the bryozoan Scruparia ambigua, the sponge Hymeniacidon perleve, and the ascidians Microcosmus australis and Styela plicata). Several of the Category 1 cryptogenic species (e.g the ascidians Asterocarpa cerea, Botrylloides leachii and Corella eumyota) have been present in New Zealand for more than 100 years but have distributions outside New Zealand that suggest non-native origins (Cranfield et al. 1998).
Two cryptogenic category 1 species that have recently spread rapidly and which are dominant habitat modifiers are worthy of note. The colonial ascidians Didemnum vexillum (Kott 2002) and Didemnum incanum were among the cryptogenic Category 1 species recorded in the initial New Zealand port baseline surveys. One of these species, Didemnum vexillum, was recorded in the first baseline survey of the Port of Nelson. Didemnum vexillum was first described in 2001 when it formed nuisance growths on ship's hulls, wharf piles and other submerged structures in Whangamata, New Zealand (Kott 2002). It has subsequently been reported from several other port environments including Shakespeare Bay in Picton and the Bay of Plenty, and a local control programme was trialled in the Marlborough Sounds to prevent its spread to aquaculture sites (Coutts 2002). The appearance of D. vexillum in New Zealand was followed closely by reports of other nuisance species in this genus from the Atlantic coast of the USA, Mediterranean, North Sea and English Channel, but these now appear to be different species (Kott 2004b). Although the type specimen of D. vexillum was described from New Zealand, we have included it in the Cryptogenic 1 category because of uncertainty about its true geographic origins. Didemnum incanum is one of the few species of Didemnid that occurs both in Australia and New Zealand (Kott 2004a). Unlike D. vexillum, there have been no reports of local proliferation by this species (but see below).
The taxonomy of the Didemnidae is complex. The colonies do not display many distinguishing characters at either species or genus level and are comprised of very small, simplified zooids (Kott 2004a). Six species have been described in New Zealand (Kott 2002) and 241 in Australia (Kott 2004a). Most are recent descriptions and, as a result, there are few experts who can distinguish the species reliably. Specimens of Didemnum obtained during the initial port baseline surveys were examined by the world authority on this group, Dr Patricia Kott (Queensland Museum). Because, at the time of writing, we had been unable to secure Dr Kott’s services to examine specimens from the repeat-baseline surveys, we have reported these species collectively, as a species group (Didemnum sp.; Table 15).
In the first baseline survey of the Port of Nelson, D. vexillum occurred in pile scrape samples taken from Kingsford Quay, the Lay-up and Repair facility and McGlashen Quay, and unidentified specimens of Didemnidae (specimens that did not fit the morphological charcters for D. vexillum or D. incanum) were recorded from pile scrape samples taken from Kingsford Quay, Main Wharf, the Lay-up and Repair facility and McGlashen Wharf. They were also noted in benthic sled samples from Kingsford Quay and the Lay-up and Repair facility. In the repeat survey of the Port of Nelson, species in the Didemnum group were recorded in pile
30 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand scrape samples taken from Main Wharf, the Lay-up and Repair facility, Kingsford Quay, McGlashen Quay and the Superyacht berth.
NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES The 13 non-indigenous species (NIS) recorded in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson included 1 annelid worm, 1 alga, 5 bryozoans, 4 hydroids and 2 molluscs (Table 16). Six species found in the re-survey were not recorded during the initial baseline survey in January 2002. These were: the polychaete Hydroides elegans, the bryozoan Electra tenella, the algae Undaria pinnatifida and the hydroids Filelum serpens?, Synthecium campylocarpum and Synthecium subventricosum. Six NIS recorded in the initial survey (the polychaete Polydora hoplura, the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, and the bryozoans Conopeum seurati, Electra angulata, Schizoporella errata and Anguinella palmata) were not recorded in the re-survey. Two of these species were present in numerous samples (6 samples from 2 berths for C. intestinalis and 7 samples from 4 berths for C. seurati), and their absence during the re-survey may suggest that their populations have declined in size. The other four species were present in only one or two samples in the first survey, and their absence may suggest that their populations have not persisted, or have remained small.
Two of the NIS (the bryozoan Celleporaria nodulosa and the hydroid Lafoeina amirantensis) are new to New Zealand. Celleporaria nodulosa was recorded for the first time during the initial baseline port surveys of Gisborne and Nelson (see the species description below). Lafoeina amirantensis was identified for the first time in New Zealand during the initial baseline port survey of Nelson (see the species description below). A list of Chapman and Carlton’s (1994) criteria (see “Definitions of species categories”, above) that were met by the non-indigenous species sampled in this survey is given in Appendix 5.
Below we summarise available information on the biology of each of these species, providing images where available, and indicate what is known about their distribution, habitat preferences and impacts. This information was sourced from published literature, the taxonomists listed in Appendix 3 and from regional databases on non-indigenous marine species in Australia (National Introduced Marine Pest Information System, Hewitt et al. 2002) and the USA (National Exotic Marine and Estuarine Species Information System, Fofonoff et al. 2003). Distribution maps for each NIS in the port are composites of multiple replicate samples. Where overlayed presence and absence symbols occur on the map, this indicates the NIS was found in at least one, but not all replicates at that GPS location. NIS are presented below by phyla in the same order as Table 16.
Hydroides elegans Haswell, 1883
Image and information: NIMPIS (2002d)
Hydroides elegans is a small, tube dwelling polychaete worm that grows to up to 20mm in length. It constructs hard, sinuous, calcareous tubes. The worm has 65-80 body segments, and an opercular crown with 14-17 spines. Hydroides elegans is a fouling species on both natural and artificial structures. It is found subtidally and is highly tolerant of contaminated waters. Although the type specimen for this species was described from Sydney Harbour, Australia,
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 31 the native range of H. elegans is unknown, as it is possible it was introduced to Australia prior to 1883 (Australian Faunal Directory 2005). H. elegans is present in the Caribbean Sea, Brazil, Argentina, northwest Europe, Japan, the Mediterranean, north-west and south-east Africa, and New Zealand. This species is able to grow in high densities, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical ports, sometimes heavily fouling any newly immersed structure. It creates microhabitat for some species and competes with others for food and space. H. elegans has been present in New Zealand since at least 1952 and has been recorded from Waitemata and Lyttelton Harbours (Cranfield et al. 1998). During the initial port baseline surveys, H. elegans was recorded in Gulf Harbour marina and the Port of Auckland (Table 18). During the second baseline surveys of Group 1 ports it was recorded from the Port of Nelson, where it occurred in a pile scrape sample from McGlashen Quay (Figure 21).
Figure 21: Hydroides elegans distribution in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson (December 2004).
Bugula flabellata (Thompson in Gray, 1848)
Image and information: NIMPIS (2002a)
Bugula flabellata is an erect bryozoan with broad, flat branches. It is a colonial organism and consists of numerous ‘zooids’ connected to one another. It is pale pink and can grow to about 4 cm high and attaches to hard surfaces such as rocks, pilings and pontoons or the shells of other marine organisms. It is often found growing with other erect bryozoan species such as B. neritina or growing on encrusting bryozoans. Vertical, shaded, sub-littoral rock surfaces also form substrata for this species. It has been recorded down to 35 m. Bugula flabellata is native to the British Isles and North Sea and has been introduced to Chile, Florida and the Caribbean and the northern east and west coasts of the USA, as well as Australia and New Zealand. It is cryptogenic on the Atlantic coasts of Spain, Portugal and France. Bugula
32 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand flabellata is a major fouling bryozoan in ports and harbours, particularly on vessel hulls, pilings and pontoons and has also been reported from offshore oil platforms. Bugula flabellata has been present in New Zealand since at least 1949 and is present in most New Zealand ports. There have been no recorded impacts from B. flabellata. During the initial port baseline surveys it was recorded from Opua marina, Whangarei (Marsden Point and Whangarei Port), and the ports of Auckland, Tauranga, Napier, Taranaki, Wellington, Picton, Nelson, Lyttelton, Timaru, Dunedin and Bluff (Table 18). During the initial baseline survey of the Port of Nelson, B. flabellata was recorded from the Lay-up and Repair Facility (Figure 22). During the second baseline surveys of Group 1 ports it was recorded from the ports of Tauranga, Taranaki, Wellington, Picton, Nelson, Lyttelton and Timaru. In the Port of Nelson B. flabellata occurred in pile scrape samples taken from the Main Wharf, McGlashen Quay and the Superyacht berth (Figure 23).
Figure 22: Bugula flabellata distribution in the initial baseline survey of the Port of Nelson (January 2002).
Figure 23: Bugula flabellata distribution in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson (December 2004).
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 33 Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll, 1803)
Image and information: NIMPIS (2002c)
Cryptosula pallasiana is an encrusting bryozoan, white-pink with orange crusts. The colonies sometimes rise into frills towards the edges. Zooids are hexagonal in shape, measuring on average 0.8 mm in length and 0.4 mm in width. The frontal surface of the zooid is heavily calcified, and has large pores set into it. Colonies may sometimes appear to have a beaded surface due to zooids having a suboral umbo (ridge). The aperture is bell shaped, and occasionally sub-oral avicularia (defensive structures) are present. There are no ovicells (reproductive structures) or spines present on the colony. Cryptosula pallasiana is native to Florida, the east coast of Mexico and the northeast Atlantic. It has been introduced to the northwest coast of the USA, the Japanese Sea, Australia and New Zealand. It is cryptogenic in the Mediterranean. Cryptosula pallasiana is a common fouling organism on a wide variety of substrata. Typical habitats include seagrasses, drift algae, oyster reef, artificial structures such as piers and breakwaters, man-made debris, rock, shells, ascidians, glass and vessel hulls. It has been reported from depths of up to 35 m. There have been no recorded impacts of Cryptosula pallasiana throughout its introduced range. However, in the USA, it has been noted as one of the most competitive fouling organisms in ports and harbours it occurs in. Within Australia, colonies generally do not reach a large size or cover large areas of substrata.
C. pallasiana has been known in New Zealand waters since at last the 1890’s (Gordon and Mawatari 1992) and has been recorded from all New Zealand ports (Cranfield et al. 1998). During the initial port baseline surveys it was recorded from Whangarei (Marsden Point), Taranaki, Gisborne, Wellington, Nelson, Lyttelton, Timaru and Dunedin (Table 18). In the Port of Nelson it was recorded from the Lay-up and Repair Facility (Figure 24). During the second baseline surveys of Group 1 ports it was recorded from the ports of Taranaki, Wellington, Picton, Nelson, Lyttelton and Timaru. In the Port of Nelson it occurred in a pile scrape sample taken from McGlashen Quay (Figure 25).
34 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Figure 24: Cryptosula pallasiana distribution in the initial baseline survey of the Port of Nelson (January 2002).
Figure 25: Cryptosula pallasiana distribution in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson (December 2004).
Electra tenella (Hincks, 1880) No image available.
Electra tenella is an encrusting cheilostome bryozoan that grows to several centimetres diameter. The type specimen is from the Atlantic coast of Florida, and it has also been reported from Puerto Rico as Conopeum reticulum (see Winston 1982), and from Brazil (Winston 1982), Jamaica (Bock 2004), Japan (see Winston 1977), the Bay of Bengal (Rao 1992), Botany Bay in Australia (Pollard and Pethebridge 2002), China (D. Gordon, pers. comm.), and northern New Zealand (Gordon and Mawatari 1992). E. tenella has been reported as occurring on hard substrata, especially dead shells and barnacles in shallow water
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 35 harbour areas (Osburn 1940, in Winston 1982), but it has rarely been recorded as a fouling species (Winston 1982). Its abundance in Florida appears to be chiefly due to the abundance of drift plastic in this area, which E. tenella effectively colonises. Drift plastic may be an important vector for the expansion of the range of this species (Winston 1982). The first record of E. tenella in New Zealand was from Pakiri Beach in Northland, where it was found on dead Atrina shells in 1977 (Gordon and Mawatari 1992). Prior to 1992 it had also been recorded in Gisborne and Napier and on plastic debris in the Hauraki Gulf (Gordon and Mawatari 1992). E. tenella was not recorded during the initial baseline surveys of Group 1 and Group 2 ports. During the second baseline surveys of Group 1 ports it was recorded from the ports of Tauranga and Nelson (Table 18), with both these records representing extensions of its known range in New Zealand (D. Gordon, NIWA, pers comm.). In the Port of Nelson it occurred in a pile scrape from the Lay-up and Repair Facility (Figure 26).
Figure 26: Electra tenella distribution in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson (December 2004).
Celleporaria nodulosa (Busk, 1881) No image available.
Celleporaria nodulosa is an encrusting bryozoan in the family Lepraliellidae. There are more than 100 species in the genus Celleporaria world-wide. The type specimen for C. nodulosa was first described from the southeastern coast of Australia, where it is widespread. It forms low, flat, spreading colonies that have a blue-green tinge. No information exists on its likely impacts on native species. During the initial port baseline surveys it was recorded from the ports of Nelson (the first record of this species in New Zealand; D. Gordon, NIWA, pers. comm.) and Gisborne (Table 18). In the Port of Nelson it was recorded from Kingsford Quay (Figure 27). During the second baseline surveys of Group 1 ports it was recorded from the ports of Nelson and Timaru. In the Port of Nelson, C. nodulosa was recorded in pile scrapings taken from Kingsford Quay, McGlashen Quay and the Superyacht berths (Figure 28).
36 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Figure 27: Celleporaria nodulosa distribution in the initial baseline survey of the Port of Nelson (January 2002).
Figure 28: Celleporaria nodulosa distribution in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson (December 2004).
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 37 Watersipora subtorquata (d'Orbigny, 1852)
Image: Cohen (2005) Information: Gordon and Matawari (1992)
Watersipora subtorquata is a loosely encrusting bryozoan capable of forming single or multiple layer colonies. The colonies are usually dark red-brown, with a black centre and a thin, bright red margin. The operculum is dark, with a darker mushroom shaped area centrally. W. subtorquata has no spines, avicularia or ovicells. The native range of the species is unknown, but is thought to include the wider Caribbean and South Atlantic. The type specimen was described from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It also occurs in the north-west Pacific, Torres Strait and northeastern and southern Australia.
Watersipora subtorquata is a common marine fouling species in ports and harbours. It occurs on vessel hulls, pilings and pontoons. This species can also be found attached to rocks and seaweeds. They form substantial colonies on these surfaces, typically around the low water mark. W. subtorquata is also an abundant fouling organism and is resistant to a range of antifouling toxins. It can therefore spread rapidly on vessel hulls and provide an area for other species to settle onto which can adversely impact on vessel maintenance and speed, as fouling assemblages can build up on the hull.
Watersipora subtorquata has been present in New Zealand since at least 1982 and is now present in most ports from Opua to Bluff. During the initial port baseline surveys, it was recorded from the Opua and Gulf Harbour marinas, Whangarei Harbour (Marsden Point and Whangarei Port) and the ports of Tauranga, Gisborne, Napier, Taranaki, Wellington, Picton, Nelson, Lyttelton, Timaru, Dunedin and Bluff (Table 18). In the Port of Nelson it was recorded from Kingsford Quay, McGlashen Quay, Main Wharf and the Lay-up and Repair Facility (Figure 29). During the second baseline surveys of Group 1 ports W. subtorquata was recorded from the ports of Tauranga, Taranaki, Wellington, Picton, Nelson, Lyttelton and Timaru. In the Port of Nelson it occurred in pile scrape samples taken from Kingsford Quay, McGlashen Quay, Main Wharf and the Superyacht berth (Figure 30).
38 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Figure 29: Watersipora subtorquata distribution in the initial baseline survey of the Port of Nelson (January 2002).
Figure 30: Watersipora subtorquata distribution in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson (December 2004).
Lafoeina amirantensis (Millard & Bouillon, 1973) No image available.
Lafoeina amirantensis is a small epizootic hydroid in the family Campanulariidae. It is known from South Australia, Tasmania, the Seychelles (Indian Ocean), Belize, Panama, and Brazil (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 2004; Migotto and Cabral 2005). Details of its native range and ecological impacts are unknown. During the initial port baseline surveys, L. amirantensis was recorded only from the Port of Nelson, in a sample taken from Main Wharf (Figure 31), and the specimens obtained were the first known records of this species in New Zealand. During the second baseline surveys of Group 1 ports L. amirantensis was again
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 39 recorded from the Port of Nelson (Table 18), in a pile scrape sample from the Lay-up and Repair Facility (Figure 32).
Figure 31: Lafoeina amirantensis distribution in the initial baseline survey of the Port of Nelson (January 2002).
Figure 32: Lafoeina amirantensis distribution in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson (December 2004).
Filellum serpens (Hassall, 1848) No image available.
Filellum serpens is a hydroid in the family Lafoeidae. It occurs on many species of hydroids and on bryozoans (Vervoort and Watson 2003). The type locality is Dublin, on the Irish Sea. The species is regarded as having a cosmopolitan distribution (Vervoort and Watson 2003), including records from the Svalbard Archipelago in the Arctic Circle (Weslawski 2003), Iceland (Schuchert 2000), the Bay of Fundy in the northwest Atlantic (Henry and
40 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Kenchington 2004), the Gulf of Mexico and Gulf of Texas (Deevey 1950) and Port Phillip Bay in Australia (Parliament of Victoria 1997). However, the species can only be recognised with certainty when fertile, and sterile colonies may easily be confused with Filellum serratum (Clarke, 1879) and Filellum antarcticum (Hartlaub, 1904). F. serratum and F. antarcticum have both been recorded in New Zealand (see Vervoort and Watson 2003). F. serratum is a cosmopolitan species with its type locality in the Caribbean. The type locality of F. antarcticum is the Bellinghausen Sea, in Antarctica. F. serpens is believed to occur with F. serratum in suitable habitats all around New Zealand, but specimens examined have been infertile (including the specimen from the present survey) and therefore the true presence of F. serpens in New Zealand is still to be proven by records of fertile colonies (Vervoort and Watson 2003). F. serpens was not recorded during the initial baseline surveys. During the second baseline surveys of Group 1 ports an infertile specimen was recorded from the Port of Nelson, in a pile scrape sample from Main Wharf (Figure 33; Table 18).
Figure 33: Filellum serpens? distribution in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson (December 2004).
Synthecium campylocarpum Allman, 1888
Image: Watson (2002) Information: Watson (2002), Vervoort and Watson (2003)
Synthecium campylocarpum is a hydroid in the family Syntheciidae. It is native to Australia, with its type locality being New South Wales. Colonies are pale yellow. The exact pattern of distribution of the species is quite obscure due to frequent erroneous synonymisation, but it is probably restricted to (sub) tropical waters of the eastern part of Indonesia, the north of
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 41 Australia, and New Zealand (Auckland). Synthecium campylocarpum was not recorded during the initial baseline surveys. During the second baseline surveys of Group 1 ports it was recorded from the Port of Nelson, representing an extension to its known range in New Zealand. It occurred in a pile scrape sample from the Superyacht berth, a crab trap from Main Wharf and a benthic sled tow from McGlashen Quay (Figure 34; Table 18).
Figure 34: Synthecium campylocarpum distribution in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson (December 2004).
Synthecium subventricosum Bale, 1914 No image available.
Synthecium subventricosum is a hydroid in the family Syntheciidae. Colonies are usually straggly with a strong tendency towards the formation of stolonal tendrils that develop short, secondary stems (Vervoort and Watson 2003). The type locality is the Great Australian Bight, at water depths between 73-183 m. The species is widely distributed around New Zealand, with records from depths between 37 and 302 m (Vervoort and Watson 2003). Synthecium subventricosum was not recorded during the initial baseline surveys. During the second baseline surveys of Group 1 ports it was recorded from the ports of Nelson and Timaru (Table 18), where all specimens recorded were infertile colonies. In the Port of Nelson, it was found growing on bryozoan stems in pile scrape samples from Main Wharf and the Lay-up and Repair Facility (Figure 35).
42 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Figure 35: Synthecium subventricosum distribution in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson (December 2004).
Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793)
Image and information: NIMPIS (2002b)
The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is an important aquaculture species throughout the world, including New Zealand. It has a white elongated shell, with an average size of 150-200 mm. The two valves are solid, but unequal in size and shape. The left valve is slightly convex and the right valve is quite deep and cup shaped. One valve is usually entirely cemented to the substratum. The shells are sculpted with large, irregular, rounded, radial folds.
Crassostrea gigas is native to the Japan and China Seas and the northwest Pacific. It has been introduced to the west coast of both North and South America, the West African coast, the northeast Atlantic, the Mediterranean, Australia, New Zealand, Polynesia and Micronesia. It is cryptogenic in Alaska. Crassostrea gigas will attach to almost any hard surface in sheltered waters. Whilst they usually attach to rocks, the oysters can also be found in muddy or sandy areas. Oysters will also settle on adult oysters of the same or other species. They prefer sheltered waters in estuaries where they are found in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones, to a depth of about 3 m. Crassostrea gigas settles in dense aggregations in the intertidal zone, resulting in the limitation of food and space available for other intertidal species.
C. gigas has been present in New Zealand since the early 1960s. Little is known about the impacts of this species in New Zealand, but it is now a dominant structural component of fouling assemblages and intertidal shorelines in northern harbours of New Zealand and the upper South Island. C. gigas is now the basis of New Zealand’s oyster aquaculture industry, having displaced the native rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata. During the initial port baseline
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 43 surveys C. gigas was recorded from the Opua and Gulf Harbour marinas, Whangarei Harbour (Whangarei Port and Town Basin marina), and the ports of Auckland, Taranaki, Nelson and Dunedin (Table 18). In the Port of Nelson it occurred in samples from Kingsford Quay, Main Wharf, McGlashen Quay and the Lay-up and Repair Facility (Figure 36). During the second baseline surveys of Group 1 ports it was recorded from the ports of Taranaki and Nelson. In the Port of Nelson it occurred in pile scrape samples taken from Kingsford Quay, Main Wharf, McGlashen Quay, the Superyacht berth and the Lay-up and Repair Facility (Figure 37).
Figure 36: Crassostrea gigas distribution in the initial baseline survey of the Port of Nelson (January 2002).
Figure 37: Crassostrea gigas distribution in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson (December 2004).
