FAMILY HISTORY

PALUBNIAK - BRENIA

THROUGHOUT HISTORY

PASCAL PALUBNIAK

13 june 2017

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SUMMARY Preamble Part One: History, definitions

I ° The deep origins through time (prehistory) (4500 BC-920 AD) - The Polgarians - The Indo-Europeans - The Wallachians - The Venedes - The Slavs

II° From the Middle Ages to the great partition in Central Europe (920 - 1772) - Galicia - A short history of Poland

III ° The ethnic period (1772 - 1965) - The Congress of Vienna and its consequences for Galicia and Nowica - The Ruthenians - The Lemkos - Poles and Ukrainians: the borders

IV ° A difficult 20th century - The wars - Galicia and the Lemkos at that time

Part Two: The family

V ° First family apparitions (1787 - 1956) - The family from the 18th century onwards - The life of our family in the early 20th century - TheVistula Operation, from Nowica to Stradun - Emigrations to the USA

VI ° The end of the 20th century is calmer (1945 - nowadays) - In France - Poland - In the USA and other places - The birth of our generation

VII. Conclusion

Table of contents

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Preamble

This is a small manual for the younger generations, so that they understand where they come from, and those who are interested in transgenerational psycho genealogy. It is not meant to be read in one day, it refers to various periods. We are all the fruit of our history and for some of us, we must draw further than in our own history.

The idea came to me when I got interested in genealogy. At first I thought we were the only ones in the world named PALUBNIAK (by the way, the basic meaning of iak is small), which seems to be the case in France, but after some research, it didn’t seem to be right.

Now I am French, because I was born in France, although it took a court judgment to confirm this, being born of a Polish father and a mother born in France of Polish origin.

When we go backwards in our genealogy, we can see that our ancestors come from Nowica, in Poland in the region now called Małopolskie (small Poland). We will see that this has not always been the case, for in the course of history the land of the village of Nowica has often changed its nationality and its inhabitants have often been called different names.

It is necessary to start from the sources and proceed methodically, for the story is not very simple. Today, everyone knows that the history of Central Europe is very complicated.

A lot of questions arise, so it was necessary for me to do some research, collect all the ideas and see how it all began.

This is certainly not a History textbook, others have done it very well already and it is thanks to them that one can know history, it is just a small guidebook about the origins of the BRENIA, PALUBNIAK family and some others. For this purpose, a few friends are to be thanked, such as PALUBNIAK STANISLAS, a fifth-degree cousin living in Poland near PRZEMYSL, PAUL STEVE BRENIA, the son of a fifth degree cousin who lives in Los Angeles, USA, and who greatly contributed to reconstruct the branch of our grandmother and grandfather, as well as PALUBNIAK MARIUSZ and his children, our cousin from our father's half-brother, and finally MICHEL PALUBNIAK for his travels in Poland and Ukraine.

And also many thanks to Mr. Copy and Mrs. Paste, the legitimate children of the Internet.

Our history is closely linked to that of Central Europe and Poland, even if most of us have become French or American, Australian, German, South American or whatever.

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A short summary of what will follow for those who do not want to go into details

The land of the present Poland, where our origins lie, was populated by Polgarians. That was 3,500 years BC.

Then, the Indo-Europeans (a term that is only a linguistic fiction) came to say that they were the Walachians and the Venedes.

First the Walachians, coming from Romania, peopled this land and were assimilated to the Slavs. They come from the Thracians, the Dacians and the Illyrians (ex-Yugoslavia). We are in 1500 BC.

Then came the Venedes, which are Indo-European populations and will disappear with the arrival of the Germans, the Vandals and the Goths. We are here from 1500 to 200 BC.

The Venedes are the ancestors of the Slavs.

Of course, all these people have mixed in the course of history before we come in the year 800 AD to the Poles of the North who are from Polane tribes (inhabitants of the fields or people of the plain). The Vislanes were a Slavic tribe settled at least since the seventh century in the region of the upper reaches of the Vistula (today's small Poland).

By the ninth century, the Vislanes had created a tribal state whose main centers were Krakow, Wislica, Sandomierz and Stradow. They constituted the most powerful and numerous tribe of what later became Poland.

So, in a nutshell, for salon discussions:

Polaris -> Wallachians -> Venedes -> Slaves -> Vislanes -> Polish (with variations).

Then in the next chapters we shall deal with the different groups of Poles -> Galicians -> Ruthenians -> Lemkos, but you will need a little patience.

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Chapter I - Deep Origins through time (Prehistory)

This is a long time ago: short legendary genealogy

Noah Sem Cham Japhet

At the very beginning, Noah had three sons, one was called Shem; he took the lands in the East. The other was called Cham and took the middle ground. Finally the last one was called Japhet and took the lands in the North and South-West.

After the collapse of the Tower of Babel and the confusion of languages, Russia belonged to Japhet with the western and northern countries where the Slavs settled along the Danube.

In turn, Japhet also had three sons, Ghazi, Turk and Alp. They were beautiful and strong, but they finally fought and the war between Ghazi and Turk broke out. This war ended with the victory of Turk, who nevertheless decided to leave his native land and to go north, where he settled near a large river.

Alp was a hercule who could move mountains and raise a horse with one hand. One day, he went to distant lands, he lost himself and could not find the way back. Then he went to the river and met a tribe speaking a language similar to his own. He chose his wife there and stayed with that tribe. Alp had two sons and he did not know how to call them. Suddenly clouds appeared, it was cold and the children began to scream. Alp tried to calm them down, but the children continued to cry. Then Alp thought they were not crying for nothing. Obviously, they had to be given names. Alp took counsel with his wife and they named them, one was named Bulgarian, and the other Burtas. The children of Alp grew up like hercules, and later founded two cities. Each son was the founder of a people. In the beginning, they spoke the same language, and then their languages started to diverge.

This is the subject of the shortened legend. Clearly, it presents the ethnic origin of the modern Tatars, where the ancestors seem to be Turks, Bulgarians and Burtas.

As Crimea is topical, we have the origin of Crimean Tatars which as we can see come from many places. The Tartars were also at the origin of the word Tartars.

A beautiful picture shows the descendants So much for genesis...

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Now, to be more serious this is how it was 3,500 years ago.

THE POLGARIANS

Proto-Polgarians are Indo-European Pontics. Around 4000 BC, their cavalry troops infiltrate the Rubanese of Poland, thus creating the culture of Malice (4000 / 3500 BC).

The Rubanese or "peoples of the Rubanese linear ceramic" are a branch that separated from the northern Ascetica of the north (Körös) about 4800 BC / 5900 BC.

From the beginning of the Neolithic era, Asianic peoples are known to have spread to a large part of Europe and south-west Asia. The term Asianic was used to refer to populations in Europe, the Near and Middle East, who were neither Semites nor Indo-Europeans. The development of agriculture, livestock, ceramics, and the cult of women and bull in the Fertile Crescent is attributed to the expansion of Asia.

Of all the Rubanese, those of the Tisza Valley (called Oriental Rubanese or "Tibiscins / Tiszoïdes") are the ones who have been the most influenced by the painted ceramic peoples of the Balkans.

Their civilization is divided into several phases:

-Szatmar / Alföld (4800 BC / 5900 BC): protolinear pottery engraved and grooved then incised with dark on light red. The dead are buried with the legs bent to the left, heads to the east or to the southeast, in ovoid pits containing ocher, near the houses.

-Tiszadob and Szakalhat-Lebö (4500 BC / 5500 BC): breeders of goats and sheep with incised-inlaid or paste-like pottery under the influence of Vinca

-Tisza / Theiss (4300 BC / 5400 BC): cattle breeders returning more and more to the hunt and using pottery with pasty paint.

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As early as 3600 BC, a group of proto-Polgarians headed south, crossed the Czech Republic and settled in northern Hungary (Tchitcharovce and then Csöshalom-Oborin culture).

Around 3450 B.C, they founded the cultivation of Polgar (the beginning of the work of copper, the use of undecorated red pottery and then dotted-furrowed). They seized Thuringia (Gatersleben) and Hungary (Tisza-Polgar and then Bodrogkeresztur) by mingling with the Eastern Rubanese and the Lengyelian Pelasgians (Lengyel 4-5-6). Continuing south, they will also mix with other Pelasgians in Croatia, Austria and Bavaria (Lasinja-Balaton 2).

After this period of dominance, the Poles will begin to retreat on all fronts and will be absorbed by the Indo-European Hunyadi-Halom and Lasinja-Balaton 3 (proto-Baden) to the south.

The Indo-Europeans

This Indo-European notion is only a fiction to explain the origin of languages. However, the Slavic language is part of the Indo-European group. The term Indo-European was introduced in 1816 by the German Franz Bopp to designate a set of languages from Europe and Asia (including northern India with Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh), whose structural relationship proved to be remarkable. Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Hittite, Old Irish, Gothic, Old Bulgarian, Old Prussian, etc., do indeed have surprising common bonds. This means that most of the languages of Europe and a large part of the languages of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India belong to the Indo-European family. The first tribes stopped in Romania, many continued their journey to populate the northern part of Europe, and among them the Wallachians.

The Wallachians

9 The term " Wallachians " is originally an exonym (the name for a place). All the Wallachian groups use different words derived from romanus to refer to themselves: Romani, Roumani, Rumâri, Aromanians, etc. (note: Megleno-Rumanians nowadays say "Vlasi", but, historically, "Ramani"; the Istro-Rumanians also adopted the Vlasi names, but still use Roumani and Rumâri to refer to themselves).

The Wallachians are normally regarded as descendants of the romanized peoples like the Thracians (about 1500 BC) (including the Dacians) and Illyrians (formerly Yugoslavians). Wallachian, also called Roman language of the East, has a common origin in the protoromanian language. Over the centuries, the division into various Wallachian groups (see Romania in the Dark Ages) mixed with the neighboring populations: Slavs, Greeks, Albanians, Coumans, and others.

Almost all modern nations in Central Europe and Southern Europe descend from the Wallachians: Hungary, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Macedonia, Albania, Greece and Bulgaria.

In other countries, the native Wallachian population has been completely assimilated by the Slavic populations and has thus ceased to exist: Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bosnia and Montenegro.It’s only in Romania and the Republic of Moldavia, that the Wallachian population (Dacoromanian or Romanian) is made up of an ethnic majority today.

The Venedes: people of battle axes

These people were the ancestors of the Balts and Slavs. They were probably from the Pontics (Indo-European) of Yamnaya. They used axes of naviform battles and stringed pottery and were divided into several subcultures:

* The Western Baltic battle axes of the Baltic (Haff). They are the ancestors of the present Latvians and Lithuanians.

* The Northern Bali Kiukaïs battle axes of Finland (Kiukainen). They disappeared during the expansion of Uralians in Finland around 1600 BC.

* The Eastern Baltic battle axes of the Volga (Fatyanovo): These tribes (Galindians, Goliads, Aukstotes, etc.) occupied a vast territory in Russia and in the north of Biellorussia. They had adopted the timber-framed tombs of the Iranian-Aryans. They lost territories in the north facing the Urals of Abashevo around 1600 BC and were then absorbed by the Slavs during their great expansion in Byzantine times.

* The Venedes of the Middle Dnieper (Proto-Slavs):

These tribes occupied the Pripet region in northern Ukraine and southern Belarus. At first, they were under the cultural influence of the Proto-Celts with rope pottery and battle axes. But unlike them, the Venedes buried the men on the left side and the women on the right side, both facing east.

Later the Venedes adopted the catacomb tombs of the proto-Thracians and their western branch (also using catacomb tombs) settled in Poland (culture of Zlota) by driving away the Proto-Celts.

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Here are the different stages their civilization went through:

-Venedes of Komarow in Ukraine and Trzciniec in Poland (2100/1400 BC).

-Venedes of Wiszoko in Ukraine and Lusatia in Poland (1400/800 BC).

