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Breed and Sex Differences in the Gross Anatomy, Digesta Ph And Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola Breed and Sex Differences in the Gross Anatomy, ISSN 1516-635X Apr - Jun 2017 / v.19 / n.2 / 339-346 Digesta pH and Histomorphology of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Gallus Gallus Domesticus http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0275 Author(s) ABSTRACT Mabelebele MI A study was conducted to investigate the influence of breed and Norris DII sex in the gross anatomy, digesta and histology of Ross 308 broiler and Brown DII Ginindza MMII Venda chickens. Chickens were slaughtered at 90 days of age and the Ngambi JWII pH of the digestive organs was measured immediately after slaughter. The digestive organ weights and lengths of Ross 308 broiler and Venda I University of South Africa, College of Agri- chickens were measured. Tissue samples of the duodenum, ileum and culture and Environmental Science, Florida jejunal from each treatment group were collected and histologically Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa II University of Limpopo, School of Agricul- examined. Higher (p<0.05) gizzard pH values were observed in male tural and Environmental Sciences, Depart- and female of Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens. The jejunal and ment of Animal Science, Polokwane, South Africa ileal pH values were lower (p<0.05) for Venda chickens than in Ross 308 broiler chickens. The absolute weights of the gastrointestinal tract, crop, proventriculus and gizzard were lighter (p<0.05) in Venda chickens than in Ross 308 broiler chickens. The relative organ weights of the GIT, proventriculus, gizzard and caeca were higher (p<0.05) in Venda chickens than in Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 90 days. Male chickens had higher (p<0.05) relative organ weights than female chickens. Interactions between breed and sex influenced (p<0.05) the absolute weights of the crop, proventriculus, caeca and large intestine. Ileum villus heights of female Venda chickens were higher (p<0.05) than those of female and male Ross 308 broiler and Venda chickens. The Mail Address male and female Ross 308 broiler chickens had higher (p<0.05) ileum and duodenum crypt depths than male and female Venda chickens. Corresponding author e-mail address Mabelebele M The duodenum and ileum villus height/crypt depth ratios were higher University of South Africa, Cnr Christiaan de (p<0.05) in male and female Venda chickens than Ross 308 broiler Wet Rd & Pioneer Ave 1724 Florida Park, Roodepoort, Gauteng, South Africa chickens. In overall, male broiler chicken performed better. Tel: +2711 471-3893 Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION The Gallus gallus species commonly known as the broiler chicken has a fast growth rate that is influenced by intestine development (Smith Keywords et al., 2004). Their small intestines grow fast in terms of weight than Absorption,chickens, crypt depth, digestive carcass mass, and the small intestine’s relative growth peaks between system, villi height. 6 to 10 days of age (Mateo et al., 2004). The growth and increase of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) stimulates the feed intake (Gracia et al., 2003) and the duodenum develops earlier than the jejunum and ileum (Uni et al., 1999). The rate of development of the GIT of Gallus domesticus (indigenous chickens) has not been extensively researched. These slow growing breeds are known to have a slow development of the gastrointestinal tract compared to the fast growing broiler chickens (Mabelebele et al., 2014). The length and weight of digestive organs of indigenous chickens are shorter and weigh less compared to those of broiler chickens (Khadhin et al., 2010; Kras, 2013). This has implications Submitted: November/2016 on the digestion and absorption of nutrients which in turn affect the Approved: February/2017 body weight gain of indigenous chickens. 339 Mabelebele M, Norris D, Breed and Sex Differences in the Gross Anatomy, Brown D, Ginindza MM, Digesta pH and Histomorphology of the Ngambi JW Gastrointestinal Tract of Gallus Gallus Domesticus The health condition, type of nutrients consumed Table 1 – Ingredients and nutrient contents of starter, affects the level of alkalinity and acidity in the digestive grower, and finisher diets system of the chickens (Rahmani et al., 2005). The Ingredients (g/kg) Starter Grower Finisher pH level in certain parts of the GIT influences the Corn yellow 646.72 672.53 738.43 growth of microbes, which affects feed digestion SBM, Arg 2400-45.2 244.50 156.21 140.97 and nutrients absorption. Amount and type of fibre Canola ml