DOCSLIB.ORG

Drinking Mechanisms in the Zebra Finch and the Bengalese Finch’

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Drinking Mechanisms in the Zebra Finch and the Bengalese Finch’ THE CONDOR A JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY I_\! Volume 92 Number 1 February 1990 MAROh WI0 The Condor 92: 1-28 Q The Cooper Ornithological Society 1990 WVERSITY OF ~[4br-fJ- DRINKING MECHANISMS IN THE ZEBRA FINCH AND THE BENGALESE FINCH’ J. HEIDWEILLER AND G. A. ZWEERS~ Department of NeurobehavioralMorphology, Zoological Laboratory, Universityof Leiden, The Netherlands Abstract. Two kinds of drinking behavior were studied by film and radiogram analysis of tip down drinking Zebra Finches (Poephilaguttata) and tip up drinking BengaleseFinches (Lonchurastriata) which use similar scoopingtongue motions to carry water into the mouth. Water transport through the pharynx differs: the Zebra Finch usesa scoopingmotion of the larynx that reoccurs in every motion cycle, while the beak is kept down. The Bengalese Finch elevates the head allowing water to flow downward due to gravity and pharyngeal properistalsis.Extensive analysesshow the anatomy of the speciesto be highly similar. The Zebra Finch is able to drink by a double scoop mechanism, because-unlike the Bengalese Finch-reflexes for glottis closure and esophagealperistalsis are used. Integration of these reflexesand a shift in timing of the larynx-scoophas modified tip up into tip down drinking. Thus, tip down is more complex than tip up drinking, since here actions from different cyclesand patterns are integrated in one motion cycle. Increased kinematic complexity is, apart from any historical scenario,an argumentthat tip down is derived from tip up drinking in Estrildidae. An evolutionary scenario is presented in which developments of scooping anatomical elements are seen as preadaptations.These developed by selectionon elements serving the highly specialized kind of feeding on seedsof Gramineae under high predator pressurein open fields, and allowed a wide secondaryextension of the feeding area. Key words: Drinking; oropharyngealanatomy: Estrildidae;Zebra Finch; BengaleseFinch. INTRODUCTION fication, however, is not sufficient to understand Estrildid finches exhibit two kinds of drinking: which drinking mechanism really operates in a tip up drinking and suction drinking (Poulsen given speciesbecause several kinds of mecha- 1953; Wickler 1961; Immelmann 1962, 1965). nisms are found within each of the two main To understand how divergence in the evolution categoriesof drinking. The same is true for both of these two different kinds of behavior for one of the two successivesteps in drinking behavior: role may have developed, we need to know the intake of water into the mouth, and transport of physical mechanisms used in such drinking. the water from the mouth through the pharynx These two kinds of drinking can easily be clas- and into the esophagus. sified into the two main categories of avian For example, water is taken into the mouth in drinking since estrildid drinking patterns are the Cacatuinae by scooping the water with the characterizedby the same names (Wickler 196 1): lower beak (Homberger 1980); in Gallus, the beak tip up drinking, and suction drinking in mouth opens and closes several times, taking which the beak tips are kept down. This classi- some water each time (McLelland 1979); in Anus, a complex interplay of capillary action and pres- sure changesin the different areas of the mouth ’ ’ Received 23 May 1989. Final acceptance2 October serves to transport the water into and through 1989. the mouth (Kooloos and Zweers 1989). A similar 2Address reprint requeststo Dr. G. A. Zweers. feature is found in the category labeled “suction 111 2 J. HEIDWEILLER AND G. A. ZWEERS drinking.” For example, Psittacinae ladle water ing. Therefore the Zebra Finch and the Bengalese with the tip of the tongue, and Lorriculinae drink Finch (Lonchura striata) have been selectedfor with a suctioning action (Homberger 1980) analysis. The Zebra Finch is one of the eight whereas for Columba a double suction mecha- species of Australian Estrildidae that show tip nism has been proposed,in which lower air pres- down swallowing. The Bengalese Finch which sure develops first in the mouth and immediately originally lived in SoutheastAsia is a tip up, poly thereafter in the pharynx (Zweers 1982a). draught swallower of water. Several conclusions may be drawn from the The morphology of the interior of the mouth reviews of Schonholzer (1959) Homberger and pharynx at first looks similar in the different (1980) and Kooloos and Zweers(1989). The main species of Estrildidae. Therefore differences in difference found between the two categories of drinking behavior may either be correlated with avian drinking is in the transport of the water minor differencesin the epidermal