-Venedes of Tchornyi-lis in Ukraine and bell-tombs in Poland (800/200 BC).

- Then the Western Venedes of Poland will disappear before the expansion of the Germans Vandals and Goths. As for the eastern Venedes of Ukraine (Ostrov-Zhitomir), some tribes will submit while others will settle further north in the Eastern Baltic region.

-After the defeat of the Germans against the Huns, the Venedes will undertake their great expansion in Russia at the expense of the Eastern Baltic and the Balkans at the expense of the Byzantines. At that time the Venedes were divided into two groups: the Antes of Penkovka and Kolotchin in eastern Ukraine (which will eventually disappear) and the Stavanes / Sklavons / Sklavenians from Prague-Kortchak in western Ukraine. The latter will be the ancestors of all the present Slavs.

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Languages

This is how we say hello in the different countries of Europe: Dzien dobry in Polish Dobro jutro (in the morning) ou dobar dan in Croatian Dobar dan in Serbic Halo in Bosnian Dobry den in Czek Dobré ràno in Slovakian Pozdravljen or Dobro jutro in Slovenian Dobryï den in Russian and in Ukrainian Dobraj ranicy in Bielorussian

Ok in Ruthenian I do not know, but it must be a bit of everything with a southern accent.

The Polish language began to develop towards the end of the 15th century under the influence of the Ruthenian language, which was itself only a modification of the Lechite language. The Ruthenian language was brought to Poland by Ladislas Jagellon, who knew neither Polish nor Latin.

The origins of the word Slav

The name Slavs is mentioned for the first time in 500 AD: it refers to Indo-European peoples of the north, neighbors of the Balts and Germans on the ethnolinguistic level, but appeared late in history. Before that date, they had very little contact with Mediterranean Europe and they were probably those remote people called the Venedes, known as the Slavs.

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The word Venedes stems fromVind, Vendes or Indes but this primitive form is divided into two main branches, in German Winde and Wende, and in Finnish Vene, Vané. All the other diversities (Vendi, Veneti, Vindi, Indi, Veliti, Huindi, etc.) belong to these two essential forms, of which they are merely nuances or alterations. A long research establishes that this name was given to the Slavs by foreigners.

After the name of Serbian, it was the names of Leks or Lekhs and Polanè (Poles) which had the greatest extension among the Slavs. The language of the Leks is the Ruthenian language. This part is derived from a study made in a book published in 1869 by AugusteViquesnel: “Slavic Peoples and their neighbors, the Turks and the Finns”.

Several explanations of the Slavic word coexist: the Slavic word probably means "speaking" but there are many more explanations.

The most obvious one and the simplest one is to relate the name to the old Slavic "Slava" with the meaning of fame, glory. The Slavs would have called themselves glorious.

Another hypothesis starts from the Old Slavic (word, speech), the Slavs defining themselves among themselves as those who know how to speak, whose language is comprehensible. This assumption is based in particular on the fact that , in the Slavic languages, the term for a German is derived from an adjective signifying non-speaking .In Ukrainian, Polish, Serbian and Czech, the words niemy, nemtsi mean mute , and niemiec means German.

A hypothesis, which follows the same etymology as the first, claims that the word Slavic comes from Slava, the original name of the river Dnieper, around which the first Slavic traces in Europe are accredited. The Slavs would have been named according to their geographical origins as did the Saxons, the Vikings ...

As a matter of fact, the word slav is at the origin of Slavonia, Slovakia and Slovenia. It is also at the origin of the French word esclave and the English word slave ( medieval Latin slavus, sclavus), many Slavs of the currently East German, Czech and Polish countries having been enslaved during the High Middle Ages and especially in the Carolingian Empire.

According to Michel Kazanski

The name of Slavs proper appears in the sources written during the first half of the sixth century under the calamus of Procopius of Caesarea. Subsequently, the philologists studied the meaning of this word. The first identification, the easiest too, with the Latin Slavus, was quickly abandoned because of the late appearance of Slavs on the markets of Rome and the fact that the first Slavs were ignorant of slavery. An etymology was then proposed, referring to the term "slava," "glory," but this hypothesis did not prevail. Polish scholars also proposed linking the term to the Skoak-Sklav root, to be related to the Latin cloaca, sewer, marsh. The Slavs would therefore be the inhabitants of the marshes, reconstitution based on their hypothetical original habitat.

Finally, it has been suggested to link the Slavic term to the Slovoe Russian, "the verb, the word." This hypothesis seems to be confirmed since, even today, the Russians name their German neighbors nemtsy, "the mutes": the Slavs would thus have been "Those who speak", a way of contrasting culture and nature, whose ethnography provides many parallels. However, the debate does not seem to be closed.

13 Origin and expansion of the Slavs (5th-10th centuries)

The exact origin and etymology of the name of the Slavs remain uncertain: the historical sources about them are abundant only from the tenth and eleventh centuries.

As far as their ancestors are concerned, most Slavic historians agree that the first of them (the Protoslaves) could have been enrolled in the confederations of various other migratory peoples north of the Black Sea. Protoslavs among Turkish-speaking Vikings Huns and Iranian Alans (4th-5th century), finally among the German-speaking Goths (5th century) and then among Turkish-speaking Avars in the 6th and 7th centuries (for the latter, it is a certainty Attested by the Byzantine chroniclers).

The original cradle of the Protoslavs at the end of antiquity, if we are to believe the archaeological evidence left by these non-Germanic populations, could be found in the regions between the sources of the Vistula in the west, Dniestr to the south, and the course of the Dnieper to the east. These regions of the plain, situated in western Ukraine and eastern Poland, bear the oldest testimony of a Slav presence. It is not known how far it stretched to the north: some historians limit it to present-day Belarus, others make it rise to a line of St. Petersburg-Moscow.

In the 6th and 7th centuries, part of the Slavs migrated westwards to the Elbe and to the south and to the Carpathians and the Danube, in place of the Germans (Goths, Vandals, Gépides, Lombards ...) Were moved to the Roman Empire of the West. After the reign of Justinian, between 586 and 610, the Slavs of the Danube, allied to the Avars arrived in 567, burst south of the river, reaching the Roman Empire of the East. They penetrate the Balkans and reach the Adriatic. Around 548, they are in Illyria (Carinthia, Istria and Albania), causing the abandonment of the eastern limes. In the Lower Danube basin and in the Balkans, the Slavs formed so-called "Sclavenies", called Sclavenas, which the Byzantine chroniclers gave them. Some Slavs settle down to the heart of Greece and small groups have reached Anatolia, some Greek islands and Italy (where they have left surnames like Schiavenno or Schiano).

The slave trade, a name justly derived from the Slavs, has brought some far farther from their land of origin, to Muslim Spain where court slaves founded Sakaliba dynasties.

The reasons for the movement of the Slavs to the west and south are the same as those of the Mongols: the climatic cooling marked from the third to the seventh century, which caused all the "barbaric migrations" from the confines Asia (where decades of terrible drought and prolonged ice age have been witnessed by fossil pollens) and from northern Europe (where the absence of summer caused famine considering the state of the people then buried). Well, it looks like it's the opposite today.

Nevertheless one can say to make a logical sequel that:

In 550 LECH took power in Poland with his brother CZECH in Bohemia. Then the Palatins (they are warlords).

700 – Cracus Then Lech II Vanda Return of the Palatins 760 Przemislas named LESKO Ist 804 LESKO II 810 LESKO III

14 815 POPIEL I 830 POPIEL II 842 LES PIAST 861 ZIEMOWIT Sons of Piast 892 LESKO IV 913 LIEMONISLAS 962 MIECISLAS ie MIESKO I and there it becomes Poland Under Pope John XIII Cardinal Gilles will christianize Poland 992 BOLESLAS

The problem of Kosovo concerning the Slavic origins In the Roman province of Illyria covering Kosovo, the Dardanians originally spoke an Indo- European language close to Albanian. The 34th Roman emperor, Constantine, was born in Dardania in 274. After the break-up of the Roman Empire into a Byzantine empire, the Slavs began to conquer ancient Illyria, so that Kosovo became Serbian by the end of the eleventh century. The Ottoman Empire defeated the Serbs in 1371 and in 1389, 36,000 Orthodox Slavs left Kosovo, but the vast majority of the population, of bogomile religion, remained on their lands and escaped the Catholic Inquisition at the price of Conversion "to Islam. The study by Professor Alexandre Soloviev, "Bogomilism", published in the Cahiers d'Études Cathares of the summer of 1988, indicates that some Kosovo "Muslims" still celebrated Christmas at the beginning of the last century! There was therefore a progressive albanization-islamization under Turkish domination of a Slavic population in the 6th century in Albanian-speaking Illyria, mostly bogomile and then Muslim. Between Slav-Orthodox Kosovars and Slavonic- Islamizing Kosovars, there is only one cultural difference due to the vagaries of history.

Now to see things a little more clearly and have the clear ideas that go with it, we must have a look at the map of Poland today.

Here is a short summary of what will follow for those who do not have the courage to read everything.

That's it.We are getting into the history of our corner.

First the place of our origin is Galicia, a little history then…

It is a strip in the north of Slovakia and in the south of Poland which stretches as far as Ukraine.

Around 1349, Galicia is annexed to Poland, so one has Polish origins.

Then a little history of Poland, it does not hurt after all, and this is where we can see that it is very eventful.

This chapter goes until 1815 because it is just to situate the action of family history, but it is already at this time that our ancestors appear.

To cut a long story short, here are a few dates to remember for salon discussions:

960: Birth of Poland 1078: Birth of Galicia 1349: Attachment of Galicia to the Kingdom of Poland 1768: Birth of Jacobus Brenia 1772: First dismemberment of Poland (we are Austrian) 1815: Second dismemberment (congress of Vienna) (we are Austro-Hungarian)

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After that, Poland will be reborn in 1918 and it will be tumultuous.

This is a map of Poland and to situate yourself: start from Krakow, you have to go a little to the south-east on the right of Zakopane, this is NOWICA.

But before we get to that, what a story! We will see that we are not French by chance and that it could have turned out very differently.

In order to fully understand this, it must be remembered that multiple population movements have taken place over the past centuries and that the formation of Poland, and in particular the history of our origins in Western Galicia, has undergone innumerable changes during these centuries.

In short, the Ukrainians, the French, the Austrians, the Russians followed one another, we nearly had the Ottomans, and of course the Poles.

But let us start from the beginning and to understand, we must go back to the sources.

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Chapter II - From the Middle Ages to the Great Sharing in Central Europe (920 - 1772)

One begins to appear in history

It was a long time ago in the year 1000, Nowica does not exist yet, that's why we can come from anywhere. On the other hand, given our name, we are definitely Slavic.

The Grand Duchy of Galicia when it was not yet Polish In the process of decomposition of the great principality of Kiev, begun as early as the eleventh century, the secondary principality of Galicia emerged for the benefit of the Rurukid cadets. The latter owing its name to the city of Halych, from where the princes establish their authority, from their fortress. Galicia knew a brilliant period during the reign of Yaroslav Osmomylz, in the middle of the twelfth century. His successors succeeded in making themselves the masters of neighboring Volhynia.

Grand Duchy of Galicia (1085-1349)

Editor’s Note: H is G for us which transforms HALICE into GALICIA.

17 1078 - "Galicia" finds its name as it becomes independent.

1086 or 1087- First mention of Zvenigorod which becomes one of the most important cities of the Southwest of the principality of Kiev.

Late XIth - Principalities of Zvenigorod, Terebovlia and Peremyshl governed by the brothers Rostilavitch, grandchildren of Prince Yaroslav, the sage of Kiev.XIIth (beginning) - The princes Vladimir of Zvenygorod and Rostyslav of Przemylsh meet at Shchyrets (ray of Pustomysti).

1124 - Vladimir Volodarevitch makes Zvenigorod its capital.

1141 - Vladimir Volodarevich unites these principalities and makes Halicz its capital.

