DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental DNA Metabarcoding Reveals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental DNA Metabarcoding Reveals http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Detecting anthropogenic impacts on estuarine benthic communities A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences at The University of Waikato by DANA CLARK 2021 “There’s no limit to how much you’ll know, depending on how far from zebra you go” – Dr Seuss ii Abstract Our estuaries, and the benefits that we derive from them, are threatened by the cumulative effects of interacting stressors. Separating the impacts of anthropogenic stressors from natural variability in the marine environment is extremely difficult. This is particularly true for estuaries, due to their inherent complexity and the prevalence of difficult-to- manage diffuse stressors. Successful management and protection of these valuable ecosystems requires innovative monitoring approaches that can reliably detect anthropogenic stressor impacts. In this thesis, I examined approaches for detecting the effects of three diffuse land-derived stressors (sedimentation, nutrient loading, and heavy metal contamination) on estuarine benthic communities. Using Gradient Forest analysis, I explored the relative importance of environmental factors, operating across multiple spatio-temporal scales, in influencing patterns of compositional turnover in estuarine benthic macroinvertebrate communities across New Zealand. Both land-derived stressors (sediment mud content and total sediment nitrogen and phosphorus content) and natural environmental variables (sea surface temperature, Southern Oscillation Index, and wind-wave exposure) were important predictors of compositional turnover, reflecting a matrix of processes interacting across space and time. Generalized linear models were used to link these turnover values to measures of benthic macroinvertebrate diversity, which are commonly used as indicators of ecological health. Based on compositional turnover, I could disentangle the negative effects of land-derived stressors from natural environmental variability. Critical stressor levels associated with high rates of compositional turnover were identified, providing a useful contribution to the current knowledge on land-derived stressor effects. Once I had determined that anthropogenic impacts could be disentangled from natural variability, I developed indicators (Benthic Health Models; BHMs) to assess estuary health in response to two dominant coastal stressors (sedimentation and heavy metal contamination). Benthic macroinvertebrate community data were used in separate canonical analyses of principal coordinates to create multivariate models of community responses to these stressors. Both models performed well (R2 = 0.81, 0.71), and were unaffected by regional and estuarine typology differences. They offer a sensitive and standardised approach to assessing estuarine health that allows separation of the two stressors. iii I also examined the potential for emerging molecular approaches to inform estuary health assessment. Recent advances in environmental genomics allow characterization of less visible forms of benthic biodiversity, offering a more holistic view of the ecosystem and potentially providing early warning signals of disturbance. A manipulative nutrient enrichment experiment was conducted in two estuaries and environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding was used to examine the response of eukaryotic (18S rRNA), diatom only (rbcL) and bacterial (16S rRNA) communities. Multivariate analyses demonstrated differential changes in examined communities between sites, suggesting a context dependent response to nutrient enrichment. These patterns aligned with changes in morphologically identified macroinvertebrate communities, confirming concordance between eDNA-based and current monitoring approaches. This work represents a first step towards the development of molecular estuary monitoring tools, which could transform current approaches to ecosystem health assessment. This thesis demonstrates that the detection of anthropogenic impacts on estuarine benthic communities requires an understanding of the response of communities to stressors and how this response is modified by natural environmental processes operating at different spatio-temporal scales. My research contributes to the management and protection of estuaries by improving knowledge on the processes generating broad scale patterns in benthic macroinvertebrate communities, developing indicators that can be used to assess estuary health and demonstrating the potential of eDNA metabarcoding as a new tool for estuary health assessment. iv Preface This thesis comprises three research chapters (Chapters 2-4), which have been published in peer-reviewed