44 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Theora lubrica Gould, 1861
Image and information: NIMPIS (2002e)
Theora lubrica is a small bivalve with an almost transparent shell. The shell is very thin, elongated and has fine concentric ridges. T. lubrica grows to about 15 mm in size, and is characterised by a fine elongate rib extending obliquely across the internal surface of the shell. Theora lubrica is native to the Japanese and China Seas. It has been introduced to the west coast of the USA, Australia and New Zealand. Theora lubrica typically lives in muddy sediments from the low tide mark to 50 m, however it has been found at 100 m. In many localities, T. lubrica is an indicator species for eutrophic and anoxic areas. T. lubrica has been present in New Zealand since at least 1971 (see Cranfield et al. 1998). It occurs in estuaries of the northeast coast of the North Island, including the Bay of Islands, Whangarei Harbour, Waitemata Harbour, Wellington and Pelorus Sound. During the initial port baseline surveys, it was recorded from Opua marina, Whangarei port and marina, Gulf Harbour marina, and the ports of Auckland, Gisborne, Napier, Taranaki, Wellington, Nelson, and Lyttelton (Table 18). In the Port of Nelson it occurred in samples from McGlashen Quay and Kingsford Quay (Figure 38). During the second baseline surveys of Group 1 ports T. lubrica was recorded from the ports of Taranaki, Wellington, Picton, Nelson and Lyttelton. In the Port of Nelson it occurred in benthic sled samples taken from the Amaltal Wharf, Kingsford Quay, Main Wharf, McGlashen Quay, the Marina, Nelson Haven North and The Cut. It also occurred in benthic grab samples from the Amaltal Wharf, Kingsford Quay, the Marina, Nelson Haven South and The Cut (Figure 39).
Figure 38: Theora lubrica distribution in the initial baseline survey of the Port of Nelson (January 2002).
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 45
Figure 39: Theora lubrica distribution in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson (December 2004).
Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar, 1873
Image and information: NIMPIS (2002f); Fletcher and Farrell (1999)
Undaria pinnatifida is a brown seaweed that can reach an overall length of 1-3 metres. It is an annual species with two separate life stages; it has a large, “macroscopic” stage, usually present through the late winter to early summer months, and small, “microscopic” stage, present during the colder months. The macroscopic stage is golden-brown in colour, with a lighter coloured stipe with leaf-like extensions at the beginning of the blade and develops a distinctive convoluted structure called the “sporophyll” at the base during the reproductive season. It is this sporophyll that makes U. pinnatifida easily distinguishable from native New Zealand kelp species such as Ecklonia radiata. It is native to the Japan Sea and the northwest Pacific coasts of Japan and Korea and has been introduced to the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of France, Spain and Italy, the south coast of England, southern California, Argentina parts of the coastline of Tasmania and Victoria (Australia), and New Zealand. It is cryptogenic on the coast of China.
Undaria pinnatifida is an opportunistic alga that has the ability to rapidly colonise disturbed or new surfaces. It grows from the intertidal zone down to the subtidal zone to a depth of 15- 20 metres, particularly in sheltered reef areas subject to oceanic influence. It does not tend to become established successfully in areas with high wave action, exposure and abundant local vegetation. U. pinnatifida is highly invasive, grows rapidly and has the potential to overgrow and exclude native algal species. The effects on the marine communities it invades are not yet well understood, although its presence may alter the food resources of herbivores that would normally consume native species. In areas of Tasmania (Australia) it has become very
46 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand common, growing in large numbers in areas where sea urchins have depleted stocks of native algae. It can also become a problem for marine farms by increasing labour costs due to fouling problems. U. pinnatifida is known to occur in a range of ports and marinas throughout eastern New Zealand, from Gisborne to Stewart Island. During the initial port baseline surveys, it was recorded from the ports of Gisborne, Napier, Wellington, Picton, Lyttelton, Timaru and Dunedin (Table 18). During the second baseline surveys of Group 1 ports U. pinnatifida was recorded from the ports of Taranaki, Wellington, Picton, Nelson, Lyttelton, Waitemata Harbour, Auckland, Tauranga Harbour and Timaru. In the Port of Nelson, U. pinnatifida occurred in benthic sled samples taken from The Cut and the Marina, and in a starfish trap taken near the Ministry of Fisheries wharf (Figure 40).
Figure 40: Undaria pinnatifida distribution in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson (December 2004).
SPECIES INDETERMINATA Thirty six organisms from the Port of Nelson were classified as species indeterminata. If each of these organisms is considered a species of unresolved identity, then together they represent 14 % of all species collected from this survey (Figure 19). Species indeterminata from the Port of Nelson included 3 annelid worms, 1 bryozoan, 1 cnidarian, 8 crustaceans, 3 molluscs, 1 pycnogonid, 15 algae, 1 ascidian, 1 dinoflagellate, 1 seagrass and one fish (Table 17).
NOTIFIABLE AND UNWANTED SPECIES One species recorded from the Port of Nelson, the Asian seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, is currently listed on the New Zealand Register of Unwanted Organisms (Table 12). The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is the only species recorded from Nelson that is on the ABWMAC Australian list of marine pest species (Table 13). Australia has recently prepared an expanded list of priority marine pests that includes 53 non-indigenous species that have already established in Australia and 37 potential pests that have not yet reached its shores (Hayes et al. 2004). A similar watch list for New Zealand is currently being prepared by MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. Nine of the 53 Australian priority domestic pests are present in the Port of Nelson. These are listed in descending order of the impact potential ranking attributed to them by Hayes et al. (2004): Crassostrea gigas, Ciona intestinalis, Schizoporella errata, Bugula flabellata, Undaria pinnatifida, Watersipora subtorquata, Theora lubrica, Cryptosula pallasiana and Bougainvillia muscus. None of the 37 priority international pests identified by Hayes et al. (2004) was recorded in the Port of Nelson.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 47 PREVIOUSLY UNDESCRIBED SPECIES IN NEW ZEALAND Four species recorded from the re-survey of the Port of Nelson are new records from New Zealand waters: the cryptogenic sponges Adocia new sp. 1, Dactylia new sp. 1, Haliclona new sp. 1 and Hymenacidon new sp. 1. A further 6 species from the present survey were described for the first time during the initial port baseline surveys. These included two non-indigenous species - the bryozoan Celleporaria nodulosa and the hydroid Lafoeina amirantensis – and four cryptogenic species – the sponge Adocia new sp. 2, and the ascidians Distaplia sp., Microcosmus squamiger and Pyura sp.. The two non-indigenous species were recorded during the earlier port baseline survey of the Port of Nelson. The remainder represent new records for this location.
CYST-FORMING SPECIES Cysts of only one species of dinoflagellate were collected during the second baseline survey of the Port of Nelson. The species in question - Protoperidinium sp. - could not be reliably identified to species level and therefore falls into the species indeterminata category. However, species in the genera Protoperidinium are not known to be harmful (Hay et al. 2000; Faust and Gulledge 2002; New Zealand Food Safety Authority 2003).
COMPARISON OF RESULTS FROM THE INITIAL AND REPEAT BASELINE SURVEYS OF THE PORT OF NELSON
Pile scrape samples
Native species Rarefaction curves and estimates of total richness of native species in pile scrape samples taken from the two baseline surveys of the Port of Nelson are presented in Figure 41a. The observed density of native species was slightly greater in the second survey with, on average, ~25% more species being recorded in the same number of samples (Survey 1, Sn=54 = 83; Survey 2, Sn=54 = 104). In each survey, the observed richness increased steadily as more samples were taken and did not approach an asymptote. Survey effort for the pile scrapes was increased in the second survey with the addition of an extra sample site (i.e. 16 more quadrat samples). The increase in effort captured ~38 % more species than in the initial baseline survey, reflecting both the greater number of samples taken and the greater overall density of species (Table 19). Estimates of total species richness in each survey also continued to increase with sample size and did not plateau or converge with observed richness, indicating a high proportion of unsampled species in the assemblages. Indeed, as sample size increased, more unique species (i.e. those that occurred in only one sample) were added to the survey sample. These ‘rare’ species comprised 42% and 36 % of the native species observed in each survey, respectively (Table 19). The large proportion of uniques had a strong influence on the estimated number of unsampled species in the assemblage, which varied between 57 % (in the first survey) and 41 % (second survey) of the total estimated number of species in the assemblage (Figure 41a).
Fifty-nine of the 139 species (42 %) recorded in the two surveys were observed on both occasions (Table 19). Again, this reflects the large number of comparatively rare species in the assemblage, with non-detection of many of these probably accounting for much of the difference observed between the two surveys. For example, the classic Jaccard and Sorenson measures of compositional similarity indicate low-to-moderate similarity between the assemblages observed in the initial and repeat baseline surveys of Nelson (Classic Jaccard = 0.424, Classic Sorenson = 0.596). In contrast, the new Chao similarity indices, which adjust for the effects of non-detection of rare species, suggest much closer resemblance of the two
48 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand samples (Chao bias-adjusted Jaccard = 0.766; Chao bias-adjusted Sorenson = 0.867; Table 19).
Cryptogenic category 2 species Rarefaction curves for cryptogenic category two species also did not reach an asymptote in either survey (Figure 41b), but, because of the much smaller pool of species in this group, increased slower with sample size than the rarefaction curve for native species. More cryptogenic category 2 species were observed in the second survey than in the first. Indeed, the total number of species observed in the second survey (Smax = 14) exceeded the estimated total richness of the first survey (Survey 1, Mean Chao 2 estimate = 10.9 species). This reflected much greater density of cryptogenic category 2 species in samples from the repeat survey and the increase in survey effort (Table 19). It is unclear what caused the differences in species density and estimated species richness between surveys, but they may be associated with temporal variation in the abundance of species within the assemblage or immigration of new species into it.
Many of the species recorded in each survey occurred in just a single sample (“uniques”, Table 19). In the first survey, 4 of the 5 (80%) cryptogenic category 2 species occurred in only one sample; in the second survey, 8 of the 14 species (57%) were uniques. In contrast, there were no species in either survey that occurred in exactly two samples (“duplicates”). Because the Chao estimators of richness in the assemblage are calculated using the ratio of the number of uniques relative to the number of duplicates, the estimates are unstable when there are few, or no, duplicates in the sample. This was the case in both surveys. The richness estimates rose sharply as more samples were added and, in the second survey, was almost 3x larger than the observed number of species (Figure 41b). In these circumstances, the estimate is likely to be unreliable.
There was comparatively high turn-over in cryptogenic category 2 species composition between the two surveys. Only 2 of the 17 species in this category (12%) were common to both surveys (Table 19). This is reflected in comparatively low similarity between the assemblages, even when adjustment is made for undetected rare species (Chao bias-adjusted Jaccard = 0.324; Chao bias-adjusted Sorenson = 0.489; Table 19).
Non-indigenous and cryptogenic category 1 species Rarefaction curves for non-indigenous and cryptogenic category 1 species observed in the two surveys were almost identical (Figure 41c). The slightly larger number of species recorded in the second survey (Survey 1, Smax = 24 species; Survey 2, Smax = 27 species) was attributable solely to the greater number of samples taken, as the average densities of species per sample were very similar in each survey (Figure 41c, Table 19). Neither rarefaction curve reached an asymptote.
Estimates of total species richness in each survey showed contrasting patterns of change with sample size (Figure 41c). In the first survey, the richness estimate increased sharply after more than 30 samples had been added (Figure 41c). Again, this instability appears to be caused by the small number of duplicates in the sample. Only one species occurred in exactly two samples in the first baseline survey. Although similar numbers of uniques were recorded in each survey (12 species in survey 1; 11 species in Survey 2; Table 19), the greater number of duplicates present in the sample from the repeat survey (4 species) allowed a more stable estimate of total richness, at around 42 species (Figure 41c). The difference between the observed and estimated richness in the second survey suggested a relatively large number of unsampled species in the assemblage (~15 species). Only 14 of the 37 species (38%) recorded in the two surveys were common to both (Table 19). Despite low-
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 49 to-moderate similarity in the observed species composition of the two surveys (Classic Jaccard = 0.378, Classic Sorenson = 0.549), the large proportion of potentially unsampled species meant that the estimated assemblages were quite similar (Chao bias-adjusted Jaccard = 0.830; Chao bias-adjusted Sorenson = 0.907; Table 19).
Benthic sled samples
Native species Survey effort for the benthic sled samples was more than doubled in the repeat baseline survey of Nelson in an attempt to improve description of the epibenthic fauna of the port (Figure 42a). The sled samples were characterised by relatively high per sample diversity, but extremely patchy distributions of species. Samples from both surveys were dominated by uniques (57% of native species in Survey 1 and 55% of species in Survey 2; Table 19). The rates of species accumulation in the samples were almost identical in the two surveys (Figure 42a) with, again, the greater number of species observed in the repeat survey as a result of greater survey effort, rather than greater per sample diversity. Neither rarefaction curve reached an asymptote or converged with its associated estimate of total species richness (Figure 42a). In each survey, the Chao 2 richness estimates also increased with sample size, reflecting the large number of uniques that continued to be added to the inventory as more samples were taken.
Eighty-nine species were recorded in total from the benthic sled samples. Only 22 of these (25%) occurred in both surveys (Table 19). Nevertheless, because of the large estimated number of unsampled species in the two assemblages, there was comparatively high similarity between the two surveys (Chao bias-adjusted Jaccard = 0.761; Chao bias-adjusted Sorenson = 0.864; Table 19).
Cryptogenic category 2 species Too few species were recorded in this category for quantitative comparison of the two baseline surveys. No cryptogenic category 2 species were collected in the initial survey from the benthic sled samples and only 3 species from this category were recorded in the second survey (Table 19).
Non-indigenous and cryptogenic category 1 species Rarefaction curves for the combined non-indigenous and cryptogenic category 1 species are presented in Figure 42b. The per-sample density of species was much greater in the first survey than in the second survey, with more species recorded from a much smaller number of samples (Survey 1, Smax = 6 species, n = 8 sled samples; Survey 2, Smax = 4 species, n = 18 sled samples). A total of 9 non-indigenous and cryptogenic category 1 species were captured in the two surveys using the benthic sled. Only one of these species (the deposit feeding bivalve Theora lubrica) occurred in both surveys. The sampled assemblages in each survey were, again, dominated by comparatively rare species. Between 67% (Survey 1) and 50% (Survey 2) of the assemblages, respectively, were uniques (Table 19). A consequence was that rarefaction curves for each survey did not reach an asymptote, as more uniques were added to the inventory as sample size increased. The Chao 2 estimated richness of the assemblages also increased with sample size and, in the second survey, did not converge with the observed species density. Because of the low overlap in species composition of the samples, the similarities of both the observed (Classic Jaccard = 0.111, Classic Sorenson = 0.200) and estimated assemblages (Chao bias-adjusted Jaccard = 0.220; Chao bias-adjusted Sorenson = 0.360) in each survey were relatively low (Table 19).
50 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand 180 a. Native taxa 160 140 120 100 80
60 40
20 0 45 b. Cryptogenic category two taxa 40 35 30
25 20
15 10
5 Cumulative number of taxa 0 100 Survey 1 Mao Tau c. Non-indigenous and cryptogenic category one taxa Survey 1 Mao Tau 90 SD Survey 2 Mao Tau 80 Survey 2 Mao Tau 70 SD Survey 1 species 60 richness estimator Survey 2 species 50 richness estimator 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Cumulative number of pile scrape quadrats
Figure 41: Rarefaction curves (Mao Tau) for native (top), cryptogenic category two (middle) and non-indigenous and cryptogenic category one (bottom) taxa from pile scrape quadrats for the first survey (full triangles, ± SD (dashed lines)) and second survey (full squares, ± SD (solid lines)). Species richness estimators are also shown for the first survey (empty diamonds) and second survey (empty circles); the Chao 2 bias-corrected formula was used in all instances.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 51 200 a. Native taxa 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Survey 1 Mao Tau 0 Survey 1 Mao Tau SD b. Non-indigenous and cryptogenic category one taxa Survey 2 Mao Tau 10 Survey 2 Mao Tau SD 9 Survey 1 species richness estimator 8 Survey 2 species
Cumulative number of taxa richness estimator 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Cumulative number of sled tows
Figure 42: Rarefaction curves (Mao Tau) for native (top), and non-indigenous and cryptogenic category one (bottom) taxa from benthic sled tows for the first survey (full triangles, ± SD (dashed lines)) and second survey (full squares, ± SD (solid lines)). Species richness estimators are also shown for the first survey (empty diamonds) and second survey (empty circles); the Chao 2 bias-corrected formula was used for the first survey, the ICE Mean was used for NIS & C1 taxa in the second survey and the Chao 2 classic formula was used for native taxa in the second survey.
Benthic grab samples The benthic grab was damaged during the first survey of Nelson in January 2002, so that only 2 samples were taken with this method. Consequently, most of the discussion below concerns samples obtained during the second baseline survey in December 2004, when 27 grab samples were taken (Table 19). The benthic assemblage sampled by the grab contained relatively few non-indigenous and cryptogenic category 1 species (5 species in total) or cryptogenic category 2 species (2 species) in either survey. For this reason, analysis was done on the pooled species assemblage (Table 19).
52 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand The grab samples were characterised by relatively few species per sample (Mean ± S.E. = 2.8 ± 0.4 species per grab), a large number of unique species (19 of 32 species recorded), and few duplicates (3 of 32 species). A consequence was that the rarefaction curve showed no sign of approaching an asymptote and the species richness estimate was large and unstable (Figure 43). The Chao 2 estimate did, however, reach a plateau at an average of 92 species, approximately three times the observed number of species. At the slow rate of accumulation observed in the survey, approximately 80 more grab samples would be needed to sample this number of species.
Crab trap samples Samples obtained using baited crab traps were also characterised by relatively few species per sample (Survey 1, Mean ± S.E. = 1.2 + 0.4 species per trap; Survey 2, Mean ± S.E. = 1.4 ± 0.3 species per trap) and few non-indigenous and cryptogenic species (Table 19). This was a feature of all of the passive trapping techniques (see below). In total, 28 species were sampled using the crab traps over both surveys. Most species (19 of 28 species) were recorded in the second survey. The larger number of species reflected both greater species density and a larger number of samples taken in the second survey (Figure 44, Table 19). More than twice as many traps were set in the second survey in an attempt to improve description of the fauna sampled by this technique. Nevertheless, samples recovered in both surveys contained large proportions of uniques (56% and 57% of the observed species, respectively). Neither rarefaction curve reached an asymptote or converged with its associated estimate of total species richness (Figure 44). In each survey, however, the Chao 2 estimate of richness did reach an asymptote. In the first baseline survey, this occurred at a maximum of 16 species, after an average of 7 trap samples had been added to the inventory. In the second survey, the estimate of richness stabilised at around 36 species after 22 samples were taken (Figure 44). In each case, the large difference between the observed and estimated species richness suggests a large proportion of unsampled species. It is worth noting, however, that this is not necessarily a problem of undersampling, since the observed number of species in the second survey exceeded the richness estimate from the first survey. What these results indicate is that as more samples are taken, more unique species were added to the inventory, such that a large proportion of the fauna sampled by this technique are relatively uncommon.
Only 4 of the 28 species (14%) recovered from the crab traps were found in both surveys (Table 19). The species compositions of the two observed assemblages were, therefore, relatively dissimilar (Classic Jaccard similarity index = 0.143, Classic Sorenson similarity index = 0.250), but because of the large proportion of uniques in the samples, there was low- to-moderate similarity between the estimated assemblages, once unsampled species had been taken into account (Chao bias-adjusted Jaccard = 0.331; Chao bias-adjusted Sorenson = 0.498, Table 19).
Fish trap samples Almost equal numbers of species were captured in the fish traps in each survey, despite much greater sample effort in the repeat baseline survey (Survey 1, Smax = 13 species, n = 16; Survey 2, Smax = 12, n = 42; Table 19). As with samples from the crab traps, few non- indigenous or cryptogenic species were recovered from the fish traps and, as a result, analysis was done on the pooled species assemblage (Table 19).
Despite the smaller sample size, species density was much greater in the initial baseline survey with, on average, twice as many species recorded for the same sample effort (Survey 1, Sn=16 = 12 species; Survey 2, Sn=16 = 4.9 species; Figure 45). Although the rarefaction curve for the first survey did not reach an asymptote, there were relatively few uniques in the sample (38%, Table 19) and the curve did converge with the Chao 2 estimate of total species
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 53 richness, indicating a relatively complete inventory. The proportion of uniques was much larger in the second survey (50%, Table 19). The low species density meant that the rate of species accumulation was very slow and did not reach an asymptote, despite the larger number of samples that was taken. The richness estimate for the second survey also continued to increase slowly as more samples were added, suggesting that many of the species that were being added to the inventory were unique to the sample (Figure 45). At the observed rate of species accumulation, a further doubling of sample size would be needed to capture the estimated number of species in the assemblage.
Only 2 of the 23 species captured in the fish traps occurred in both surveys (Table 19). The low overlap in species composition resulted in low similarity between the observed assemblages (Classic Jaccard = 0.087, Classic Sorenson = 0.160) and only low-to-moderate similarity in the estimated assemblages, once potentially unsampled species were taken into account (Chao bias-adjusted Jaccard = 0.271; Chao bias-adjusted Sorenson = 0.427; Table 19).
Starfish trap samples Too few non-indigenous and cryptogenic species were captured in the starfish traps to allow separate comparison of these groups between the two baseline surveys. Twenty species in total were captured using this survey method (Table 19). Rarefaction curves from each survey exhibited almost identical trajectories with, typically, low rates of capture per trap and slow accumulation of species into the inventory (Figure 46). Indeed, a large proportion of the traps set in each survey returned no catch (50% of traps in the first survey and 57% in the repeat survey). The greater number of species recorded in the repeat baseline survey was attributable to the larger number of traps that were set in that survey (Table 19), since there was no observed difference in the density of species in the two surveys (Figure 46). Both samples were dominated by uniques (78% and 71% of species observed, respectively). These catch characteristics – a large number of zero catches, high proportion of uniques, and slow species accumulation – suggest a large number of species may remain undetected in the assemblage. Estimates of the total assemblage richness on each survey continued to increase steeply with sample size and diverged from the rarefaction curves (Figure 46). This pattern of species accumulation suggests that even large increases in survey effort would not sample a large proportion of the estimated assemblage, as most species added to the sample are relatively uncommon.
Only three of the 20 species captured in the starfish traps were found on both surveys (Table 19). The large number of uniques in the samples meant that, despite low similarity in the species composition of the observed assemblages (Classic Jaccard = 0.150, Classic Sorenson = 0.261), there was moderate similarity in the estimated assemblages from which the samples were taken (Chao bias-adjusted Jaccard = 0.358; Chao bias-adjusted Sorenson = 0.527; Table 19).
54 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Cumulative number of taxa 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Cumulative number of benthic grabs
Figure 43: Rarefaction curves (Mao Tau) for native, cryptogenic and non-indigenous taxa combined, from benthic grabs for the first survey (full triangles, ± SD (dashed lines)) and second survey (full squares, ± SD (solid lines)). Species richness estimators are also shown for the first survey (empty diamonds) and second survey (empty circles); the Chao 2 classic formula was used for both surveys.