1152-1187 - Reign of Yaroslav Osmomylz ( a brilliant period in economic and cultural terms).

1189 - The Hungarian king Bela III occupied Galicia in 1189 and became king of halychyna".

1199 - Unification of Galicia-Volhynia. Roman Mstilavitch of Volhynia was invited by the Galician boyars to the throne of the Halicz Volhynia-Galicia Union.

It was founded by Roman the Great, the prince of Volodymyr (Volhynia), of the Riurikid dynasty, who conquered the principality of Halych and united the two countries at the end of the twelfth century. Relying on the inhabitants of the cities, on devoted boyars and on good relations with the Dukes Piasts, he built a very powerful state. He signed a peace treaty with Hungary and established diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire.

1205 - In 1205, Roman the Great launched an offensive against Poland but was arrested by the armies of Conrad of Mazovia and Lech the White. He was killed while passing the Vistula on June 19, 1205 (battle of Zawichost).

1213 - First mention of Horodok (Gorodok, Grodeck), center of the salt trade.

The thirteenth century was marked by various threats: an internal threat with the conflicts between the princes and the boyars, a threat that was mainly external with the great Mongol invasion of 1241, and also the aims of the Polish and Hungarian neighbors on the territory. In 1256, however, the city of Lvov (city of Leon, Leopolis in Latin, Lemberg in German, etc., was promoted to a bright future).

1214 - Boyard Volodyslav Kormylchych becomes Prince of Galicia. During his reign, the political situation was very unstable. A treaty between Hungarians and Poles is signed with regard to the affairs of Galicia.

1220 - First mention in the annals of Novgorod of the archbishopric of Przemylz.

1227 - Prince Mstyslav Mstyslavovych beats the Hungarians in Zvenigorod.

1227 - Daniel, Prince of Galicia, visits Horodok.

Daniel of Galicia (in Ukrainian: Данило Галицький, Danylo Halytskyï) (1201-1264) was, with Alexander Nevsky, the most important Ukrainian prince of the beginning of the Golden Horde period. He possessed the Rus' of Halych-Volodymyr (Galicia and Volhynia) and, briefly, Kiev. Danylo was the son of Prince Roman of Lodomerie (1170-1205). In 1223, he was one of the princes to participate in the battle of Kalka against the Mongols. Beaten, he as still able to escape. After his campaign of 1240-41, the Batu Khan endeavored to obtain from 18 Daniel Reconstruction of his country. The latter therefore sent foreign settlers to the country, founded and / or developed cities such as Lviv, Chelm and the construction of roads.

The prince tried to create a broad network of alliance for his protection and received from the pope the crown of king in 1253. But his attempt to free himself from the Golden Horde ended in 1259 in a fiasco. His country was again severely ravaged and he had to flee.

1235 - Daniel, Prince of Galicia, visit Horodok.

1238 - Daniel, son of Roman becomes king of Galicia, by decision of the pope.

1241 - Mongol threat. The Mongols of Batu attack the principalities of the South-West. They are repulsed with difficulty. The city of Sambir (today Stary Sambir) is destroyed. The survivors took refuge on the banks of the Dniester, where they founded a new settlement. Destruction of Zvenigorod.

1245 - Battle of Jaroslav. Daniel beats the Poles and Hungarians.

1253 - Daniel is crowned king by a legate of the Pope, under the suzerainty of the Mongolian khan.

1256 - Lvov Foundation in honor Leon (Lev) (Leopolis> Lviv), son Danylo Romanovych, not far from the town of Zvenyhorod, wiped out by the Tatars.

1259 - Khan Burundai ordered Danylo to destroy the castle of Lviv, after a military campaign.

1264 - Death of Daniel. Chrvarno becomes Prince of Galicia. At his death, his son Chvarno succeeded him (1264-1270), then his second son Leo (Lev) (1270-1301), the latter managed to get some independence for his country.

1285 - Devastation of Galicia and Volhynia by the Tatars (Telebuha).

1301 - Death of Leon (Lev), Prince of Galicia. Youri 1st succeeds him.

1308 - Death of Youri Ier. André succeeds him.

1323 - Death of Andrew. End of the Roman dynasty. Boleslaw of Mazovia, elected by the boyars, became Prince of Galicia under the name of Youti II. It is orthodox, at least in principle.

1340 - Boleslaw Jersy of Mazovia assassinated.

In the end, however, the weakening of the duchy of Galicia was to lead to its conquest by Poland: this was done in 1349.

For more than four centuries, Galicia was attached to the kingdom of Poland, a political construction with relatively vague outlines. This attachment could only deeply mark the region. Polonization marks many aspects of culture and society. For the Ruthenian peasantry, the most important thing was the establishment of the Polish nobility, which monopolized the land of the boyars and imposed rudely its economic and social domination and explained the powerful antagonism between the peasants and their masters. The Poles, through the intermediary of the cities and the administration, impose their laws. In religious matters, the old Orthodox religion of the Ruthenians is the target of Roman Catholicism. This will ultimately lead to the uniatism which is still today, one of the fundamental marks, the mentalities of Galicia.

19 The term "uniate" has long been used to refer to the Eastern Catholic Churches. In other words, it serves to designate the fractions of these Eastern Churches which broke with their Orthodox "mother" Church and entered into communion with the Roman Catholic Church. It is attested for the first time at the time of the Synod of Brest-Litovsk of 1596, which gives birth to the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Today mostly used by the Orthodox, it most often has a pejorative connotation. In fact, "Uniate Churches" and "Eastern Catholic Churches" are not synonymous.

The attachment to the kingdom of Poland (1323-1386)

Since 1323, the date of the death of the last descendant of Roman, it is a Polish Piast, Boleslaw Trojdenowic who becomes the master of Galicia. For this, he converted to orthodoxy and took the name of George II. In 1339, Georges de Ruthénie, who remained Catholic in his heart, designated Casimir the Great as his successor.

In 1340, George II was poisoned, but the succession did not go without saying. The Polish- Hungarian troops met with those of Lubart of Lithuania and the Tatars, called by a Ruthenian prince, Dierko de Przemysl. The defection of the two allies of this prince, solicited by problems of succession, caused an agreement in which Dierko administered Western Ukraine on behalf of the Polish-Hungarians, with the title of staroste. Casimir, however, was soon to denounce this convention, and in the autumn of 1349 his troops invaded the whole of Ruthenia and Volhynia. Poland was thus engaged in a policy of expansion towards the south- east. The King of Hungary, however, surprised, ratified by the treaty of Buda in 1350 this dominion.

Nevertheless, the Lithuanians were able to maintain themselves in the principality of Belz.

Small historical reminder

In France, it is the Hundred Years War. The Hundred Years War spanned a period of one hundred and sixteen years (1337 to 1453) during which two dynasties, the Plantagenets and the Capetian house of the Valois, clashed on French soil during numerous conflicts, interspersed with longer or shorter truces.

In Asia China is a victim of drought, famine and floods, followed by plague in 1334. Five million people die. The Black Death left China and spread to the West to reach Europe in 1347.

White Croatia (in Croatian Bijela Hrvatska, in Polish, Biała Chorwacja) also named Chrobatia, was a region extending in present-day Southern Poland, Bohemia and Slovakia. The area west of White Croatia is known as White Serbia. The Croatian tribes lived there before they moved to the north of the Carpathians and then to the north-west of the Balkan Peninsula (now Croatia) in the early seventh century. A principality of white Croatia remained, however, around Krakow. In 995, Czech armies from Bohemia and Moravia invaded the state of White Croatia and destroyed its capital Libya. Shortly afterwards, the White Croats (Byelohravati) were invaded by the new kingdom of Poland. The last leader of the White Croatia state - Sobjeslav - was killed by the Polish armies in 1004, near Prague.

20 Short history of POLAND – (965 – 1815)

The kingdom of Gniezno (10th century)

Shortly after the middle of the tenth century, the first Polish state was formed around Gniezno, under the reign of Mieszko I (or Mieszko, 920-992), who took the title of king, received baptism and married the duke's sister Of Bohemia, Boleslas I, in 966. Thus he chose to marry Christianity directly from Rome to avoid falling under the Saxon rule.

Mieszko had agreed with the Saxon Margrave Gero (died in 965) to subdue the Slavs of the Baltic. Having united the Slavs of the Vistula, he succeeded successively by the crushing of the Magyars by Otto I at Lechfeld (955), then by the Italian defeat of Otto II at Cape Colonne (982), as well as his successors The weakening of the Hohenstaufen in the eleventh century, in order to have its kings recognized by the emperor and to constitute a Polish kingdom which extended from Gdańsk to Krakow.

21 FEUDAL POLAND

Immediately after the canonization of Adalbert, his tomb became a holy site. In the year 1000, Otto III, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, made a pilgrimage to Gniezno, which then became an archdiocese of Rome and not of the German archdiocese on the other side of the Odra. Otto proclaimed Boleslaw "brother and collaborator of the Empire", a gesture that demonstrated a relationship that was certainly not that of a subordinate. Unfortunately, Otto's premature death put an end to his dream of a peaceful Christianity. In the face of the invasions of the new emperor and other Germanic feudal lords on the western borders of Poland, Boleslaw tried to unite Poles, Czechs and Slovaks to form a great state, and to cope together with the Slav invasions coming from the West. But the Czech and Slovak lands were under his direction only very briefly. On the other hand, Boleslaw made war on the East and succeeded in establishing a benevolent sovereign, Kievan Rus. To mark his victory, Boleslaw seized his sword and several times struck the bars of the great golden gate of Kiev. The sword was then known as Szczerbiec ("the sword with the notches") and was later used in the ceremonies of the Polish crowns. Throughout his life, Boleslaw begged Rome to grant him a royal crown. In 1025, almost at the end of his life, Boleslaw was finally crowned king with the blessing of the pope, but without the approval of the Germanic emperor. This event marked the recognition of Poland as a real kingdom within Latin Christianity.

On the great expanses of forest between the Vistula and the Oder slowly formed the properly Polish tribes: Vislanes, centered on the Krakow region, but probably extending as far as the Carpathians; Mazivians fixed on the Vistula average and limited to the south by the territory of the Silesians. Finally, around the Golpo Lake, an important relay on the famous Amber road, the State of the Poles was built, the centers of the old towns of Kruszwic, Gniezno and later Poznan.

According to legend, the tribe of Polanes (inhabitants of the fields) imposed its law on the other tribes under the leadership of a chief named Piast, the founder of a dynasty that reigned until 1370. Mieszko I, first historical ruler, paid tribute At Otto I in 966, married a princess of Bohemia and went with her people to Christianity, thus placing herself under the protection of the pope, from whom he obtained an autonomous ecclesiastical administration. Since then, Poland has remained faithful to Rome and to Latinity. From the time of Mieszko's reign, Russian incursions, added to German pressure, gave rise to the double threat to Poland throughout its history.

22

Mieszko's son, Boleslas the Vaillant, gave his kingdom a place of choice in Europe; He imposed his law on the Slavs, and received as Emperor Otto III, who had come to Gniezno on the tomb of St. Adalbert. He took advantage of this to have the independence of Poland recognized. He distinguished himself in his campaigns against the Emperor Henry II. The Peace of Bautzen, in 1018, gave him Lusatia and Misenia in fief. In 1024, the Pope finally granted him the royal crown, which was of capital importance in the Middle Ages. This beautiful rise was broken under Mieszko II (1025-1034). He had to recognize the suzerainty of the Empire; Lusatia and the land between Vistula and Bug were lost. After the death of Mieszko II and four years of anarchic interregnum, his son, Casimir, returned to Poland with Germanic aid. He was beaten by the Czechs. Casimir, merely duke of Poland, reconquered Mazovia and Pomerania, and had his rights recognized on Silesia by Henry III . He transferred the capital to Krakow and made Poland a centralized duchy.