international scientific journals. I was responsible for all field and laboratory work, data analysis and writing for this thesis. Unless referenced, the ideas in this thesis are my own and this work was carried out under the supervision of Professor Conrad Pilditch (University of Waikato), Dr Joanne Ellis (University of Waikato) and Dr Anastasija Zaiko (Cawthron Institute and the University of Auckland). Chapter 2 has been published in Marine Ecology Progress Series under the title, “The influence of land-derived stressors and environmental variability on the compositional turnover and diversity of estuarine benthic communities” by DE Clark, F Stephenson, JE Hewitt, JI Ellis, A Zaiko, A Berthelsen, RH Bulmer, and CA Pilditch. DOI:10.3354/meps13714. Chapter 3 has been published in Marine Pollution Bulletin Volume 150 (2020) under the title, “The development of a national approach to monitoring estuarine health based on multivariate analysis” by DE Clark, JE Hewitt, CA Pilditch, and JI Ellis. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110602. Chapter 4 has been published in Environmental Pollution Volume 267 (2020) under the title, “Environmental DNA metabarcoding reveals estuarine benthic community response to nutrient enrichment – Evidence from an in-situ experiment” by DE Clark, CA Pilditch, JK Pearman, JI Ellis, and A Zaiko. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115472. v Acknowledgements I have enjoyed undertaking this thesis – it is rare to have the opportunity to indulge your own research interests, supported by a team of established academics. I could not have hoped for a better supervisory panel. Many thanks to my primary supervisor Conrad Pilditch for your support and guidance over these last four years. Through your networks I have established my own research connections and made new friends. I admire the welcoming research environment you have created, your ability to think big and the time you invest in each of your students. Joanne Ellis, you were a great mentor before I embarked on my PhD, and I am so glad you could be part of my supervisory team. Thanks for sparking my interest in benthic ecology. I continue to be inspired by your ability to develop relationships, your openness to collaboration and your academic knowledge. Anastasija Zaiko, thank you for introducing me to the world of eDNA and providing valuable input to many aspects of my research. It has been enjoyable getting to know you and I hope we continue to work together in the future. I would also like to say a special thanks to Judi Hewitt who, although not officially a supervisor, has provided me with invaluable wisdom over the last several years. I have learned a lot and I appreciate you making time for me. Many thanks to Fabrice Stephenson for his patience with Gradient Forest and John Pearman for his bioinformatics expertise. Rebecca Gladstone-Gallagher, Anna Berthelsen, Shaun Bryant, Chris Cornelisen, Lisa Floerl, Simon Madill, Emma Newcombe, Holly Bennett, Sorrel O’Connell-Milne, Yuriy Malakhov, Jamie McAuley and Lais Miura helped in the field. Laura Biessy’s guidance was invaluable in the lab, Paula Casanovas provided helpful statistics advice, and Aneika Young helped me navigate iwi consultations. Thank you to all of the Waikato students for making me feel welcome, despite my remote location. I was lucky to remain working at the Cawthron Institute while I undertook my PhD. I am extremely grateful for Cawthron’s support, particularly that of Chris Cornelisen who championed funding for this project and gave me the flexibility I needed to complete my thesis. I also appreciate the guidance I have received from Jim Sinner, including his support to obtain funding for my research through the Oranga Taiao Oranga Tangata (OTOT) research programme (MBIE contract MAUX1502, led by Murray Patterson from Massey University). Anna Berthelsen, Javier Atalah and Eric Goodwin helped to compile vi the large environmental dataset upon which much of my research was based. Discussions with Anna were also influential in developing my research ideas and I appreciate the interest she took in my project. In addition to the funding
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Risk Analysis: Vessel Biofouling