structure, or from the mouth through the pharynx into the may be identified as “different applications of esophagus.In tip up drinking behavior, this part similar epidermal elements.” In the latter case, of the water transport occurswhile the beaks are the muscle-bone apparatus, the modal action kept in a “tipped up” position, whereas in suc- patterns for drinking, or both may be different. tion drinking behavior, the same transport oc- A secondaim of this researchwas to test whether curs while the head is “tipped down.” Further, the assumption holds that different kinematic tip up swallowing occurs in a series of drinking patterns may serve in highly similar morpholo- bouts which resemble poly draught behavior, gies to elicit different drinking mechanisms. whereas tip down swallowing comprises one Therefore the anatomy of the epidermal struc- drinking bout which has a mono draught ap- tures and the lingual muscle-bone elements must pearance.Therefore, we proposeto apply the fol- be compared. Since we have found no anatom- lowing descriptive terms to the main categories ical descriptions in the literature that are suffi- ofdrinking: tip up swallowing and tip down swal- ciently accurate, these must be included here. lowing. Both categoriesare certainly present in Description of the lingual muscle-bone appara- the Estrildidae. tus does, however, not serve for functional ex- Immelmann (1962) takes estrildid tip up planation of that apparatus, but rather for gath- drinking as a self evident feature, while for suc- ering anatomical evidence that lingual and tion drinking he proposesthat peristalsis of the pharyngeal integumental elements are equipped cranial part of the esophaguspumps in water. In suchthat they may carry out similar motion pat- the literature, the drinking mechanisms of the terns. eight suctiondrinking estrildid speciesare thought The development in highly similar morphol- to be identical with the drinking mechanism in ogiesof different behavioral patterns for the same pigeons(Poulsen 1953). Wickler (196 1) also con- role may have a specificcause. Immelmann and cluded that the drinking behaviors of Geopelia Immelmann (1967) consider tip down swallow- cuniata (Columbidae) and Poephila acuticauda ing of water to be a mechanism with a selective (Estrildidae) were identical. Immelmann (1965) advantage for those Estrildidae that must rely statedthat Zebra Finches (Poephilaguttata) drink upon desert water holes for their water needs. in a pigeon-like manner. Immelmann and Im- Their argument is that suction drinking allows melmann (1967) assumed,as did Lorentz (1939) much faster intake of water than tip up drinking, for pigeons, that sucking is caused by peristaltic so that predator pressuredecreases when the fast- movements of the anterior part of the esophagus. er mechanism develops. Their view includes the Fisher et al. (1972) suggestedthat Zebra Finches assumption that suction drinking is derived from drink like honey eaters. These authors provide tip up drinking. no further evidence for the proposed models. As a second cause of the development of suc- However, Zweers (1982a) has shown that Co- tion drinking, Immelmann and Immelmann lumba livia does not drink by peristalsis in the (1967) assume that in semiarid climates small esophagus,so that either the mechanisms must dewdrops are the only water source available, be different or suction drinking Estrildidae must and that these drops can only be ingested via the drink by the same double suction mechanism suction mechanism they propose. These two as- that has been proposedfor C. livia. The first aim sumptions need further testing. A third aim here of this paper is to analyze mechanisms for drink- is thus to measure the different kinds of perfor- DRINKING MECHANISMS IN ESTRILDIDAE 3 mance of both mechanisms and to apply the re- sults to a discussion of selection pressure. It is not only selectionpressure, however, which CAUDAL determines changein a system that is as complex \ as the oropharyngeal system. For example, to elicit appropriate drinking behavior, over 30 muscles in the mouth and pharynx must act in an orderly fashion. Internal constraints and physical boundary conditions also determine the direction of development. These may or may not have created a discontinuity between the two mechanisms. A comparison is needed to see which factors are important here. We start from a hypothetical ancestral tip up, poly draught drinking mechanism for Estrildidae that is rel- atively simple and closeto the drinking behavior seen in Gallus: water is scoopedwith the lower beak, then the head is tipped up; water runs down through the pharynx due mainly to gravity plus some pharyngeal properistaltic actions (Mc- Lelland 1979). Whether the two drinking mech- anisms may be deduced from this mechanism in one series or in two diverging directions is then ROSTRAL discussedto see if the mechanisms