Map of Europe in 1099, we had not yet Alsace and Lorraine, and the Nice people were not yet French

His son, Boleslaus II the Bold, openly asserted the ally of the pope in the quarrel which opposed him to the emperor. In exchange, the pope acknowledged his right to the royal crown, provoking the wrath of the emperor, who helped the lords and the clergy to rise against the new king. He caused the head of the insurrection, Stanislas, bishop of Cracow, to become the patron saint of Poland and the symbol of the unity of the country. Boleslas, attacked on all sides, was contested in exile. Very serious feudal disorders marked the reign of Ladislas Herman, younger brother of Boleslas II. His successor, Boleslas III Bouche-Torse, annexed Pomerania and the territories between the Elbe and the Oder. His will will be a source of dynastic troubles. He instituted the Senoriat by designating his eldest son as the sovereign of Little Poland, with Cracow, and the Cadets dividing the duchies of Mazovia, Greater Poland, and Eastern Poland.

23

Small historical and comic side Birth of Marco Polo (1254 - 1324)

Marco Polo, famous Venetian traveler, would be a Slavic ... Well there is exegesis: During my last visit to Croatia in Korcula, Dalmatian island, you can visit the home of the parents of Marco Polo. Then the Croats say that it was conceived in Croatia but was born in Venice, as the Croats come from an immigration from the northern Carpathians, that is to say from our home ... Marco Polo is a Polish Lemko ... Well, I am exaggerating a little ...

Poland was divided, in the middle of the thirteenth century, into two dozen small duchies. The Church, who was always powerful, maintained the idea of unity. In spite of the suppression of the senoriate by the assembly of the dukes and bishops of Leczyca in 1180, the division remained. As early as 1226, Conrad of Mazovia appealed to the order of the Teutonic Knights, who undertook the Germanization of the countries bordering the Baltic towards the Gulf of Riga and founded the fortress of Torun. In spite of the efforts of Boleslas the Pudique (1243-1279), of Leszek the Black (1279-1288), of Henry IV (1290-1296), the domains of the Piasts could not be united. With the support of the clergy, Wenceslas II of Bohemia (1300- 1305) seized the throne of Poland. The leader of resistance to the Bohemian party will be Ladilsas the Brief (1306-1333), which restores the Piast dynasty and the unity of the State; He was crowned in 1320 in Cracow. Silesia, however, remained in Bohemia, and the Teutonic Order granted itself the duchies of Pomerania and Cujavia.

Casimir the Great Casimir III (1333-1370) fully deserved his nickname of Grand: he founded the University of Krakow in 1364, had Cujavia restored to him by the Teutonic in 1343, imposed his suzerainty on the Duke of Mazovia and seized The Galicia. The consolidation of the state continued with Louis d'Anjou, nephew and successor by his mother, of Ladislas the Short. Already king of Hungary, he united, from 1370 to 1382, the two catholic crowns in a personal alliance which will be renewed later. But in order to obtain the support of the Polish nobility, he granted him, at the diet of Kosice, important political privileges, which would undermine the establishment of an absolute monarchy; On the other hand, the succession of the throne of Poland was guaranteed in favor of her younger daughter Hedwig. Hungary being reserved for her eldest daughter. The young princess was compelled to marry Jagellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania, a pagan prince whose vast estate, enlarged after the fall of the Kiev kingdom, constituted an eastern march between the West and the Russian lands subject to the Horde of Gold. Jagiellon was baptized under the name of Ladislas, married and crowned in Cracow, and the union of Poland and Lithuania with Wilno proclaimed in 1386.

THE JAGELLON

Ladislas Jagellon reserved the title of sovereign duke and entrusted the direct government of Lithuania to his cousin Witold. On July 15, 1410, the combined forces of the two princes inflicted a bloody and decisive defeat on the Teutonic and Glaive knights at Grunwald, but failed on the fortress of Marienburg. Only the Grand Duchy found access to the Baltic at the first peace of Thorn in 1411.

In 1422, the victory of Lake Melno took away the Samogitia from the Teutonic. Jagellon died in 1434, leaving two young sons. Ladislas III was ten years old, the bishop of Cracow, Olesnicki, governing in his name, put an end to the squabbles between Poles and Lithuanians, signed peace with the Teutonics, and then conceived the ambitious plan of federating the Catholic peoples of Europe Eastern region against the Turkish danger. At his instigation, Ladislaus III (1434-1444) took the lead in a real crusade that he pushed to the shores of the Black Sea, but was beaten and killed in Varna in 1444.

24

During the reign of Casimir IV Jagellon (1447-1492), the final assault, at the price of thirteen new years of war (1454-1466), was given against the Order of Teutonic Knights, to which Danzig was retaken. The Grand Master recognized himself as a vassal of Poland. The thrust towards the Black Sea having failed, at least the maritime outlets to the north were thus assured.

It was then that Georges de Podebrady appointed Ladislas as his successor in Bohemia (1470). When King Matthias Corvinius died in 1490, Ladislas also became sovereign of Hungary. Thus, the Jagellons held at the same time Poland, Lithuania, Bohemia and Hungary. Faced with this new great power, the Habsburgs, in search of allies, turned to the "great rallying of the Russian lands" Ivan III. This German-Russian rapprochement took Poland in pincers, and the successive sovereigns had a difficult task, especially as the internal political and social system had profoundly changed.

The supremacy of the magnates and bishops had replaced the preponderant influence of the small nobility (the szlachta), who, conscious of bearing the full weight of the wars, intended to participate in public affairs as well. The clergy had imprudently defended it to disgrace the great dignitaries, its rivals. Casimir IV, realizing that he could do nothing without this new political force, had granted them, since 1454, the "statutes of Niesawa." Disengaged from aristocratic domination in many fields, the "dietines" (local assemblies) had the right to give or refuse their assent to the promulgation of new laws and the general convocation of chivalry

As early as 1493, a national diet was united at Piotrkow: Poland became a "noble republic". The reign of Casimir IV marked one of the peaks of the Polish economy. The towns of the Vistula were particularly prosperous. Lwow and Krakow were active markets with Germany and Silesia. But socially, this prosperity was reflected in a questioning of the peasant liberties, hitherto greater than in the other states of Europe. The new sovereign Jean Albert (1492-1501) succeeded Casimir. He too was forced to rely on the nobility. He granted him new and important concessions, in 1496, to the diet of Piotrkow: a monopoly of landed property; Political freedom and exclusivity of accession to the high offices of the State; Finally, exemption from certain taxes and customs duties. The peasant condition was further aggravated.

The former oligarchy of the great lords temporarily regained its influence under the reign of the third son of Casimir IV, Alexander (1501-1506), Grand Duke of Lithuania. The diet of Radom in 1505, which brought together the king, the senate, the deputies, provincial dietines, and decided alone taxes and all legislative or military measures. The szlachta retained the monopoly of civic life and armed service. But the state was weakening.

Henry of Valois was the first foreign king. To be elected, he consented to the demands of the nobility, who practically took away all authority from the sovereign. Without great elegance, Henry de Valois fled from Poland at the end of five months, in order to collect the crown of France from his late brother Charles IX.

Let us not forget the battle of Renty on August 10, 1554 between Henry II and Charles V. It was on this date and thanks to this battle that Pierre Dehandschoewercker was ennobled (by Charles V). At that time, the north was not yet France. Well, that's a detail in the story but 425 years later I will marry his offspring.

Henry of Valois, who is the son of Catherine de Medicis and who became Henri III, reigned over France with his mignons. He fled from Poland on horseback and in one go. He was assassinated on the throne (not the king's seat, on the pierced chair, the toilet what!). 1512 is the birth of the village of NOWICA, where our family came from, but we do not know very well if we were at the origin of this village.

25

The Polish throne, vacant for a year, was run by the Habsburgs, but the Grand Turk was opposed to this choice. The szlachta ruled out the danger by calling Stefan Bathory (1576- 1586), Palatine of Transylvania, husband of Jeanne Jagellon, sister of Sigismond August. Remarkable statesman, Bathory placed Ivan the Terrible on the right, took Livonia from him and acquired Polotsk. He opposed the appetites of the szlachta, broke the indiscipline of the magnates, favored the action of the Jesuits, eliminated the dissenters, and favored the Church.

Three Swedish princes then occupied the throne of Poland for eighty-one years. The first, Sigismund II Vasa (1587-1632), was an uncompromising Catholic. From an absolutist tendency, he took the side of the magnates, enemies of the diets, against the szlachta. A revolt, which brought together Protestants and Catholics, broke out: the diet of 1592, led by the Hetman Jan Zamoyski, faithful companion of the late king Stephen Bathory, and to whom he owed his election, obliged him again to recognize the articles of Confederation Of Warsaw.

Sigismund III, having failed in his desire to reestablish absolutism in Poland, then wished to appropriate the Swedish crown passed to his cousin Gustavus Adolphe, leader of the Lutheran party. Thus, not content with having held a two-year garrison in the Kremlin and not having left him until he had won Smolensk at the peace of Deoulino, he allied himself with Ferdinand II, enemy of Adolphus, and sent armies to assist the Austrians besieged by the Turks in Vienna. In retaliation, a Turkish army successfully operated in Poland.

The Polish disaster was put to good use by Gustavus Adolphus, who seized Riga and the mouths of the Vistula; He obtained, through the truce of Altmark (1629), maritime Livonia and the collection of customs duties on the ports of the Vistula. The reign of Sigismund ended in complete failure.

Small historical reminder

In France Henri IV, born Henri de Bourbon (13 December 1553 in Pau - 14 May 1610 in Paris) was king of Navarre (Henri III of Navarre, 1572-1610) and then king of France (1589-1610), first French ruler of the branch Known as Bourbon of the Capetian dynasty.

But let's take

His son Ladislas IV (1632-1648) attempted to reconcile Protestants and Catholics at Thorn's colloquy, defeated the Muscovites, transformed the peace of Deoulino into perpetual peace, and consolidated Poland's position in the Baltic after concluding a truce with the Sweden. He died as the Ukrainian Cossacks began to revolt against their Polish lords

The Cossacks, already masters of the Ukraine, placed themselves in 1654 under the protection of Tsar Alexis, who carried off Smolensk and Wilno. Muscovites, Swedes, Tatars rushed to the cure. Warsaw was taken by the Swedes, who occupied the whole Republic except Danzig and Lvov. Many gentlemen agreed with them, and soon what remained of the army passed over to the enemy. The king and queen took refuge in Silesia. Charles X of Sweden was about to crown the crown of Poland when the resistance of the monastery of Czestochowa in 1655 galvanized the people, exasperated by looting and desecration. Filled with heroism, Poland nevertheless went out of the turmoil.

At the treaty of Welhau in 1657, it lost its suzerainty over ducal Prussia; The Peace of Oliwa (1660) recognized Maritime Livonia to Sweden; Finally, at the end of a long conflict with the Russians, the truce of Andrussovo, in 1667, yielded to Moscow Smolensk. Kiev and Ukraine from the left bank of the Dnieper.

26 The country was devastated, the cities were sacked, the farms abandoned, poverty was general. The black plague was added to these misfortunes: a third of the population perished. King Jean Casimir understood the need for institutional reform. He was on the point of making him accept by the diet, when the intrigues of his wife, Queen Louise de Gonzague- Nevers, to secure by a pre-elections the crown to a French prince, compromised everything. Two years of insurrection followed, and Jean Casimir, who had become a widower, abdicated and exiled himself to France.

History

Crescents: The crescent was invented in 1683 by the Polish Kulyeziski. The city (Vienna) had been besieged by the immense Turkish army of Kara Mustafa. The hungry Viennese had been rescued by the Polish and German armies under the command of the Polish King John III Sobieski. Kulyeziski having taken a decisive part in the final victory (battle of the Kahlenberg), he was given coffee stocks abandoned by the Turkish army and permission to open a coffee in Vienna. What he did. To accompany the coffee, he ordered a baker buns in the shape of a crescent (the standard of the Ottoman Empire was decorated with a crescent), to commemorate the victory over the Turks. The success was immediate.