    Risk Analysis: Vessel Biofouling ISBN 978-0-478-37548-0 (print) ISBN 978-0-478-37549-7 (online) 15 February 2011 Risk Analysis: Vessel Biofouling 15 February 2011 Approved for general release Christine Reed Manager, Risk Analysis Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publication Adviser MAF Information Bureau P O Box 2526 WELLINGTON Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the MAF website at http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/regs/imports/ihs/risk © Crown Copyright - Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry i Contributors to this risk analysis 1. Primary author/s Dr Andrew Bell Senior Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Risk Analysis, Marine Wellington Simon Phillips Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Risk Analysis, Marine Wellington Dr Eugene Georgiades Senior Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Risk Analysis, Marine Wellington Dr Daniel Kluza Senior Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Risk Analysis, Marine Wellington 2. Secondary contributors Dr Christopher Denny Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Border Standards Wellington 3. External peer review John Lewis Principal Marine Consultant ES Link Services Pty Ltd Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Richard Piola Senior Scientist Cawthron Institute Nelson, New Zealand The draft risk analysis has also been internally reviewed by: Liz Jones (Border Standards); Justin McDonald (Post-Clearance); Melanie Newfield (Risk Analysis); Howard Pharo (Risk Analysis); Sandy Toy (Risk Analysis). The contribution of all the reviewers is gratefully acknowledged. ii Contents Page Executive summary 1 Definitions 7 1. Introduction 8 1.1. Background 8 1.2. Scope 13 1.3. References 14 2. Methodology 19 2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indo-Pacific Amalda (Neogastropoda, Olivoidea, Ancillariidae) Revisited with Molecular Data, with Special Emphasis on New Caledonia
    European Journal of Taxonomy 706: 1–59 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.706 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2020 · Kantor Yu.I. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). Monograph urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C4C4D130-1EA7-48AA-A664-391DBC59C484 The Indo-Pacific Amalda (Neogastropoda, Olivoidea, Ancillariidae) revisited with molecular data, with special emphasis on New Caledonia Yuri I. KANTOR 1,*, Magalie CASTELIN 2, Alexander FEDOSOV 3 & Philippe BOUCHET 4 1,3 A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninski Prospect 33, 119071 Moscow. 2,4 Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR7205 (CNRS, EPHE, MNHN, UPMC), Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 43 Rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Email: [email protected] 3 Email: [email protected] 4 Email: [email protected] 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:48F89A50-4CAC-4143-9D8B-73BA82735EC9 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:9464EC90-738D-4795-AAD2-9C6D0FA2F29D 3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:40BCE11C-D138-4525-A7BB-97F594041BCE 4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:FC9098A4-8374-4A9A-AD34-475E3AAF963A Abstract. In the ancillariid genus Amalda, the shell is character rich and 96 described species are currently treated as valid. Based on shell morphology, several subspecies have been recognized within Amalda hilgendorfi, with a combined range extending at depths of 150–750 m from Japan to the South-West Pacific. A molecular analysis of 78 specimens from throughout this range shows both a weak geographical structuring and evidence of gene flow at the regional scale.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand's Genetic Diversity
    1.13 NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY Dennis P. Gordon National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6022, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The known genetic diversity represented by the New Zealand biota is reviewed and summarised, largely based on a recently published New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. All kingdoms and eukaryote phyla are covered, updated to refl ect the latest phylogenetic view of Eukaryota. The total known biota comprises a nominal 57 406 species (c. 48 640 described). Subtraction of the 4889 naturalised-alien species gives a biota of 52 517 native species. A minimum (the status of a number of the unnamed species is uncertain) of 27 380 (52%) of these species are endemic (cf. 26% for Fungi, 38% for all marine species, 46% for marine Animalia, 68% for all Animalia, 78% for vascular plants and 91% for terrestrial Animalia). In passing, examples are given both of the roles of the major taxa in providing ecosystem services and of the use of genetic resources in the New Zealand economy. Key words: Animalia, Chromista, freshwater, Fungi, genetic diversity, marine, New Zealand, Prokaryota, Protozoa, terrestrial. INTRODUCTION Article 10b of the CBD calls for signatories to ‘Adopt The original brief for this chapter was to review New Zealand’s measures relating to the use of biological resources [i.e. genetic genetic resources. The OECD defi nition of genetic resources resources] to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on biological is ‘genetic material of plants, animals or micro-organisms of diversity [e.g. genetic diversity]’ (my parentheses).