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Guide to the Birds of Barrow Island
    A Guide to the Birds of Barrow Island Operated by Chevron Australia This document has been printed by a Sustainable Green Printer on stock that is certified carbon in joint venture with neutral and is Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC) mix certified, ensuring fibres are sourced from certified and well managed forests. The stock 55% recycled (30% pre consumer, 25% post- Cert no. L2/0011.2010 consumer) and has an ISO 14001 Environmental Certification. ISBN 978-0-9871120-1-9 Gorgon Project Osaka Gas | Tokyo Gas | Chubu Electric Power Chevron’s Policy on Working in Sensitive Areas Protecting the safety and health of people and the environment is a Chevron core value. About the Authors Therefore, we: • Strive to design our facilities and conduct our operations to avoid adverse impacts to human health and to operate in an environmentally sound, reliable and Dr Dorian Moro efficient manner. • Conduct our operations responsibly in all areas, including environments with sensitive Dorian Moro works for Chevron Australia as the Terrestrial Ecologist biological characteristics. in the Australasia Strategic Business Unit. His Bachelor of Science Chevron strives to avoid or reduce significant risks and impacts our projects and (Hons) studies at La Trobe University (Victoria), focused on small operations may pose to sensitive species, habitats and ecosystems. This means that we: mammal communities in coastal areas of Victoria. His PhD (University • Integrate biodiversity into our business decision-making and management through our of Western Australia)
    [Show full text]
  • Avian Crop Function–A Review
    Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 16, No. 3 (2016) 653–678 DOI: 10.1515/aoas-2016-0032 AVIAN CROP function – A REVIEW* * Bartosz Kierończyk1, Mateusz Rawski1, Jakub Długosz1, Sylwester Świątkiewicz2, Damian Józefiak1♦ 1Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland 2Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland ♦Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The aim of this review is to present and discuss the anatomy and physiology of crop in different avian species. The avian crop (ingluvies) present in most omnivorous and herbivorous bird spe- cies, plays a major role in feed storage and moistening, as well as functional barrier for pathogens through decreasing pH value by microbial fermentation. Moreover, recent data suggest that this gastrointestinal tract segment may play an important role in the regulation of the innate immune system of birds. In some avian species ingluvies secretes “crop milk” which provides high nutri- ents and energy content for nestlings growth. The crop has a crucial role in enhancing exogenous enzymes efficiency (for instance phytase and microbial amylase,β -glucanase), as well as the activ- ity of bacteriocins. Thus, ingluvies may have a significant impact on bird performance and health status during all stages of rearing. Efficient use of the crop in case of digesta retention time is es- sential for birds’ growth performance. Thus, a functionality of the crop is dependent on a number of factors, including age, dietary factors, infections as well as flock management.
    [Show full text]
  • Raptor Digestion Facts
    Raptor Digestion Facts For birds that have a crop, food passes to the crop to soften or to just be stored temporarily. From there food goes to the stomachs. Owls do not have crops, all other raptors do. Food is stored in the crop on the way down, but not on the way up. Birds have two stomachs (in this order): A glandular stomach (the proventriculus) which digests food chemically A muscular stomach or gizzard (the ventriculus) that grinds food with the aid or grit. In many carnivorous species – hawks, for example, their glandular stomach is so highly acidic, it dissolves bones. The bearded vulture of Europe and China is said to have a stomach so acidic it can dissolve the whole of a cow’s vertebra in one or two days. Pellets are formed in the gizzard. A given bird’s pellet will be the size and shape of their gizzard. The gizzard of birds serves the same function as the teeth and strong jaws of mammals. The gizzard is most developed in birds that eat plant parts. Birds intentionally ingest grit to be kept in their gizzard to help grind food. They can prevent this grit from passing through the digestive system with the food, and remain in the gizzard. Birds prefer brightly colored grit. Such examples of grit found in birds include: quartz, granite, ruby, gold, fruit pits, coal, ground oyster shells, black lava, and lead shot form shotguns (this of course causes lead poisoning, which we do see a lot of at Willowbrook). Many other birds cough-up pellets, especially those which feed much on insects.
