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The Internal Anatomy of the Silverfish Otenclepisma Campbelli Barnhart and Lepisma Saccharina Linnaeus (Thysanura: Lepismatidae)

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The Internal Anatomy of the Silverfish Otenclepisma Campbelli Barnhart and Lepisma Saccharina Linnaeus (Thysanura: Lepismatidae) THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE SILVERFISH OTENCLEPISMA CAMPBELLI BARNHART AND LEPISMA SACCHARINA LINNAEUS (THYSANURA: LEPISMATIDAE) DISSERTATION Presented in Pertial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By CLYDE STERLING BARNHART, SR., B.Sc., M.Sc The Ohio State University 1958 Approved byj Department PREFACE In 19^7 the writer began a study of the trachea- tion of a silverfish collected from the Main Library on the Ohio State University campus. This began under the direction of the late Dr. C. H. Kennedy, professor of Entomology, the Ohio State University, in his course on Insect anatomy. Professor Kennedy was Impressed with the minute detail with which the tracheation could be traced since this insect was so small. It was his interest and encouragement which prompted the writer to continue this work beyond the course and later to expand it into the more complete study embodied in this dissertation. The writer is grateful to the late professor Kennedy for his part in providing the original encouragement for this study. The writer wishes also to express his sincere gratitude to Dr. Donald J. Borror, professor of Entomo­ logy* The Ohio State University, for his helpful guidance and suggestions in bringing the work of this dissertation to completion. li TABLE CP CONTENTS Pege INTRODUCTION................................... 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS........................... 2 TIES RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.......................... 4 THE ALIMENTARY CANAL............................ 14 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM...................... 24 THE DORSAL VESSEL............................... 28 THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS......................... 32 ABBREVIATIONS USED ON FIGURES.................... 40 FIGURES........................................ 43 SUMMARY......................................... 65 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................... 68 ill LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1 Tracheation of the head, thorax, and first abdominal segment of C . campbelll....................... 44 2 Tracheation of the abdomen of C. campbelll....................... 46 3 Gross anatomy of the alimentary canal of £L*. campbelll.............. 43 4 Gross anatomy of the alimentary canal of the L,. saccharlna......... 48 5 Histological longitudinal section of the wall of the crop in C. campbelll ......................... 48 6 Histological longitudinal section of the wall of the crop in L. saccharina......................... 48 7 Histological cross section of the crop wall in C^. campbelll.......... 43 8 Histological cross section of the crop wall in L*. saccharlna......... 48 9 Histological cross section of the proventricular wall in C. camnbell 1.......................... 50 10 Histological cross section of the proventricular wall in L. saccharlna......................... 50 11 Histological cross section of the wall of the mesenteron of C . Campbell!............................. 50 12 Histological cross section of the wall of the mesenteron of L. saccharlna......................... 50 lv 13 Histological cross section of the wall of the rectum of campbelll.... 50 14 Histological cross section of the wall of the rectum of saccharlna... 50 15 Histological cross section of a malpighian tubule in C,*. campbelll.... 50 16 Histological cross section of a malpighian tubule in L*. saccharlna.... 50 17' Histological longitudinal section of the rectal gland of Cj_ campbelll..... 50 18 Histological longitudinal section of the rectal gland of L*. saccharlna.... 50 19 Histological section of salivary gland lobe of Cj_ campbelll................. 52 20 Histological section of salivary gland lobe of campbelll................. 52 21 Histological section of salivary gland lobe of saccharlna................ 52 22 Gross anatomy of the central nervous system in campbelll............... 54 23 Gross anatomy of the central nervous system in saccharlna.............. 54 24 Gross anatomy of the dorsal vessel in C. campbelll........................ 56 25 Gross anatomy of the dorsal vessel in h x . saccharlna................... 56 26 Histological cross section of the dorsal vessel in £*. campbelll............... 56 2? Histological cross section of the dorsal vessel in L*. saccharlna.............. 56 v 28 Ostium in open position (A) in closed position (B) in the dorsal vessel of campbelli. (dipgramme tic)..... 29 Gross anatomy of pericerdipl cells of the dorsal vessel of saccherine in segments 2 end 3 .................. 30 Hlstologicpl section near the posterior tip of the dorsal vessel in C . campbelli.............. ............. 