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The Media and the Square a Historical Perspective on the Mediatization of the Public Square

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The Media and the Square a Historical Perspective on the Mediatization of the Public Square THE MEDIA AND THE SQUARE A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE MEDIATIZATION OF THE PUBLIC SQUARE MASTER THESIS UNICA Euromaster in Urban Studies 4Cities University of Vienna Maicher Markus Supervisor: Prof. Martin Zerlang Submitted on September 1st, 2010 Year of Defense: 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Hereby I would like to thank everybody who supported me during the process of writing this thesis as well as during the last two years of the 4Cities program. I especially want to thank my supervisor Prof. Martin Zerlang for the great inspiration and the helpful advice he gave me while writing this Master Thesis. Furthermore I would like to thank Prof. Walter Matznetter for his help with my Vienna case study. I would also like to thank my interview partners for their time and their valuable insights for the case studies. At last I want to thank my dear friend Mara for the great time we spent while writing our theses and for her endless support. P a g e | 1 / 82 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ______________________________________________________ 4 1.1 Research Question and Methodology ____________________________________________ 4 2 Part I: The History of the Public Square and the Media ___________________ 7 2.1 The Beginning of the Square ___________________________________________________ 7 2.2 The Agora __________________________________________________________________ 7 2.2.1 The Socio-cultural Meaning of the Agora _________________________________________________ 7 2.2.2 The Greek Concept of Space ___________________________________________________________ 8 2.2.3 The Media and the Agora _____________________________________________________________ 8 2.3 The Roman Forum __________________________________________________________ 10 2.3.1 The Origin and Socio-cultural Meaning of the Forum ______________________________________ 10 2.3.2 The Roman Concept of Space _________________________________________________________ 10 2.3.3 The Media and the Forum____________________________________________________________ 11 2.4 Medieval Squares ___________________________________________________________ 12 2.4.1 The Medieval Town _________________________________________________________________ 12 2.4.2 The Morphology and the Socio-cultural Meaning of the Medieval Square _____________________ 13 2.4.3 The Medieval Concept of Space _______________________________________________________ 13 2.4.4 The Media and the Medieval Square ___________________________________________________ 14 2.5 Renaissance Squares _________________________________________________________ 14 2.5.1 The Rebirth of Space ________________________________________________________________ 14 2.5.2 Realizations of Renaissance Ideals _____________________________________________________ 15 2.5.3 The Renaissance Concept of Space _____________________________________________________ 16 2.5.4 The Media and the Renaissance Square _________________________________________________ 16 2.6 Baroque Squares ____________________________________________________________ 17 2.6.1 From Equilibrium towards Movement __________________________________________________ 17 2.6.2 The Place Royale ___________________________________________________________________ 18 2.6.3 The Residential Square in England _____________________________________________________ 18 2.6.4 Baroque and Classicistic Concepts of Space ______________________________________________ 19 2.6.5 The Media and the Square in the 17th - 18th Century _______________________________________ 19 2.6.5.1 The Aristocracy and the State ____________________________________________________ 19 2.6.5.2 The New Bourgeois Public _______________________________________________________ 20 2.7 The Square in the 19th Century _________________________________________________ 21 2.7.1 The Opening of Cities and the Victory of the Straight Line __________________________________ 21 2.7.2 The Media and the Square in the 19th Century ___________________________________________ 22 2.7.2.1 The Railway ___________________________________________________________________ 22 2.7.2.2 Photography __________________________________________________________________ 23 2.7.2.3 The Telegraph and the Telephone _________________________________________________ 23 2.7.2.4 Privacy and Publicity ___________________________________________________________ 24 2.8 The Square in the 20th – 21st Century ____________________________________________ 24 2.8.1 The Modern City as Panorama ________________________________________________________ 24 2.8.2 Painting and Modernity _____________________________________________________________ 25 2.8.3 Suburbanization, the Car and the Privatization of Public Space ______________________________ 26 2.8.4 The City of Spectacle ________________________________________________________________ 27 2.8.5 The Media and the Square in the 20th - 21st Century: The City of Bits __________________________ 28 P a g e | 2 / 82 2.8.5.1 The Virtual Agora ______________________________________________________________ 28 2.8.5.2 The Digital Window ____________________________________________________________ 29 2.8.5.3 The Future of Public Space _______________________________________________________ 29 2.9 Conclusion Part I ____________________________________________________________ 30 3 Part II: Case Studies ______________________________________________ 31 3.1 Case Study I: Rådhuspladsen __________________________________________________ 31 3.1.1 The History of the Square ____________________________________________________________ 31 3.1.1.1 The Birth of Modern Copenhagen _________________________________________________ 31 3.1.1.2 The (Dis)Continuous Space ______________________________________________________ 32 3.1.1.3 The Design of the Square and its Transformations ____________________________________ 33 3.1.2 The Frame of the Square _____________________________________________________________ 33 3.1.2.1 The City Hall __________________________________________________________________ 33 3.1.2.2 ‘Framing’ Buildings _____________________________________________________________ 34 3.1.3 The Square as a Stage _______________________________________________________________ 35 3.1.4 Analysis of the Space ________________________________________________________________ 36 3.1.5 The Media and the Square ___________________________________________________________ 37 3.1.5.1 Newspapers __________________________________________________________________ 37 3.1.5.2 Neon-Signs ___________________________________________________________________ 38 3.1.5.3 Canon Photographers___________________________________________________________ 40 3.1.5.4 Television and Cinema __________________________________________________________ 40 3.1.5.5 The Influence of TV and Internet __________________________________________________ 41 3.2 Case Study II: Karlsplatz ______________________________________________________ 42 3.2.1 The History of the Square ____________________________________________________________ 42 3.2.1.1 From the Development of a Suburb to the Construction of the Karlskirche ________________ 42 3.2.1.2 The Ringstraße ________________________________________________________________ 42 3.2.1.3 The Karlsplatz emerges _________________________________________________________ 43 3.2.1.4 The Karlsplatz between 1918 and 1970 ____________________________________________ 44 3.2.1.5 Redesign in 1971 ______________________________________________________________ 45 3.2.2 The Frame of the Square _____________________________________________________________ 46 3.2.2.1 Karlskirche ___________________________________________________________________ 46 3.2.2.2 ‘Framing’ Buildings _____________________________________________________________ 46 3.2.3 The Square as a Stage _______________________________________________________________ 48 3.2.4 Analysis of the Space ________________________________________________________________ 49 3.2.5 The Media and the Square ___________________________________________________________ 50 3.2.5.1 Dynamic / Abstract Architecture __________________________________________________ 50 3.2.5.2 Participatory / Social Projects ____________________________________________________ 51 3.2.5.3 Public Space Art / New Media ____________________________________________________ 51 3.3 Comparison of the Case Studies ________________________________________________ 54 4 Conclusion and Outlook: Public Space in the Media Age ________________ 56 5 References ______________________________________________________ 60 6 Appendix ________________________________________________________ 68 P a g e | 3 / 82 1 INTRODUCTION This master thesis aims at investigating the connection between public squares and the media throughout history. The focus of the research is directed towards the question of the design and socio-cultural meaning of squares in relation to the dominant media. The question of public space in the contemporary city is widely discussed in the field of research, especially in the light of a perceived dissolution of public space. Literature on the subject often refers to the agora as the ideal centre of community and bemoans the demise of the public space and of a localized community, induced by modern mass media and marked by a retreat into the private sphere (see Jacobs, 1961; Habermas, 1962; Sennett, 1976). The objectives of this paper are based on the assumption that the history of the square has always been the history of the media. In order to understand
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