    [Show full text]
  • Digestion of CHO, Fats, and Proteins
    Handout 5 Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Digestion ANSC 619 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIVESTOCK SPECIES Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins I. Variations in stomach architecture A. Poultry (avian species in general) 1. The crop, proventriculus, and gizzard replace the simple stomach of other monogastrics. 2. The esophagus extends to the cardiac region of the proventriculus. 3. The proventriculus is similar to the stomach, in that typical gastric secretions (mucin, HCl, and pepsinogen) are produced. B. Omnivores 1. Nonglandular region – no digestive secretions or absorption occurs. 2. Cardiac region – lined with epithelial cells that secrete mucin (prevents lining of the stomach from being digested). 3. Fundic region – contains parietal cells (secrete HCl), neck chief cells (secrete mucin), and body chief cells (secrete pepsinogen, and lipase). 1 Handout 5 Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Digestion II. Architecture of gastrointestinal tracts in monogastrics, herbivores, and ruminants A. Monogastrics – pigs 1. Oral region – Saliva is secreted from the parotid, mandibular, and sublingual glands. α-Amylase in saliva initiates carbohydrate digestion. 2. Esophageal region – Extends from the pharynx to the esophageal portion of the stomach. 3. Gastric region – Dvided into the esophageal region, the cardiac region, and the fundic (proper gastric) region. The cardiac region elaborates mucus, proteases, and lipase. The action of α-amylase stops in the fundus, when the pH drops below 3.6. 4. Pancreatic region – The endocrine portion secretes insulin and glucagon (and other peptide whereas the jejunum (88-91%) and ileum (4-5%) form hormones) from the islets of the lower intestine. Pancreatic α-amylase, lipase, and Langerhans. The exocrine portion proteases are mixed with chyme from the stomach.
    [Show full text]
  • The Zebra Finch Genome and Avian Genomics in the Wild
    Review CSIRO PUBLISHING www.publish.csiro.au/journals/emu Emu, 2010, 110, 233–241 The Zebra Finch genome and avian genomics in the wild Christopher N. Balakrishnan A,C, Scott V. Edwards B and David F. Clayton A ADepartment of Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61820, USA. BMuseum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. CCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract. The Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata) is the first species of passerine bird with a complete genome sequence, making it an exciting time for avian evolutionary biology. Native to Australia and the Lesser Sunda Islands, this species has long played an important role in the study of ecology, behaviour and neuroscience. With the sequencing of its genome, the Zebra Finch now also represents an important model system for evolutionary and population genomics. The production of a genome sequence for the Zebra Finch will have far-reaching impacts on the study of avian biology. Here we discuss the genomic resources available for the Zebra Finch, including the genome sequence itself, and some of the ways in which they will facilitate the study of avian diversity. We also highlight recent examples from the literature that have already begun to leverage Zebra Finch genomic tools towards the study of birds in nature. Introduction in a comparative context, highlighting some of the ways in The Zebra Finch genome is the first passerine genome to be which the Zebra Finch genome can facilitate evolutionary sequenced and only the second avian genome to be sequenced studies across the passerine radiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Crop Problems
    Text and photos: Monique de Vrijer Translation: Diana Hedrick CROP PROBLEMS The crop serves as a temporary ‘storage bin’ for the feed the chicken eats. It is often full during and at the end of the day and should normally be empty when the bird starts its day in the morning. Unfortunately ‘crop prob- lems’ are not an uncommon occurrence and presents as symptomatic with many dif- ferent illnesses and condi- tions. The Crop The crop is part of the digestive system and is an enlarged part of the esophagus at the foot of the neck where feed is (temporarily) stored and "moistened" with mucous and saliva from the mouth until the contents are moved into the stomach. A chicken has two stomachs, the proventriculus (the glandular stomach) and the gizzard or ventriculus (also called the muscular stomach). The feed is transported from the crop into the the glandular stomach which, as the name implies, is where secretory enzymes are added to the feed mass to aid in digestion; one of which is pepsin which in turn activates the stomach to produce hydrochloric (stomach) acid lowering the PH to aid in digestion and absorption of nutrients and also helps to dissolve the calcium grit (usually oyster shell) releasing the calcium in it. These enzyme-filled gastric juices infuse the feed as it moves onwards towards the gizzard (ventriculus or muscular stomach). The gizzard is a small organ and not able to deal with large quantities of feed. It is composed of two oval shaped and thick walled powerful muscles with a tough horny lining.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocal Communication in Zebra Finches: a Focused Description of Pair Vocal Activity
