THE EUROPEAN TABLE of FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS and APPLICATIONS in the FREQUENCY RANGE 8.3 Khz to 3000 Ghz (ECA TABLE)
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European Anchovy Engraulis Encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) From
European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Gulf of Annaba, east Algeria: age, growth, spawning period, condition factor and mortality Nadira Benchikh, Assia Diaf, Souad Ladaimia, Fatma Z. Bouhali, Amina Dahel, Abdallah B. Djebar Laboratory of Ecobiology of Marine and Littoral Environments, Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, Algeria. Corresponding author: N. Benchikh, [email protected] Abstract. Age, growth, spawning period, condition factor and mortality were determined in the European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus populated the Gulf of Annaba, east Algeria. The age structure of the total population is composed of 59.1% females, 33.5% males and 7.4% undetermined. The size frequency distribution method shows the existence of 4 cohorts with lengths ranging from 8.87 to 16.56 cm with a predominance of age group 3 which represents 69.73% followed by groups 4, 2 and 1 with respectively 19.73, 9.66 and 0.88%. The VONBIT software package allowed us to estimate the growth parameters: asymptotic length L∞ = 17.89 cm, growth rate K = 0.6 year-1 and t0 = -0.008. The theoretical maximum age or tmax is 4.92 years. The height-weight relationship shows that growth for the total population is a major allometry. Spawning takes place in May, with a gonado-somatic index (GSI) of 4.28% and an annual mean condition factor (K) of 0.72. The total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) are 2.31, 0.56 and 1.75 year-1 respectively, with exploitation rate E = F/Z is 0.76 is higher than the optimal exploitation level of 0.5. -
The Mineral Industries of Africa in 2005
2005 Minerals Yearbook AFRICA U.S. Department of the Interior August 2007 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRIES OF AFRICA By Thomas R. Yager, Omayra Bermúdez-Lugo, Philip M. Mobbs, Harold R. Newman, and David R. Wilburn The 55 independent nations and other territories of continental • Uganda—Department of Geological Survey and Mines, and Africa and adjacent islands covered in this volume encompass a • Zimbabwe—Chamber of Mines. land area of 30.4 million square kilometers, which is more than For basic economic data—the International Monetary Fund in three times the size of the United States, and were home to 896 the United States. million people in 2005. For many of these countries, mineral For minerals consumption data— exploration and production constitute significant parts of their • British Petroleum plc, economies and remain keys to future economic growth. Africa is • Department of Minerals and Energy of the Republic of richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first or second South Africa, in quantity of world reserves of bauxite, cobalt, industrial • MEPS (International) Ltd., and diamond, phosphate rock, platinum-group metals (PGM), • U.S. Department of Energy in the United States. vermiculite, and zirconium. For exploration and other mineral-related information—the The mineral industry was an important source of export Metals Economics Group (MEG) in Canada. earnings for many African nations in 2005. To promote exports, groups of African countries have formed numerous trade blocs, General Economic Conditions which included the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the Economic and Monetary Community of Central In 2005, the real gross domestic product (GDP) of Africa Africa, the Economic Community of Central African States, the grew by 5.4% after increasing by 5.5% in 2004. -
Space Communications
Space Radiocommunication Services and Frequency Allocations Dr. Francis Lau Dr. Francis CM Lau, Associate Professor, EIE, PolyU 1 Space Radiocommunication Services • Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) • Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) – Maritime Mobile Satellite Service (MMS) – Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service (AMS) – Land Mobile Satellite Service (LMS) • Broadcasting Satellite Service (BSS) • Earth Exploration Satellite Service (EES) Dr. Francis CM Lau, Associate Professor, EIE, PolyU 2 Space Radiocommunication Services • Space Research Service (SRS) • Space Operation Service (SOS) • Radiodetermination Satellite Service (RSS) • Inter-Satellite Service (ISS) • Amateur Satellite Service (ASS) Dr. Francis CM Lau, Associate Professor, EIE, PolyU 3 Space Radiocommunication Services Type of link Applications Space radio- (•= uplink, communications ¯= downlink) services Broadcasting ¯ Time signals FSS Data BSS Sound programs BSS Television programmes BSS Links with •¯ Land MSS (LMS) mobiles Maritime MSS (MMS) Aeronautical MSS (AMS) Radio location •¯ Navigation RSS Downlink ¯ Radiolocation and RSS transmission navigation of a radio Earth atmosphere SRS, EES beacon monitoring Dr. Francis CM Lau, Associate Professor, EIE, PolyU 4 Frequency Allocations • Frequency allocations to a given service can depend on the region – Region 1: Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the countries of the former USSR – Region 2: The Americas – Region 3: Asia except the Middle East and the countries of the former USSR, Oceania • bands allocated can be exclusive or shared Dr. Francis CM Lau, Associate Professor, EIE, PolyU 5 Frequency Allocations • Fixed satellite service links – C band or 6/4 GHz • around 6GHz for the uplink and around 4GHz for the downlink • occupied by the oldest systems and tend to be saturated – X band or 8/7 GHz • reserved for government use Dr. -