Polish voters, fearing, with good reason, foreign aims, preferred to elect a Polish prince, Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki. The latter, a poor sovereign, saw himself bequeathed to him the primate and hetman Jean Sobieski. The civil war was threatening. It was then that the Sultan, in order to satisfy his new allies the Cossacks, declared war; A series of setbacks forced King Michal to cede Podolia and the whole of Ukraine. But, faced with the national outburst, the Diet refused to ratify the treaty and entrusted the fate of the country to Jean Sobieski

Here is Europe in 1715 at the death of Louis XIV after the treaty of UTRECHT, our origins are there, in Little Poland.

27 He kidnapped the entrenched camp of Chocim, and when king Michal died, he was triumphantly elected by the diet. This prince was as fine a man as a vigorous saber. He stopped another Turkish invasion, yielded for a time to the solicitations of France, but not receiving the support he expected against the Sultan, turned to Austria, which recovered its former influence: an alliance was tied with the emperor in 1683. Vienna, besieged by the Ottoman troops, was unblocked by the German and Polish armies. Sobieski, who himself led the ultimate charge at the head of his winged "usarz", was the hero of this memorable victory. Animated by the spirit of crusade, he led Russia into the Holy League in struggle against the Sublime Porte. Sobieski then conducted two difficult campaigns in Wallachia, the duration of which revived the indiscipline and party spirit in Poland. He died in 1696, despairing of not being able, in spite of his victories, to reconstitute the Polish state.

The vigorous nobiliary democracy of the sixteenth century had slowly changed into a shady and aggressive demagogy. The great lords, holders of the high offices of the state, masters of the senate, possessors of immense landed estates, had henceforth domesticated the poor and needy szlachta, and held the diets under their cuts.

To the intrigues of the magnates were added those of France, which proposed the candidacy of Conti, and those of Austria, which first supported the candidature of Jacques Sobieski, son of the deceased king, then that of Frederic Augustus, elector of Saxony "(also supported by Russia) and a Polish minority called for power.

Frederic Augustus, proclaimed illegally king by the bishop of Cujavia, entered the head of an army at Krakow, where he took the royal crown under the name of Augustus II. The Saxon sought to impose himself by taking back the lost provinces from the Turks and the Swedes. If by the peace of Karlowitz (1699) the Turks returned part of the Ukraine and the PPodolia, the war was less fortunate against Charles XII. The war of the North (1700-1721) made Poland a battlefield.

Charles XII had an anti-king elected, Stanislas Leszczynski, while Tsar Peter the Great supported Augustus II and, after his victory at Poltava, succeeded in imposing it as the only king naturally, the Tsar reserved to intervene and to arbitrate the situation in Poland.

History King Stanislas Leszczynski was the inventor of the baba. It is said that he found the Alsatian pastry known as Kouglof too dry. Kouglof is a dough cake raised with dried raisins soaked in kirsch, the dough must be light and aerial, and is cooked in a fluted terracotta fluted mold. The paternity of the baba would come directly to King Stanislas, who, finding the Kouglof too dry, had the idea of soaking it in a sugar syrup with rum. The name baba can have two origins: the most commonly used is a Polish word baba, referring to a popular Polish pastry whose ovoid appearance recalled an old woman weighed down by age and her clothes stacked or baba.

The other origin, more doubtful but ingenious, is literary: Baba was born from a tale of the thousand and one nights, translated in the eighteenth century by Galland, Ali Baba, who was the favorite hero of the inventor of the cake, the King Stanislas. This discovery so pleased the

28 king that about twenty baba recipes appear in "Le Cannaméliste Français" especially flavored with sweet white wine and even flavored with saffron. Publicity was also made at the Court by his daughter, Maria Leszczynska, wife of King Louis XV, just as gourmet as her royal husband. The celebrity of the baba has not stopped since and it has remained one of the classic desserts of French cuisine.

Nicolas Stohrer realized his apprenticeship in pastry in Wissembourg, in the kitchens of King Stanislas I of Poland then in exile.

Stohrer became a pastry maker for Marie Leszczyńska, daughter of Stanislas, and followed her in 1725 at Versailles following her marriage with King Louis XV of France.

RUM BABA Nicolas Stohrer is the inventor of baba au rhum, a gourmandise made with dry brioche, flavored with saffron and served with custard cream, currants and fresh grapes. This dessert is derived from a dry brioche, traditional Polish pastry not soaked with alcohol. The name of the dessert comes from the character of Ali Baba of the tale of the Thousand and One Nights; Ali- baba is the first name of the dessert. Pâtisserie Stohrer

Pâtisserie Stohrer rue Montorgueil in Paris.

Nicolas Stohrer took up residence at 51 rue Montorgueil in Paris in 1730. This shop is the oldest pastry shop in Paris and partially registered with the historical monuments since May 23, 1984. It is now managed by Pierre Liénard, Also caterer.

Stanislas Leszczynski also helped popularize the Madeleine de Commercy around 1755. He lived in his castle in Commercy, where a quarrel broke out between the confectioner and the steward: the pastry cook gave up his apron, and a maid made the madeleine that rejoiced the sovereign. The king asked for the name of this pastry, and gave it the name of a woman who took part in their manufacture. He also addressed to the court these famous Madeleines de Commercy, who rejoiced the king and his wife, accomplished gourmets. It is also said that the recipe came as often from a convent, and the paternity of the Madeleine de Commercy is also claimed in 1843 by Madeleine Paulmier. As we know, we only lend to the rich!

End of the aside

At the death of Augustus II (1733), his son, Auguste III, held a diet of Pacification (1736) and ceded the Duchy of Courland to Biron, favorite of the Tsarina. The Czartoryski (or as it was then called "the Family") sought with Russia the necessary support to reestablish for their profit a strong monarchy.

29 After the death of Augustus III in 1763, these intrigues succeeded, thanks to the help of diplomats and Russian troops. On September 7, 1764, Stanislas Auguste Poniatowski, nephew of Catherine of Russia, was proclaimed king.

STANISLAS PONIATOWSKI

The new sovereign was animated with a sincere desire for regeneration. He created an Army Commission, a Treasury Commission, a Good Order Commission and a Cadet School; Confederation, a restricted assembly representative of the lords, was maintained after the royal election; it was a circumventing means of abolishing the liberum veto which each lord possessed in ordinary diets, and which, on the veto of one, allowed To anarchy to settle. Catherine, dissatisfied with the reforms and a reversal contrary to her views, encouraged the demands of the "dissidents" and the tycoons of the opposition. At the extraordinary diet of 1767-68, the procedure of election of the king, the liberum veto, and the privileges of the nobility were proclaimed "cardinal laws." Some lords with a desire for renovation then formed the "Confederation of Bar" and allied themselves with the Sultan against the Russians. Poniatowski made the mistake of fighting them first, then changed, but was deposed by the Confederates in 1770. The foreigner intervened, once more, to "restore order." The King of Prussia Frederick II. Occupied a part of Greater Poland.

Europe in 1789, the dismemberment of Poland is done in 1772, we have become Austrian at this time of history because it is Austria that takes over Galicia

Birth of HYACINT BRENIA IN 1768 and certainly in this period birth of JACOBUS BRENIA

30 Catherine was favorable to the principle of a dismemberment of Poland, and after much hesitation and two years of bargaining, the Empress Maria Theresa rallied.

In 1772, Frederick took Pomerania and royal Prussia, less Torun and Danzig; Austria annexed Galicia and part of Podolia, Russia contented itself with part of Lithuania and Ruthenia Blanche, but reserved the protectorate in the territory of the Republic.

The first sharing was consummated. The diet sat until 1775 to carry out the reforms. If the religious quarrels subsided, the dissidents having acquired full freedom of worship, the executive power, entrusted to a permanent council of thirty-six members, deprived the king of the direction of foreign affairs. In spite of the numerous obstacles placed on his personal authority, Stanislas really wanted to achieve interior restoration; Thus, it renewed the National Education and promoted the spread of "new ideas". A law authorized the nobles to derogate by exercising trades and trading.

Between 1775 and 1788 the nobility formed a genuine national party. The Great Diet, a sort of constituent assembly, sat from 1788 to 1792. It was naturally very influenced by the events of France. A Constitution, elaborated in secret, was voted as a whole, on May 3, 1791, under the motto of the Physiocrats: "Freedom, Security, Property." The right of vote was suppressed by landless gentlemen, a too docile clientele of the magnates, and the powers of the senate reduced. The crown became hereditary in the house of Saxony. Poland was therefore a constitutional monarchy.

This renovation, like that of 1767-68, was to alarm Prussia and Russia, who found allies among the conservative magnates who confederated Targowica. The Russian armies invaded the territory once more and forced the lines of the Bug. In January 1793 the Prussians occupied Greater Poland. Danzig was taken by assault. Poland took a large part of the eastern provinces. In a tragic silence, the "silent diet" of Grodno endorsed the second partition on 23 September 1793.

Yet even in this mutilated state, which numbered only three and a half million souls, unity was not made. The union was against the occupier: General Kosciuszko, famous for his participation in the American War of Independence, called the nation to rise in March 1794. At the end of April, Poland was released, a "Council National supreme "took power. On 7 May Kosciuszko, the head of the insurrectionary government, decided to abolish serfdom, limit the drudgery and ban hunting of peasants from their lands. The limited material means, the lack of arms, the remoteness of revolutionary France, itself struggling with foreign intervention, accelerated the fall of the insurrection.

The Prussians were victorious at Cracow on the 15th of June, the Russians at Maciejowice on the 10th of October. Stanislas confided in vain the unfortunate Poland to the generosity of Catherine II before abdicating the 25th of November 1795: the kingdom was completely dismembered.

Eliminated from the world map without ceasing to exist, the Polish nation, from the end of the eighteenth to the beginning of the nineteenth century, continued to impose itself on the world's attention by its patriots, thinkers and artists . It was, however, necessary to await the victory of Napoleon I over the fourth coalition (England - Prussia - Russia) for such conceptions to see a beginning of realization.

The Franco-Russian treaty of Tilsit (1807) created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, from the Polish territories under Prussian rule, and entrusted it to Frederick Augustus of Saxony, a prince already chosen by the Constitution of 3 May 1791.

31 Reduced to the basins of the Warta and the middle Vistula, and to a moor between the Niemen and East Prussia, it was without an outlet to the sea.

Some timid reforms were promulgated: equality of the bourgeoisie and nobility before the law, abolition of serfdom, but maintenance of the corvée, a monopoly of landed property to the nobles, adoption of the Napoleonic code; In fact, these reforms resulted in an aggravation of the peasant condition.

Birth of JOANNES BRENIA IN 1798 Cool in France the revolution has just taken place, and the king is already decapitated, Napoleon makes his own

The life of this small state, enlarged in 1809 by Lublin and Krakow, was linked to the outcome of the Napoleonic adventure.

Historical aside

But we are already in the Napoleonic era and it is time to explain the expression:

"Drunk like a Pole"

Under the Empire, a Polish army of up to 100,000 men fought in the French ranks, from Madrid to Moscow: its contribution to the French victory of Friedland over the Russians (14 June 1807) prompted the Emperor French government to restore a small independent Polish state in the form of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, which was enlarged after the new joint victory of Wagram (5 June 1809), from 102,000 to 155,000 km2 and from 2.6 to 4, 3 million inhabitants.

Is it known, in connection with the Polish military prowess under the Empire, that the French expression "drunk like a Polish", a priori so pejorative, was forged by Napoleon I to salute the courage of his Polish troops? In Spain, a decisive charge of the Kozietulski Polish horses carried off in November 1808 the defile of Somosierra, a narrow gorge defended by murderous Spanish batteries, and which opened the road to Madrid. To the Emperor who had the remainder of his Guard march past the survivors of this elite unit, jealous French generals pointed out that they were drunk. "Then, gentlemen, know how to be drunk like Poles," retorted Napoleon. And it was of a hundred Polish lancers that he chose to compose his Guard during his exile on the island of Elba.

