Influence of Predator and Food Chemical Cues in the Behaviour of the House Mouse (Mus Musculus)

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Influence of Predator and Food Chemical Cues in the Behaviour of the House Mouse (Mus Musculus) En vue de l'obtention du DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par : Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (Toulouse INP) Discipline ou spécialité : Pathologie, Toxicologie, Génétique et Nutrition Présentée et soutenue par : M. CARLOS GRAU PARICIO le vendredi 11 janvier 2019 Titre : Influence of predator and food chemical cues in the behaviour of the house mouse (Mus musculus) Ecole doctorale : Sciences Ecologiques, Vétérinaires, Agronomiques et Bioingénieries (SEVAB) Unité de recherche : Département Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaires (SSA-EIP) Directeur(s) de Thèse : M. PATRICK PAGEAT M. XAVIER MANTECA Rapporteurs : M. ANGELO GAZZANO, UNIVERSITA DI PISA Mme CHRISTINA BUESCHING, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD Membre(s) du jury : M. DAVID MORTON, UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM, Président Mme CECILE BIENBOIRE-FROSINI, IRSEA, Membre M. PATRICK PAGEAT, IRSEA, Membre ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS/ REMERCIMENTS Je voudrais faire ces remerciements en français car c’est la langue maternelle de la grande majorité des personnes avec lesquelles j’ai travaillé pendant ces années de thèse et cette belle région du Luberon dans laquelle se trouve l’IRSEA. D’abord je voudrais remercier spécialement mon directeur de thèse Patrick Pageat, qui m’a guidé dans un premier temps comme chef de département et après comme directeur de thèse. Ce chemin que nous avons parcouru ensemble m’a permis acquérir l’expérience et les bons outils pour devenir chercheur et mûrir comme personne. Alessandro Cozzi m’a aidé d’abord comme chef de département et ensuite comme directeur de l’IRSEA. Julien Leclercq est la personne avec laquelle j’ai passé le plus de temps autour du travail de cette thèse. J’ai eu la chance de découvrir ses qualités au travail mes également ses qualités personnelles. Philippe Monneret a collaboré sur plus de la moitié de cette thèse et a apporté sa créativité et son énergie. Cécile Bienboire-Frosini m’a fait découvrir sa protéine préférée : Fel d 1 (avec la permission de l’Ocytocine), et a participé à la correction de deux articles ainsi que la thèse. Je remercie David Morton, Christina Buesching et Angelo Gazzano pour avoir accepté d’être les membres du jury de ma thèse et pour leurs précieuses idées et conseils. Je veux remercier chaleureusement les membres de la plateforme d’expérimentation animale, particulièrement tous les animaliers qui ont pris soin des animaux et de leur bien-être. Je remercie Rajesh pour son amitié et conseil. Piotr et Cyril pour leurs conseils sur les protocoles, Ben pour son expertise sur les images et sa bonne humeur, et tous les trois pour le temps qu’on a partagé pendant ces années. 2 Le service de statistique de l’IRSEA avec Céline, Eva, Estelle et Sana ont réalisé les analyses statistiques qui sont présentées dans cette thèse et ont apporté leur expertise sur le design expérimental. Un gros merci à l’IRSEA et à toutes les personnes que j’ai rencontré pendant ces années qui m’ont apporté leur soutien ou simplement un sourire. Merci à toutes les équipes qui nous ont fourni des échantillons de prédateurs de rongeurs : Xavier Duchemin et Xavier Bonnet du centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé pour les échantillons de serpent, Franck Boue du laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage de Nancy pour les échantillons de renard, Emilie Benjamin pour nous avoir fourni les échantillons de furet. Je tiens à remercier aussi Cyril Reboul de l’université d’Avignon, qui m’a ouvert les portes de son laboratoire pour faire la première étude de cette thèse. Et en dernier, mais de façon spéciale, à mes parents qui m’ont toujours donné la liberté et le soutien nécessaire pour me réaliser professionnellement, et ont été une source d’inspiration comme personne. Mon frère Fran, sa lucidité et curiosité a été sans doute une belle influence. 3 INDEX Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 1 List of tables and figures ...................................................................................................10 Abbreviations and acronyms .............................................................................................12 Part I Introduction Chapter 1: Taxonomy and biology of commensal rodents ....................................................14 1.Taxonomy ......................................................................................................................14 2. General anatomy ..........................................................................................................15 3. Physiology ....................................................................................................................16 3.1 Circadian Rhythm ....................................................................................................16 3.2 Thermoregulation ....................................................................................................17 4. Sensory organs .............................................................................................................17 4.1 Olfaction ..................................................................................................................17 4.2 Vision ......................................................................................................................18 4.3 Taste .......................................................................................................................19 4.4 Touch ......................................................................................................................20 4.5 Hearing ....................................................................................................................20 5. Ethology ........................................................................................................................21 5.1 Ontogeny .................................................................................................................21 5.2 Social behaviour ......................................................................................................23 5.3 Vocalizations ...........................................................................................................23 5.4 Sexual behaviour and basic reproductive physiology ...............................................24 5.5 Trophic behaviour ....................................................................................................24 Chapter 2: Of humans and rodents an ancient history and an actual problem ......................26 1. Historical perspective ....................................................................................................26 2. The rodent paradox; the same species different meanings: pests, research subjects, pets, and food ...................................................................................................................27 4 3. Zoonoses, effects on agriculture and food storage, material damage, and endangered species .............................................................................................................................28 3.1 Agriculture/food storage ..........................................................................................28 3.2 Physical damage to property, electrical connections and communications ..............28 3.3 Endangered species ................................................................................................29 3.4 Health, sanitary issues and zoonoses......................................................................31 Chapter 3: Rodent ecology ...................................................................................................37 1.Ecology of cosmopolitan rodent species ........................................................................37 1.1 Dwellings .................................................................................................................37 1.2 The underground .....................................................................................................38 1.3 Sewers ....................................................................................................................38 1.4 Movement ...............................................................................................................39 2. Chemical ecology and communication in rodents..........................................................39 2.1 Some basic principles ..............................................................................................39 2.2 Implied anatomical structures ..................................................................................40 2.3 Respiratory and olfactory physiology .......................................................................46 2.4 Neural pathways: learned versus innate ..................................................................48 2.5 Receptors ................................................................................................................57 2.6 Genetics and transgenic technology in chemical communication .............................62 2.7 Different Classifications in chemical communication ................................................63 Chapter 4: Methods for controlling pest rodents ...................................................................71 1. Chemical methods ........................................................................................................71 1.1 Acute .......................................................................................................................72
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