    [Show full text]
  • AMS112 1978-1979 Lowres Web
    --~--------~--------------------------------------------~~~~----------~-------------- - ~------------------------------ COVER: Paul Webber, technical officer in the Herpetology department searchers for reptiles and amphibians on a field trip for the Colo River Survey. Photo: John Fields!The Australian Museum. REPORT of THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM TRUST for the YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE , 1979 ST GOVERNMENT PRINTER, NEW SOUTH WALES-1980 D. WE ' G 70708K-1 CONTENTS Page Page Acknowledgements 4 Department of Palaeontology 36 The Australian Museum Trust 5 Department of Terrestrial Invertebrate Ecology 38 Lizard Island Research Station 5 Department of Vertebrate Ecology 38 Research Associates 6 Camden Haven Wildlife Refuge Study 39 Associates 6 Functional Anatomy Unit.. 40 National Photographic Index of Australian Director's Research Laboratory 40 Wildlife . 7 Materials Conservation Section 41 The Australian Museum Society 7 Education Section .. 47 Letter to the Premier 9 Exhibitions Department 52 Library 54 SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENTS Photographic and Visual Aid Section 54 Department of Anthropology 13 PublicityJ Pu bl ications 55 Department of Arachnology 18 National Photographic Index of Australian Colo River Survey .. 19 Wildlife . 57 Lizard Island Research Station 59 Department of Entomology 20 The Australian Museum Society 61 Department of Herpetology 23 Appendix 1- Staff .. 62 Department of Ichthyology 24 Appendix 2-Donations 65 Department of Malacology 25 Appendix 3-Acknowledgements of Co- Department of Mammalogy 27 operation. 67 Department of Marine
    [Show full text]
  • Invertebrate Responses to Large-Scale Change: Impacts of Eutrophication and Cataclysmic Earthquake Events in a Southern New Zealand Estuary
    Invertebrate Responses to Large-Scale Change: Impacts of Eutrophication and Cataclysmic Earthquake Events in a Southern New Zealand Estuary A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Ecology at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand Jennifer Erin Skilton 2013 Abstract Abstract Environmental stress and disturbance can affect the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems by altering their physical, chemical and biological features. In estuaries, benthic invertebrate communities play important roles in structuring sediments, influencing primary production and biogeochemical flux, and occupying key food web positions. Stress and disturbance can reduce species diversity, richness and abundance, with ecological theory predicting that biodiversity will be at its lowest soon after a disturbance with assemblages dominated by opportunistic species. The Avon-Heathcote Estuary in Christchurch New Zealand has provided a novel opportunity to examine the effects of stress, in the form of eutrophication, and disturbance, in the form of cataclysmic earthquake events, on the structure and functioning of an estuarine ecosystem. For more than 50 years, large quantities (up to 500,000m3/day) of treated wastewater were released into this estuary but in March 2010 this was diverted to an ocean outfall, thereby reducing the nutrient loading by around 90% to the estuary. This study was therefore initially focussed on the reversal of eutrophication and consequent effects on food web structure in the estuary as it responded to lower nutrients. In 2011, however, Christchurch was struck with a series of large earthquakes that greatly changed the estuary. Massive amounts of liquefied sediments, covering up to 65% of the estuary floor, were forced up from deep below the estuary, the estuary was tilted by up to a 50cm rise on one side and a corresponding drop on the other, and large quantities of raw sewage from broken wastewater infrastructure entered the estuary for up to nine months.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2018/064165 A2 (.Pdf)