    Vocal communication in zebra finches: a focused description of pair vocal activity Dissertation Fakultät für Biologie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München durchgeführt am Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie Seewiesen vorgelegt von Pietro Bruno D’Amelio München, 2018 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Manfred Gahr Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Niels Dingemanse Eingereicht am: 06.03.2018 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 08.05.2018 Diese Dissertation wurde unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Manfred Gahr und Dr. Andries ter Maat angefertigt. i ii Table of Contents Summary ...................................................................................................................................................... iv General Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Vocal communication ................................................................................................................................ 1 Methodological challenges and how they were approached .................................................................... 8 Vocal individual recognition ................................................................................................................... 10 Pair communication ................................................................................................................................ 11 References ..................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating and Treating the Gastrointestinal System
    CHAPTER 14 Evaluating and Treating the Gastrointestinal System STACEY GELIS, BS c, BVS c (Hons), MACVS c ( Avian Health) The avian gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has undergone a multitude of changes during evolution to become a unique anatomical and physiological structure when compared to other animal orders. On the one hand it has evolved to take advantage of the physical and chemi- cal characteristics of a wide variety of food types.1 On the other hand, it has had to do so within the limitations of the requirements for flight.2 To this end, birds have evolved a lightweight beak and muscular ventriculus, which replaces the heavy bone, muscular and dental structure characteristic of reptiles and mammals. The ventriculus and small intestine are the heaviest struc- tures within the gastrointestinal tract and are located near the bird’s centre of gravity within the abdomen. Greg J. Harrison Greg J. The overall length of the GIT is also less than that of a comparable mammal, another weight-saving flight adap- tation. Interestingly, these characteristics are still shared with the flightless species such as ratites and penguins. In addition, the actual digestive process needs to be rapid to support the high metabolic rate typical of flighted birds.3 Gastrointestinal adaptations to the wide range of ecolog- ical niches that birds occupy mean that birds can take advantage of a huge variety of foodstuffs. The GIT hence shows the greatest degree of diversity of all the organ systems between different avian taxa. However, the pres- sures of convergent evolution have also meant that many distantly related species have developed a similar gastrointestinal anatomy to take advantage of particular food niches.3,4 Examples of these will be presented in the discussion of each section of the GIT.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Complete
    HISTORICAL AND SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE COMMUNITY OF FOREST BIRDS AT LONGNECK LAGOON NATURE RESERVE, SCHEYVILLE, NEW SOUTH WALES K. H. EGAN,1 J. R. FARRELL2 and D. L. PEPPER-EDWARDS3 11 Bowman Street, Mortdale, New South Wales 2223 273 Ellison Road, Springwood, New South Wales 2777 321 Arthur Street, Hornsby, New South Wales 2077 Received: 12 October, 1995 Observations dating back to 1937, banding data accumulated from 1965 to 1994 and census data collected from 1992 to 1995 have been used to show the changes in a community of forest birds at Longneck Lagoon Nature Reserve on an historical and seasonal level. Many resident species have disappeared from the site. These include Diamond Firetail, Zebra Finch, Hooded Robin, Red-capped Robin, Scarlet Robin, Flame Robin and Black-eared Cuckoo. Other species have declined markedly (Speckled Warbler, Weebill, Brown Treecreeper, Black-chinned Honeyeater, Jacky Winter and Fuscous Honeyeater) while some species have increased in numbers (Brown Thornbill, Superb Fairy- wren and Red-browed Finch). New additions to the community include Spotted Turtle-Dove, Red- whiskered Bulbul, Common Blackbird, Common Myna, Common Starling and House Sparrow, but these have not as yet made an observable impact on the proportions of native species within the community. Seasonal fluctuations in the community are quite marked with up to 34 non-resident species visiting the site with the Rose Robin being the only exclusively winter visitor. The only recorded movement greater than 2 km from the site, was that of a Sacred Kingfisher that travelled to central eastern Queensland. Interaction between the Brown and White-throated Treecreepers as well as the three species of finch (Red-browed Finch, Diamond Firetail and Double-barred Finch) is examined in light of their proportional representation of the resident community.