40 Survey 1 Mao Tau
35 Survey 1 Mao Tau SD Survey 2 Mao Tau
30 Survey 2 Mao Tau SD Survey 1 species 25 richness estimator Survey 2 species richness estimator 20
15
10
5 Cumulative number of taxa 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Cumulative number of crab traps
Figure 44: Rarefaction curves (Mao Tau) for native, cryptogenic and non-indigenous taxa combined, from crab traps for the first survey (full triangles, ± SD (dashed lines)) and second survey (full squares, ± SD (solid lines)). Species richness estimators are also shown for the first survey (empty diamonds, ICE formula) and second survey (empty circles, Chao 2 bias-corrected formula).
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 55 25
20
15
10
5 Cumulative number of taxa 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Cumulative number of fish traps
Figure 45: Rarefaction curves (Mao Tau) for native and cryptogenic taxa from fish traps for the first survey (full triangles, ± SD (dashed lines)) and second survey (full squares, ± SD (solid lines)). No alien taxa were encountered. Species richness estimators are also shown for the first survey (empty diamonds, Chao 2 bias-corrected formula) and second survey (empty circles, ICE formula).
60
50 Survey 1 Mao Tau Survey 1 Mao Tau SD Survey 2 Mao Tau 40 Survey 2 Mao Tau SD Survey 1 species richness estimator 30 Survey 2 species richness estimator
20
10 Cumulative number of taxa 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Cumulative number of starfish traps
Figure 46: Rarefaction curves (Mao Tau) for native, cryptogenic and alien taxa combined from starfish traps for the first survey (full triangles, ± SD (dashed lines)) and second survey (full squares, ± SD (solid lines)). No alien or cryptogenic category two taxa were encountered. Species richness estimators are also shown for the first survey (empty diamonds, Chao 2 classic formula) and second survey (empty circles, ICE formula).
56 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand POSSIBLE VECTORS FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES TO THE PORT The non-indigenous species located in the Port of Nelson are thought to have arrived in New Zealand via international shipping. They may have reached the Port of Nelson directly from overseas or through domestic spread (natural and/or anthropogenic) from other New Zealand ports. Table 16 indicates the possible vectors for the introduction of each NIS recorded from the Port of Nelson during the baseline port surveys. Likely vectors of introduction are largely derived from Cranfield et al. (1998) and expert opinion. They suggest that only one of the 19 NIS (5%) probably arrived via ballast water, 13 species (68%) were most likely to be associated with hull fouling, one species (5%) is suspected to have arrived on drift plastic and four species (22%) could have arrived via either hull fouling or ballast water.
Assessment of the risk of new introductions to the port Many non-indigenous species introduced to New Zealand ports by shipping do not survive to establish self-sustaining local populations. Those that do, often come from coastlines that have similar marine environments to New Zealand. For example, approximately 80% of the marine NIS known to be present within New Zealand are native to temperate coastlines of Europe, the northwest Pacific, and southern Australia (Cranfield et al. 1998).
Between 2002 and 2005, there were 311 vessel arrivals from overseas to the Port of Nelson. The greatest number of these came from Australia (75, including 49 from southeastern Australia), Japan (70), the northwest Pacific (42, predominantly from China and Korea) and the Pacific Islands (29; Table 4). With the exception of the Pacific Islands, most of this trade is with ports from other temperate regions that have coastal environments similar to New Zealand’s.
Bulk carriers and tankers that arrive empty carry the largest volumes of ballast water. In the Port of Nelson these came predominantly from the northwest Pacific (35 visits), Japan (33 visits) and Australia (29 visits; Table 4). Smaller, slower moving vessels, such as barges and fishing boats, tend to carry a greater density of fouling organisms than faster cargo vessels. In the port of Nelson, these came predominantly from Australia and undisclosed locations (Table 4).
Based on the shipping patterns described above, shipping from southern Australia, the northwest Pacific (predominantly China and Korea) and Japan present the greatest risk of introducing new non-indigenous species to the Port of Nelson. Because of the relatively short transit time, shipping originating in southern Australia (particularly Victoria and Tasmania) carries, perhaps, the greatest overall risk. Furthermore, six of the eight marine pests on the New Zealand Register of Unwanted Organisms are already present in southern Australia (Carcinus maenas, Asterias amurensis, Undaria pinnatifida, Sabella spallanzanii, Caulerpa taxifolia, and Styela clava). The native range of other two species – Eriocheir sinensis and Potamocorbula amurensis – is the northwestern Pacific, including China and Japan.
Assessment of translocation risk for introduced species found in the port Between 2002 and 2005, vessels departing from the Port of Nelson travelled to 16 other ports throughout New Zealand. Wellington, Napier and Tauranga were the next ports of call for the most domestic vessel movements from Nelson (Table 8). Although many of the non- indigenous species found in the re-survey of the Port of Nelson have been recorded in other
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 57 locations throughout New Zealand (Table 18), they were not detected in all of the other ports surveyed. There is, therefore, a risk that species established in the Port of Nelson could be spread to other New Zealand locations.
Of particular note is the one species present in Nelson that is on the New Zealand Unwanted Species Register: the invasive alga Undaria pinnatifida. Undaria has been present in New Zealand since at least 1987 and has spread through shipping and other vectors to 11 of the 16 ports and marinas surveyed during the baseline surveys (the exceptions being Opua, Whangarei Port and Marina, Gulf Harbour Marina and Tauranga Port). Until recently, it was absent from the Ports of Taranaki (New Plymouth) and Tauranga. Mature sporophytes were discovered in the Port of Taranaki during the repeat baseline port survey there in March 2005. Some isolated sporophytes have also been discovered independently on rocky reefs near the Port of Tauranga (Environment Bay of Plenty, pers. comm.), but the alga does not appear to be established in the port itself. Bulk carriers, general cargo and container vessels regularly ply between Nelson and the Port of Tauranga. There is, therefore, a risk that it could be spread to this location by shipping from Nelson.
The Port of Nelson receives regular traffic from Lyttelton Harbour, by a range of vessel types. Lyttelton is one of only two locations nationwide that the club-shaped ascidian, Styela clava, has been recorded from outside the Hauraki Gulf; the other being Tutukaka Marina (Gust et al. 2006a). This species is on the New Zealand Register of Unwanted Species, and is considered a significant pest of aquaculture (particularly long-line mussel culture). There is concern about the potential for it to spread to important mussel growing areas in the Marlborough Sounds (which lies on the shipping route between Lyttelton and Nelson) and the Coromandel.
Because they are fouling organisms, the risk of translocating U. pinnatifida from Nelson and S. clava into Nelson is highest for slow-moving vessels, such as yachts and barges, and vessels that have long residence times in port. In the Port of Nelson, cargo and bulk (including fuel) carriers, recreational craft, and seasonal fishing vessels that are laid up for significant periods of time pose a particular risk for the introduction and spread of these species.
Slow-moving vessels may also pose a particular risk for the spread of the two non-indigenous species recorded from Nelson that were recently reported to New Zealand. Both the bryozoan Celleporaria nodulosa and the hydroid Lafoeina amirantensis appear to have relatively restricted distributions nationwide (based on the baseline survey and resurvey results) and are likely to be transported as hull fouling (Lafoeina amirantensis may also be transported in ballast water). Celleporaria nodulosa was recorded in the Ports of Nelson and Gisborne in the first baseline survey, and in Nelson and Timaru in the second baseline surveys of Group 2 ports. Although it is known to have a widespread distribution on the southeastern coast of Australia, little is currently known about this species’ native range or impacts in its introduced range. Lafoeina amirantensis was first discovered in New Zealand waters from the Port of Nelson, and was not detected in any of the fifteen other locations searched nationwide. It is known to occur in South Australia and the Seychelles, although details of its native and introduced range and ecological impacts are unknown.
Management of existing non-indigenous species in the port More than half of the NIS detected in this survey appear to be well established in the port. However, there were five NIS recorded in this survey that were recorded from only one site (Table 18). They included three species that were not recorded during the intial baseline survey of Nelson (the polychaete worm Hydroides elegans, the bryozoan Electra tenella, and
58 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand the hydroid Filellum serpens?) and two species that were present in only a single sample each in the initial baseline survey of Nelson (the hydroid Lafoeina amirantensis and the bryozoan Cryptosula pallasiana). With the exception of C. pallasiana, all of these species occur in no, or few, other New Zealand ports, and thus do not appear to be widely distributed in New Zealand. An attempt to eradicate or control these species may be warranted only if their distribution in the port is limited, there is potential for them to cause significant harm should they spread, and management measures are likely to be effective. Hydoides elegans is known to be a problem fouling species that can cause overgrowth of native species and densely cover submerged marine structures (see species summary above). There is only limited information about potential impacts of the other species.
For most marine NIS, eradication by physical removal or chemical treatment is not yet a cost- effective option. Local population controls are unlikely to be effective for species that are widespread in the Port of Nelson. They may be worth considering for the more restricted species noted above, but a more detailed delimitation survey is needed for these species to determine their current distribution and abundance more accurately before any control measures are considered. is recommended that management activity be directed toward mitigating the spread of species established in the port to locations where they do not presently occur. Such management will require better description of its distribution within the Port and of the location and frequency of movements of potential vectors that might spread it from Nelson to other domestic and international locations.
Prevention of new introductions Interception of unwanted species transported by shipping is best achieved offshore, through control and treatment of ships destined for Nelson from high-risk locations elsewhere in New Zealand or overseas. Under the Biosecurity Act (1993), the New Zealand Government has developed an Import Health Standard for ballast water that requires large ships to exchange foreign coastal ballast water with oceanic water prior to entering New Zealand, unless exempted on safety grounds. This procedure (“ballast exchange”) does not remove all risk, but does reduce the abundance and diversity of coastal species that may be discharged with ballast. Ballast exchange requirements do not currently apply to ballast water that is uptaken domestically. Globally, shipping nations are moving toward implementing the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water & Sediments that was recently adopted by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). By 2016 all merchant vessels will be required to meet discharge standards for ballast water that are stipulated within the agreement.
Options are currently lacking, however, for effective in-situ treatment of biofouling and sea- chests. MAF Biosecurity New Zealand has recently embarked on a national survey of hull fouling on vessels entering New Zealand from overseas. The study will characterise risks from this pathway (including high risk source regions and vessel types) and identify predictors of risk that may be used to manage problem vessels. Shipping companies and vessel owners can reduce the risk of transporting NIS in hull fouling or sea chests through regular maintenance and antifouling of their vessels. Until effective risk mitigation options are developed, it is recommended that local authorities and port companies assess the risk of activities such as in-water cleaning of vessel hulls and sea-chests. These activities can increase the likelihood of non-indigenous fouling species being released and potentially becoming established within the port. They should be discouraged where the risk is considered unacceptable. Slow moving barges or vessels that are laid up in overseas ports for long periods before travelling to New Zealand can carry large densities of non-indigenous marine organisms with them. Cleaning and maintenance of these vessels should be
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 59 encouraged by port authorities and shipping companies prior to their departure for New Zealand waters.
Studies of historical patterns of invasion have suggested that changes in trade routes can herald an influx of new NIS from regions that have not traditionally had major shipping links with the country or port (Carlton 1987; Hayden et al. in review). The growing number of baseline port surveys internationally and an associated increase in published literature on marine NIS means that information is becoming available that will allow more robust risk assessments to be carried out for new shipping routes. We recommend that port companies consider undertaking such assessments for their ports when new import or export markets are forecast to develop. The assessment would allow potential problem species to be identified and appropriate management and monitoring requirements to be put in place.
Conclusions and recommendations The national biological baseline surveys have significantly increased our understanding of the identity, prevalence and distribution of introduced and native species in New Zealand’s shipping ports. They represent a first step towards a comprehensive assessment of the risks posed to native coastal marine ecosystems from non-indigenous marine species. Although measures are being taken by the New Zealand government to reduce the rate of new incursions, foreign species are likely to continue to be introduced to New Zealand waters by shipping. There is a need for continued monitoring of non-indigenous marine species in port environments to allow for (1) early detection and control of harmful or potentially harmful non-indigenous species, (2) to provide on-going evaluation of the efficacy of management activities, and (3) to allow trading partners to be notified of species that may be potentially harmful.
The repeat survey of the Port of Nelson recorded 257 species or higher taxa, including 13 non-indigenous species. Although many species also occurred in the initial, January 2002 baseline survey of the port, the degree of overlap was not high. Around 52% of the native species, 46% of non-indigenous species, and 62% of cryptogenic species recorded during the repeat survey were not found in the earlier survey. The species assemblage in each survey was characterised by high diversity, a comparatively large proportion of uncommon species, and patchy local distributions that are typical of marine biota. As a consequence, the estimated numbers of undetected species were comparatively high. In the initial baseline survey, for example, six of the 13 non-indigenous species (46 %) were each found in just a single sample. The rate of recovery of two of these species (Bugula flabellata and Celleporaria nodulosa) increased in the second survey along with the increased sampling effort, but the other four species were either undetected in the second survey (Schizoporella errata and Anguinella palmata) or were again found in just a single sample (Cryptosula pallasiana and Lafoeina amirantensis). Furthermore, of the six non-indigenous species that were detected only in the second survey, three (50 %) were present in just a single sample. This makes it difficult to determine if the new records in the second survey represent incursions that occurred after the first survey or, rather, are species that were present, but undetected during the first survey due to their sparse densities or distribution. Similarly, the absence in the second survey of six non- indigenous species that were recorded in the first survey (the polychaete Polydora hoplura, the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and the bryozoans Conopeum seurati, Electra angulata, Schizoporella errata and Anguinella palmata) could be explained either by sampling error or local extinction since the initial baseline survey. For most of these species, sampling error is the most likely explanation. Anguinella palmata, Ciona intestinalis, Conopeum seurati, Cryptosula pallasiana, Schizoporella errata, and Polydora hoplura have all been present in New Zealand for more than 40 years and have been recorded in other studies in the Nelson
60 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand region (Cranfield et al. 1998). Their absence from one, or other, of the baseline surveys is most likely to be attributed to low prevalence during the time of the survey. However, although Electra tenella and Synthecium campylocarpum are known from other locations in New Zealand, the specimens recorded from Nelson represent new distribution records and, therefore, are potentially recent incursions.
As several recent analyses have shown, the large area of habitat available for marine organisms within shipping ports and the logistic difficulties of sampling in these environments mean that detection probabilities are likely to be comparatively low for species with low prevalence, even when species-specific survey methods are used (Inglis 2003; Inglis et al. 2003; Hayes et al. 2005; Gust et al. 2006b; Inglis et al. in press). In generalised pest surveys, such as the baseline port surveys, this problem is compounded by the high cost of identifying all specimens (native and non-indigenous) which constrains the total number of samples that can be taken (Inglis 2003). A consequence is that a high proportion of comparatively rare species will remain undetected by any single survey. This problem is not limited to non-indigenous species, as up to 40% of native species recorded in the surveys also occurred in just a single sample. Nor is it unique to marine assemblages. These results reflect the spatial and temporal variability that are features of marine biological assemblages (Morrisey et al. 1992a, b) and the difficulties that are involved in characterising diversity within hyper-diverse assemblages (Gray 2000; Gotelli and Colwell 2001; Longino et al. 2002).
Nevertheless, the baseline surveys continue to reveal new records of non-indigenous species in New Zealand ports and, with repetition, the cumulative number of undetected species should decline over time. This type of sequential analysis of occupancy and detection probability requires a series of three (or more) surveys, which should allow more accurate estimates of the rate of new incursions and extinctions (MacKenzie et al. 2004). Hewitt and Martin (2001) recommend repeating the baseline surveys on a regular basis to ensure they remain current. It may also be prudent to repeat at least components of a survey over a shorter time frame to achieve better estimates of occupancy without the confounding effects of temporal variation and recent incursions.
This survey, alone, cannot determine the threat to New Zealand’s native ecosystems that is presented by the non-indigenous species encountered in this port. It does, however, provide a starting point for further investigations of the distribution, abundance and ecology of the species described within it. Non-indigenous marine species can have a range of adverse impacts through interactions with native organisms. These include competition with native species, predator-prey interactions, hybridisation, parasitism or toxicity and modification of the physical environment (Ruiz et al. 1999; Ricciardi 2001). Assessing the impact of a NIS in a given location ideally requires information on a range of factors, including the mechanism of their impact and their local abundance and distribution (Parker et al. 1999). To predict or quantify their impacts over larger areas or longer time scales requires additional information on the species’ seasonality, population size and mechanisms of dispersal (Mack et al. 2000).
Acknowledgements We thank the Port of Nelson for access to its facilities and assistance during the survey, and Dick Carter and Murray McGuire for port information. We also thank Anna Bradley, Stephen Brown, Dan Cairney, Niki Davey, Sean Handley, Kate Neill, Lisa Northcote and Barry and Linley Bird for field assistance. Many thanks to to Martin Unwin for database assistance and Lisa Peacock for mapping assistance.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 61 We also extend our thanks to the numerous taxonomists involved in this programme: Geoff Read, Jeff Forman, Dennis Gordon, David Staples, Jan Watson, Colin McLay, Niel Bruce, Niki Davey, Bruce Marshall, Wendy Nelson, Kate Neill, Sean Handley, Michelle Kelly- Shanks, Hoe Chang, Rob Stewart, Mike Page, Anna Bradley, Clive Roberts and Andrew Stewart. References Allan, R. (1954). The History of Port Nelson. Whitcombe and Tombs, Wellington. AMOG Consulting. (2002). Hull fouling as a vector for the translocation of marine organisms. Phase I: Hull fouling research. Ballast Water Research Series, Report No. 14. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia, Canberra, 142 p. Andrews, D.; Whayman, G.; Edgar, G. (1996). Assessment of optimal trapping techniques to control densities of the northern Pacific seastars on marine farm leases. Final report to the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. Report No. FRDC 95/066. ASR Marine Consulting and Research Ltd. (2003). Port Nelson reclamation: physical environmental assessment. Prepared for Port Nelson Ltd. Hamilton, ASR Ltd. Australian Faunal Directory (2005). Australian Biological Resources Study Web publication
62 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Cohen, A.N. (2005). Guide to the exotic species of San Francisco Bay. San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA. Web publication
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 63 Gust, N.; Inglis, G.; Hayden, B. (2001). Design of baseline surveys for exotic marine organisms. Final research report for MFISH project ZBS2000/04. Christchurch, National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research. Gust, N.; Inglis, G.J.; Peacock, L.; Miller, S.; Floerl, O.; Hayden, B.J.; Fitridge, I.; Johnston, O.; Hurren, H. (2006a). Rapid nationwide delimitation surveys for Styela clava. NIWA Client Report: CHC2006-24. Prepared for Biosecurity New Zealand Project ZBS2005-32. Christchurch, NIWA. 81 pp. Gust, N.; Inglis, G.J.; Peacock, L.; Miller, S.; Floerl, O.; Hayden, B.J.; Fitridge, I.; Johnston, O.; Hurren, H. (2006b). Rapid nationwide delimitation surveys for Styela clava. NIWA Client Report: CHC2006-24. Prepared for Biosecurity New Zealand Project ZBS2005-32. Christchurch, NIWA. 81 pp. Hay, B.; Grant, C.; McCoubrey, D. (2000). A review of the marine biotoxin monitoring programme for non-commercially harvested shellfish. Part 1: Technical Report. A report prepared for the NZ Ministry of Health by AquaBio Consultants Ltd. NZ Ministry of Health. Hayden, B.J.; Inglis, G.J.; Schiel, D.R. (in review). Marine invasions in New Zealand: a history of complex supply-side dynamics. In: Rilov, G.; Crooks, J. (eds). Marine Bioinvasions: Ecology, Conservation and Management Perspectives, pp. Springer, Heidelberg. Hayes, K.; Sliwa, C.; Migus, S.; McEnnulty, F.; Dunstan, P. (2004). National priority pests. Part II, Ranking of Australian marine pests. Report undertaken for the Department of Environment and Heritage by CSIRO Marine Research. Commonwealth of Australia. Hayes, K.R.; Cannon, R.; Neil, K.; Inglis, G.J. (2005). Sensitivity and cost considerations for the detection and eradication of marine pests in ports. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50: 823-834. Henry, L.; Kenchington, E. (2004). Differences between epilithic and epizoic hydroid assemblages from commercial scallop grounds in the Bay of Fundy, northwest Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 266: 123-134. Hewitt, C.; Campbell, M.; Thresher, R.; Martin, R. (1999). Marine biological invasions of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. CRIMP Technical Report NO. 20. Hobart, Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Species. Hewitt, C.; Martin, R. (1996). Port surveys for introduced marine species - background considerations and sampling protocols. CRIMP technical report No 4. Hobart, CSIRO Division of Fisheries. Hewitt, C.; Martin, R. (2001). Revised protocols for baseline surveys for introduced marine species - survey design, sampling protocols and specimen handling. CRIMP Technical Report No. 22. Hobart, Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests. Hewitt, C.; Martin, R.; Sliwa, C.; McEnnulty, F.; Murphy, N.; Jones, T.; Cooper, S. (eds). (2002). National Introduced Marine Pest Information System. Web publication
64 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Inglis, G.J. (2003). Invasive aquatic species surveys and monitoring in New Zealand. In: Raaymakers, S. (ed.). 1st International Workshop on Guidelines and Standards for Invasive Aquatic Species Surveys and Monitoring, Arraial do Cabo, Brazil, 13-17 April 2003. Workshop Report. GloBallast Monograph Series, I.M.O. London., pp. Inglis, G.J.; Gust, N.; Fitridge, I.; Fenwick, G.D.; Floerl, O.; Hayden, B.J. (2003). Surveillance design for new exotic marine organisms in New Zealand's ports and other high risk entry points. Final Research Report for Ministry of Fisheries Research Projects ZBS2000/04 Objective 5. NIWA Client Report. Wellington. 47p, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Inglis, G.J.; Gust, N.; Fitridge, I.; Floerl, O.; Hayden, B.J.; Fenwick, G.D. (2006a). Port of Nelson: baseline survey for non-indenous marine species. Biosecurity New Zealand Technical Paper No: 2005/02. Prepared for Biosecurity New Zealand Post-clearance Directorate for Project ZBS2000-04. 56 pp. + Appendices. Inglis, G.J.; Hurren, H.; Gust, N.; Oldman, J.; Fitridge, I.; Floerl, O.; Hayden, B.J. (2006b). Surveillance design for early detection of unwanted exotic marine organisms in New Zealand. Biosecurity New Zealand Technical Paper No: 2005-17. Prepared for Biosecurity New Zealand Post-clearance Directorate for Project ZBS2001-01. 110 pp + Appendices. Inglis, G.J.; Hurren, H.; Oldman, J.; Haskew, R. (in press). Development and evaluation of habitat suitability index and particle dispersion models to guide early detection surveys for marine pests. Ecological Applications. Koleff, P.; Gaston, K.J.; Lennon, J.J. (2003). Measuring beta diversity for presence-absence data. Journal of Animal Ecology 72: 367-382. Kott, P. (2002). A complex didemnid ascidian from Whangamata, New Zealand. Journal of Marine Biology Association of the United Kingdom 82: 625-628. Kott, P. (2004a). New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2). Journal of Natural History 38: 2455-2526. Kott, P. (2004b). A new species of Didemnum (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from the Atlantic coast of North America. Zootaxa 732: 1-10. Leppakoski, E.; Gollasch, S.; Gruszka, P.; Ojaveer, H.; Olenin, S.; Panov, V. (2002). The Baltic - a sea of invaders. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59: 1175-1188. Longino, J.T.; Coddington, J.; Colwell, R.K. (2002). The ant fauna of a tropical rain forest: estimating species richness three different ways. Ecology 83: 689-702. Mack, R.; Simberloff, D.; Lonsdale, W.; Evans, H.; Clout, M.; Bazzaz, F. (2000). Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences and control. Ecological Applications 10(3): 689-710. MacKenzie, D.I.; Royle, J.A.; Brown, J.A.; Nichols, J.D. (2004). Occupancy estimation and modelling for rare and elusive populations. In: Thompson, W.R. (ed.). Sampling rare or elusive species: concepts, designs, and techniques for estimating population parameters, pp. 149-171. Island Press, Washington. Matsuoka, K.; Fukuyo, Y. (2000). Technical guide for modern dinoflagellate cyst study. Report prepared for the WESTPAC-HAB Project. WESTPAC-HAB/WESTPAC/IOC
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 65 Morrisey, D.J.; Howitt, L.; Underwood, A.J.; Stark, J.S. (1992b). Temporal variation in soft- sediment benthos. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 164: 233- 245. Nelson City Council (2003). Nelson State of the Environment Report: Coast - 2003. Nelson, Nelson City Council. Nelson City Council (2004). Nelson City State of the Environment Review: 1999-2004. Nelson, Nelson City Council. New Zealand Food Safety Authority (2003). Non-Commercial Marine Biotoxin Monitoring in New Zealand Risk-Based Programme Enhancement - Final Report May 2003. NIMPIS (2002a). Bugula flabellata species summary. National Introduced Marine Pest Information System (Eds: Hewitt CL, Martin RB, Sliwa C, McEnnulty FR, Murphy NE, Jones T & Cooper S). Web publication
66 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Ruiz, G.; Fofonoff, P.; Hines, A.; Grosholz, E. (1999). Non-indigenous species as stressors in estuarine and marine communities: assessing invasion impacts and interactions. Limnology Oceanography 44: 950-972. Schuchert, P. (2000). Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia 85: 411-438. Sinner, J.; Forrest, B.; Taylor, M. (2000). A strategy for managing the Asian kelp Undaria: final report. Cawthron Report 578, 119pp. Prepared for Ministry of Fisheries. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (2004). Bocas del Toro Species Database. Web publication
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 67 www.teara.govt.nz. Whats the story? The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage website, accessed 17/6/05.