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2018/064165 A2 05 April 2018 (05.04.2018) W !P O PCT (51) International Patent Classification: Published: A61K 35/74 (20 15.0 1) C12N 1/21 (2006 .01) — without international search report and to be republished (21) International Application Number: upon receipt of that report (Rule 48.2(g)) PCT/US2017/053717 — with sequence listing part of description (Rule 5.2(a)) (22) International Filing Date: 27 September 2017 (27.09.2017) (25) Filing Language: English (26) Publication Langi English (30) Priority Data: 62/400,372 27 September 2016 (27.09.2016) US 62/508,885 19 May 2017 (19.05.2017) US 62/557,566 12 September 2017 (12.09.2017) US (71) Applicant: BOARD OF REGENTS, THE UNIVERSI¬ TY OF TEXAS SYSTEM [US/US]; 210 West 7th St., Austin, TX 78701 (US). (72) Inventors: WARGO, Jennifer; 1814 Bissonnet St., Hous ton, TX 77005 (US). GOPALAKRISHNAN, Vanch- eswaran; 7900 Cambridge, Apt. 10-lb, Houston, TX 77054 (US). (74) Agent: BYRD, Marshall, P.; Parker Highlander PLLC, 1120 S. Capital Of Texas Highway, Bldg. One, Suite 200, Austin, TX 78746 (US). (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JO, JP, KE, KG, KH, KN, KP, KR, KW, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancillariidae
    WMSDB - Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base Family: ANCILLARIIDAE Author: Claudio Galli - [email protected] (updated 06/lug/2017) Class: GASTROPODA --- Taxon Tree: CAENOGASTROPODA-NEOGASTROPODA-OLIVOIDEA ------ Family: ANCILLARIIDAE Swainson, 1840 (Sea) - Alphabetic order - when first name is in bold the species has images DB counters=528, Genus=16, Subgenus=11, Species=356, Subspecies=20, Synonyms=124, Images=342 abdoi, Ancillus abdoi Awad & Abed, 1967 † (FOSSIL) abessensis , Alocospira abessensis Lozouet, 1992 † (FOSSIL) abyssicola , Amalda abyssicola Schepman, 1911 acontistes , Ancilla acontistes Kilburn, 1980 acuminata , Ancilla acuminata (Sowerby, 1859) acuta , Amalda acuta Ninomiya, 1991 acutula , Eoancilla acutula Stephenson, 1941 † (FOSSIL) adansoni , Ancilla adansoni Blainville, 1825 - syn of: Anolacia mauritiana (Sowerby, 1830) adelaidensis , Ancilla adelaidensis Ludbrook, 1958 † (FOSSIL) adelphae , Ancilla adelphae Bourguignat, 1880 - syn of: Ancilla adelphe Kilburn, 1981 adelphe , Ancilla adelphe Kilburn, 1981 aegyptica, Ancilla aegyptica Oppenheim, 1906 † (FOSSIL) africana , Vanpalmeria africana Adegoke, 1977 † (FOSSIL) agulhasensis , Ancilla agulhasensis Thiele, 1925 - syn of: Ancilla ordinaria Smith, 1906 akontistes , Turrancilla akontistes (Kilburn, 1980) akontistes , Ancilla akontistes Kilburn, 1980 - syn of: Turrancilla akontistes (Kilburn, 1980) alazana , Ancillina alazana Cooke, 1928 † (FOSSIL) alba , Ancilla alba Perry, 1811 - syn of: Bullia vittata (Linnaeus, 1767) albanyensis , Amalda albanyensis Ninomiya,
    [Show full text]
  • | Ocean Life | Vol. 1 | No. 2 | December 2017| | E-ISSN: 2580