solvent 2000-37 32.37 50.00 10.00 plays an important role on organ size and pH of the Meat meal 59 UMo 44.64 87.31 79.39 GIT of birds (Jimenez-Moreno et al., 2009). The GIT Canola oil 7.50 12.75 15.43 of fast growing Ross 308 broiler chickens develop Limestone 8.18 2.36 2.46 Dical phos 18P/21Ca 3.52 0.01 0.01 and mature faster than those of the slow growing Salt 1.04 0.597 0.72 indigenous chickens (Jamroz, 2005). Ross 308 broiler Na bicarb 1.04 1.88 8.900 chickens have been bred for high feed conversion Vitamin mineral premix 2 kg/mt 2.00 2.00 0.2000 ratio and growth rate (Krás et al., 2013). This has Choline Cl 70% 0.74 1.28 0.1164 resulted in changes in the anatomy and function of the L-lysine HCl 78.4 4.03 4.04 0.3812 digestive system. The length and weight of the small DL-methionine 1.53 1.81 0.1685 intestines vary between the different species of birds L-threonine 1.98 1.98 0.1682 (Hassouna et al., 2001). The villus height and mucosa Chemical composition (g/kg) thickness are commonly used as good indicators for Metabolizable energy (MJ/kg) 12.55 12.97 13.39 Crude protein 230.0 215.0 195.0 evaluating and understanding the intestinal status Crude fibre 25.0 24.47 22.2 which is linked to the absorptive functions (Incharoen, Crude fat 36.0 45.5 47.9 2013) of chickens. Morphology and histology of the Digestible arginine 12.3 11.1 9.84 gastrointestinal tract of Ross 308 broiler chickens were Digestible lysine 12.5 11.5 10.2 described and studied by Hassouna (2001) and Nasrin Digestible methionine 4.5 4.7 4.3 et al. (2010). Very little research has been done on Digestible methionine+ cysteine 7.3 7.0 6.3 the digestive organ pH between Ross 308 broiler and Digestible leucine 17.4 9.0 7.4 indigenous Venda chickens (Mabelebele et al., 2014). Digestible tryptophan 2.3 1.7 1.5 However, no data was recorded on the histology of Calcium 10.0 8.7 7.8 Available phosphorus 5.0 4.35 3.9 the GIT of Ross 308 broiler and indigenous Venda Potassium 8.7 2.3 6.6 chickens. Therefore, the objective of this study was to Chloride 2.3 1.6 2.3 determine the gross anatomy and digesta organ pH Sodium 1.6 1.6 1.6 in the gastrointestinal tract of Ross 308 broiler and Choline (mg/kg) 1700 1600 1500 indigenous Venda chickens fed the same diet and † The active ingredients contained in the vitamin–mineral premix were as follows (per raised under similar conditions. kg of diet): vitamin A – 12000 IU, vitamin D3 – 3500 IU, vitamin E – 30 mg, vitamin K3 – 2.0 mg, thiamine – 2 mg, riboflavin – 6 mg, pyridoxine – 5 mg, vitamin B12 – 0.02 mg, niacin – 50 mg, pantothenate – 12 mg, biotin 0Æ01 mg, folic acid – 2 mg, Fe – 60 MATERIALS AND METHODS mg, Zn – 60 mg, Mn – 80 mg, Cu – 8 mg, Se – 0Æ1 mg, Mo – 1 mg, Co – 0Æ3 mg Study site, experimental design and dislocation then scalded and defeathered according treatments to the University of Limpopo Animal Ethics Committee A total of 120 day-old chicks, 60 Ross 308 broiler (TREC/12/2014:IR). The gastrointestinal tract of each chickens (530 ± 2 g) and 60 indigenous Venda chicken breed was eviscerated and immediately placed chickens (462 ± 10 g), in a completely randomized on a tray at room temperature then gently uncoiled to design each breed replicated five times were used in avoid tearing or stretching. The pH was measured with this study. Feed and water were provided ad libitum, a calibrated digital pH meter (model IQ120, 2075E continuous lighting schedule was used throughout the Corte Del Nogal, Carlsbard, CA, USA). In a sequential experimental period. Chickens were fed a standard manner, the pH values for different segments of the commercial diet for 91 days and the experimental diet gastrointestinal tract were measured by inserting a was isocaloric and isonitrogenous (Table 1). glass electrode directly in the opening made in the Gross anatomy and digesta organ pH organs with digesta during the slaughter (Mabelebele determination et al., 2014). In order to evaluate organ weights and intestinal morphometrics of the male and female After 90 days of ages, ten chickens from each breed chickens at 90 days of age, the gizzard, proventriculus, and sex were randomly taken and killed by cervical small intestines and the large intestines, including the 340 Mabelebele M, Norris D, Breed and Sex Differences in the Gross Anatomy, Brown D, Ginindza MM, Digesta pH and Histomorphology of the Ngambi JW Gastrointestinal Tract of Gallus Gallus Domesticus caeca, were collected and weighed immediately at until villus tip, whereas crypt depth was measure from both 42 and 90 days. A measuring tape and RADWAG the base up to the crypt-villi transition region (Carrijo digital scale (Model PS 750/C/2) were used to measure et al., 2005).
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