The Legal Ordering of Satellite Telecommunication: Problems and Alternatives
Indiana Law Journal Volume 44 Issue 3 Article 1 Spring 1969 The Legal Ordering of Satellite Telecommunication: Problems and Alternatives Delbert D. Smith University of Wisconsin Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj Part of the Air and Space Law Commons, and the Communications Law Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Delbert D. (1969) "The Legal Ordering of Satellite Telecommunication: Problems and Alternatives," Indiana Law Journal: Vol. 44 : Iss. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol44/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Indiana Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INDIANA LAW JOURNAL Volume 44 Spring 1969 Number 3 THE LEGAL ORDERING OF SATELLITE TELECOMMUNICATION: PROBLEMS AND ALTERNATIVES DELBERT D. SMITHt The use of satellites in outer space to provide a means of transmission for international telecommunication could be viewed as simply a tech- nological advancement neither necessitating basic structural changes in the international control institutions nor requiring alteration of the control theories designed to regulate unauthorized transmissions. How- ever, the magnitude of the changes involved, coupled with increased governmental concern, has resulted in a number of politico-legal problems. It is the purpose of this article to examine on several levels of analysis the implications of utilizing satellites as a means of telecom- munication transmission. Introductory material on the development of communications satellite technology stresses the need for international organization and co-operation to oversee the launching and maintenance of a global communications system and indicates the pressures for the implementation of control measures over transmissions originating in outer space. -
Space Science and Meteorology Spectrum Allocations in the UK
Introduction ‘Space science’ is an umbrella term that covers both Earth observation and space related scientific research. Earth observation (EO) satellites observe the earth and its atmosphere, using visible light or radio spectrum from a unique vantage point. The information it provides is used for a wide range of purposes including weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, climate change research as well as a number of commercial activities. Radio astronomy and space research contribute to our knowledge of space and the evolution of the universe. The following services fall under this category: • Earth Exploration Satellite Service (EESS) Space Research Service (SRS) Space Operation Service (SOS) Radio Astronomy Service (RAS) Meteorological Satellite Service (MetSat) Meteorological Aids Service (Met-Aids) Radiolocation Service Note: this only for wind profiler and weather radars) Standard Time and Frequency signals) These services can be split in two broad categories: passive services (RAS, EESS and Space Research Service), that measure naturally- occurring radiation often at very low power levels. This information provides useful data to help further understand the Earth and universe. The frequency bands are often determined by the specific physical properties being investigated (e.g. molecular resonance). active services that make use of a variety of technologies (e.g. radiodetermination) to carryout measurements, observations or transfer the collected data. These active applications are relatively less sensitive to interference compared to passive sensors. Given the low levels of radiation being monitored these services often use very sensitive receivers. In most cases the equipment is not able to discriminate between these natural radiations and man-made radiations. For this reason, a number of bands have been harmonised across the world for the use by passive services only. -
ITU Regulations Concerning Registration of Small Satellites