    | Ocean Life | vol. 1 | no. 2 | December 2017| | E-ISSN: 2580-4529 | Essi HavulaEssi photoby Nudibrach Bunakenin | Ocean Life | vol. 1 | no. 1 | April 2017 | ONLINE http://smujo.id/ol e-ISSN 2580-4529 PUBLISHER Society for Indonesian Biodiversity CO-PUBLISHER Universitas Papua, Manokwari, Indonesia OFFICE ADDRESS Research Center for Pacific Marine Resources, Institute for Research and Community, Universitas Papua. Old Rectorat Complex Block III No. 7-8, Jl. Gunung Salju, Amban, Manokwari 98314, Papua Barat, Indonesia Tel./Fax.: +62-986-212156/211455, email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] PERIOD OF ISSUANCE June, December EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Ricardo F. Tapilatu – Universitas Papua, Manokwari, Indonesia EDITORIAL BOARD Abdolali Movahedinia – Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran Abdul Hamid Toha – Universitas Papua, Manokwari, Indonesia Abdul Malik – Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia Aida Sartimbul – Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Allison Green – The Nature Conservancy, Australia Analuddin – Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia Daisy Wowor – Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Indonesia Eugenius A. Renjaan – Tual State Fisheries Polytechnic, Tual, Indonesia Gerald Allen – Conservation International, Australia Gino V. Limmon – Universitas Pattimura, Ambon, Indonesia Jacobus W. Mosse – Universitas Pattimura, Ambon, Indonesia Kadarusman – Sorong Marine and Fishery Polytechnic, Sorong, Indonesia Leontine E. Becking
    [Show full text]
  • (Approx) Mixed Micro Shells (22G Bags) Philippines € 10,00 £8,64 $11,69 Each 22G Bag Provides Hours of Fun; Some Interesting Foraminifera Also Included
    Special Price £ US$ Family Genus, species Country Quality Size Remarks w/o Photo Date added Category characteristic (€) (approx) (approx) Mixed micro shells (22g bags) Philippines € 10,00 £8,64 $11,69 Each 22g bag provides hours of fun; some interesting Foraminifera also included. 17/06/21 Mixed micro shells Ischnochitonidae Callistochiton pulchrior Panama F+++ 89mm € 1,80 £1,55 $2,10 21/12/16 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae Chaetopleura lurida Panama F+++ 2022mm € 3,00 £2,59 $3,51 Hairy girdles, beautifully preserved. Web 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae Ischnochiton textilis South Africa F+++ 30mm+ € 4,00 £3,45 $4,68 30/04/21 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae Ischnochiton textilis South Africa F+++ 27.9mm € 2,80 £2,42 $3,27 30/04/21 Polyplacophora Ischnochitonidae Stenoplax limaciformis Panama F+++ 16mm+ € 6,50 £5,61 $7,60 Uncommon. 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Acanthopleura gemmata Philippines F+++ 25mm+ € 2,50 £2,16 $2,92 Hairy margins, beautifully preserved. 04/08/17 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Acanthopleura gemmata Australia F+++ 25mm+ € 2,60 £2,25 $3,04 02/06/18 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Acanthopleura granulata Panama F+++ 41mm+ € 4,00 £3,45 $4,68 West Indian 'fuzzy' chiton. Web 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Acanthopleura granulata Panama F+++ 32mm+ € 3,00 £2,59 $3,51 West Indian 'fuzzy' chiton. 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Chiton tuberculatus Panama F+++ 44mm+ € 5,00 £4,32 $5,85 Caribbean. 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Chiton tuberculatus Panama F++ 35mm € 2,50 £2,16 $2,92 Caribbean. 24/12/16 Polyplacophora Chitonidae Chiton tuberculatus Panama F+++ 29mm+ € 3,00 £2,59 $3,51 Caribbean.