Another version says that Napoleon, admiringly, would then have said: “One had to be drunk like a Polish to accomplish that.”

Toile de Janvier Suchodolski 1875 with the Polish horsemen of Kozietulski at the Battle of Somosierra in 1808

32 Besides numerous and valiant troops, Poland supplied the Empire with one of its most celebrated generals, Prince Joseph Poniatowski, killed at the famous "Battle of the Nations" which took place near Leipzig on 19 October 1813: Wounded and encircled, while the last bridge over the Elster had been unfortunately destroyed by the French sappers, he threw himself on horseback into the river and drowned rather than surrender to the enemy. The portrait of this great warrior, who was at the same time Marshal of Poland and Marshal of France, adorns the residence of the Ambassador of France at Warsaw.

33 Chapter III - The Ethnic Era (1772 - 1900)

A short summary of what will follow for the lazy ones:

Napoleon has just been sent back to the islands and the victors of Waterloo share Europe. It is the Congress of Vienna, that is the date to remember. 1815

Then it is not a really good time because Poland will disappear until 1918.

Nevertheless the family is still in Nowica, and the generations succeed one another.

We come to the middle of the 19th century, we find that there is a strange people in the hills in southern Poland, north of the Carpathians along the Slovak border and these people will be called the Lemkos. That's us.

34

And here in 1815 this is what we get, we are still Galician but downright Austro-Hungarian, which explains why our ancestor BRENIA JOANNES had a name with Austrian tendency.

Poland's Congress At the Congress of Vienna, once again, the Polish lands were redistributed: Prussia was enlarged by Posnania and Thorn; Krakow was erected into a small republic; the rest of the duchy received the name of the kingdom of Poland and was united to the Russian Empire by a personal alliance. Yet the final act of the Congress of Vienna recognized Polish nationality and promised the respective subjects of Prussia, Austria and Russia national representation and institutions.

In fact, Austria regarded the territories of Galicia and Lodomeria as a reservoir of men and taxes. On the other hand, a systematic denationalization was undertaken in Prussian Poland, which imposed itself on Prussian code, German language and colonization.

As early as 1815, Alexander I granted the kingdom of Poland a constitutional charter guaranteeing an autonomous government, administration and army.

But as early as 1818, the reactionary evolution of the Tsar ruined all hopes set in the kingdom, from 1825, the repression took place very hard. Yet the intellectual movement remained intense, centered on the old University of Cracow. But the national sentiment was torn between two poles: the conservative clergy, and the disciples of the revolutionary movements of 1791-1793. Thus the Parisian revolution of July 1830 aroused great excitement in the army, some conspirators calling for insurrection.

35 The great powers, including Louis Philippe's France, abandoned Poland to its isolation. Despite the resistance of the national government, the revolution was defeated by the Russian repression and ended on 7 September 1831 by the capitulation of Warsaw.

Massacre in Galicia - 1830-1846

During this period, Galicia was administered by the Austrians and everything proves that they did everything to perpetuate a large number of massacres.

Birth of ANDRZEJ BRENIA on 3 SEPTEMBER 1835

World Historical Reminder

In France it is the monarchy of July: small reminder for those who have forgotten

Proclaimed on 9 August 1830 after the so-called "Trois Glorieuses" riots, the July monarchy (1830-1848) succeeded to the Restoration in France. The younger branch of the Bourbons, the house of Orleans, then came to power. Louis-Philippe Ier is not sacred king of France but inducted king of the French. His reign, begun with the barricades of the Revolution of 1830, was completed in 1848 by other barricades, which drove him to establish the Second Republic. The Monarchy of July, which was that of one man, marks in France the end of royalty.

In Great Britain it was Queen Victoria (1837-1901)

Alexandrine Victory of Hanover, known as Drina, is the daughter of Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn and Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She was born in London on 24 May 1819 and died at Osborne on 22 January 1901. She was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901) and Empress of the Indies (1876-1901). His reign, which lasted for more than 63 years, remains the longest in the history of the United Kingdom and that of female monarchs. In French, it is commonly referred to as "Queen Victoria".

In Russia it is Nicolas I (1825-1855)

Nicholas I of Russia (Nikolai Pavlovich Romanov (6 July 1796 - 2 March 1855) was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 1 December 1825 until his death. Nicholas was the son of Tsar Paul I and Princess Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, and was also the younger brother of Alexander I. Married Princess Charlotte of Prussia, who took the name of Alexandra Feodorovna in 1817. Charlotte was the daughter of King Frederick William III of Prussia and Princess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the sister of the German Emperor William I. In America it is the declaration of Monroe (1823). For young people: small explanation: This was the so-called Monroe doctrine from 1854 on, in which three principles were defined:

1. The former affirms that the American continent must henceforth be regarded as closed to any subsequent attempt at colonization by European powers.

2. The second, which ensues, that any intervention by a European power on the American continent would be considered as an unfriendly manifestation with regard to the United States.

3. And the third, in return, any American intervention in European affairs would be excluded.

36 But let's go back to the story.

The fall of the insurrection led to the liquidation of the Polish army and a brutal restriction of the formal autonomy of the kingdom, while the territories subject to Prussia became the object of intensive Germanization. Nine million former insurgents, fleeing a severe repression, went into exile in Western Europe, mainly in France. It was here that the political leaders and the most brilliant representatives of the intellectual elite of the time gathered. A democratic and revolutionary current, insofar as it linked the question of agrarian reform to that of national independence, emerged rapidly among the exiles. While Austria, in 1846, drew up a peasant uprising by annexing the autonomous republic of Cracow purely and simply, the revolutionary movement reached the whole of Europe.

The Polish exiles participated in all the national revolutions without seeing their fulfilled aspirations.

It was only after the abolition of serfdom in Russia (1861) that the hope of a national revival was again allowed. An uprising took place in January 1863, in Warsaw, in connection with the Russian revolutionaries. It was to last a year. The Tsar won militarily, but yielded to the bottom and agreed that the land should be distributed to the peasants who cultivated it. There was a new wave of exiles, among them Jaroslaw Dabrowski (1836-1871), who practically assumed command of the Paris Commune during the last phase of his defense.

Birth of LUKASZ BRENIA on 1 MAY 1874. He is our great-grandfather, the father of Theodora BRENIA In the time of PALUBNIAK jean, it was he who told his grandfather's war against the armies of NAPOLEON, this ancestor had been defeated by Napoleon in Italy and had been pushed back into the sea.

World Historical Reminder

In France it is the third Republic (1870-1940)

The Third Republic was the political regime of France from 1870 to 1940. The Third Republic was the first French regime to impose itself in the long term since 1789. After the fall of the French monarchy, France experimented in eighty years seven political regimes: three constitutional monarchies, two republics and two empires.

In Austria-Hungary it is François-Joseph (1848-1916) The Emperor of Austria François-Joseph I and his wife, the Bavarian Princess Elisabeth, nicknamed "Sissi", worship in Budapest the crown of St. Stephen, patron saint and first king of Hungary. They consecrate the union of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, and thus the birth of the two-headed monarchy of Austria-Hungary. But this grouping does not satisfy the multiple nationalities that compose it. At the end of the First World War, its territory will be divided between Italy, Romania and five new states: Austria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

37 Marriage of JUSTINIA BRENIA in 1882 as evidenced in the following document, which shows that JUSTINIA is the daughter of JOANNES BRENIA AND MAKRINA KOPCZA. She is the sister of our ancestor Andrzej Brenia. She marries a Hulan Nicolas ZAWISLAK

It's written in Ukrainian.

Between 1864 and 1890, Germany and Russia endeavored to denationalize the country to excess. Alexander II. And his successors annulled most of the liberties granted to the kingdom. They tried to oppose gentlemen and peasants, and attacked the Catholic Church. The teaching was russified, the Polish language forbidden. Despite the abolition of serfdom and the granting of cheap land, the peasants did not pardon the tsarist regime for the persecution of their priests, the administrative use of the Russian language, and the military service of their sons in the confines of the empire.

The situation was comparable under the Prussian regime, where Germanization was vigorously undertaken. The Kulturkampf provoked the union between German and Polish Catholics. The clergy retained everywhere its role as federator of Polish society. As the population was prolific and tended to overwhelm the Prussian element, a policy of acquisition of large estates in favor of German settlers was undertaken but did not have the expected results. On the other hand, in Austria, the emperor Francis Joseph granted a large autonomy to Galicia with a diet and a permanent commission presided over by the "marshal of the country". At the end of the century, the national life had revived, under the influence of an elite centered on Warsaw. The National League was founded in 1886 and the National Democratic Party in 1897.

Birth of Victor PALUBNIAK on November 23, 1886 .Hold on! Here is Grandfather !

38 The slogan was that of a legal resistance to Russification and Germanization. Socialism made its appearance, but it never separated itself from the idea of country and national independence. Limanowski presided, in 1892, a congress which gave birth to the Polish Socialist Party; Among his followers Jozef Pilsudski (1867-1935), a small Lithuanian gentleman, passed from 1904 to direct action and caused unrest.

But let us stop at this point in history, we are in the middle of the 19th century and it is time to talk about the Ruthenians and the Lemkos

The Ruthenians

The name Ruthenes, in conformity with the Latin name, was officially attributed in 1848 to all the Rusyny living in Galicia by the Austrian Governor of that time. The use of the name Rusyn is currently restricted to the inhabitants of Transcarpathia, Slovakia and Hungary, who were formerly part of the Kingdom of Hungary and not of the Empire of Austria.

It should be noted that there are still colonies of a few thousand Rusyny in Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia which have preserved their languages and customs, although surrounded by other Slavic peoples. They are the descendants of settlers who, like other peoples of the Empire, were called in the 18th century by the Austrians to repopulate these regions after their conquest of the Ottoman Empire ... and to take the place of the Turks who had fled .

The Ruthenians (also called Ruthenians, Rusins, Rusyns, Carpato-Ruthenians, and Rusniaks or Rusnaks) form a modern ethnic group that speaks rusyn. They are the descendants of the Ruthenian minority who did not adopt a Ukrainian national identity in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, because of the vast majority of Ruthenians living and having adopted a Ukrainian identity, most Ruthenians live outside the country. In addition, the ethnic identity of the Ruthenians is rather controversial, as some scholars regard it as a Slavonic ethnicity distinct from the Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians, while some believe that the Ruthenians form a subgroup of the Ukrainian nation, and So that a parallel can be made with the Moldovans and Romanians.

The Ruthenians traditionally inhabited the Eastern Carpathians, and still live in these regions. While their geographical origin is often cited as Subcarpathian Ruthenia, the latter region no longer corresponds to the current location of the Ruthenians. There are also Ruthenian communities in the plain of Pannonia, as well as in Serbia (especially in Vojvodina), Croatia (in Slavonia). Other Ruthenians migrated to northern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many Ruthenians also emigrated to the United States and Canada and are now very active on the Internet to make their voices heard in order to preserve their distinct cultural and ethnic identity.

The Ruthenians are an ethnic group that never managed to constitute an independent state, except for a short period of six months in 1919 (Podkarpatska Rus). Thus, their destiny remained in the hands of greater powers: Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Slovakia, Poland, Soviet Union, Ukraine and Russia. Unlike the Ukrainian national movement, which unified the Ukrainians from the west with those of the rest of Ukraine, the Ruthenian national movement takes two forms: one considers the Ruthenians as a separate East Slav nation, the other is based on the concept of fraternal unity with the Russians.