68 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Tables
Table 1: Berthage facilities in the Port of Nelson
Depth (m below Berth Section No. Purpose Construction Length (m) chart datum)
Coastal Berth Multipurpose Concrete deck/wood piles 85 6
Main Wharf North Heavy-duty cargo, Wood deck/wood piles 160 9 petroleum products
South Concrete deck/concrete piles + 119 10.5 wooden fender piles
Brunt Quay Heavy-duty cargo Concrete deck/concrete piles + 196 10.3 wooden fender piles
McGlashen Quay North General and break-bulk Concrete deck/wood piles 155 9.2 cargoes
South Bitumen and methanol Concrete deck/wood piles 200 9.2 discharge
Kingsford Quay Break bulk, general Concrete deck/wood piles 174 9.5 cargoes, logs
East Break bulk, general Concrete deck/wood piles 85 6.5 cargoes, logs, vessel
Layup Berths 1 Lay-up, fish unloading Solid concrete 85 8
2 Solid concrete 65 6.5
3 + pontoon Solid concrete + steel pontoon on 105 5.5 wood piles
McKellar Quay East Independently operated Concrete deck/wood piles 128 7 (Sealord) fishing vessels
Centre Concrete deck/wood piles 60 5
West Concrete deck/wood piles 45 5.5
Dog Leg Jetty Concrete deck/wood piles 43 5.5 (Sanford Ltd)
Amaltal Wharf Concrete deck/wood piles 130 7 (Fishing Co.)
Donker Marine Concrete deck/wood piles 70 5
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 69 Table 2: Weight and value of overseas cargo unloaded at the Port of Nelson between the 2001-2002 and 2004-2005 financial years (data from Statistics New Zealand (2006b))
% value change Proportion Proportion Gross % weight change Value from by weight of by value of weight from previous (CIF1) previous all NZ all NZ Year ended June (tonnes) year ($million) year Seaports Seaports
2002 97,808 222 0.6 0.9
2003 98,072 0.3 196 -11.7 0.6 0.8
2004 113,664 15.9 215 9.7 0.6 0.8
2005P 139,461 22.7 222 3.3 0.7 0.8
Change from 2002 to 2005 41,653 42.6 0 0.0
1 CIF: Cost including insurance and freight P Provisional statistics – at the time of access, data for the final two months of the 2005 year were provisional
Table 3: Weight and value of overseas cargo loaded at the Port of Nelson between the 2001-2002 and 2004-2005 financial years (data from Statistics New Zealand (2006b))
% weight % value change change Proportion Proportion from Value from by weight of by value of Gross weight previous (FOB2) previous all NZ all NZ Year ended June (tonnes) year ($million) year Seaports Seaports
2002 1,231,021 802 5.0 2.9
2003 1,132,804 -8.0 760 -5.2 4.5 3.0
2004 1,116,514 -1.4 759 -0.1 5.0 3.0
2005P 1,187,575 6.4 699 -7.9 5.4 2.7
Change from 2002 to 2005 -43,446 -3.5 -103 -12.8
1 FOB: Free on board P Provisional statistics – at the time of access, data for the final two months of the 2005 year were provisional
70 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Table 4: Number of vessel arrivals from overseas to the Port of Nelson by each general vessel type and previous geographical area, between 2002 and 2005 inclusive (data from LMIU “SeaSearcher.com” database)
Other (inc pontoons, barges, Tanker (inc Container/ Bulk/ Passenger/ mining & chemical/ unitised Bulk/ cement oil General LPG/ vehicle/ supply ships, Passenger oil and carrier and Geographical area of previous port of call carrier carrier Dredge Fishing cargo LNG livestock etc) ro/ro Research ashphalt) ro/ro Tug Total
Australia 26 5 18 11 1 3 9 2 75
Japan 33 1 31 3 2 70
Northwest Pacific 35 2 3 2 42
Pacific Islands 3 2 10 14 29
East Asian seas 4 2 1 1 11 1 20
West coast North America inc USA, Canada & Alaska 12 1 13
Red Sea coast inc up to the Persian Gulf 12 12
Unknown (not stated in database) 1 6 1 3 1 12
Gulf States 3 6 9
U.S, Atlantic coast including part of Canada 6 6
South America Pacific coast 4 4
South & East African coasts 1 1 1 3
United Kingdom inc Eire 1 1 1 3 Central America inc Mexico to Panama 1 1 2
Gulf of Mexico 2 2
North African coast 2 2 Scandinavia inc Baltic, Greenland, Iceland etc 1 1 2
Africa Atlantic coast 1 1 European Mediterranean coast 1 1
N.E. Canada and Great Lakes 1 1 North European Atlantic coast 1 1
South America Atlantic coast 1 1
Total 106 0 1 18 116 0 16 3 0 0 4 43 4 311
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 71
Table 5: Number of vessel arrivals from Australia to the Port of Nelson by each general vessel type and Australian state, between 2002 and 2005 inclusive (data from LMIU “SeaSearcher.com” database)
Other (inc Bulk/ pontoons, Tanker (inc Australian state of Bulk/ oil Passenger/ barges, mining chemical/ Container/ previous port of cement carrie General LPG/ vehicle/ & supply ships, Passenger oil and unitised carrier call carrier r Dredge Fishing cargo LNG livestock etc) ro/ro Research ashphalt) and ro/ro Tug Total
Queensland 11 4 5 2 22
New South Wales 5 1 11 1 1 1 1 21
Victoria 4 9 1 1 15
Tasmania 2 2 2 2 8
South Australia 4 1 5
Western Australia 2 1 1 4
Total 26 0 0 5 18 0 11 1 0 0 3 9 2 75
72 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Table 6: Number of vessel departures from the Port of Nelson to overseas ports, by each general vessel type and next geographical area, between 2002 and 2005 inclusive (data from LMIU “SeaSearcher.com” database)
Other (inc pontoons, barges, Container/ Bulk/ Bulk/ Passenger/ mining & Tanker (inc unitised cement oil General LPG/ vehicle/ supply Passenger chemical/ oil carrier and Geographical area of next port of call carrier carrier Dredge Fishing cargo LNG livestock ships, etc) ro/ro Research and ashphalt) ro/ro Tug Total
Australia 3 3 15 3 1 8 338 5 376
Japan 31 1 3 230 2 7 274
Northwest Pacific 62 1 6 21 90
East Asian seas 3 4 6 4 8 1 26
North European Atlantic coas 25 25
U.S, Atlantic coast including part of Canada 21 21
United Kingdom inc Eire 12 12
Pacific Islands 2 1 2 4 9
West coast North America inc USA, Canada & Alaska 1 5 1 7
Central Indian Ocean 3 3
South America Atlantic coast 2 2
South America Pacific coast 1 1 2
Gulf States 1 1
South & East African coasts 1 1
Total 103 0 0 8 93 0 266 1 0 0 14 358 6 849
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 73 Table 7: Number of vessel arrivals from New Zealand ports to the Port of Nelson by each general vessel type and previous port, between 2002 and 2005 inclusive (data from LMIU “SeaSearcher.com” database)
Other (includes pontoons , barges, mining & Tanker Container Bulk/ Passenger/ supply (including / unitised cement Bulk/ oil General LPG/ vehicle/ ships, Passenge chemical/ oil carrier Previous port of call carrier carrier Dredge Fishing cargo LNG livestock etc) r ro/ro Research and ashphalt) and ro/ro Tug Total
Wellington 21 6 33 65 19 609 8 761
Lyttelton 30 1 10 118 148 2 19 165 1 494
Napier 19 42 10 152 223
Nelson 147 11 1 2 45 6 212
Auckland 19 6 35 18 5 75 158
Tauranga 52 45 6 25 1 129
Timaru 5 13 7 4 68 1 98
Dunedin 12 1 18 32 10 73
New Plymouth 19 34 2 9 2 4 70
Bluff 16 47 1 64
Onehunga 6 51 1 58
Westport 26 6 1 1 34
Whangarei 14 3 11 28
Picton 1 1 6 1 9
Gisborne 8 8
Greymouth 1 1
Total 247 0 7 183 444 2 266 5 0 0 84 1158 24 2420
74 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Table 8: Number of vessel departures from the Port of Nelson to New Zealand ports by each general vessel type and next port of call, between 2002 and 2005 inclusive (data from LMIU “SeaSearcher.com” database)
Other (includes pontoons, barges, Tanker mining & (including Container Bulk/ Passenger/ supply Passen chemical/ / unitised cement Bulk/ oil General LPG/ vehicle/ ships, ger oil and carrier Next port of call carrier carrier Dredge Fishing cargo LNG livestock etc) ro/ro Research ashphalt) and ro/ro Tug Total
Wellington 18 6 2 7 6 396 4 439
Napier 31 114 1 6 103 255
Tauranga 69 1 89 6 76 5 246
Nelson 147 11 1 2 45 6 212
Auckland 14 4 87 2 4 52 163
New Plymouth 21 1 20 2 16 100 2 162
Onehunga 12 113 1 4 130
Lyttelton 21 1 15 12 5 1 21 33 2 111
Timaru 6 17 4 1 24 52
Westport 19 7 26
Whangarei 11 13 24
Dunedin 10 2 8 1 1 22
Picton 8 1 6 15
Bluff 5 4 2 11
Gisborne 5 5
Mount Maunganui 1 1 2
Tarakohe 1 1
Total 250 0 8 193 466 2 16 6 0 0 75 841 19 1876
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 75 Table 9: Comparison of survey methods used in this study with the CRIMP protocols (Hewitt and Martin 2001), indicating modifications made to the protocols following recommendations from a workshop of New Zealand scientists. Full details of the workshop recommendations can be found in Gust et al. (2001).
CRIMP Protocol NIWA Method
Survey Sample Survey Sample Taxa sampled method procedure method procedure Notes
Dinoflagellate Small Cores taken by TFO Gravity Cores taken Use of the javelin core eliminated cysts hand divers from core from locations the need to expose divers to core locations where (“javelin” where unnecessary hazards (poor sediment core) sediment visibility, snags, boat movements, deposition occurs deposition repetitive dives > 10 m). It is a occurs method recommended by the WESTPAC/IOC Harmful Algal Bloom project for dinoflagellate cyst collection (Matsuoka and Fukuyo 2000)
Benthic infauna Large 3 cores close to (0 Shipek 3 cores within Use of the benthic grab eliminated core m) and 3 cores benthic grab 10 m of each need to expose divers to away (50 m) from sampled berth unnecessary hazards (poor each berth and at sites in visibility, snags, boat movements, the port basin repetitive dives > 10 m).
Dinoflagellates 20μm Horizontal and Not sampled Not sampled Plankton assemblages spatially plankton vertical net tows and temporally variable, time- net consuming and difficult to identify to species. Workshop recommended using resources to sample other taxa more comprehensively
Zooplankton 100 μm Vertical net tow Not sampled Not sampled Plankton assemblages spatially and/ plankton and temporally variable, time- phytoplankton net consuming and difficult to identify to species. Workshop recommended using resources to sample other taxa more comprehensively
Crab/shrimp Baited 3 traps of each Baited traps 4 traps (2 line traps kind left overnight x 2 traps) of at each site each kind left overnight at each site
Macrobiota Qualitativ Visual searches of Qualitative Visual e visual wharves & visual survey searches of survey breakwaters for wharves & target species breakwaters for target species
76 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
CRIMP Protocol NIWA Method
Survey Sample Survey Sample Taxa sampled method procedure method procedure Notes
Sedentary / Quadrat 0.10 m2 quadrats Quadrat 0.10 m2 Workshop recommended extra encrusting scraping sampled at -0.5 m, scraping quadrats quadrat in high diversity algal zone biota -3.0 m and -7.0 m sampled at - (-1.5 m) and to sample inner on 3 outer piles 0.5 m, -1.5 m, pilings for shade tolerant species per berth -3.0 m and -7 m on 2 inner and 2 outer piles per berth
Sedentary / Video / Video transect of Video / photo Video transect encrusting photo pile/rockwall transect of pile/rockwall biota transect facing. Still facing. Still images taken of images taken the three 0.10 m2 of the four 0.10 quadrats m2 quadrats
Mobile epifauna Beam 1 x 100 m or timed Benthic sled 2 x 100 m (or 2 trawl or trawl at each site min.) tows at benthic each site sled
Fish Poison Divers & Opera house 4 traps (2 lines Poor capture rates anticipated station snorkelers collect fish traps x 2 traps) left from poison stations because of fish from poison for min. 1 hr at low visibility in NZ ports. Some stations each site poisons also an OS&H risk to personnel and may require resource consent.
Fish/mobile Beach 25 m seine haul Opera house 4 traps (2 lines Few NZ ports have suitable epifauna seine on sand or mud fish traps / x 2 traps) of intertidal areas to beach seine. flat sites Whayman left at each site Holdsworth (Whayman starfish traps Holdworth starfish traps left overnight)
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 77 Table 10: Summary of sampling effort in the Port of Nelson. Exact geographic locations of survey sites are provided in Appendix 2.
Sampling method and survey (T1 = first survey; T2 = second survey) Qualitative visual searches Javelin Shrimp Starfish Benthic Benthic Pile scrape Photo stills (on wharf cores (for Crab traps Fish traps traps traps grabs sleds quadrats and video pilings) cysts) Site name T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 Port of Nelson Amaltal Wharf 3 2 2 Basin 2 Boulder Bank 4 4 4 4 Kingsford Quay 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 13 14 13 14 4 4 Lay-up Berths (& repair facility) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 14 14 14 14 4 4 2 Main Wharf 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 3 2 2 12 15 12 15 4 4 2 McGlashen Quay 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 15 14 15 14 4 4 2 Nelson Haven 6 4 4 4 Nelson Haven North 3 2 Nelson Haven South 3 2 Site 1 2 Site 2 2 Site 3 2 Site 4 2 Superyacht Berth 4 4 4 4 14 14 4 The Cut 8 3 2
Nelson Marina Marina (Marina) 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 Ministry of Fisheries Wharf 2 2 1 Total 16 36 16 42 16 32 16 33 2 27 8 18 54 71 54 71 16 20 8 12
78 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Table 11: Preservatives used for the major taxonomic groups of organisms collected during the port survey. 1 indicates photographs were taken before preservation, 2 indicates they were relaxed in menthol prior to preservation and 3 indicates a formalin fix was carried out before final preservation took place.
5 % 10 % 70 % 80 % 100 % Formalin Formalin Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol solution solution solution solution solution
Macroalgae Ascidiacea (colonial) 1, 2 Alcyonacea 2 Ascidiacea (solitary) Bryozoa 1
Asteroidea Crustacea (small)
Brachiopoda Holothuria 1, 2
Crustacea (large) Mollusca (with shell)
Ctenophora 1 Mollusca 1, 2 (without shell)
Echinoidea Platyhelminthes 1, 3
Hydrozoa Porifera 1
Nudibranchia 1 Zoantharia 1, 2
Ophiuroidea
Polychaeta
Scleractinia
Scyphozoa 1, 2
Vertebrata 1 (pisces)
NB: Changes since the first survey: Ascidians now considered separately as colonial and solitary species, and preserved in different solutions. The solitary species are no longer relaxed prior to preservation and the strength of preservative for these species has been increased. The colonials are now preserved in formalin as opposed to ethanol. The Bryozoa are now initially preserved in 100% ethanol, then air dried at a later date prior to identification. Platyhelminthes are now fixed in formalin, rather than relaxed, before preservation in ethanol.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 79 Table 12: Marine pest species listed on the New Zealand register of Unwanted Organisms under the Biosecurity Act 1993.
Phylum Class Order Genus and Species
Annelida Polychaeta Sabellida Sabella spallanzanii
Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Carcinus maenas
Arthropoda Malacostraca Decapoda Eriocheir sinensis
Echinodermata Asteroidea Forcipulatida Asterias amurensis
Mollusca Bivalvia Myoida Potamocorbula amurensis
Chlorophyta Ulvophyceae Caulerpales Caulerpa taxifolia
Ochrophyta Phaeophyceae Laminariales Undaria pinnatifida
Chordata Ascidiacea Pleurogona Styela clava1
1Styela clava was added to the list of unwanted organisms in 2005, following its discovery in Auckland Harbour
Table 13: Marine pest species listed on the Australian Ballast Water Management Advisory Council’s (ABWMAC) schedule of non-indigenous pest species.
Major taxonomic groups Class/Order Genus and Species
Annelida Polychaeta Sabella spallanzanii
Arthropoda Decapoda Carcinus maenas
Echinodermata Asteroidea Asterias amurensis
Mollusca Bivalvia Corbula gibba
Mollusca Bivalvia Crassostrea gigas
Mollusca Bivalvia Musculista senhousia
Macroalgae Dinophyceae Alexandrium catenella
Macroalgae Dinophyceae Alexandrium minutum
Macroalgae Dinophyceae Alexandrium tamarense
Macroalgae Dinophyceae Gymnodinium catenatum
80 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Table 14: Native species recorded from the Port of Nelson in the first (T1) and second (T2) surveys.