    [Show full text]
  • Prokaryotic Biodiversity of Lonar Meteorite Crater Soda Lake Sediment and Community Dynamics During Microenvironmental Ph Homeostasis by Metagenomics
    Prokaryotic Biodiversity of Lonar Meteorite Crater Soda Lake Sediment and Community Dynamics During Microenvironmental pH Homeostasis by Metagenomics Dissertation for the award of the degree "Doctor of Philosophy" Ph.D. Division of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen within the doctoral program in Biology of the Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) Submitted by Soumya Biswas from Ranchi (India) Göttingen, 2016 Thesis Committee Prof. Dr. Rolf Daniel Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany PD Dr. Michael Hoppert Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany Members of the Examination Board Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Rolf Daniel, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany Second Reviewer: PD Dr. Michael Hoppert, Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany Further members of the Examination Board: Prof. Dr. Burkhard Morgenstern, Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany PD Dr. Fabian Commichau, Department of General Microbiology,
    [Show full text]
  • Austrovenus Stutchburyi)
    THE EFFECTS OF TRACE METALS ON JUVENILE COCKLES (Austrovenus stutchburyi) In partial fulfillment of a Master of Science in Environmental Science University of Canterbury, New Zealand Alex McConway I Abstract Abstract This thesis investigated the population structure and spatial distribution of the cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi in estuaries and bays around the Canterbury coastline. Surveys investigated population attributes (average density and density of small cockles (<10mm)) of Austrovenus stutchburyi in relation to physical environmental characteristics such as trace metals (copper, cadmium and zinc), sediment particle size, nitrogen and phosphorus levels, pore water and percentage organic matter of the sediment. Surface cover of flora and number of fauna present was also correlated with the density of cockles and small cockles <10mm. MDS and PCA ordination showed that the biota was similar at 14 sites but differed significantly at the Pleasant Point Yacht Club (PPY) site. There was a positive correlation between fine sand (125 µm) and the average density of cockles and small cockles < 10 mm. High population densities of Austrovenus stutchburyi were also positively correlated with phosphorus levels, and percentage cover of Sea Grass (Ulva sp). However, Austrovenus stutchburyi density was negatively correlated with cadmium and zinc concentration, and percentage of mud present. The density of small cockles < 10 mm was negatively correlated with copper and cadmium concentration in the sediment and positively correlated with Topshell (Diloma subrostrata) numbers, Sea grass (Zostera muelleri) percentage cover, Sea lettuce (Ulva sp), percentage cover, and sediment particles sizes of <63 µm (mud), 63 µm (very fine sand), and 125 µm (fine sand). Survival and behavioural changes of juvenile Austrovenus stutchburyi were investigated in relation to increased levels of copper, cadmium, and zinc in aqueous solution and sediment in the laboratory, and artificially increased levels in the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Changes in a Community of Alkaliphilic Iron-Reducing
    Water Air Soil Pollut (2015) 226:180 DOI 10.1007/s11270-015-2437-z Population Changes in a Community of Alkaliphilic Iron-Reducing Bacteria Due to Changes in the Electron Acceptor: Implications for Bioremediation at Alkaline Cr(VI)-Contaminated Sites Samuel J. Fuller & Ian T. Burke & Duncan G. G. McMillan & Weixuan Ding & Douglas I. Stewart Received: 6 November 2014 /Accepted: 27 April 2015 # The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract A serial enrichment culture has been grown Cr(VI) on growth, and thus attempt to understand the in an alkaline Fe(III)-citrate-containing medium from an factors that are controlling Cr(III) accumulation beneath initial inoculum from a soil layer beneath a chromium the COPR site. The culture can grow fermentatively at ore processing residue (COPR) disposal site where pH 9.2, but growth is stronger when it is associated with Cr(III) is accumulating from Cr(VI) containing leachate. Fe(III) reduction. It can withstand Cr(VI) in the medi- This culture is dominated by two bacterial genera in the um, but growth only occurs once Cr(VI) is removed order Clostridiales, Tissierella, and an unnamed Clos- from solution. Cr(VI) reduced the abundance of tridium XI subgroup. This paper investigates the growth Tissierella sp. in the culture, whereas the Clostridium characteristics of the culture when Cr(VI) is added to the XI sp. was Cr(VI) tolerant. In contrast, growth with solid growth medium and when aquifer sand is substituted for phase Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides (present as coatings on Fe(III)-citrate.
    [Show full text]