39 Most of, if not all, the eastern Slavic inhabitants of present-day Western Ukraine called themselves the Ruthenes, the Roman transcription of Ukrainian rusyny, and before the nineteenth century the majority of these populations were " Active participants in the creation of the Ukrainian nation, and became themselves the Ukrainians (Uk) Русини, Latin transcription Ukrayintsi). There were, in fact, ethnic Ruthenian enclaves that did not take part in the movement: for those who lived on the borders of the territory or who were more isolated, like the populations of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, or the Ruthenians of Podlasie. Having no reason to change the way they were named, these isolated groups continued to call themselves Ruthenes even after the majority of their members had adopted a Ukrainian identity. Thus, the Ruthenians are similar to other border ethnicities, and their national awakening may be regarded by some as a negation of Ukrainian nationalism.

Some specialists consider the Lemkos, the Boykos, the Hutsoules, the Verkhovinetses (Verkhovynetses, or Montagnards), and the Dolyninins (Haynal) as Ruthenes.

In fact, like the rest of the inhabitants of present-day Western Ukraine, these peoples named themselves Ruthenians in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Some of these groups consider themselves totally differentiated, while some claim to be Ukrainians, and others still identify themselves as Ruthenians. According to a recent Ukrainian census, a large majority of Boykos, Lemkos, Houtsoules, Verkhovinetses and Dolinyanins in Ukraine declare their ethnicity as Ukrainian.

Nearly 10,100 people, or 0.8% of the Zakarpattya Oblast, declared themselves Ruthenians; On the other hand, 1,010,000 of them consider themselves Ukrainians. Research carried out by the University of Cambridge during the peak of Ruthenianism in the 1990s, which focused on five specific regions of the Zakarpattya oblast, with the strongest pro-Ruthenian cultural and political activism, showed that only 9% Of the population claimed Ruthenian ethnicity. These figures may change with the future acceptance of Ruthenian and Ruthenian identity in the education systems of the region, but at present most Ruthenians consider themselves Ukrainians.

Curiosity

Historically, the Ruthenians were the Gallic tribe occupying the territories of the present departments of Tarn and Aveyron (the inhabitants of Rodez - Aveyron prefecture - are still called "Ruthenois"). It is also known that the Volscians, a neighboring tribe of Ruthenians in Gaul, were also neighbors of the Ruthenians before their migration from Central Europe.

Their capital was Rutni (Rodez).

The main part of this people has not exceeded Central Europe, the Ukraine and the Carpathians.Their name means blond.

Julius Caesar estimated the number of Ruthenian soldiers engaged against his troops at 12,000.

Other curiosity

Here is a small reproduction of the annals of the Flemish committee concerning the Ruthenians published in 1864-1865. It's digitized at the New York Library, just do not use it commercially.

For a long time the name of the coast of Morinia was a very singular name: Russium littus, Russian shore, or Reuse; Ruthenicum littus, Ruthenian or Rhuthenian shore.

40

The adjoining country was Ruthenia, Ruthlie or Ruthunia; A name derived from Ruthen, a vast forest that existed in the time of Julius Caesar.

Vander Haer reports that this general "traveling with his army through the country of Flanders" would have found "several giants or Reuses on the navy, which he defeated and heading for the West ..." would have arrived in Boulogne.

These giants or Reuses, whose memory has passed through twenty centuries, are not yet forgotten in Douai, which preserves Gayant; Nor in Dunkirk, where Reuse is still popular; Nor in many other towns of Flanders, where gigantic figures appear in the processions of the great public ceremonies. In Lille, under the name of Lydéric; In Menin, Ghent, Antwerp etc ... under other names.

Were these Reuses the first inhabitants of the Russium littus? And do the Ruthenians or Ruthenians who are now in Russia have any connection with the first inhabitants of Flanders? Maybe we'll know someday.

In any case, prior to the Christian era, this designation of Ruthenia continued for a long time; In 870 the coast of Graveline was still the Ruthenium littus. Malbrancq in His book of Morinies, Mayer in his annals, use this designation.

Nowadays, in Saint-momelin (north), the place where the ferry which helps to pass the Aa, in the neighborhood of Holque to go to Rumingen, is called the Ruthe, the countryside of Ruthe.

The Diablinthes, the first inhabitants of the country, according to Faucolnnier, would also have been designated by the name of Ruthenrens.

Mayer thinks that the Ruthenians of Morinia were tribes of Cimbri or Saxons. Montlinot brought them from Sweden.

Besides, Ruthenians are reported to be in Russia; In the north of Poland; In Serbia, a metropolitan church of the Greek rite Ruthen is shown at Lemberg in Galicia. The province of Liège to a village and a castle of this name. In the life of Saint Patrick is found the Ruthen in Scotland. Orodoc claims that our Ruthenians are a colony of Bretons; he advances as a well- established fact that the Albians, Northumbres and Bretons have always been called Ruthenes, Ruthenians by the name of Ruthenus their leader. He adds that the city, the port and the shores of the Morins were conquered and occupied by these tribes.

To those who would prefer the southern origins, we shall say, after D'Oudegherst, that the Ruthenians belong to the diocese of Rodez, near Toulouse, Nantua, we shall add that Rouergues is often called Ruthen. The earliest title in which this name appears is, according to M. Courtois, the Cartulary of St. Bertin. Ruthenia is distinguished from Flanders, which is indicated as being in the neighborhood.

The Ruthen forest, the Ruthenus chief, the Ruthenicum littus, Ruthulia or Ruthenia, the Ruthenians. These are concrete beings whose existence seems to be positive.

D'Oudegherst tells us that Lyseric I married the daughter of the Prince of the Ruthenes.

Thus, a territory, a nation, a king, an alliance with a historical characacter. This is what we know about the Ruthenians, who still remain a local figure whose details we are lacking until now. End of quote, all this was in 1864 of course.

41

The map of the Ruthenians in 1250

Red Ruthenia (in Russian and Ukrainian Chervona Rus, in Polish Ruś Czerwona, in Latin Ruthenia Rubra or Russia Rubra) is the name that has been used since the Middle Ages until the First World War to refer to Eastern Galicia.

Black Ruthenia (or Black Russia, in Ruthenian Чорная Русь, in Polish Ruś Czarna) is the name of a former independent principality that was located in the south-west of present-day Belarus. It was crossed by the upper Niemen and its capital was Navahrudak.

White Russia or White Ruthenia is a name that designated different regions of Eastern Europe, but most often this name was given to the region that corresponds to modern Belarus. Many languages continue to use this name now obsolete as a reference to Belarus.

In conclusion we realize that Ruthenians are everywhere or that they have traveled all over Europe, it is true that we find a Constance Brenia in the 1600s and other Brenia in France in the department of Allier in the years 1700.

42 The Lemkos

The term LEMKO was used for the first time in the literature by O. Lewickij in 1834 in his book: Grammaire des Ruthènes or Petits-Russees spoken in Galicia, then in 1844 by PJ Szafarzyk in "Slavic Antiquities", and finally in 1851 by Vincent Pol in a Slavic description of the Carpathians.

Lemkos, who call themselves "Rusyny" or "Rusnaky", are a branch of the Ruthenian highlanders, the origin of their name being a combination of the word "LEM" which means "only." The Lemkos Region, called Lemkovyna (mother tongue) is located in the western part of the mountain of Karpathos, due to Operation Vistula in 1947, they were deported to the north and west of Poland, and today about 60,000 Lemkos live in Poland.

The Ukrainian Lemkos consider themselves an ethnic group of the Ukrainian nation, and the Lemkos language as a Ukrainian dialect. These Lemkos gather around a "Union of Lemkos." These Lemkos organize the teaching of the Ukrainian language in Polish schools.

The second group, Karpatho-Ruthenian Lemkos, identified themselves with an organization called "Lemkos Association", and voted for the creation of an independent Karpatho- Ruthenian nation.The language they tend to protect schools is Lemkos .

In order to give the reader, from the beginning, an objective orientation, we decided to cite the most useful and many sources of various encyclopedias.What do they say about us ?

43 Let's start with the Poles.

"Lemkos, or, as they call themselves" Rusnaki "(Ruthenes - WM) - a branch of the" Great General Encyclopedia "(Warsaw, 1910, pg. Hillbillies ruthene (rural), so named in connection with their partial use of the word "blame", which means "only". They inhabit the northern slopes of the Carpathian range. Their villages stretch from the Poprad River, to the east by the counties of Noviy Sanch, Hrabiv, Horlitse, Yaslo, and Korosno, and inhabit a strip of land from the mountain boundary to the north at about 20 - 30 km, and In the length of about 100 km .... ".

"Lemkos - a group of mountain people, who live on the northern slopes of the Carpathians, from the Poprad River to Ivanytch and Rimaniv." In total, "The Illustrated Encyclopaedia" (Pshatski, everta, Mikhalski, v. 3, 1927).They amount to about 100,000 people, their name comes from a word "LEM" or "lyem" - for "just", "only".

This issue is also dealt with by "The General Encyclopedia," published in 1934 in Warsaw: "The people of the Lemkos-Ruthenian hills (hillbillies), who reside on the so-called Lemkivshchyna in the western part of Malopolska on the northern slope In the west, the villages of the River Cross, a little further from Poprad, in the north, they approach Hrabiv, Gorlitse and Yaslo, to the east to reach Mountain Dukla Pass "PG. 666-7. 666-7.

Lemkos - one of the branches of the Ruthenian mountain population in the Carpathians, east of the Poprad River until the Dukla Pass "declares" General Illustrated Encyclopedia, published in 1937 in Warsaw.

"The Great Contemporary Encyclopedia" (National Scientific Publishers, Warsaw, 1965, c.6, pp. 697) states that "Lemkos, their own name Rusnaki (Ruthenes-wm) (ethnographic name - ik and DS) Literature since the end of the 19th century, a name for Ruthenian nationality, which lived until 1945, in the lower Beskid Mountains, from Dukla Pass to the Poprad River.

And finally, "The General Encyclopedia (Povshekhna)" (v. 2, Warsaw, 1974) also states that "Lemkos, their own term Rusnaki (Ruthenians - WM) - Ruthenian people, who until 1945 lived Bas Beskid. Within the framework of the UPA (Ukrainian Insurrectional Army - WM) activity on the territory mentioned above, after 1945 returnees Vrotslav, Shchetsin, Olshtin and Koshaleen districts ".

We cite the appropriate references of two published Czechoslovak encyclopedias.

"Encyclopedia illustrated Dictionary", v. 2, (Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1981), believes that "Lemkos - ethnographic group of the Ukrainian people in the Carpathians, between Syan and the Poprad rivers, and west of the river Uzh".

"The Czechoslovak Encyclopaedia" (v. 3, 1986) cites an identical definition: "Lemkos - ethnographic Ukrainian group in the Carpathians, between Syan and the Poprad rivers, and west of the river Uzh" .

Definitions of "Ukrainian encyclopedic publications" are roughly identical, for example

"The Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language" by B. Hrichenko (v. 2, Kiev, 1908) defines "Lemak - a name for Little Russians living in Hungary, resident in the Beskid valleys" A Russian woman from Hungary, a resident of the Beskid valley ".

44 (These definitions apply only to the Trans-Carpathians Lemkos-Lemaks.) "Lemko - Galician little Russian, inhabitant of Lemkivshchyna" (PG 354-5).

"The Ukrainian ethnic group, which for a long time inhabited the two eastern slopes of Beskydy (in the Carpathians, between the small rivers Of Syan and Poprad, west of the river Uzh) ... ".

A similar definition is found in the Soviet Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine ", (v. 2, Kiev, 1970)," Encyclopaedic Soviet Ukrainian Dictionary "(v.2, Kiev, 1987) and others.

Let us quote two other publications making Russian authority encyclopedic, among them being: "Great Encyclopedia" (v.12, St. Petersburg, 1903): ".... Lemkos Ruthenian inhabitants of the Western Beskids (Carpathians), uniates (Ukrainian Catholics - WM ). Their language is a combination of the Ruthenian language, with Polish and Slovak words ".