Major taxonomic groups, Class Order Family Genus and species T1* T2* Annelida Polychaeta Eunicida Dorvilleidae Dorvillea australiensis 1 1 Polychaeta Eunicida Lumbrineridae Lumbrineris sphaerocephala 0 1 Polychaeta Eunicida Onuphidae Kinbergonuphis proalopus 1 0 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Glyceridae Glycera benhami 0 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Glyceridae Glycera lamelliformis 1 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Glyceridae Hemipodus simplex 0 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nephtyidae Aglaophamus verrilli 1 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Neanthes kerguelensis 1 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Nereis falcaria 1 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Perinereis amblyodonta 1 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Perinereis camiguinoides 1 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Perinereis pseudocamiguina 1 1 Platynereis Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Platynereis_australis_group 0 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Phyllodocidae Eulalia microphylla 1 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Polynoidae Harmothoe macrolepidota 0 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Polynoidae Lepidastheniella comma 1 0 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Polynoidae Lepidonotus polychromus 1 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Polynoidae Ophiodromus angustifrons 0 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Sigalionidae Labiosthenolepis laevis 1 1 Polychaeta Sabellida Oweniidae Owenia petersenae 1 1 Polychaeta Sabellida Sabellidae Demonax aberrans 1 0 Polychaeta Sabellida Sabellidae Euchone pallida 1 0 Polychaeta Sabellida Sabellidae Megalomma suspiciens 0 1 Polychaeta Sabellida Sabellidae Pseudopotamilla laciniosa 0 1 Polychaeta Sabellida Serpulidae Galeolaria hystrix 1 1 Polychaeta Sabellida Serpulidae Spirobranchus cariniferus 1 0 Polychaeta Scolecida Opheliidae Armandia maculata 0 1 Polychaeta Scolecida Scalibregmatidae Hyboscolex longiseta 0 1 Polychaeta Spionida Spionidae Boccardia acus 1 0 Polychaeta Spionida Spionidae Boccardia chilensis 1 0 Polychaeta Spionida Spionidae Boccardia lamellata 1 1 Polychaeta Spionida Spionidae Boccardia syrtis 0 1 Polychaeta Terebellida Acrocirridae Acrocirrus trisectus 0 1 Polychaeta Terebellida Cirratulidae Protocirrineris nuchalis 1 1 Polychaeta Terebellida Cirratulidae Timarete anchylochaetus 1 1 Polychaeta Terebellida Flabelligeridae Flabelligera affinis 1 1 Polychaeta Terebellida Pectinariidae Pectinaria australis 0 1 Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Nicolea armilla 1 1 Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Nicolea maxima 1 1 Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Pista pegma 1 1 Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Pseudopista rostrata 1 1 Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Streblosoma toddae 1 1
Bryozoa Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Aeteidae Aetea truncata 0 1 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Antroporidae Akatopora circumsaepta 1 0
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 81 Major taxonomic groups, Class Order Family Genus and species T1* T2* Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Arachnopusiidae Arachnopusia unicornis 1 0 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Beaniidae Beania new sp. [whitten] 1 0 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Beaniidae Beania plurispinosa 1 1 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Beaniidae Beania sp. 0 1 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Buffonellodidae Aimulosia marsupium 1 0 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Celleporidae Celleporina sinuata 1 1 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Celleporidae Galeopsis porcellanicus 1 1 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Chaperiidae Chaperiopsis cervicornis 1 0 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Eurystomellidae Eurystomella foraminigera 0 1 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Hippoporidridae Odontoporella adpressa 1 0 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Hippothoidae Celleporella tongima 1 1 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Microporellidae Fenestrulina thyreophora 1 0 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Microporellidae Microporella speculum 1 1 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Romancheinidae Escharoides angela 1 1 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Romancheinidae Exochella conjuncta 1 0 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Smittinidae Smittina palisada 1 0 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Smittinidae Smittina torques 1 0
Chordata Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Scyliorhinidae Cephaloscyllium isabellum 0 1
Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Campanulariidae Clytia elongata 0 1 Hydrozoa Hydroida Lafoeidae Hebellopsis scandens 1 1 Hydrozoa Hydroida Phialellidae Opercularella humilis 1 0 Hydrozoa Hydroida Sertulariidae Amphisbetia bispinosa 0 1 Hydrozoa Hydroida Sertulariidae Dictyocladium reticulatum 0 1 Hydrozoa Hydroida Sertulariidae Parascyphus simplex 1 1 Hydrozoa Hydroida Sertulariidae Sertularella robusta 0 1 Hydrozoa Hydroida Syntheciidae Synthecium elegans 1 0
Crustacea Cirripedia Thoracica Balanidae Austrominius modestus 1 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Ampeliscidae Ampelisca chiltoni 0 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Aoridae Haplocheira barbimana 1 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Dexaminidae Paradexamine pacifica 0 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Leucothoidae Leucothoe trailli 1 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Lysianassidae Parawaldeckia angusta 0 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Lysianassidae Parawaldeckia stephenseni 0 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Lysianassidae Parawaldeckia vesca 1 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Phoxocephalidae Protophoxus australis 0 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Phoxocephalidae Torridoharpinia hurleyi 0 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Phtisicidae Caprellina longicollis 0 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Talitridae Parorchestia tenuis 0 1 Malacostraca Anomura Diogenidae Paguristes setosus 0 1 Malacostraca Anomura Paguridae Lophopagurus (L.) thompsoni 1 1 Malacostraca Anomura Paguridae Pagurus novizealandiae 0 1 Malacostraca Anomura Paguridae Pagurus traversi 1 1 Malacostraca Anomura Porcellanidae Petrolisthes elongatus 1 1 Malacostraca Anomura Porcellanidae Petrolisthes novaezelandiae 1 1
82 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Major taxonomic groups, Class Order Family Genus and species T1* T2* Malacostraca Brachyura Cancridae Metacarcinus novaezelandiae 1 0 Malacostraca Brachyura Hymenosomatidae Halicarcinus innominatus 1 1 Malacostraca Brachyura Hymenosomatidae Halicarcinus varius 1 1 Malacostraca Brachyura Hymenosomatidae Halicarcinus whitei 1 0 Malacostraca Brachyura Hymenosomatidae Halimena aoteoroa 1 0 Malacostraca Brachyura Hymenosomatidae Neohymenicus pubescens 1 1 Malacostraca Brachyura Majidae Notomithrax minor 1 1 Malacostraca Brachyura Majidae Notomithrax ursus 1 0 Malacostraca Brachyura Ocypodidae Macrophthalmus hirtipes 1 1 Malacostraca Brachyura Pinnotheridae Pinnotheres novaezelandiae 1 1 Malacostraca Brachyura Portunidae Nectocarcinus antarcticus 1 0 Malacostraca Brachyura Xanthidae Pilumnus lumpinus 1 1 Malacostraca Brachyura Xanthidae Pilumnus novaezealandiae 0 1 Malacostraca Caridea Crangonidae Pontophilus australis 0 1 Malacostraca Caridea Crangonidae Pontophilus hamiltoni 1 0 Malacostraca Caridea Hippolytidae Hippolyte bifidirostris 0 1 Malacostraca Caridea Palemonidae Palaemon affinis 1 1 Malacostraca Caridea Palemonidae Periclimenes yaldwyni 0 1 Malacostraca Isopoda Cirolanidae Natatolana rossi 1 0 Malacostraca Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Cilicaea caniculata 0 1 Malacostraca Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Pseudosphaeroma campbellensis 0 1
Echinodermata Asteroidea Forcipulata Asteriidae Coscinasterias muricata 1 1 Asteroidea Valvatida Asterinidae Meridiastra mortenseni 0 1 Asteroidea Valvatida Asterinidae Patiriella regularis 1 1 Echinoidea Spatangoida Loveniidae Echinocardium cordatum 0 1 Holothuroidea Aspidochirotida Stichopodidae Stichopus mollis 1 0
Mollusca Bivalvia Myoida Hiatellidae Hiatella arctica 1 1 Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Modiolarca impacta 1 1 Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Modiolus areolatus 0 1 Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Perna canaliculus 1 1 Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Xenostrobus pulex 1 1 Bivalvia Nuculoida Nuculidae Nucula hartvigiana 1 1 Bivalvia Nuculoida Nuculidae Nucula nitidula 0 1 Bivalvia Ostreoida Ostreidae Ostrea chilensis 1 1 Bivalvia Pterioida Anomiidae Pododesmus zelandicus 1 1 Bivalvia Pterioida Pectinidae Talochlamys zelandiae 0 1 Bivalvia Veneroida Cardiidae Pratulum pulchellum 0 1 Bivalvia Veneroida Kelliidae Kellia cycladiformis 0 1 Bivalvia Veneroida Lasaeidae Arthritica bifurca 0 1 Bivalvia Veneroida Lasaeidae Lasaea hinemoa 0 1 Bivalvia Veneroida Mactridae Cyclomactra ovata 0 1 Bivalvia Veneroida Psammobiidae Gari stangeri 0 1 Bivalvia Veneroida Psammobiidae Soletellina siliquens 1 0 Bivalvia Veneroida Semelidae Leptomya retiaria 1 1 Bivalvia Veneroida Tellinidae Macomona liliana 0 1 Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Austrovenus stutchburyi 0 1
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 83 Major taxonomic groups, Class Order Family Genus and species T1* T2* Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Dosinia lambata 1 0 Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Ruditapes largillierti 1 1 Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Tawera spissa 1 1 Gastropoda Basommatophora Ellobiidae Leuconopsis obsoleta 0 1 Gastropoda Basommatophora Siphonariidae Siphonaria australis 1 0 Gastropoda Caenogastropoda Turritellidae Maoricolpus roseus 1 1 Gastropoda Cephalaspidea Philinidae Philine auriformis 1 0 Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Calyptraeidae Sigapatella tenuis 1 0 Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Iravadiidae Nozeba emarginata 0 1 Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Littorinidae Austrolittorina antipodum 0 1 Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Littorinidae Risellopsis varia 0 1 Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Buccinulum vittatum 1 1 Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Cominella adspersa 0 1 Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Cominella glandiformis 0 1 Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Xymene plebeius 1 1 Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Xymene pusillus 1 0 Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Velutinidae Lamellaria ophione 0 1 Gastropoda Notaspidea Pleurobranchidae Pleurobranchaea maculata 1 1 Gastropoda Nudibranchia Dorididae Alloiodoris lanuginata 0 1 Gastropoda Nudibranchia Dorididae Aphelodoris luctuosa 0 1 Gastropoda Nudibranchia Dorididae Archidoris wellingtonensis 0 1 Gastropoda Nudibranchia Dorididae Doriopsis flabellifera 1 0 Gastropoda Systellomatophora Onchidiidae Onchidella nigricans 1 1 Gastropoda Vetigastropoda Fissurellidae Scutus breviculus 0 1 Gastropoda Vetigastropoda Trochidae Micrelenchus huttonii 0 1 Gastropoda Vetigastropoda Trochidae Trochus tiaratus 1 1 Gastropoda Vetigastropoda Turbinidae Cookia sulcata 0 1 Gastropoda Vetigastropoda Turbinidae Turbo smaragdus 1 1 Polyplacophora Acanthochitonina Acanthochitonidae Acanthochitona violacea 0 1 Polyplacophora Acanthochitonina Acanthochitonidae Acanthochitona zelandica 1 0 Polyplacophora Acanthochitonina Acanthochitonidae Cryptoconchus porosus 0 1 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonina Chitonidae Rhyssoplax aerea 0 1 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonina Chitonidae Sypharochiton pelliserpentis 1 1 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonina Chitonidae Sypharochiton sinclairi 0 1
Macroalgae Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Antithamnionella adnata 1 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramium apiculatum 0 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramium flaccidum 0 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramium rubrum 0 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Dasyaceae Dasya collabens 0 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Dasyaceae Dasya subtilis 0 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Dasyaceae Heterosiphonia squarrosa 1 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Caloglossa leprieurii 0 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Erythroglossum undulatissimum 0 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Hymenena variolosa 0 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Myriogramme denticulata 1 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Schizoseris dichotoma 0 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Aphanocladia delicatula 0 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Bostrychia harveyi 0 1
84 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Major taxonomic groups, Class Order Family Genus and species T1* T2* Florideophyceae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Bostrychia moritziana 0 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Cladhymenia oblongifolia 1 0 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Symphyocladia marchantioides 0 1 Florideophyceae Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium caulacantheum 0 1 Florideophyceae Gigartinales Gigartinaceae Gigartina atropurpurea 0 1 Florideophyceae Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Stenogramme interrupta 0 1 Florideophyceae Rhodymeniales Rhodomeniaceae Rhodymenia novazelandica 0 1 Phaeophyceae Fucales Sargassaceae Carpophyllum maschalocarpum 0 1 Ulvophyceae Ulvales Ulvaceae Enteromorpha linza 1 0 Ulvophyceae Ulvales Ulvaceae Enteromorpha ramulosa 1 0
Porifera Calcarea Leucosolenida Sycettidae Sycon pedicellatum 1 0 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona cf. punctata 1 1 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona glabra 1 1 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Phorbas fulva 1 1 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Mycalidae Mycale (Carmia) tasmani 1 0 Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Tedaniidae Tedania battershilli 1 1
Dinophyta Dinophyceae Peridinales Peridiniaceae Protoperidinium conicum 1 0 Dinophyceae Peridinales Peridiniaceae Protoperidinium conicum cf. conicoides 1 0 Dinophyceae Peridinales Peridiniaceae Scrippsiella trochoidea 1 0
Urochordata Ascidiacea Aplousobranchia Didemnidae Lissoclinum notti 1 1 Ascidiacea Aplousobranchia Polyclinidae Aplidium adamsi 0 1 Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Molgulidae Molgula mortenseni 1 1 Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Polyzoinae Polyzoa opuntia 0 1 Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Pyura cancellata 1 1 Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Pyura carnea 1 1 Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Pyura pulla 0 1 Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Pyura rugata 1 1 Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Pyura subuculata 1 1 Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Styelidae Cnemidocarpa bicornuta 1 1 Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Styelidae Cnemidocarpa nisiotus 1 1
Vertebrata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla dieffenbachii 1 0 Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Congridae Conger verreauxi 0 1 Actinopterygii Gadiformes Moridae Pseudophycis bachus 1 0 Actinopterygii Gasterosteiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus abdominalis 1 1 Actinopterygii Mugiliformes Mugilidae Aldrichetta forsteri 0 1 Actinopterygii Perciformes Cheilodactylidae Nemadactylus macropterus 0 1 Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Notolabrus celidotus 1 1 Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Pagrus auratus 0 1 Actinopterygii Perciformes Trypterigiidae Grahamina capito 1 0 Actinopterygii Pleuronectiformes Pleuronectidae Peltorhamphus latus 1 0 * 1 = Present, 0 = Absent
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 85 Table 15: Cryptogenic marine species recorded from the Port of Nelson in the first (T1) and second (T2) surveys. Category 1 cryptogenic species (C1); Category 2 cryptogenic species (C2). Refer to “Definitions of species categories” for definitions.
Major taxonomic groups, Class Order Family Genus and species Status T1* T2*
Annelida
Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Perinereis Perinereis-A C2 1 1
Polychaeta Phyllodocida Phyllodocidae Eulalia bilineata C1 0 1
Polychaeta Phyllodocida Syllidae Eusyllis Eusyllis-A C2 0 1
Polychaeta Phyllodocida Syllidae Eusyllis Eusyllis-B C2 0 1
Polychaeta Sabellida Sabellidae Megalomma Megalomma-A C2 1 0
Paraprionospio Paraprionospio-A Polychaeta Spionida Spionidae [pinnata] C2 0 1
Polychaeta Terebellida Ampharetidae Amphicteis Amphicteis-A C2 1 0
Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Lanassa Lanassa-A C2 1 1
Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Terebella Terebella-B C2 0 1
Bryozoa
Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Phidoloporidae Rhynchozoon larreyi C1 0 1
Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Scrupariidae Scruparia ambigua C1 1 0
Cnidaria
Hydrozoa Hydroida Bougainvilliidae Bougainvillia muscus C1 1 1
Hydrozoa Hydroida Campanulariidae Clytia hemisphaerica C1 1 1
Hydrozoa Hydroida Campanulariidae Obelia dichotoma C1 0 1
Hydrozoa Hydroida Campanulinidae Phialella quadrata C1 0 1
Hydrozoa Hydroida Haleciidae Halecium delicatulum C1 0 1
Hydrozoa Hydroida Plumulariidae Plumularia setacea C1 1 1
Crustacea
Malacostraca Amphipoda Aoridae Aora typica C1 0 1
Parawaldeckia sp. aff. P. Malacostraca Amphipoda Lysianassidae stephenseni C2 0 1
Malacostraca Brachyura Grapsidae Plagusia chabrus C1 1 1
Malacostraca Brachyura Portunidae Nectocarcinus sp. C2 0 1
86 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Major taxonomic groups, Class Order Family Genus and species Status T1* T2*
Mollusca
Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Mytilus galloprovincialis C1 1 1
Porifera
Demospongiae Halichondrida Halichondriidae Halichondria new sp. 5 C2 1 0
Demospongiae Halichondrida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon new sp. 1 C2 0 1
Demospongiae Halichondrida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon perleve C1 1 0
Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Dactylia new sp. 1 C2 0 1
Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Adocia new sp. 1 C2 0 1
Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Adocia new sp. 2 C2 0 1
Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona new sp. 1 C2 0 1
Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona new sp. 7 C2 1 0
Urochordata
Didemnum species group (includes D.vexillum, D. incanum, and other Ascidiacea Aplousobranchia Didemnidae Didemnum species) C1 1 1#
Ascidiacea Aplousobranchia Holozoidae Distaplia sp. C2 0 1
Ascidiacea Aplousobranchia Polyclinidae Aplidium phortax C1 1 1
Ascidiacea Phlebobranchia Rhodosomatidae Corella eumyota C1 1 1
Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Botryllinae Botrylliodes leachii C1 1 1
Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Microcosmus australis C1 1 0
Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Microcosmus squamiger C1 0 1
Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Pyura sp. C2 0 1
Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Styelidae Asterocarpa cerea C1 1 1
Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Styelidae Styela plicata C1 1 0
* 1 = Present, 0 = Absent # Because of the complex taxonomy of this genus, Didemnum specimens from the second survey could not be identified to species level, but are reported here collectively as a species group “Didemnum sp.”
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 87 Table 16: Non-indigenous marine species recorded from the Port of Nelson during the first survey (T1) and second survey (T2). Likely vectors of introduction are largely derived from Cranfield et al. (1998), where H = Hull fouling and B = Ballast water transport. Novel NIS not listed in Cranfield et al. (1998) or previously encountered by taxonomic experts in New Zealand waters are marked as New Records (NR). For these species and others for which information is scarce, we provide dates of first detection rather than probable dates of introduction.
Date of Major taxonomic Probable means introduction or groups, Class Order Family Genus and species T1* T2* of introduction detection (d)
Annelida
Polychaeta Sabellida Serpulidae Hydroides elegans 0 1 H or B Pre-1952
Polychaeta Spionida Spionidae Polydora hoplura 1 0 H Unknown1
Bryozoa
Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Bugulidae Bugula flabellata 1 1 H Pre-1949
Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Cryptosulidae Cryptosula pallasiana 1 1 H 1890s
Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Electridae Conopeum seurati 1 0 H Pre-1963
Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Electridae Electra angulata 1 0 H Unknown1
Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Electridae Electra tenella 0 1 Drift plastic 1977
Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Lepraliellidae Celleporaria nodulosa (NR) 1 1 H Jan 2002d
Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Schizoporellidae Schizoporella errata 1 0 H Pre-1960
Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Watersiporidae Watersipora subtorquata 1 1 H or B Pre-1982
Gymnolaemata Ctenostomata Nolellidae Anguinella palmata 1 0 H 1960
88 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Date of Major taxonomic Probable means introduction or groups, Class Order Family Genus and species T1* T2* of introduction detection (d)
Cnidaria
Hydrozoa Hydroida Campanulinidae Lafoeina amirantensis (NR) 1 1 H or B Jan 2002d
Hydrozoa Hydroida Lafoeidae Filellum serpens? 0 1 H 1848
Hydrozoa Hydroida Syntheciidae Synthecium campylocarpum 0 1 H 1890
Hydrozoa Hydroida Syntheciidae Synthecium subventricosum 0 1 H 1955
Mollusca
Bivalvia Ostreoida Ostreidae Crassostrea gigas 1 1 H 1961
Bivalvia Veneroida Semelidae Theora lubrica 1 1 B 1971
Macroalgae
Phaeophyceae Laminariales Alariaceae Undaria pinnatifida 0 1 H or B Pre-1987
Urochordata
Ascidiacea Aplousobranchia Cionidae Ciona intestinalis 1 0 H Pre-1950
1 Date of introduction currently unknown but species had been encountered in New Zealand prior to the present survey. * 1 = Present, 0 = Absent
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 89 Table 17: Species indeterminata recorded from the Port of Nelson in the first (T1) and second (T2) surveys. This group includes: (1) organisms that were damaged or juvenile and lacked crucial morphological characteristics, and (2) taxa for which there is not sufficient taxonomic or systematic information available to allow positive identification to species level.
Major taxonomic groups, Class Order Family Genus and species T1* T2* Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Nereididae indet 1 1 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Nereis Indet 1 0 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Polynoidae Lepidonotinae Indet 1 0 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Syllidae Syllidae Indet 0 1 Polychaeta Sabellida Sabellidae Euchone sp_undet 0 1 Polychaeta Spionida Spionidae Polydora Indet 1 0
Bryozoa Unidentified Bryozoa 0 1 Cheilostoma Gymnolaemata ta Hippothoidae Celleporella sp. 1 0
Chelicerata Pycnogonida Unidentified Pycnogonida 0 1
Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Lafoeidae Filellum sp. indeterminate 1 0 Hydrozoa Hydroida Tubulariidae Ectopleura sp. indeterminate 1 0 Hydrozoa Hydroida Clavidae Clava sp. ? 0 1
Crustacea Malacostraca Amphipoda Unidentified Amphipoda 0 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalidae Hyale sp. 0 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Isaeidae Gammaropsis indet sp. 0 1 Malacostraca Amphipoda Leucothoidae Paraleucothoe sp. A 0 1 Malacostraca Anomura Paguridae Pagurus sp. 0 1 Malacostraca Brachyura Majidae Notomithrax sp. 0 1 Malacostraca Decapoda Unidentified Decapoda 1 0 Malacostraca Isopoda Isopoda sp. 0 1 Sphaeromatid Malacostraca Isopoda ae ?Cilicaea sp 1 0 Heteromysis or Mysidetes Malacostraca Mysida Mysidae sp. 1 0 Malacostraca Mysida Mysidae Tenogomysis sp. 2 1 0 Malacostraca Tanaidacea Tanaidacea sp. 0 1
Magnoliophyta
90 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Major taxonomic groups, Class Order Family Genus and species T1* T2* Liliopsida Najadales Zosteraceae Zostera sp. 0 1
Mollusca Bivalvia Nuculoida Nuculidae Nucula sp. 0 1 Caenogastro Gastropoda poda Turritellidae Zeacolpus sp. 0 1 Neogastropo Gastropoda da Buccinidae Cominella sp. 0 1 Gastropoda Nudibranchia Dorididae Jorunna sp. 1 0
Macroalgae Florideophyceae Unidentified Rhodophyceae 1 1 Acrochaetiale Acrochaetiace Florideophyceae s ae Audouinella sp. 1 0 Florideophyceae Bangiales Bangiaceae Bangia sp. 1 0 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Callithamnion sp. 1 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramium sp. 1 1 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Griffithsia sp. 1 0 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Dasyaceae Dasya sp. 1 1 Delesseriacea Florideophyceae Ceramiales e Unidentified Delesseriaceae 1 1 Delesseriacea Florideophyceae Ceramiales e Erythroglossum sp. 0 1 Delesseriacea Florideophyceae Ceramiales e Myriogramme sp. 1 0 Delesseriacea Florideophyceae Ceramiales e Schizoseris sp. 1 1 Rhodomelace Florideophyceae Ceramiales ae Polysiphonia sp. 1 1 Rhodomelace Florideophyceae Ceramiales ae Stictosiphonia sp. 0 1 Florideophyceae Corallinales Corallinaceae Unidentified Corallinaceae 1 1 Kallymeniacea Florideophyceae Gigartinales e ?Thamnophyllis? 0 1 Rhodymenial Rhodomeniac Florideophyceae es eae Rhodymenia aff. dichotoma 0 1 Rhodymenial Rhodomeniac Florideophyceae es eae Rhodymenia sp. 1 1 Cladophorale Cladophorace Ulvophyceae s ae Cladophora sp. 1 0 Ulvophyceae Ulvales Ulvaceae Enteromorpha sp. 0 1 Ulvophyceae Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva sp. 1 1
Platyhelminthes Turbellaria Polycladida Unidentified Polycladida 1 0
Dinophyta
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 91 Major taxonomic groups, Class Order Family Genus and species T1* T2* Dinophyceae Peridinales Peridiniaceae Protoperidinium sp. 1 1
Urochordata Aplousobranc Ascidiacea hia Didemnidae Unidentified Didemnidae 0 1 Thaliacea Salpida Salpidae Salpidae sp. 1 0
Vertebrata Actinopterygii Perciformes Tripterygiidae Tripterygiidae sp. 0 1
* 1 = Present, 0 = Absent
92 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Table 18: Non-indigenous marine organisms recorded from the Port of Nelson survey and the techniques used to capture each species. Species distributions throughout the port and in other ports and marinas around New Zealand are indicated.