    [Show full text]
  • Colour Vision and Background Adaptation in a Passerine Bird, the Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia Guttata)
    Colour vision and background adaptation in a passerine bird, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) Lind, Olle Published in: Royal Society Open Science DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160383 2016 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Lind, O. (2016). Colour vision and background adaptation in a passerine bird, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Royal Society Open Science, 3(9), [160383]. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160383 Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Downloaded from http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on September 14, 2016 Colour vision and background adaptation in a rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org passerine bird, the zebra Research finch (Taeniopygia guttata) Cite this article: Lind O.
    [Show full text]
  • NSW Native Animal Keepers' Species List 2014
    NSW Native Animal Keepers’ Species List 2014 The NSW Native Animal Keepers’ Species List 2014 (also available at www.environment.nsw.gov.au) contains the names of all species that may be kept under licence. If the animal species you want to keep isn’t listed, you generally cannot keep it, although the Department might consider requests to keep unlisted species of reptile, bird or amphibian. If you are applying for a licence for an unlisted species, you will need to supply details of the species and numbers you are proposing to keep, the legal availability of the species and its husbandry requirements in captivity. A new species list is produced by the Department each year. You can only hold an animal that is applicable to class as listed in the current year’s species list. Some animals are listed as exempt and a licence is not required to hold or trade those species (see exempt species list at the back of this document). Some hybridised animals are recorded in this list. The Department does not support native animal keepers who breed between animals of different species. Regulations prohibit the breeding of native waterfowl with domestic waterfowl. Your licence must be endorsed with the class under which the species is applicable. Holding requirements for venomous reptiles must be in accordance with the requirements contained in the class criteria for advanced reptile venomous category 1,2 or 3 as contained in the “Application for an Advanced Class- Native Animal Keepers’ Licence.” If you acquire or dispose of a native species of Cockatoo listed as applicable to class B1, or any species of animal listed under A2,B2,B3,R2,R3,R4 or R5 you must notify the Director General by email or in writing of the details of the transaction within fourteen days of the transaction taking place.
    [Show full text]
  • Gastrointestinal Tract Morphometrics and Content of Commercial and Indigenous Chicken Breeds with Differing Ranging Profiles
    animals Article Gastrointestinal Tract Morphometrics and Content of Commercial and Indigenous Chicken Breeds with Differing Ranging Profiles Joanna Marchewka 1,*, Patryk Sztandarski 1 , Zaneta˙ Zdanowska-S ˛asiadek 1, Dobrochna Adamek-Urba ´nska 2 , Krzysztof Damaziak 3, Franciszek Wojciechowski 1, Anja B. Riber 4 and Stefan Gunnarsson 5 1 Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrz˛ebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (Z.Z.-S.);˙ [email protected] (F.W.) 2 Department of Ichthyology and Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Breeding, Bioengineering and Conservation, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 4 Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Aarhus, Tjele, Denmark; [email protected] 5 Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), S-532 23 Skara, Sweden; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Differences in the range use by poultry exist on the individual or breed level, even if equal opportunity of outdoor access is provided. Birds reared with access to the pasture consume some of Citation: Marchewka, J.; Sztandarski, the material found outdoors, such as plants, insects, and stones. The frequency of outdoor range use may P.; Zdanowska-S ˛asiadek, Z.;˙ Adamek-Urba´nska,D.; Damaziak, K.; be associated with the ingested material and the development of the bird gut.
    [Show full text]