ITU Regulatory procedures for small satellite filings Chuen Chern Loo Space Services Department Radiocommunication Bureau Legal Framework for Spectrum Access/Use Radio Regulations . Intergovernmental Treaty governing the use of spectrum/orbit resources by administrations . Define the rights and obligations of Member States in respect of the use of these resources . Recording of a frequency assignment in the Master Register (MIFR) provides international recognition and protection . Updated every 3-4 years by World Radiocommunication Conferences . Completed by the Rules of Procedure 2 Radio Regulations – examples of some useful sections Article 1 Definitions Article 5 Table of Frequency Allocations Article 9 and 11 Procedures for the advance publication (API), coordination (CR/C) and notification Article 21/22 Power limits Article 25 Amateur and Amateur-satellite service Article 29A Radio services related to Earth observation Appendix 1 Classification of emissions Appendix 4 Data required for satellite filings 3 ART. 5 frequency allocations - 1 .No. 5.2 - For the allocation of frequencies the world has been divided into three “radiocommunication” Regions 170° 170° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180° C B A 75° 75° 60° REGION 1 60° REGION 2 40° 40° 30° 30° 20° 20° 0° 0° 20° 20° 30° 30° 40° 40° REGION 3 REGION 3 C B A 60° 60° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180° 170° 170° Exclusive allocations, which are favoured in cases5-01 that involve broad international use of equipment Shared frequency allocations, which are applied to maximize the use of the available spectrum when two or more radiocommunication services can effectively utilize the same frequency band 4 ART. -
RSPG Sub-Group on Scientific Use of Radio Spectrum
Progress report RSPG OPINION on ¨a coordinated EU Spectrum approach for scientific use of radio spectrum¨ 1. Introduction This paper represents the Radio Spectrum Policy Group’s (RSPG) progress report to the request from France and The Netherlands for an Opinion on spectrum used by scientific services. (document RSPG05-67 and RSPG 05-82). Many fields of science depend on the use of radio spectrum. This spectrum could also be used for other purposes, which in certain cases leads to pressure on the spectrum used by the scientific community. These developments have led to concerns about the long-term availability of spectrum for scientific use. Although these alternative applications may represent significant economic value, scientific usage of spectrum also has significant social and economic benefits. The RSPG agreed to formulate an opinion on the scientific use of spectrum in order to get an overview of all important aspects of the spectrum-based activities of the scientific community and to issue recommendations. 2. Overview of Scientific Use 2.1 Introduction Spectrum is used by several scientific services. These services use radio emissions to register naturally occurring physical phenomena or to communicate information between different locations. The following services are identified in the Radio Regulations: the Meteorological Aids Service, the Earth Exploration Satellite Service (EESS), the Meteorological-Satellite Service, the Space Research Service (SRS), and the Radio Astronomy Service (RAS). Also the Space Operation Service, the Radiolocation Service (RLS) and the Radionavigation Satellite Service are used for scientific applications1. This chapter gives a description of the various scientific activities. It is to be noted that these activities do not always coincide with the definitions of services used by the ITU in the Radio Regulations. -
REGULATORY PROCEDURES for Small Satellites
REGULATORY PROCEDURES for Small Satellites Space Service Department Radiocommunication Bureau International Telecommunication Union www.itu.int Contents ITU in Brief Legal Framework for Spectrum Access/Use Radio Regulations Small Satellites Regulatory Procedures WRC-19 Useful Information Q & A 2 ITU at a glance ITU is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies (ICTs) Our membership 193 +700 +150 INDUSTRY & MEMBER INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIA STATES ORGANIZATIONS MEMBERS 3 ITU in Brief For a century and a half since 1865, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has been at the centre of advances in communications – from telegraphy through to the modern world of satellites, mobile phones and the Internet. The story of ITU is one of international cooperation, among governments, private companies and other stakeholders. The continuing mission is to achieve the best practical solutions for integrating new technologies as they develop, and to spread their benefits to all. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, currently has a membership of 193 Member States and over 700 private-sector entities, associates and over 150 academic institutions. Beyond this, many other individuals and organizations are welcomed to contribute their views at events such as the WSIS Forum. The rights and obligations of the ITU membership in the domain of international frequency management of the spectrum/orbit resources are incorporated in the Constitution (CS) and Convention (CV), as well as in the Radio Regulations (RR) with the Rules of Procedures (RoP), and Recommendations (REC). https://www.itu.int 4 ITU Membership • Member states • Sector Members • Associates SERVICES: • Academia • Global Directory: Basic information on ITU membership, as well as detailed information on Focal Points within the organizations associated with ITU. • TIES Services: User account to access documents, reports, mailing lists, etc. -
Article Provides a Succinct Overview of Trends in Social Policy Provision in the Middle East and North Africa Since the Late 1950S