Capture Locations detected in the Port of Nelson Detected in other techniques in the locations surveyed in Genus & species Port of Nelson First survey Second survey ZBS2000_04
Annelida
Hydroides elegans Pile scrape McGlashen Quay Auckland (See Figure 21)
Polydora hoplura Pile scrape McGlashen Quay Dunedin, Lyttelton, Picton, Tauranga, Timaru, Wellington, Whangarei
Bryozoa
Anguinella palmata Pile scrape McGlashen Quay Auckland
Bugula flabellata Pile scrape Lay-Up & Repair Main Wharf, Auckland, Bluff, Dunedin, Facility (See Figure McGlashen Quay, Lyttelton, Napier, New 22) Superyacht (See Plymouth, Opua, Picton, Figure 23) Tauranga, Timaru, Wellington, Whangarei
Cryptosula pallasiana Pile scrape Lay-Up & Repair McGlashen Quay Dunedin, Gisborne, Facility (See Figure (See Figure 25) Lyttelton, New Plymouth, 24) Picton, Timaru, Wellington, Whangarei
Electra angulata Benthic grab, pile Main Wharf scrape
Electra tenella Pile scrape Lay-Up & Repair Tauranga Facility (See Figure 26)
Celleporaria Pile scrape Kingsford Quay (See Kingsford Quay, Gisborne, Timaru nodulosa Figure 27) McGlashen Quay, Superyacht (See Figure 28)
Conopeum seurati Pile scrape Kingsford Quay, Lay- Lyttelton, Whangarei Up & Repair Facility, Main Wharf, McGlashen Quay
Schizoporella errata Benthic grab Main Wharf Auckland, Whangarei
Watersipora Pile scrape Kingsford Quay, Lay- Kingsford Quay, Main Auckland, Bluff, Dunedin, subtorquata Up & Repair Facility, Wharf, McGlashen Gisborne, Lyttelton, Napier, Main Wharf, Quay, Superyacht New Plymouth, Opua, McGlashen Quay (See Figure 30) Picton, Tauranga, Timaru, (See Figure 29) Wellington, Whangarei
Cnidaria
Lafoeina Benthic sled, Pile Main Wharf (See Lay-Up & Repair amirantensis scrape Figure 31) Facility (See Figure 32)
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 93 Capture Locations detected in the Port of Nelson Detected in other techniques in the locations surveyed in Genus & species Port of Nelson First survey Second survey ZBS2000_04
Filellum serpens?* Pile scrape Main Wharf (See Figure 33)
Synthecium Benthic sled, crab Main Wharf, campylocarpum trap, pile scrape McGlashen Quay, Superyacht (See Figure 34)
Synthecium Pile scrape Lay-Up & Repair Timaru subventricosum Facility, Main Wharf (See Figure 35)
Mollusca
Crassostrea gigas Pile scrape Kingsford Quay, Lay- Kingsford Quay, Lay- Auckland, Dunedin, New Up & Repair Facility, Up & Repair Facility, Plymouth, Opua, Main Wharf, Main Wharf, Whangarei McGlashen Quay McGlashen Quay, (See Figure 36) Superyacht (See Figure 37)
Theora lubrica Benthic sled, Kingsford Quay, Amaltal Wharf, Auckland, Gisborne, benthic grab McGlashen Quay Kingsford Quay, Main Lyttelton, Napier, New (See Figure 38) Wharf, Marina, Plymouth, Opua, Picton, McGlashen Quay, Wellington, Whangarei Nelson Haven North, Nelson Haven South, The Cut (See Figure 39)
Macroalgae
Undaria pinnatifida Benthic sled, Marina, The Cut, Dunedin, Gisborne, Starfish trap Ministry of Fisheries Lyttelton, Napier, New Wharf (See Figure Plymouth, Picton, Timaru, 40) Wellington,
Urochordata
Ciona intestinalis Benthic sled, pile Lay-Up & Repair Lyttelton, Napier, Timaru scrape Facility, McGlashen Quay
* Identification is questionable for this species due to presence of infertile colonies only
94 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Table 19: Summary statistics for taxon assemblages collected in the Port of Nelson using six different methods, and similarity indices comparing assemblages between the first and second survey. See “Definitions of species categories” for definitions of Native, C1 and C2 (cryptogenic category 1 and 2) and NIS (non-indigenous species) taxa.
No. of No. of No. of No. (%) of No. (%) of Chao- Chao- No. of samples No. of No. of No. (%) of taxa in taxa in taxa in only taxa in only Jaccard- Sorensen- samples in taxa in taxa in taxa shared first second one sample one sample Chao Est Est in first second first second between survey survey in first in second Shared Jaccard Sorensen Incidence- Incidence- survey survey survey survey surveys only only survey survey Esimated Classic Classic based based
Pile scrape quadrats
Native 54 71 83 115 59 (42%) 24 56 35 (42%) 41 (36%) 77.62 0.424 0.596 0.766 0.867
C2 54 71 5 14 2 (12%) 3 12 4 (80%) 8 (57%) 2.625 0.118 0.211 0.324 0.489
NIS & C1 54 71 24 27 14 (38%) 10 13 12 (50%) 11 (41%) 32.505 0.378 0.549 0.83 0.907
Benthic sleds
Native 8 18 42 69 22 (25%) 20 47 24 (57%) 38 (55%) 29.692 0.247 0.396 0.761 0.864
C2 8 18 0 3 0 (0%) 0 3 0 (0%) 2 (67%) Not enough taxa encountered for a meaningful analysis
NIS & C1 8 18 6 4 1 (11%) 5 3 4 (67%) 2 (50%) 1 0.111 0.2 0.22 0.36
Benthic grabs
Native 2 27 12 29 3 (8%) 9 26 12 (100%) 17 (58%) See analysis for all taxa combined
C2 2 27 1 1 0 (0%) 1 1 1 (100%) 1 (100%) Not enough taxa encountered for a meaningful analysis
NIS & C1 2 27 3 2 0 (0%) 3 2 3 (100%) 1 (50%) Not enough taxa encountered for a meaningful analysis
Native, C2, NIS & C1 taxa combined 2 27 16 32 3 (7%) 13 29 16 (100%) 19 (59%) 6.75 0.067 0.125 0.139 0.243
Crab traps
Native 16 36 9 19 4 (17%) 5 15 5 (56%) 10 (53%) See analysis for all taxa combined
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 95 No. of No. of No. of No. (%) of No. (%) of Chao- Chao- No. of samples No. of No. of No. (%) of taxa in taxa in taxa in only taxa in only Jaccard- Sorensen- samples in taxa in taxa in taxa shared first second one sample one sample Chao Est Est in first second first second between survey survey in first in second Shared Jaccard Sorensen Incidence- Incidence- survey survey survey survey surveys only only survey survey Esimated Classic Classic based based
C2 16 36 0 0 0 (0%) 0 0 0 (0%) 0 (0%) No taxa encountered
NIS & C1 16 36 0 4 0 (0%) 0 4 0 (0%) 3 (75%) Not enough taxa encountered for a meaningful analysis
Native, C2, NIS & C1 taxa combined 16 36 9 23 4 (14%) 5 19 5 (56%) 13 (57%) 6.757 0.143 0.25 0.331 0.498
Fish traps
Native 16 42 12 10 2 (10%) 10 8 4 (33%) 4 (40%) See analysis for all taxa combined
C2 16 42 0 1 0 (0%) 0 1 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Not enough taxa encountered for a meaningful analysis
C1 (No NIS were encountered) 16 42 1 1 0 (0%) 1 1 1 (100%) 1 (100%) Not enough taxa encountered for a meaningful analysis
Native, C2 and C1 taxa combined 16 42 13 12 2 (9%) 11 10 5 (38%) 6 (50%) 2 0.087 0.16 0.271 0.427
Starfish traps
Native 16 33 9 11 3 (18%) 6 8 7 (78%) 7 (64%) See analysis for all taxa combined
C2 16 33 0 2 0 (0%) 0 2 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Not enough taxa encountered for a meaningful analysis
NIS (No C1 taxa were encountered) 16 33 0 1 0 (0%) 0 1 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Not enough taxa encountered for a meaningful analysis
Native, C2 and NIS taxa combined 16 33 9 14 3 (15%) 6 11 7 (78%) 10 (71%) 4.804 0.15 0.261 0.358 0.527
96 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Appendices
Appendix 1: Definitions of vessel types and geographical areas used in analyses of the LMIU shipping movements database
A. Groupings of countries into geographical areas. A country may be included in more than one geographical area category if different parts of that country are considered (by LMIU) to belong to different geographical areas (for example, Canada occurs in the NE Canada and Great Lakes area and in the West Coast North America area). Only countries that occur in the database are listed in the table below.
Geographical area Countries/locations included Africa Atlantic coast Angola The Congo Nigeria Antarctica (includes Southern Ocean) Antarctica Australia (Macquarie Island) Australia Australia (general) Australia (VIC) Australia (QLD) Australia (NSW) Australia (TAS) Australia (WA) Australia (NT) Australia (SA) Black Sea coast Russian Federation Caribbean Islands Bahamas Cuba Jamaica Puerto Rico Central America inc Mexico to Panama Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Panama Central Indian Ocean Bangladesh India Pakistan Sri Lanka East Asian seas Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Republic of Singapore Sultanate of Brunei Thailand Eastern Mediterranean inc Cyprus, Turkey Turkey European Mediterranean coast France
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 97 Geographical area Countries/locations included Gibraltar Italy Malta Spain Gulf of Mexico United States of America Gulf States Iran Kuwait Saudi Arabia State of Qatar Sultanate of Oman United Arab Emirates Japan Japan N.E. Canada and Great Lakes Canada New Zealand New Zealand Northwest Pacific People's Republic of China Republic of Korea Russian Federation Taiwan Vietnam North African coast Algeria Arab Republic of Egypt Morocco Spain Tunisia Western Sahara North European Atlantic coast Belgium France Germany Netherlands Pacific Islands American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji French Polynesia Guam Independent State of Samoa Kiribati Marshall Islands New Caledonia Niue Island Norfolk Island Northern Marianas Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Solomon Islands Tokelau Islands
98 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Geographical area Countries/locations included Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis & Futuna Red Sea coast inc up to the Persian Gulf Arab Republic of Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudan Yemeni Republic Scandinavia inc Baltic, Greenland, Iceland etc Denmark Norway Poland Russian Federation South & East African coasts Heard & McDonald Islands Kenya Mauritius Mozambique Republic of Djibouti Republic of Namibia Reunion South Africa South America Atlantic coast Argentina Aruba Brazil Colombia Falkland Islands Netherlands Antilles Uruguay Venezuela South America Pacific coast Chile Ecuador Peru Spain / Portugal inc Atlantic Islands Canary Islands Portugal Spain U.S, Atlantic coast including part of Canada United States of America United Kingdom inc Eire United Kingdom West coast North America inc USA, Canada & Alaska Canada United States of America
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 99
B. Groupings of vessel sub-types according to LMIU definitions. General type as Sub type code Vessel type definition listed in LMIU from LMIU Definition of sub type in in this report database database LMIU database
Bulk/ cement carrier B BU bulk
B CB bulk/c.c.
B CE cement
B OR ore
B WC wood-chip
Bulk/ oil carrier C BO bulk/oil
C OO ore/oil
Dredge D BD bucket dredger
D CH cutter suction hopper dredger
D CS cutter suction dredger
D DR dredger
D GD grab dredger
D GH grab hopper dredger
D HD hopper dredger
D SD suction dredger
D SH suction hopper dredger
D SS sand suction dredger
D TD trailing suction dredger
D TS trailing suction hopper dredger
Fishing F FC fish carrier
F FF fish factory
F FP fishery protection
F FS fishing
F TR trawler
F WF whale factory
F WH whaler
General cargo G CT cargo/training
G GC general cargo
G PC part c.c.
G RF ref
LPG / LNG L FP floating production
L FS floating storage
L NG Lng
L NP Lng/Lpg
L PG Lpg
100 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
General type as Sub type code Vessel type definition listed in LMIU from LMIU Definition of sub type in in this report database database LMIU database
Passenger/ vehicle/ livestock M LV livestock
M PR passenger
M VE vehicle
Other (includes pontoons, barges, mining & supply ships, etc) O BA barge
O BS buoy ship/supply
O BY buoy ship
O CL cable
O CP cable pontoon
O CS crane ship
O CX crane barge
O DE depot ship
O DS diving support
O ES exhibition ship
O FL floating crane
O FY ferry
O HB hopper barge
O HF hydrofoil
O HL semi-sub HL vessel
O HS hospital ship
O HT semi-sub HL/tank
O IB icebreaker
O IF icebreaker/ferry
O IS icebreaker/supply
O IT icebreaker/tender
O LC landing craft
O LT lighthouse tender
O MN mining ship
O MS mission ship
O MT maintenance
O OS offshore safety
O PA patrol ship
O PC pollution control vessel
O PD paddle
O PI pilot ship
O PL pipe layer
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 101 General type as Sub type code Vessel type definition listed in LMIU from LMIU Definition of sub type in in this report database database LMIU database
O PO pontoon
O PP pipe carrier
O RD radio ship
O RN ro/ro pontoon
O RP repair ship
O RX repair barge
O SB storage barge
O SC sludge carrier
O SP semi-sub pontoon
O SS storage ship
O SU support
O SV salvage
O SY supply
O SZ standby safety vessel
O TB tank barge
O TC tank cleaning ship
O TN tender
O TR training
O WA waste ship
O WO work ship
O YT yacht
Passenger ro/ro P RR passenger ro/ro
Research R HR hydrographic research
R MR meteorological research
R OR oceanographic research
R RB research/buoy ship
R RE research
R RS research/supply ship
R SR seismographic research
Tanker (including chemical/ oil / ashphalt etc) T AC acid tanker
T AS asphalt tanker
T BK bunkering tanker
T CH chem.tank
T CO chemical/oil carrier
T CR crude oil tanker
102 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
General type as Sub type code Vessel type definition listed in LMIU from LMIU Definition of sub type in in this report database database LMIU database
T EO edible oil tanker
T FJ fruit juice tanker
T FO fish oil tanker
T FP floating production
T FS floating storage
T MO molasses tanker
T NA naval auxiliary
T PD product tanker
T TA non specific tanker
T WN wine tank
T WT water tanker
Container/ unitised carrier and ro/ro U BC barge carrier/c.c.
U BG barge carrier
U CC c.c. container/unitised carrier
U CR c.c.ref
U RC ro/ro/c.c.
U RR ro/ro
Tug X AA anchor handling salvage tug
anchor handling firefighting X AF tug/supply
X AG anchor handling firefighting tug
X AH anchor handling tug/supply
X AT anchor handling tug
X CT catamaran tug
X FF firefighting tug
X FS firefighting tug/supply
X FT firefighting tractor tug
X PT pusher tug
X ST salvage tug
X TG tug
X TI tug/icebreaker
X TP tug/pilot ship
X TR tractor tug
X TS tug/supply
X TT tug/tender
X TX tug/support
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 103 Appendix 2. Geographic locations of sample sites in the Port of Nelson second baseline survey (NZGD49)
Number of Site Easting Northing Survey Method* sample units
Amaltal 2533584 5994545 BGRB 1
Amaltal 2533584 5994545 BGRB 1
Amaltal 2533584 5994545 BGRB 1
Amaltal 2533599 5994457 BSLD 1
Amaltal 2533603 5994600 BSLD 1
Amaltal 2533547 5994465 CYST 2
Basin 2533225 5994312 CYST 2
Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) 2532870 5994950 CRBTP 1
Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) 2532870 5994950 CRBTP 1
Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) 2532850 5994961 CRBTP 1
Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) 2532850 5994961 CRBTP 1
Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) 2532843 5994946 FSHTP 2
Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) 2532867 5994952 FSHTP 2
Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) 2532850 5994961 SHRTP 2
Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) 2532870 5994950 SHRTP 2
Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) 2532870 5994950 STFTP 1
Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) 2532850 5994961 STFTP 1
Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) 2532850 5994961 STFTP 1
Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) 2532870 5994950 STFTP 1
Kingsford Quay 2533154 5994331 BGRB 3
Kingsford Quay 2533170 5994287 BSLD 1
Kingsford Quay 2533002 5994276 BSLD 1
Kingsford Quay 2533147 5994231 CRBTP 4
Kingsford Quay 2533147 5994231 FSHTP 3
Kingsford Quay 2533147 5994231 FSHTP 1
Kingsford Quay 2533147 5994231 PSC 14
Kingsford Quay 2533147 5994231 SHRTP 4
Kingsford Quay 2533147 5994231 STFTP 4
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533098 5994522 BGRB 1
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533098 5994522 BGRB 1
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533098 5994522 BGRB 1
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533174 5994632 BSLD 1
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533034 5994501 BSLD 1
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533133 5994537 CRBTP 2
104 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Number of Site Easting Northing Survey Method* sample units
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533596 5994446 CRBTP 2
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533072 5994511 CYST 2
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533133 5994537 FSHTP 1
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533596 5994446 FSHTP 2
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533133 5994537 FSHTP 1
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533198 5994585 PSC 14
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533133 5994537 SHRTP 2
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533596 5994446 SHRTP 2
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533133 5994537 STFTP 2
Lay-Up & Repair Facility 2533596 5994446 STFTP 2
Main Wharf 2532669 5994088 BGRB 3
Main Wharf 2532640 5994083 BSLD 1
Main Wharf 2532538 5993944 BSLD 1
Main Wharf 2532644 5994059 CRBTP 4
Main Wharf 2532669 5994088 CYST 2
Main Wharf 2532644 5994059 FSHTP 2
Main Wharf 2532644 5994059 FSHTP 1
Main Wharf 2532644 5994059 FSHTP 1
Main Wharf 2532609 5994022 PSC 15
Main Wharf 2532644 5994059 SHRTP 4
Main Wharf 2532644 5994059 STFTP 3
Main Wharf 2532644 5994059 STFTP 1
Marina 2533526 5993849 BGRB 3
Marina 2533579 5993917 BSLD 1
Marina 2533502 5993979 BSLD 1
Marina 2533581 5993847 CRBTP 1
Marina 2533490 5994125 CRBTP 1
Marina 2533581 5993830 CRBTP 1
Marina 2533490 5994125 CRBTP 1
Marina 2533526 5993849 CYST 2
Marina 2533577 5993830 FSHTP 1
Marina 2533577 5993830 FSHTP 1
Marina 2533490 5994125 FSHTP 2
Marina 2533490 5994125 SHRTP 2
Marina 2533581 5993830 SHRTP 1
Marina 2533581 5993830 SHRTP 1
Marina 2533490 5994125 STFTP 2
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 105 Number of Site Easting Northing Survey Method* sample units
Marina 2533581 5993830 STFTP 1
Marina 2533581 5993830 STFTP 1
McGlashen Quay 2532883 5994156 BGRB 2
McGlashen Quay 2532883 5994156 BGRB 1
McGlashen Quay 2532836 5993971 BSLD 1
McGlashen Quay 2532885 5994152 BSLD 1
McGlashen Quay 2532927 5994117 CRBTP 2
McGlashen Quay 2532906 5994058 CRBTP 1
McGlashen Quay 2532906 5994058 CRBTP 1
McGlashen Quay 2532779 5994047 CYST 2
McGlashen Quay 2532922 5994110 FSHTP 1
McGlashen Quay 2532911 5994069 FSHTP 2
McGlashen Quay 2532922 5994110 FSHTP 1
McGlashen Quay 2532916 5994091 PSC 14
McGlashen Quay 2532906 5994058 SHRTP 2
McGlashen Quay 2532927 5994117 SHRTP 2
McGlashen Quay 2532906 5994058 STFTP 1
McGlashen Quay 2532927 5994117 STFTP 1
McGlashen Quay 2532906 5994058 STFTP 1
McGlashen Quay 2532927 5994117 STFTP 1
Ministry Of Fisheries Wharf 2533490 5994125 CRBTP 1
Ministry Of Fisheries Wharf 2533490 5994125 CRBTP 1
Ministry Of Fisheries Wharf 2533490 5994125 FSHTP 2
Ministry Of Fisheries Wharf 2533490 5994125 STFTP 1
Nelson Haven 2532119 5994467 CRBTP 1
Nelson Haven 2532119 5994467 CRBTP 1
Nelson Haven 2532119 5994467 CRBTP 1
Nelson Haven 2532119 5994470 CRBTP 1
Nelson Haven 2532119 5994470 CRBTP 1
Nelson Haven 2532119 5994467 CRBTP 1
Nelson Haven 2532168 5994502 FSHTP 2
Nelson Haven 2532119 5994482 FSHTP 2
Nelson Haven 2532119 5994467 SHRTP 2
Nelson Haven 2532119 5994470 SHRTP 2
Nelson Haven 2532119 5994467 STFTP 1
Nelson Haven 2532119 5994470 STFTP 1
Nelson Haven 2532119 5994467 STFTP 1
106 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Number of Site Easting Northing Survey Method* sample units
Nelson Haven 2532119 5994470 STFTP 1
Nelson Haven_N 2533054 5994929 BGRB 2
Nelson Haven_N 2533054 5994929 BGRB 1
Nelson Haven_N 2533156 5994914 BSLD 1
Nelson Haven_N 2533155 5994923 BSLD 1
Nelson Haven_S 2532096 5994369 BGRB 1
Nelson Haven_S 2532096 5994369 BGRB 1
Nelson Haven_S 2532096 5994369 BGRB 1
Nelson Haven_S 2532649 5994764 BSLD 1
Nelson Haven_S 2532734 5994866 BSLD 1
Superyacht 2533119 5994426 CRBTP 1
Superyacht 2533122 5994426 CRBTP 2
Superyacht 2533122 5994426 CRBTP 1
Superyacht 2533122 5994426 FSHTP 2
Superyacht 2533122 5994426 FSHTP 2
Superyacht 2533121 5994434 PSC 14
Superyacht 2533119 5994426 SHRTP 2
Superyacht 2533122 5994426 SHRTP 2
Superyacht 2533119 5994426 STFTP 2
Superyacht 2533122 5994426 STFTP 2
The Cut 2531954 5993859 BGRB 1
The Cut 2531954 5993859 BGRB 2
The Cut 2532161 5994430 BSLD 1
The Cut 2532246 5994517 BSLD 1
The Cut 2531349 5993644 FSHTP 1
The Cut 2531694 5993436 FSHTP 2
The Cut 2531727 5993395 FSHTP 1
The Cut 2531727 5993395 FSHTP 1
The Cut 2531349 5993644 FSHTP 3
*Survey methods: PSC = pile scrape, BSLD = benthic sled, BGRB = benthic grab, CYST = dinoflagellate cyst core, CRBTP = crab trap, FSHTP = fish trap, STFTP = starfish trap, SHRTP = shrimp trap.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 107 Appendix 3 Specialists engaged to identify specimens obtained from the New Zealand port surveys.