31 Histological section of the posterior tip of the dorsal vessel in C . campbelli......... ........ ......... 32 Histological penultimate serial section of the posterior terminus of the dorspl vessel of L_. saccharine....... 33 Gross anatomy of the reproductive organs of the female C_. cempbelli........... 34 Gross anatomy of the reproductive organs of the female ssccharina .... 35 Histological sagittal section of the posterior of the abdomen of the female C. campbelll......................... 36 Histological sagittal section of the posterior of the abdomen of the female L. saccharlna........................ 37 Gross anatomy of the reproductive organs of the male C_. campbelli........... 38 Gross anatomy of the reproductive organs of the male L_. saccharlna ..... ... 39 Histological longitudinal section of a testis of cempbelli............... 40 Histological longitudinal section of a testis of L. saccharine.............. vi Figure Page 41 Histological section of the tip of the ovariole of £*. campbelll.......... 62 42 Histological section of the tip of the ovariole of Xu. saccharlna ........ 62 43 Histological section of the apical cell group in the testis of Q j_ campbelll 62 44 Histological cross section of a seminal vesicle of J2*. campbelll................ 62 45 Histological cross section of a seminal vesicle of Xu. saccharlna............... 62 k 6 Histological cross section of glandular reproductive tube in the male L. saccharlna............................. 62 47 Histological cross section of a vas efferens of campbelll............... 62 48 Histological cross section of a vas efferens of Xu. saccharlna.............. 62 49 Histological cross section of a vas deferens of campbelll .............. 62 50 Histological cross section of a vas deferens of Xu. saccharlna.............. 62 51 Histological cross section of a glandular reproductive tube in the male campbelll...................... 62 52 Histological cross section of a glandular reproductive tube in the male L. saccharlna............................ 62 53 CL_ oamplaeUJLi A, B, Histological cross sections of the aedeagus. C, Histological cross section of the body wall at base of the aedeagus. Dy Histological cross section of the glandular reproductive tubes just beneath the body wall from base of the aedeagus........................... 64 vii Figure Page 5 h L. saccharlna: A, Histological cross section of the aedeagus. 3, C, Histological cross sections through the body wall at base of the aedeagus D, Histological cross sections of the glandular reproductive tubes just beneath the body wall at the base of the aedeagus..6^ viil INTRODUCTION Sllverfish are primitive in that they are wingless (having no evidence of ever having had wings in their ancestry) and have styli which are rudiments of abdominal appendages. These insects are of special interest to workers on the phylogeny of the class Hexapoda as they furnish probable evidence as to the nature of the ancestor of pterygote insects. Snodgrass (1935» P. 212) describes a hypothetical immediate ancestor of the Pterygota as having the body differentiated into head, thorax, and abdomen, with a series of three partly overlapping paranotal lobes pro­ jecting on each side of the body from the thoracic terga. Except for paranotal extensions, sllverfish fit the description of Snodgrass' hypothetical pterygote ancestor. Lepismatidae are considered by many to be the most advanced of the Apterygota (Little, 195?)* Furthermore present forms are considered to have departed little from the condition of the forms preceding winged Insects (Crampton, 1916, p. 12). This study has for its purpose the exploration of the internal anatomy of two related Lepismatidae to further clarify their position in insect phylogeny. MATERIALS AND METHODS The two species of sllverfish used for this study were wild-caught, the supply being replenished as needed. Ctenoleplsma campbelll Barnhart was obtained readily by the simple expedient of placing a pinch of oatmeal beneath a board on the concrete floor in a corner of the room where they occur. The sllverfish congregated beneath this board and were collected periodically. Lepl.sma saccharlna Linnaeus were caught by sifting through the floor litter in protected corners of two barns. As many as twenty were taken from a hollow piece of corn-stalk. A separate laboratory culture jar, with oatmeal, a cotton plugged vial of water, and some paper shelter, was provided for each species. An individual selected for dissection was anesthe­ tized with carbon dioxide and half embedded, by use of a heated needle, in a wax dissecting dish by melting the wax around the insect body. A binocular dissecting microscope with three objec­ tives (IX, 3X, 6X) and three oculars (9X, 12X, 15X) was used with as bright illumination as could be had without melting the dissecting dish wax. Glycerine was used as the dissecting fluid for tracheae and normal saline was used for the other
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