King’s Research Portal Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Eibl, M. F. (2017). Social Policies in the Middle East and North Africa. In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Palgrave Macmillan. Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. -
Characterization of Virulence Reactions for Heterodera Avenae Populations
Characterisation of virulence reactions for Heterodera avenae populations from two localities in Algeria Fatima HADDADI 1, Aïssa MOKABLI 2, and Richard W. SMILEY 3 1Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, BP 32 El-Alia Alger, Algérie. 2Institut des Sciences de la Terre et de la Nature, Université de Khemis Miliana Route de Theniet El-Had 44225. Ain Defla, Algérie. 3Oregon State University, Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 370, Pendleton, Oregon, USA. Summary - Heterodera avenae is widely distributed in areas where most cereal crops are produced in Algeria. However, the virulence of the Algerian populations of this nematode on individual cereal species and cultivars has not been well documented. The virulence of H. avenae populations from Tiaret and from Oued Smar were tested under natural outdoor conditions and in an in vitro test to determine reactions of nine barley, oat and wheat cultivars selected from the International differential assortment for identifying pathotypes of H. avenae. All nine cereal differentials expressed the same reactions to both populations. The nematodes reproduced well on the barley cultivar Emir and the wheat cultivar Capa. Resistant entries included the barley cultivars Siri, Ortolan and Morocco, the oat cultivars Nidar II and A. sterilis I.376, and the wheat cultivars Loros and AUS10894. This matrix of reactions indicated that H. avenae populations from both locations were characterized as H. avenae Group 1 pathotypes but did not conclusively distinguish among pathotypes Ha21, Ha31 or Ha81. The Cre1 gene was identified as a potentially valuable source of resistance when developing wheat cultivars intended for release into these localities. -
Earth Exploration-Satellite Service
Earth Exploration – Satellite Service Handbook Earth Exploration–Satellite Service *36546* Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2011 English Edition 2011 ISBN 92-61-13761-X Radiocommunication Bureau Photo credits: Shutterstock - ITU Handbook THE RADIOCOMMUNICATION SECTOR OF ITU The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Inquiries about radiocommunication matters Please contact: ITU Radiocommunication Bureau Place des Nations CH -1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 5800 Fax: +41 22 730 5785 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.itu.int/itu-r Placing orders for ITU publications Please note that orders cannot be taken over the telephone. They should be sent by fax or e-mail. ITU Sales and Marketing Division Place des Nations CH -1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Fax: +41 22 730 5194 E-mail: [email protected] The Electronic Bookshop of ITU: www.itu.int/publications ¤ ITU 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. Handbook Earth Exploration-Satellite Service English Edition 2011 Radicommunication Bureau THE RADIOCOMMUNICATION SECTOR OF ITU The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. -
Rspg 05 67.Pdf
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Information Society and Media Directorate-General Electronic Communications Policy Radio Spectrum Policy Group RSPG Secretariat Brussels, 4th February 2005 DG INFSO/B4/RSPG Secretariat RSPG05-67 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY RADIO SPECTRUM POLICY GROUP Subject: Scientific use of radio spectrum – Document submitted by The Netherlands and France Request by France and The Netherlands to the Radio Spectrum Policy Group for an Opinion on a COORDINATED EU SPECTRUM POLICY APPROACH FOR SCIENTIFIC USE OF RADIO SPECTRUM 1. INTRODUCTION Radio spectrum is used for a variety of services and applications, amongst others scientific use of spectrum. Observations and physical measurements that make use of the related frequency bands are essential for a large range of domains, including Radio Astronomy, Space Research, Earth Exploration, Geodesy, Climate research, Meteorological research and Weather forecasting. These applications use frequencies over a wide range of spectrum (sometimes involving only a few kHz, sometimes several GHz) and make use of a variety of radio technologies These applications currently represent considerable public investments at national and European level and do not only sustain fundamental science and research but give economic benefits to the society as a whole and support environmental and public safety policies all around Europe. Many of these scientific activities are organised at a global level and, therefore, spectrum related issues must be considered globally. This applies for radio astronomy and geodesy and is also essential for research related to the understanding of the global climate system and for weather forecasting. The ITU Radio-Regulations are the key-instrument for frequency allocations on a global scale and therefore the scientific community so far has focused its efforts to protect these essential frequencies mainly at global level.