Major Class Specialist Specialist Survey 2 Institution taxonomic Survey 1 samples groups samples
Annelida Polychaeta Geoff Read1, Geoff Read1, 1NIWA Greta Point Jeff Forman1 Jeff Forman1
Bryozoa Gymnolaemata Dennis Gordon1 Dennis Gordon1 1NIWA Greta Point
Chelicerata Pycnogonida David Staples2 David Staples2 2Melbourne Museum, Victoria, Australia
Cnidaria Anthozoa Adorian No specialist available 3West University of Ardelean3 as yet Timisoara, Timisoara, 1900, Romania
Cnidaria Hydrozoa Jan Watson4 Jan Watson4 4Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, Clifton Springs, Victoria, Australia
Crustacea Amphipoda Graham Graham Fenwick5 5NIWA Christchurch Fenwick5
Crustacea Cirripedia Graham Isla Fitridge5 5NIWA Christchurch and Fenwick5, 6Auckland University of Isla Fitridge5 Technology John Buckeridge6
Crustacea Decapoda Colin McLay7 Colin McLay7 7University of Canterbury Graham and Fenwick5, 5NIWA Christchurch Nick Gust5
Crustacea Isopoda Niel Bruce1 Niel Bruce1 1NIWA Greta Point
Crustacea Mysidacea Fukuoka Kouki8 Niel Bruce1 1NIWA Greta Point and 8National Science Museum, Tokyo
Echinodermata Asteroidea Don McKnight1 Niki Davey9 1NIWA Greta Point and 9NIWA Nelson
Echinodermata Echinoidea Don McKnight1 Niki Davey9 1NIWA Greta Point and 9NIWA Nelson
Echinodermata Holothuroidea Niki Davey9 Niki Davey9 9NIWA Nelson
Echinodermata Ophiuroidea Don McKnight1, Niki Davey9 1NIWA Greta Point and Helen Rottman1 9NIWA Nelson
Echiura Echiuroidea Geoff Read1 Geoff Read1 1NIWA Greta Point
Mollusca Bivalvia. Bruce Marshall10 Bruce Marshall10 10Museum of NZ Te Papa Cephalopoda, Tongarewa Gastropoda, Polyplacophora
Nemertea Anopla, Enopla Geoff Read1 Geoff Read1 1NIWA Greta Point
Macroalgae Phaeophyceae, Wendy Nelson1, Wendy Nelson1, 1NIWA Greta Point Rhodophyceae, Kate Neill1 Kate Neill1 Ulvophyceae
Platyhelminthes Turbellaria Sean Handley9 Sean Handley9 9NIWA Nelson
Porifera Demospongiae, Michelle Kelly- Michelle Kelly- 11NIWA Auckland Calcarea Shanks11 Shanks11
Priapula Priapulidae Geoff Read1 Geoff Read1 1NIWA Greta Point
Dinophyta Dinophyceae Hoe Chang1, Hoe Chang1, 1NIWA Greta Point Rob Stewart1 Rob Stewart1
Urochordata Ascidiacea Mike Pagee, Mike Page9, 9NIWA Nelson and
108 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Major Class Specialist Specialist Survey 2 Institution taxonomic Survey 1 samples groups samples Anna Bradleye Anna Bradley9 12Queensland Museum Patricia Kott12
Vertebrata Osteichthyes Clive Roberts10, Clive Roberts10, 10Museum of NZ Te Papa Andrew Andrew Stewart10 Tongarewa Stewart10
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 109 Appendix 4: Generic descriptions of representative groups of the main marine phyla collected during sampling
Phylum Annelida Polychaetes: The polychaetes are the largest group of marine worms and are closely related to the earthworms and leeches found on land. Polychaetes are widely distributed in the marine environment and are commonly found under stones and rocks, buried in the sediment or attached to submerged natural and artificial surfaces including rocks, pilings, ropes and the shells or carapaces of other species. All polychaete worms have visible legs or bristles. Many species live in tubes secreted by the body or assembled from debris and sediments, while others are free-living. Depending on species, polychaetes feed by filtering small food particles from the water or by preying upon smaller creatures.
Phylum Arthropoda The Arthropoda is a very large group of organisms, with well-known members including crustaceans, insects and spiders. Crustaceans: The crustaceans (including Classes Malacostra, Cirripedia and other smaller classes) represent one of the sea’s most diverse groups of organisms, including shrimps, crabs, lobsters, amphipods, tanaids and several other groups. Most crustaceans are motile (capable of movement) although there are also a variety of sessile species (e.g. barnacles). All crustaceans are protected by an external carapace, and most can be recognised by having two pairs of antennae. Pycnogonids: The pycnogonids, or sea spiders, are closely related to land spiders. They are commonly encountered living among sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on the seafloor. They range in size from a few mm to many cm and superficially resemble spiders found on land.
Phyla Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Ochrophyta Macroalgae: Marine macroalgae are highly diverse and are grouped under several phyla. The green algae are in Phylum Chlorophyta; red algae are in Phylum Rhodophyta, and the brown algae are in Phylum Ochrophyta. Whilst the green and red algae fall under Kingdom Plantae, the brown algae (Phylum Ochrophyta) are grouped in the Kingdom Chromista. Despite their disparate systematics, red, green and brown algae perform many similar ecological functions. Large macroalgae were sampled that live attached to submerged natural and artificial surfaces including rocks, pilings, ropes and the shells or carapaces of other species.
Phylum Chordata Ascidiacea: Ascidians are sometimes referred to as ‘sea squirts’ or ‘tunicates’. Adult ascidians are sessile (permanently attached to the substrate) organisms that live on submerged natural and artificial surfaces including rocks, pilings, ropes and the shells or carapaces of other species. Ascidians can occur as individuals (solitary ascidians) or merged together into colonies (colonial ascidians). They are soft-bodied and have a rubbery or jelly- like outer coating (test). They feed by pumping water into the body through an inhalant siphon. Inside the body, food particles are filtered out of the water, which is then expelled through an exhalant siphon. Ascidians reproduce via swimming larvae (ascidian tadpoles) that retain a notochord, which explains why these animals are included in the Phylum Chordata along with vertebrates. Actinopterygii: The Class Actinopterygii refers to the ray-finned fishes. This is an extremely diverse group. Approximately 200 families of fish are represented in New Zealand waters ranging from tropical and subtropical groups in the north to subantarctic groups in the south. They can be classified ecologically according to depth habitat preferences; for example, fish that live on or near the sea floor are considered demersal while those living in the upper water column are termed pelagics. Elasmobranchii: The Class Elasmobranchii are one of two classes of cartilaginous fishes, including sharks, skates and rays.
110 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Phylum Cnidaria Anthozoa: The Class Anthozoa includes the true corals, sea anemones and sea pens. Hydrozoa: The Class Hydrozoa includes hydroids, fire corals and many medusae. Of these, only hydroids were recorded in the port surveys. Hydroids can easily be mistaken for erect and branching bryozoans. They are also sessile organisms that live attached to submerged natural and artificial surfaces including rocks, pilings, ropes and the shells or carapaces of other species. All hydroids are colonial, with individual colonies consisting of hundreds of individual ‘polyps’. Like bryozoans, they feed by filtering small food particles from the water column. Scyphozoa: Scyphozoans are the true jellyfish.
Phylum Dinophyta Dinoflagellates: Dinoflagellates are a large group of unicellular algae that live in the water column or within the sediments. About half of all dinoflagellates are capable of photosynthesis and some are symbionts, living inside organisms such as jellyfish and corals. Some dinoflagellates are phosphorescent and can be responsible for the phosphorescence visible at night in the sea. The phenomenon known as red tide occurs when the rapid reproduction of certain dinoflagellate species results in large brownish red algal blooms. Some dinoflagellates are highly toxic and can kill fish and shellfish, or poison humans that eat these infected organisms.
Phylum Echinodermata Echinoderms: This phylum contains a range of predominantly motile organisms – sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, feather stars and sea lilies. Echinoderms feed by filtering small food particles from the water column or by extracting food particles from sediment grains or rock surfaces.
Phylum Ectoprocta Bryozoans: This group of organisms is also referred to as ‘moss animals’ or ‘lace corals’. Bryozoans are sessile and live attached to submerged natural and artificial surfaces including rocks, pilings, ropes and the shells or carapaces of other species. They are all colonial, with individual colonies consisting of hundreds of individual ‘zooids’. Bryozoans can have encrusting growth forms that are sheet-like and approximately 1 mm thick, or can form erect or branching structures several centimetres high. Bryozoans feed by filtering small food particles from the water column, and colonies grow by producing additional zooids.
Phylum Magnoliophyta Seagrasses: The Magnoliophyta are the flowering plants, or angiosperms. Most of these are terrestrial, but the Magnoliophyta also include marine representatives – the seagrasses. The only Mangnoliophyte encountered in the port surveys was the seagrass Zostera.
Phylum Mollusca Molluscs: The molluscs are a highly diverse group of marine animals characterised by the presence of an external or internal shell. This phyla includes the bivalves (organisms with hinged shells e.g. mussels, oysters, etc), gastropods (marine snails, e.g. winkles, limpets, topshells), chitons, sea slugs and sea hares, as well as the cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish and octopus).
Phylum Porifera Sponges: Sponges are very simple colonial organisms that live attached to submerged natural and artificial surfaces including rocks, pilings, ropes and the shells or carapaces of other species. They vary greatly in colour and shape, and include sheet-like encrusting forms, branching forms and tubular forms. Sponge surfaces have thousands of small pores to through which water is drawn into the colony, where small food particles are filtered out before the water is again expelled through one or several other holes.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 111
Appendix 5 Criteria for assigning non-indigenous status to species sampled from the Port of Nelson in the second survey.
List of Chapman and Carlton’s (1994) nine criteria (C1 – C9) for assigning non-indigenous species status that were met by the non-indigenous species sampled in the Port of Nelson in the second survey. Criteria that apply to each species are indicated by (+). Cranfield et al’s (1998) analysis was used for species previously known from New Zealand waters. For non-indigenous species that were first detected during the present study, criteria were assigned using advice from the taxonomists that identified them. Refer to footnote for a full description of C1 – C9.
Major taxonomic groups and Species C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 Annelida Hydroides elegans + + + + + + + + +
Bryozoa Bugula flabellata + + + + + + + + Cryptosula pallasiana + + + + + + + + Electra tenella + + + + + + Watersipora subtorquata + + + + + + + + Celleporaria nodulosa + + + + + +
Cnidaria Filellum serpens + + + + + Synthecium campylocarpum + + + + + Synthecium subventricosum + + + + + Lafoeina amirantensis + + + + +
Mollusca Crassostrea gigas + + + + + + + Theora lubrica + + + + + + +
Macroalgae Undaria pinnatifida + + + + + + + +
Criterion 1: Has the species suddenly appeared locally where it has not been found before? Criterion 2: Has the species spread subsequently? Criterion 3: Is the species’ distribution associated with human mechanisms of dispersal? Criterion 4: Is the species associated with, or dependent on, other introduced species? Criterion 5: Is the species prevalent in, or restricted to, new or artificial environments? Criterion 6: Is the species’ distribution restricted compared to natives? Criterion 7: Does the species have a disjunct worldwide distribution? Criterion 8: Are dispersal mechanisms of the species inadequate to reach New Zealand, and is passive dispersal in ocean currents unlikely to bridge ocean gaps to reach New Zealand? Criterion 9: Is the species isolated from the genetically and morphologically most similar species elsewhere in the world?
112 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand
Appendix 6a. Results from the pile scraping quadrats
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 113
114 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Appendix 6a. Results from the diver collections and pile scrapings. Site code Kingsford Quay Lay-Up & Repair Facility Main Wharf McGlashen Quay Superyacht Pile replicate 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Pile position IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUTIN OUT IN OUT IN OUT Phylum class order family genus species *class_code 12312341231234123123412312341231234123412341231234123123412341234231234 Clava sp. ? SI 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Eunicida Dorvilleidae Dorvillea australiensis N 0000000000000000100000010001000000000000000000000000000000000000001000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Glyceridae Glycera benhami N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Neanthes kerguelensis N 0010000001000000000110010010000000000010011000000100000110001100001000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Nereididae indet SI 0000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Nereis falcaria N 0000010000000000000010010000000000100000010001001000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Perinereis amblyodonta N 0000100000000001000000000000000000000000000000101000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Perinereis camiguinoides N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Perinereis Perinereis-A C2 0000000000100011001000101000000010000000000000100000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Perinereis pseudocamiguina N 0000100000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Platynereis Platynereis_australis_group N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Phyllodocidae Eulalia bilineata C1 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Phyllodocidae Eulalia microphylla N 0000100000010011001001101100000000001000100000100000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Polynoidae Harmothoe macrolepidota N 0000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Polynoidae Lepidonotus polychromus N 0000001000000000100010000011000000000000000000100000001110001000001000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Polynoidae Ophiodromus angustifrons N 0000010000000000000000010000000001100000000000000000000000000000001000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Syllidae Eusyllis Eusyllis-A C2 0000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Syllidae Eusyllis Eusyllis-B C2 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 0 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Syllidae Syllidae Indet SI 0000000001000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Sabellida Sabellidae Megalomma suspiciens N 0000000000000000000000010010000000000000000000000000000000001000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Sabellida Sabellidae Pseudopotamilla laciniosa N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Sabellida Serpulidae Galeolaria hystrix N 0000000000000000000010010000000000000000000000000000000010001001001000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Sabellida Serpulidae Hydroides elegans A 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Scolecida Opheliidae Armandia maculata N 0000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Scolecida Scalibregmatidae Hyboscolex longiseta N 0000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000001000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Spionida Spionidae Boccardia lamellata N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Spionida Spionidae Boccardia syrtis N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Spionida Spionidae Paraprionospio Paraprionospio-A [pinnata] C2 0000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Terebellida Acrocirridae Acrocirrus trisectus N 0000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Terebellida Cirratulidae Protocirrineris nuchalis N 0000001000000000100100010010000000000000000000000000000010000000101000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Terebellida Cirratulidae Timarete anchylochaetus N 0000000000000000000000000001100000000000100000000000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Terebellida Flabelligeridae Flabelligera affinis N 0000000000000000000000010001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Lanassa Lanassa-A C2 0000001000000000000000010000000000000000000000000001000010001000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Nicolea armilla N 0000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Nicolea maxima N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Pseudopista rostrata N 0000000000000000100000010000000000000000000000001000001000000000001000 0 Annelida Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Streblosoma toddae N 0000000000000001000000000000000000000000010000100100001000000000000001 0 Annelida Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Terebella Terebella-B C2 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000 0 Ectoprocta SI 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000 0 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Aeteidae Aetea truncata N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000 0 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Beaniidae Beania plurispinosa N 0000000000000000100010000000000000000000000001000001100010000000001000 0 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Beaniidae Beania sp. N 0000000001000000100010000001000000100000001001000001000000010000000001 1 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Bugulidae Bugula flabellata A 0000000000000000000000000000000001000110001000000000000110011000001000 1 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Celleporidae Galeopsis porcellanicus N 0000000000000000100000010001000000000000001000000000000000000000000000 0 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Cryptosulidae Cryptosula pallasiana A 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000 0 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Electridae Electra tenella A 0000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Eurystomellidae Eurystomella foraminigera N 0000000000000000000000000011000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Lepraliellidae Celleporaria nodulosa A 0010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001100100000001000100000 0 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Microporellidae Microporella speculum N 0000000000000000100000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Phidoloporidae Rhynchozoon larreyi C1 0000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Romancheinidae Escharoides angela N 0000000000000000100000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Watersiporidae Watersipora subtorquata A 0000000001000000000000000000000000001000100010000001000000000001100001 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Bougainvilliidae Bougainvillia muscus C1 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000100000001100001 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Campanulariidae Clytia elongata N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Campanulariidae Clytia hemisphaerica C1 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000001 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Campanulariidae Obelia dichotoma C1 0000000000000000000000000000000000100100000000010100000110000000100001 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Campanulinidae Lafoeina amirantensis A 0000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Campanulinidae Phialella quadrata C1 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001100001 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Haleciidae Halecium delicatulum C1 0000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Lafoeidae Filellum serpens? A 0000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Lafoeidae Hebellopsis scandens N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Sertulariidae Amphisbetia bispinosa N 0000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Sertulariidae Parascyphus simplex N 0000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Syntheciidae Synthecium campylocarpum A 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Syntheciidae Synthecium subventricosum A 0000000000000000000000000001000000000000001000000000000000000000000000 0 Arthropoda Cirripedia Thoracica Balanidae Austrominius modestus N 0101100010110111111001101110110110011001100110100011100001100010011111 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Aoridae Aora typica C1 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000001 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Aoridae Haplocheira barbimana N 0010011001001100000100000000101001100000001000001100100110011001100001 1 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Dexaminidae Paradexamine pacifica N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000 0
*class_code: A = non-indigenous (highlighted by shading), C1 = cryptogenic category 1, C2 = cryptogenic category 2, N = native, SI = indeterminate species. See text for details. Appendix 6a. Results from the diver collections and pile scrapings. Site code Kingsford Quay Lay-Up & Repair Facility Main Wharf McGlashen Quay Superyacht Pile replicate 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Pile position IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUTIN OUT IN OUT IN OUT Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalidae Hyale sp. SI 1000000000000000000000100000000100000000000100000000000000000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Isaeidae Gammaropsis indet sp. SI 0000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Leucothoidae Leucothoe trailli N 0000000000000000000000000000000001100000000000001000000000011000000000 1 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Leucothoidae Paraleucothoe sp. A SI 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Lysianassidae Parawaldeckia angusta N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Lysianassidae Parawaldeckia sp. aff. P. stephenseni C2 0000010000001000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000001 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Lysianassidae Parawaldeckia stephenseni N 0000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Lysianassidae Parawaldeckia vesca N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Phtisicidae Caprellina longicollis N 0000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Talitridae Parorchestia tenuis N 0001100000000010000001000000000000000000000000000000010000000100000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Anomura Diogenidae Paguristes setosus N 0000000000000000000000000000000001000000011000000000000000000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Anomura Paguridae Lophopagurus (L.) thompsoni N 0000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Anomura Paguridae Pagurus traversi N 0010000000000000100010010011000001100000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Anomura Porcellanidae Petrolisthes elongatus N 0000110000010001101111110111011001000010101010110001011010000100000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Anomura Porcellanidae Petrolisthes novaezelandiae N 0000000000000100000000000011001000100000011000000000000010001000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Grapsidae Plagusia chabrus C1 0000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Hymenosomatidae Halicarcinus innominatus N 0000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000001000000000000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Hymenosomatidae Halicarcinus varius N 0010011000001000000000100001000001100110111000001001001010010000101001 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Hymenosomatidae Neohymenicus pubescens N 0000000000000000100000000011000000000000000000001000000000000010000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Majidae Notomithrax minor N 0000010001000000100000010011001001000000011000001100001110010000100000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Pinnotheridae Pinnotheres novaezelandiae N 0000000000000000000000000100000000000000000010000000000000000000000000 1 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Xanthidae Pilumnus lumpinus N 0000000000000000000000000001001001000010010000011100000000000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Xanthidae Pilumnus novaezealandiae N 0000000000000001000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000001000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Caridea Palemonidae Palaemon affinis N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000010000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Caridea Palemonidae Periclimenes yaldwyni N 0000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Tanaidacea Tanaidacea sp. SI 0000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Cilicaea caniculata N 0000010000000000100000010001000001000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Pseudosphaeroma campbellensis N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000010 0 Arthropoda Pycnogonida SI 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000 0 Echinodermata Asteroidea Valvatida Asterinidae Meridiastra mortenseni N 0000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Echinodermata Asteroidea Valvatida Asterinidae Patiriella regularis N 0000000001000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Magnoliophyta Alismatidae Najadales Zosteraceae Zostera sp. SI 0000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Myoida Hiatellidae Hiatella arctica N 0000000000000100100000010011010100000000011000010001001000000000000000 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Modiolarca impacta N 0000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011000001000 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Modiolus areolatus N 0000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Mytilus galloprovincialis C1 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Perna canaliculus N 0000000000000100000000010011001000000000001000000000001100000001000000 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Xenostrobus pulex N 0100100000011011101011101000110010011000100110100011010000000011010010 1 Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Ostreidae Crassostrea gigas A 0000110000011100101000101010000011000000010010011000000100000000100000 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreoida Ostreidae Ostrea chilensis N 0000000000000000000000000000000001100000011000001000000100000000000000 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Anomiidae Pododesmus zelandicus N 0000000000000000100000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Pterioida Pectinidae Talochlamys zelandiae N 0000000000000000100000010011001000000000000000000000000010001000000001 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Cardiidae Pratulum pulchellum N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Kelliidae Kellia cycladiformis N 0000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Lasaeidae Lasaea hinemoa N 0000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Semelidae Leptomya retiaria N 0000000001000000000000010001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora Ellobiidae Leuconopsis obsoleta N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000100000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Littorinidae Austrolittorina antipodum N 0000000000000010000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Littorinidae Risellopsis varia N 0000100000000000001000001100000000000000000000100010010000000000000000 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Buccinulum vittatum N 0000000000000000000000000000001000000100000000000000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Cominella glandiformis N 0000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Xymene plebeius N 0000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Neotaenioglossa Velutinidae Lamellaria ophione N 0000000000000000000100000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Notaspidea Pleurobranchidae Pleurobranchaea maculata N 0000000000000000000010000000000000000010000000000000000000001000000000 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Nudibranchia Dorididae Alloiodoris lanuginata N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Nudibranchia Dorididae Archidoris wellingtonensis N 0000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Systellomatophora Onchidiidae Onchidella nigricans N 0000100000001000001000000100000000000000100010100010000000000010000000 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Vetigastropoda Fissurellidae Scutus breviculus N 0000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Vetigastropoda Turbinidae Turbo smaragdus N 0000000000000000100000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Polyplacophora Acanthochitonina Acanthochitonidae Acanthochitona violacea N 0000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Polyplacophora Acanthochitonina Acanthochitonidae Cryptoconchus porosus N 0000000000000000100100010010000000000000000000010000000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Polyplacophora Ischnochitonina Chitonidae Sypharochiton pelliserpentis N 0001000000010001000000000000010000000000000000000001000000000000000000 0 Mollusca Polyplacophora Ischnochitonina Chitonidae Sypharochiton sinclairi N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae SI 0000000000000000000000000000000000100000010000000000000000000000000000 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Antithamnionella adnata N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Callithamnion sp. SI 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramium apiculatum N 0000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramium sp. SI 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Dasyaceae Dasya collabens N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Dasyaceae Dasya sp. SI 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000 0
*class_code: A = non-indigenous (highlighted by shading), C1 = cryptogenic category 1, C2 = cryptogenic category 2, N = native, SI = indeterminate species. See text for details. Appendix 6a. Results from the diver collections and pile scrapings. Site code Kingsford Quay Lay-Up & Repair Facility Main Wharf McGlashen Quay Superyacht Pile replicate 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Pile position IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUTIN OUT IN OUT IN OUT Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae SI 0000000000000000000000000100000001100010010000010000000000000001000000 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Caloglossa leprieurii N 0001100100100000000000000000000000010001000100000000000000000100000100 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Myriogramme denticulata N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Schizoseris dichotoma N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Schizoseris sp. SI 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Bostrychia harveyi N 0000000100100000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Bostrychia moritziana N 0001000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000100000000 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Polysiphonia sp. SI 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100010000000000000000000001 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Stictosiphonia sp. SI 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Rhodymeniales Rhodomeniaceae Rhodymenia aff. dichotoma SI 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000 0 Chlorophyta Ulvophyceae Ulvales Ulvaceae Enteromorpha sp. SI 0000000000100000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Chlorophyta Ulvophyceae Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva sp. SI 0000000000000000000010000001000000000000000000000000001000000000000000 0 Porifera Demospongiae Halichondrida Halichondriidae Hymeniacidon new sp. 1 C2 0000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Porifera Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Dactylia new sp. 1 C2 0000000000000000100010000011000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Porifera Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Adocia new sp. 1 C2 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000 0 Porifera Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Adocia new sp. 2 C2 0000000000000000000000010001001000000100000001000000000000001000000000 0 Porifera Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona cf. punctata N 0000000000000000000000000010010000000000000000010000000000000000000000 0 Porifera Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona new sp. 1 C2 0010000000000000000000000000000001000000011000000000000000001000000000 0 Porifera Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Hymedesmiidae Phorbas fulva N 0000000000000000000000000000001000100110000000001000000100000000000000 0 Porifera Demospongiae Poecilosclerida Tedaniidae Tedania battershilli N 0000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Aplousobranchia Didemnidae SI 0000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000100000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Aplousobranchia Didemnidae Didemnum sp. C1 0010011000001100000100000011000001100010000000011101001000010000100000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Aplousobranchia Didemnidae Lissoclinum notti N 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Aplousobranchia Holozoidae Distaplia sp. C2 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Aplousobranchia Polyclinidae Aplidium adamsi N 0000000000000000100000010001000000000000000001000000000000000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Aplousobranchia Polyclinidae Aplidium phortax C1 0000000000000000000000000000000001100000000000010000000000010000000000 1 Chordata Ascidiacea Phlebobranchia Rhodosomatidae Corella eumyota C1 0000000000000100100010010011001000000100011000001000000110001000001000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Botryllinae Botrylliodes leachii C1 0000010000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Molgulidae Molgula mortenseni N 0000000000000000000000000000001000000000000001001000100000000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Microcosmus squamiger C1 0000010000000100000000010010000000000000000000000001100000000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Pyura cancellata N 0000001000000000000000000010000000000000000000001000000000000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Pyura carnea N 0000000000000100000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Pyura pulla N 0000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Pyura rugata N 0000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Pyura sp. C2 0000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Pyuridae Pyura subuculata N 0000001000000000000100000000000000100100000000000000000000000000000000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Styelidae Asterocarpa cerea C1 0000010000001000100100010011000000000000011000010100101110011000001001 1 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Styelidae Cnemidocarpa bicornuta N 0000000000000100000000010000000000000000010000001100001100000000001000 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Styelidae Cnemidocarpa nisiotus N 0000000000001000100100000011000000100000010000011100000000001000000001 0
*class_code: A = non-indigenous (highlighted by shading), C1 = cryptogenic category 1, C2 = cryptogenic category 2, N = native, SI = indeterminate species. See text for details.
