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Evaluation of Street Sweeping As a Stormwater- Quality-Management Tool in Three Residential Basins in Madison, Wisconsin

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Evaluation of Street Sweeping As a Stormwater- Quality-Management Tool in Three Residential Basins in Madison, Wisconsin In cooperation with the City of Madison, Wisconsin, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Evaluation of Street Sweeping as a Stormwater- Quality-Management Tool in Three Residential Basins in Madison, Wisconsin Scientific Investigations Report 2007–5156 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Evaluation of Street Sweeping as a Stormwater-Quality-Management Tool in Three Residential Basins in Madison, Wisconsin By William R. Selbig and Roger T. Bannerman In cooperation with the City of Madison, Wisconsin, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Scientifi c Investigations Report 2007–5156 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2007 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Selbig, W.R., and Bannerman, R.T., 2007, Evaluation of street sweeping as a stormwater-quality-management tool in three residential basins in Madison, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007–5156, 103 p. Cover photos (clockwise from top): Vacuum assist, regenerative air, and mechanical broom street sweepers. iii Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 2 Purpose and Scope .................................................................................................................... 2 Description of Study Area .......................................................................................................... 3 Methods of Data Collection ................................................................................................................ 3 Street-Dirt Collection and Processing ..................................................................................... 5 Basin-Outlet Flow Measurement and Precipitation and Runoff-Sample Collection ........7 Flow Measurement .............................................................................................................7 Precipitation......................................................................................................................... 8 Runoff-Sample Collection ..................................................................................................8 Changes to Sample-Processing and Analytical Methods .................................................... 8 Particle-Size Distribution .......................................................................................................... 11 Changes in Street-Sweeper Technology in the Air-Sweeper Basin .................................13 Characterization of Street Dirt .......................................................................................................... 13 Calibration Phase ....................................................................................................................... 14 Treatment Phase ........................................................................................................................ 18 Weekly Street-Sweeper Performance ..........................................................................18 Changes in Street-Dirt Distribution on a Street Surface ............................................20 Changes in Basin Street Dirt as a Result of Street Sweeping .................................. 21 Effect of Rainfall on Street Dirt ....................................................................................... 23 Effects of Street Sweeping on Stormwater-Runoff Quality ......................................................... 27 Previous Studies ........................................................................................................................ 27 Examination of Stormwater-Quality Concentrations and Loads ........................................27 Potential Sources of Variability ...................................................................................... 40 Comparison of Particle-Size Distribution in Stormwater-Quality Samples .....................43 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 44 Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................. 45 References ........................................................................................................................................... 45 Appendix 1. Detailed street-dirt and water-quality data .......................................................... 50 Appendix 2. Quality Assurance and Quality Control .................................................................98 iv Figures 1. Map showing location of study basins and water-quality monitoring stations, Madison, Wis. ....................................................................................................................... 4 2–3. Photographs showing: 2. Demonstration of equipment used to collect street dirt samples ...................... 5 3. A vacuumed strip leaves a visible trail indicating the degree of available street dirt .....................................................................................................7 4–5. Graphs showing: 4. Verification of regression equations used to predict water levels in the control basin during periods when the water level sensor was faulty ............. 9 5. Typical subsample coverage of hydrograph ..........................................................9 6–7. Boxplots showing: 6. Average weekly street-dirt yields in the control and test basins during the calibration phase ............................................................................................... 15 7. Influence of spring (April–May) street-dirt yield on total basin averages ......16 8–10. Graphs showing: 8. Average basin street-dirt yield categorized by season in the control and test basins during the 2002 calibration phase ..............................................17 9. Paired-basin relation between the control and test basins during the calibration phase ............................................................................................... 17 10. Average changes in weekly street-dirt yield as a function of particle size for three street-sweeping treatments in Madison, Wis. ............................19 11. Diagram showing location of sub-sampling strips to determine the distribution of street-dirt yield across a street ............................................................. 20 12. Graph showing street sweeper removal capabilities as a function of initial street-dirt yield ................................................................................................................... 21 13. Boxplot showing average weekly street-dirt yield during the treatment phase .... 22 14a–c. Graphs showing: 14a. Response of average weekly street-dirt yield to street sweeping in the air-sweeper basin ...................................................................................... 24 14b. Response of average weekly street-dirt yield to street sweeping in the high-frequency broom basin .................................................................... 24 14c. Response of average weekly street-dirt yield to street sweeping in the low-frequency broom basin ..................................................................... 25 15–16. Boxplots showing: 15. Comparison of street-dirt yields in the control basin, 2002–2004 ..................... 26 16. Control and test basin water-quality loads for selected constituents during calibration and treatment phases ............................................................. 36 17. Graph showing estimated number of samples required to result in statistically relevant conclusions in a paired-basin study ......................................... 40 v 18–22. Photographs showing: 18. Examples of lawn-maintenance practices in two study basins ....................... 41 19. Residue from sand applied to a street surface to provide traction for vehicles ................................................................................................................ 41 20. Accumulation of sediment in the junction of a manhole with the storm-sewer conveyance system .......................................................................... 42 21. Contribution of sediment to a street from a residential lawn ............................ 42 22. Water-quality sample intake located at a fixed point along the storm-sewer wall ...................................................................................................... 42 Tables
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