Appendix 6b. Results from the benthic grab samples.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 115
116 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Appendix 6b. Results from the benthic grab samples.
Site code Amatel Kingsford Quay Lay-Up & Repair Facility Main Wharf Marina McGlashen Quay Nelsonhaven_N Nelsonhaven_S The Cut phylum class order family genus species *class_code 1 23123123123123123123123123 Annelida Polychaeta Eunicida Lumbrineridae Lumbrineris sphaerocephala N 101000000000000000000000000 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Glyceridae Glycera lamelliformis N 000000000000000001000000000 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Glyceridae Hemipodus simplex N 000000000001000000000000000 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nephtyidae Aglaophamus verrilli N 000111000000000110000101010 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Polynoidae Harmothoe macrolepidota N 000000000001000000000000000 Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocida Sigalionidae Labiosthenolepis laevis N 000101000000000000000101000 Annelida Polychaeta Sabellida Oweniidae Owenia petersenae N 000000000111000000000000001 Annelida Polychaeta Sabellida Sabellidae Euchone sp_undet SI 000000000100000000000000000 Annelida Polychaeta Spionida Spionidae Paraprionospio Paraprionospio-A [pinnata] C2 010000000000000000000000000 Annelida Polychaeta Terebellida Pectinariidae Pectinaria australis N 000000000000000000000100000 Annelida Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Pista pegma N 000000000001000000000000000 Ectoprocta SI 000000000000000000000000010 Ectoprocta Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Celleporidae Celleporina sinuata N 000000000100000000000000000 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Campanulariidae Obelia dichotoma C1 000000000100000000000000000 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Ampeliscidae Ampelisca chiltoni N 000000000001000000000000000 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Phoxocephalidae Torridoharpinia hurleyi N 001110000000011000000000010 Arthropoda Malacostraca Anomura Paguridae Pagurus novizealandiae N 000000010000000000000000000 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Hymenosomatidae Halicarcinus varius N 000000010001000000000000000 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Majidae Notomithrax minor N 000000000001000000000000000 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Ocypodidae Macrophthalmus hirtipes N 000101000000100111000100000 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Cirolanidae Natatolana rossi N 000001000000000000000000000 Echinodermata Echinoidea Spatangoida Loveniidae Echinocardium cordatum N 000000001000000000000000000 Mollusca Bivalvia Nuculoida Nuculidae Nucula hartvigiana N 100000010000100000000000001 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Lasaeidae Arthritica bifurca N 010000000000000000000000000 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Psammobiidae Gari stangeri N 000000000010000000000000000 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Semelidae Leptomya retiaria N 000000000111000000000010000 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Semelidae Theora lubrica A 100110000000100000000101001 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Tellinidae Macomona liliana N 000000000001000000000000000 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Austrovenus stutchburyi N 000000000000101000000000000 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Ruditapes largillierti N 000000000011000000100000100 Mollusca Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Iravadiidae Nozeba emarginata N 010000000000000000000000000 Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Xymene plebeius N 000000100100000000001000000 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae SI 000000011000000000000000000 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Aphanocladia delicatula N 000000010000000000000000000 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Corallinales Corallinaceae SI 000000000000000000100000000 Chlorophyta Ulvophyceae Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva sp. SI 000000010000000000000000000 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Polyzoinae Polyzoa opuntia N 000000001000000000000000000
*class_code: A = non-indigenous (highlighted by shading), C1 = cryptogenic category 1, C2 = cryptogenic category 2, N = native, SI = indeterminate species.
Appendix 6c. Results from the benthic sled samples.
MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species 117
118 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Appendix 6c. Results from the benthic sled samples.
Site code Amatel Kingsford Quay Lay-Up & Repair Facility Main Wharf Marina McGlashen Quay Nelsonhaven_N Nelsonhaven_S The Cut class order family genus species *class_code 121212121212121212 Polychaeta Eunicida Dorvilleidae Dorvillea australiensis N 000000000000001000 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nephtyidae Aglaophamus verrilli N 101000000000000000 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereididae Platynereis Platynereis_australis_group N 000011000000000000 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Sigalionidae Labiosthenolepis laevis N 100100001000000000 Polychaeta Phyllodocida Syllidae Eusyllis Eusyllis-B C2 000000000000010000 Polychaeta Sabellida Sabellidae Megalomma suspiciens N 000000000000010000 Polychaeta Scolecida Opheliidae Armandia maculata N 000000000000001000 Polychaeta Terebellida Pectinariidae Pectinaria australis N 000100000000000000 Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Nicolea maxima N 000000000000010000 Polychaeta Terebellida Terebellidae Streblosoma toddae N 000000000000010000 SI010000000000000000 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Beaniidae Beania sp. N 000000000000000001 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Celleporidae Celleporina sinuata N 000001000000000000 Gymnolaemata Cheilostomata Hippothoidae Celleporella tongima N 000001000000000000 Hydrozoa Hydroida Sertulariidae Dictyocladium reticulatum N 000001000000000000 Hydrozoa Hydroida Sertulariidae Parascyphus simplex N 000000000000100000 Hydrozoa Hydroida Syntheciidae Synthecium campylocarpum A 000000000010000000 Malacostraca Amphipoda SI000100000000000000 Malacostraca Amphipoda Ampeliscidae Ampelisca chiltoni N 000000000000000100 Malacostraca Amphipoda Dexaminidae Paradexamine pacifica N 000000000000100000 Malacostraca Amphipoda Phoxocephalidae Protophoxus australis N 000000000000100000 Malacostraca Amphipoda Phoxocephalidae Torridoharpinia hurleyi N 100000000000000000 Malacostraca Anomura Diogenidae Paguristes setosus N 001110000000000000 Malacostraca Anomura Paguridae Lophopagurus (L.) thompsoni N 000011000000000100 Malacostraca Anomura Paguridae Pagurus novizealandiae N 000000000000000010 Malacostraca Anomura Paguridae Pagurus traversi N 000000000000111111 Malacostraca Anomura Porcellanidae Petrolisthes elongatus N 000010000000001100 Malacostraca Anomura Porcellanidae Petrolisthes novaezelandiae N 000000000000010000 Malacostraca Brachyura Hymenosomatidae Halicarcinus varius N 100011000100111111 Malacostraca Brachyura Majidae Notomithrax minor N 000010000000011001 Malacostraca Brachyura Ocypodidae Macrophthalmus hirtipes N 101100000011000011 Malacostraca Brachyura Portunidae Nectocarcinus sp. C2 000000000000000100 Malacostraca Caridea Crangonidae Pontophilus australis N 000000010000100100 Malacostraca Caridea Hippolytidae Hippolyte bifidirostris N 000000000000010010 Malacostraca Caridea Palemonidae Periclimenes yaldwyni N 000000000000000010 Malacostraca Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Cilicaea caniculata N 000000000000111011 Asteroidea Forcipulata Asteriidae Coscinasterias muricata N 000011010000001000 Asteroidea Valvatida Asterinidae Meridiastra mortenseni N 000010000000001000 Asteroidea Valvatida Asterinidae Patiriella regularis N 100011001100101111 Echinoidea Spatangoida Loveniidae Echinocardium cordatum N 000000000000000100 Alismatidae Najadales Zosteraceae Zostera sp. SI 000110000000010001 Bivalvia Mytiloida Mytilidae Perna canaliculus N 000000000100010000 Bivalvia Nuculoida Nuculidae Nucula hartvigiana N 110101001010000100 Bivalvia Nuculoida Nuculidae Nucula nitidula N 100000000000000100 Bivalvia Nuculoida Nuculidae Nucula sp. SI 000100000000000000 Bivalvia Veneroida Mactridae Cyclomactra ovata N 000000001000000000 Bivalvia Veneroida Semelidae Leptomya retiaria N 000000000010110000 Bivalvia Veneroida Semelidae Theora lubrica A 111100101010010010 Bivalvia Veneroida Tellinidae Macomona liliana N 000000001000000000 Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Austrovenus stutchburyi N 010000001100000000 Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Ruditapes largillierti N 000000000000001000 Bivalvia Veneroida Veneridae Tawera spissa N 010001000000100000 Gastropoda Caenogastropoda Turritellidae Maoricolpus roseus N 000000000000000100 Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Cominella adspersa N 000000000000001000 Gastropoda Neogastropoda Muricidae Xymene plebeius N 100100101000110000 Gastropoda Notaspidea Pleurobranchidae Pleurobranchaea maculata N 000011000000000011 Gastropoda Nudibranchia Dorididae Aphelodoris luctuosa N 000000000000010000 Gastropoda Vetigastropoda Trochidae Micrelenchus huttonii N 000000000000010000 Gastropoda Vetigastropoda Trochidae Trochus tiaratus N 000000000000000010 Gastropoda Vetigastropoda Turbinidae Cookia sulcata N 000000000000010000 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonina Chitonidae Rhyssoplax aerea N 000000000000010000 Florideophyceae SI010100000000000000 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Antithamnionella adnata N 000000000000000001 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Callithamnion sp. SI 000010000000000000 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramium apiculatum N 000000000001111011 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramium flaccidum N 000000000000000001 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Dasyaceae Dasya collabens N 000000000000001100 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Dasyaceae Heterosiphonia squarrosa N 000010000010000010 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae SI 000000000001000111 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Erythroglossum sp. SI 000000000000010000 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Erythroglossum undulatissimum N 000000000000000001 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Hymenena variolosa N 000100000000100001 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Myriogramme denticulata N 000110000100000010
*class_code: A = non-indigenous (highlighted by shading)., C1 = cryptogenic category 1, C2 = cryptogenic category 2, N = native, SI = indeterminate species. See text for details. Appendix 6c. Results from the benthic sled samples.
Site code Amatel Kingsford Quay Lay-Up & Repair Facility Main Wharf Marina McGlashen Quay Nelsonhaven_N Nelsonhaven_S The Cut Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Schizoseris sp. SI 000100000010000000 Florideophyceae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Aphanocladia delicatula N 000000000010000000 Florideophyceae Corallinales Corallinaceae SI 000010000000001000 Florideophyceae Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium caulacantheum N 000000000000010000 Florideophyceae Gigartinales Gigartinaceae Gigartina atropurpurea N 000000000000010000 Florideophyceae Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Stenogramme interrupta N 000000000000111010 Florideophyceae Rhodymeniales Rhodomeniaceae Rhodymenia novazelandica N 000000000000010110 Florideophyceae Rhodymeniales Rhodomeniaceae Rhodymenia sp. SI 010000000000101001 Phaeophyceae Fucales Sargassaceae Carpophyllum maschalocarpum N 000000000000100000 Phaeophyceae Laminariales Alariaceae Undaria pinnatifida A 000000000100000011 Ulvophyceae Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva sp. SI 010110000010110101 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona glabra N 000000000000001000 Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona new sp. 1 C2 010000000000010000 Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Styelidae Asterocarpa cerea C1 000000000000000001 Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Styelidae Cnemidocarpa bicornuta N 000000000000000001
*class_code: A = non-indigenous (highlighted by shading)., C1 = cryptogenic category 1, C2 = cryptogenic category 2, N = native, SI = indeterminate species. See text for details.
Appendix 6d. Results from the dinoflagellate cyst core samples.
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120 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Appendic 6d. Results from the dinoflagellate cyst samples.
Amatel Basin Lay-Up & Repair Facility Main Wharf Marina McGlashen Quay phylum class order family genus species class_code 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Dinoflagellata Dinophyceae Peridinales Peridiniaceae Protoperidinium sp. SI 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Echinodermata Asteroidea Forcipulata Asteriidae Coscinasterias muricata N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
*class_code: A = nonindigenous (highlighted by shading), C1 = cryptogenic category 1, C2 = cryptogenic category 2, N = native, SI = indeterminate species. See text for details.
Appendix 6e. Results from the fish trap samples.
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122 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Appendix 6e. Results from the fish trap samples.
Site code Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) Kingsford Quay ay-Up & Repair Facil Main Wharf Marina McGlashen Quay y Of Fisherie Nelsonhaven Superyacht The Cut Trap line 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 4 phylum class order family genus species *class_code 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Chordata Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Scyliorhinidae Cephaloscyllium isabellum N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Grapsidae Plagusia chabrus C1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Portunidae Nectocarcinus sp. C2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Echinodermata Asteroidea Valvatida Asterinidae Patiriella regularis N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Notaspidea Pleurobranchidae Pleurobranchaea maculata N 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porifera Demospongiae Haplosclerida Chalinidae Haliclona glabra N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vertebrata Actinopterygii Anguilliformes Congridae Conger verreauxi N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vertebrata Actinopterygii Gasterosteiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus abdominalis N 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vertebrata Actinopterygii Mugiliformes Mugilidae Aldrichetta forsteri N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vertebrata Actinopterygii Perciformes Cheilodactylidae Nemadactylus macropterus N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vertebrata Actinopterygii Perciformes Labridae Notolabrus celidotus N 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Vertebrata Actinopterygii Perciformes Sparidae Pagrus auratus N 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vertebrata Actinopterygii Perciformes Tripterygiidae Tripterygiidae sp. SI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
*class_code: A = non-indigenous (highlighted by shading), C1 = cryptogenic category 1, C2 = cryptogenic category 2, N = native, SI = indeterminate species. See text for details.
Appendix 6f. Results from the crab trap samples.
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124 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Appendix 6f. Results from the crab trap samples.
Site code oulder Bank (Opp Marina Kingsford Quay ay-Up & Repair Facili Main Wharf Marina McGlashen Quay MFish Wharf Nelsonhaven Superyacht Trap line 122 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 phylum class order family genus species *class_code1 2 1 212 1212121212121212121 2 12121212 12 Chordata Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Scyliorhinidae Cephaloscyllium isabellum N 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Plumulariidae Plumularia setacea C1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Sertulariidae Sertularella robusta N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroida Syntheciidae Synthecium campylocarpum A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Anomura Paguridae Pagurus novizealandiae N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Anomura Paguridae Pagurus sp. SI 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Majidae Notomithrax minor N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Majidae Notomithrax sp. SI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Echinodermata Asteroidea Forcipulata Asteriidae Coscinasterias muricata N 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Echinodermata Asteroidea Valvatida Asterinidae Patiriella regularis N 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Magnoliophyta Alismatidae Najadales Zosteraceae Zostera sp. SI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Caenogastropoda Turritellidae Zeacolpus sp. SI 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Littorinidae Austrolittorina antipodum N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Cominella sp. SI 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Notaspidea Pleurobranchidae Pleurobranchaea maculata N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Antithamnionella adnata N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramium apiculatum N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Dasyaceae Dasya collabens N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Dasyaceae Dasya subtilis N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae SI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Myriogramme denticulata N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Schizoseris dichotoma N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Delesseriaceae Schizoseris sp. SI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Aphanocladia delicatula N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Symphyocladia marchantioides N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Gigartinales Kallymeniaceae ?Thamnophyllis? SI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Gigartinales Phyllophoraceae Stenogramme interrupta N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chlorophyta Ulvophyceae Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva sp. SI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Phlebobranchia Rhodosomatidae Corella eumyota C1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chordata Ascidiacea Stolidobranchia Botryllinae Botrylliodes leachii C1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vertebrata Actinopterygii Gasterosteiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus abdominalis N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vertebrata Actinopterygii Mugiliformes Mugilidae Aldrichetta forsteri N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vertebrata Actinopterygii Perciformes Tripterygiidae Tripterygiidae sp. SI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
*class_code: A = non-indigenous (highlighted by shading), C1 = cryptogenic category 1, C2 = cryptogenic category 2, N = native, SI = indeterminate species. See text for details.
Appendix 6g. Results from the starfish trap samples.
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126 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Appendix 6g. Results from the starfish trap samples.
Site code Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) Kingsford Quay Lay-Up & Repair Facility Main Wharf Marina McGlashen Quay M.Of F Nelsonhaven Superyacht Trap line 12 121 2 1 21212 1 2 1 2 phylum class order family genus species *class_code 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Arthropoda Malacostraca Brachyura Portunidae Nectocarcinus sp. C2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Isopoda sp. SI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Cirolanidae Natatolana rossi N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Pseudosphaeroma campbellensis N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Echinodermata Asteroidea Forcipulata Asteriidae Coscinasterias muricata N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Echinodermata Asteroidea Valvatida Asterinidae Patiriella regularis N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Littorinidae Austrolittorina antipodum N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Buccinidae Cominella sp. SI 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mollusca Gastropoda Notaspidea Pleurobranchidae Pleurobranchaea maculata N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Antithamnionella adnata N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramium rubrum N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Gigartinales Gigartinaceae Gigartina atropurpurea N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhodophyta Florideophyceae Rhodymeniales Rhodomeniaceae Rhodymenia novazelandica N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ochrophyta Phaeophyceae Laminariales Alariaceae Undaria pinnatifida A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chlorophyta Ulvophyceae Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva sp. SI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porifera Demospongiae Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Dactylia new sp. 1 C2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vertebrata Actinopterygii Gasterosteiformes Syngnathidae Hippocampus abdominalis N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
*class_code: A = non-indigenous (highlighted by shading), C1 = cryptogenic cateogry 1, C2 = cryptogenic category 2, N = native, SI = indeterminate species. See text for details.
Appendix 6h. Results from the shrimp trap samples.
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128 Port of Nelson: Second baseline survey for non-indigenous marine species MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Appendix 6h. Results from the starfish trap samples.
Site code Boulder Bank (Opp Marina) Kingsford Quay Lay-Up & Repair Facility Main Wharf Marina McGlashen Quay Nelsonhaven Superyacht Trap line 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 phylum class order family genus species *class_code 1 2 1 2 12 1 2 1 2 1 2 12 1 21212121 212 12 12 1 2 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Isopoda sp. SI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Cirolanidae Natatolana rossi N 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arthropoda Malacostraca Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Pseudosphaeroma campbellensis N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vertebrata Actinopterygii Perciformes Tripterygiidae Tripterygiidae sp. SI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
*class_code: A = non-indigenous (highlighted by shading), C1 = cryptogenic category 1, C2 = cryptogenic category 2, N = native, SI = indeterminate species. See text for details.
Addendum
Recent revision by one of the authors (G.F.) of the status of amphipods identified in this survey has lead to a change in status of one species classed as species indeterminata in this report. Paraleucothoe sp. A should instead be considered cryptogenic category two, on the basis that only one other species of Paraleucothoe has been described world-wide (from Australia) and Paraleucothoe sp. A does not match its description. Paraleucothoe sp. A has not previously been recorded in New Zealand. It was recorded in the repeat survey of Nelson from the Superyacht berth.
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