"Small Soviet Encyclopedia" (v.6, Moscow, 1937): "Lemkos - one of the branches of the Carpathians of the Ukrainian people. Population - 250,000. Reside west of Ukraine (Poland), the Carpathians, on both sides of the summits of the Carpathians, and Ukraine Zakarpatska ...”

It is Lemkos (Lemken) - inhabitants of the Western Carpathians, and belongs to the Ukrainian people, writes "Der Grosse Brokhaus", Munich, 1955).

Similar conclusions are extracted from other publications, and to continue to quote them is not necessary.

We will not accuse the authors of different views lack of knowledge of the exact ethnographic demarcation lines for the Lemkos inhabitants, and the exact number of the population.

What is important is the following: all the encyclopedic states, the Lemkos are a part of the Ukrainian people.

And the publications that until now, without any sympathy for the term "Ukraine", continue to use the old name "Rusiny".

It seems that everything is well understood. But why use different national names for the labeling of Lemkos, whether by their neighbors, or between Lemkos themselves?

The memories left by Operation Vistula remain another scar in the tormented relations of Ukrainians and Poles in the twentieth century, with the massacres of Poles in Volhynia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during the Second World War to counter- Oppression of the Ukrainians between the two wars by the Poles who controlled Galicia following the Polish- Ukrainian War of 1918-1919 and the Peace of Riga which had followed it.

On 3 August 1990, the Polish Senate passed a resolution condemning Operation Vistula led by the post-war Polish government. In response, the Ukrainian Parliament (Verkhovna Rada) adopted a declaration in which it regarded this resolution as an important step towards correcting the injustices committed against Ukrainians in Poland. By the same resolution the Rada condemned the criminal actions of the Stalin regime against the Polish people.

On April 18, 2002 in Krasiczyn, Poland's President, Aleksander Kwasniewski, who died tragically in 2010, expressed regret about Operation Vistula. The President described it as a symbol of the harm done to the Ukrainians by the communist authorities. "In speaking on behalf of the Republic of Poland, I wish to express my regret to all those who have been

45 harmed by this operation". In a letter to the National Remembrance Institute and participants at the 1947 Operation Vistula Conference, Wisła Kwaśniewski wrote: "For years it was believed that Operation Vistula was the revenge for the Polish massacre by The IAU in the East, during the years 1943-1944. Such an attitude is bad and can not be accepted. Operation Vistula should be condemned. "

TERMINOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

For the French scientific community, the Lemkovian problem remains completely unknown. Researchers who want to address this topic in French face many and sometimes surprising difficulties. They wonder, for example, what forms to use to designate the LeMkovian people, because we must first name reality so that we can talk about it. There is only one text in French, The Eastern Border of the Lemki, written by the Polish linguist Zdzisław Stieber in 1935. This work was published in the "International Bulletin of the Polish Act of Science and Letters" ( Stieber, 1935). The author regularly used the term Lemki to designate the Lemkovian people. There is also a publication by Juliane Besters-Dilger entitled Regional Differentiations of the Linguistic Space in Ukraine, where the term Rus (s) ines appears as the name of the group made up of those who live in Ukraine and are gathered in the Carpathians and Transcarpathia. Until recently, they were counted as Ukrainians and, like Rus (s) in other states, speak a language that is now written in Cyrillic and is fighting for its recognition as the fourth eastern Slavonic language (Bester-Dilger, 2002). The author speaks here only of the Lemkovians who were deported from Poland to Ukraine in the years 1944-1946. Rus (s) ines is a new terminology that recalls the Polish term Rusini, and the Lemkovian Rusyny, Rusnaky. However, it already has an equivalent in French Ruthenes. This name Rus (s) ines here concerns a supra-regional Carpato Ruthenes group formed by the Ruthenians living in the territories of seven countries (Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Poland). This appointment must differentiate this ethnic group from Ukrainians, also called Ruthenians in the past. In 1928, the Polish Diet decided by decree to replace the word Rusin [Ruthene] by Ukrainiec [Ukrainian]. The term rusiñski [Ruthenian] existed in the Polish publications as a synonym of the term ukraiński [Ukrainian] until the end of the Second Polish Republic.

The origin of the name £ emkini, emko, emkowie is pejorative. The ethno-emo-emko dates back to the first half of the nineteenth century when it appeared at the borders of the Lemkovian and Bokovian peoples. The emko nickname was given to individuals who used the term borrowed from the Slovak dialects to mean "just, only". It was given to the Lemkovians by their Ruthenian neighbors whose dialects did not know the word lem.

The form Lemko is an abbreviated form, readily used by the Anglo-Saxons, but somewhat disturbing for a French ear because of its too exotic resonance. On the other hand, the term Lemkovien brings us back to the idea of nation (as we call the inhabitants of Peru - the Peruvians). The Lemkovans aspire to be considered a nation. Moreover, the Lemko form is articulated only in the sentence. It is then necessary to speak of language lemko, lemko people while the lemkovian with a capital or a small letter is already meaningful. So that's another reason why I chose this designation.

The term Lemkovian is a formation by suffixation. It is derived according to the traditional model of the French derivation. As soon as it enters the language system, it has its roots in the tradition of language, thus creating a new form of historical, cultural and identity existence.

The names Lemkini, Lemko are layers, their transposition is done according to the determined / determining scheme. For the first time, the term Lemkovien was used in the course of work

46 on the Cd-rom devoted to this ethnolinguistic minority and which I directed. They were crowned by the multimedia publication in April 2004 (Misiak, Laurent, 2004).

The Lemkovian land is called in Polish emkowszczyzna; In Lemkovian, it is Lemkowyna or Lemkiwszczyna. The suffix "-szczyna" is an equivalent of the Polish suffix "-szczyzna". In Polish, the traditional and correct appellation of this region is £ emkowszczyzna. The Polish denomination places the term in the same rank as Wileñszczyzna - that is, the Vilnus region, the homeland of Vilnus or Kowieñszczyzna and Opolszczyzna. Emkowszczyzna therefore refers to regions delimited geographically and culturally. Moreover, it operates in this sense in historical space. But for the Lemkovans, this region is not just and simply a region in the south of Poland. Today it is a homeland in the mythical universe of relations between the past and the present; it remains alive and still exists in the hearts and tradition of the Lemkovians; A "little homeland", that is their virtual community around language and culture. It refers to the whole of Carpathian Ruthenia, so it is a part of the "extended homeland" (of Carpathian Ruthenia composed by Lemkovie, Prešov land in Slovakia and the subcarpathian region).

Thus, how can one include in the French language abstract and real elements of the meaning of Lemkowyna? We can of course say "the land / land of the Lemkovians", but we can also call this land Lemkovie, creating the word in the way of Bolivia, Mazovia or Moldova.

In texts written in Polish or translated from Lemkovian into Polish, Lemkovian writers (often authors are their own translators), the name Lemkowyna is used. For the Polish, it is a linguistic hybrid. The situation would be the same if in a French text the "Polska" was used instead of "Poland". The causes of this state of affairs are political and historical.

Today, the "Lemkovians" are divided into two opposing tendencies:

One considers that the Lemkovians belong to the great Ukrainian family;

The other they are totally external to it and completely "autonomous". Those who consider themselves "autonomous" mark their difference by using in Polish the lemkovian term to speak of this small territorial or communal and linguistic homeland.

They speak of Lemkowyna in Polish and not of emkowszczyzna as the Polish demands. When, in a poem, the translator finds himself obliged to translate this nuance, which is so sensitive to authors, he has little recourse.

The average Lemkovian is that in which the Lemkovian language acquires an autonomous character.

Two of its variants were used in parallel.

The first literary variant of the lemkovian was transcribed according to a phonetic principle referring to the local dialects, and it had as its defenders the nationalist circles. It was used for the first time in the writing of "Rusalka Dnistrowa", which was published in Pest in 1837. This variant had no particular designation. There were therefore no difficulties in its translation.

The second variant had its followers among the ancient Ruthenians. It was created according to the etymological principle and therefore, in accordance with the historical principles of writing inspired by Slavic, Russian and local popular variants. This second variant was called jazyczij. Jazyczij is a word that does not exist in the Polish language. It comes from Ruthenian. The translation of this word was made by transcription. The relationship between the formal and semantic meaning of this term and its basis remains undecipherable. We 47 should therefore transcribe the word Polish into French, which would give the transcription of a transcript. The final result would then be iazytchij.

If the lemkovian has obtained the status of language in accordance with the sociolinguistic definition of the language, it should be included in the linguistic classifications already existing. From a geographical point of view, the Lemkovian joins Polish, Lithuanian, Belarusian, Ukrainian and Kashubian. All these languages form a group of languages which are neighboring and, indeed, their systems penetrate. In Polish linguistic terminology, this influence is called rokytnicka liga. The adjective rokytnicka takes its root in the name Rokytno (a city of Ukraine). The term liga rokytnicka is the sign of the language, it really exists and it is concrete. This aspect of his existence results from a complicated process of bonding abstract marks and real meanings. By taking signifier and signified separately, one finds oneself in the presence of something false because the differentiation of these two elements induces an obscurity of linguistic communication (Saussure, 1957). What differentiates within the language a linguistic sign from another is what forms it. Why was the name Rokytno originally used? What does this term mean? How should it be transmitted in French to keep its semantic structure when it has already faded into Polish?

The Republic of Lemkos National People’s Republic of Lemko Ruska Noroda Respublica Lemkiv Lemkos Décember 5, 1918 – January 1919

In yellow, the repuclic of Lemkos in the European borders of 1920. General informations Capital : Florynka

Language : lemko History and Events

December 5, 1918 Creation 10 September 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye The treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, sometimes called the Treaty of Saint-Germain, signed on September 10, 1919, at the Chateau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, established peace between the allies and Austria, Collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy: the former Habsburg Empire was dismantled and replaced by a half-dozen successor states according to the principle laid down in the 9th of the 14 points of American President Woodrow Wilson of the "right of peoples to Self-determination ". The treaty entered into force on 16 July 1920. Romania signed it only on 9 December 1919.

March 1920 annexation by Poland

48

18 March 1921 Peace of Riga

The peace of Riga was signed between Poland and Soviet Russia on March 18, 1921. It ended the Soviet-Polish war, which had opposed Bolsheviks and Poles. Discussions initially started in Minsk (Belarus) on August 17, 1920, but due to an incident against the Polish negotiators, they were moved to Riga (Latvia). President 1918-1920 Jaroslav Kacmarcyk

Previous Entities: Austria-Hungary Entities: Republic of Poland

The Republic of the Lemkos, Republic of the Lemkos-Ruthenians or Republic Lemkos (- ruthene), officially the Ruthenian National Republic of the Lemkos (Ruska Narodna Respublika Lemkiv) is a small Ukrainian organization, running from November 1918 to January 23, 1919 in the south of Poland, in Galicia, following the collapse of the Austro- Hungarian Empire, located on the territory of present-day Poland. It was founded at Florynka on 5 December 1918 in the aftermath of the First World War.

It initially intended to unite with a democratic Russia, and opposes a union with the Western People's Republic of Ukraine. Since union with Russia was not possible, it attempted to join Subcarpathian Ruthenia on the southern slopes of the Carpathians as an autonomous province of Czechoslovakia. This strategy was challenged by Gregory Zatkovich, the governor of Subcarpathian Ruthenia.

It ceased its activities on 23 January 1919. Its official language was the Lemkos and its president was Jaroslaw Kacmarczyk.

49 The Polish-Ukrainian War

The March 1919 border

General informations Date 1918-1919

Location Galicia (currently shared between Ukraine and Poland)

Issue Polish victory

Belligerents Republic of Poland People's Republic of Western Ukraine

Commanders Józef Piłsudski Edward Rydz-Śmigły Józef Haller Yevhen Petrouchevytch Simon Petlioura Oleksander Hrekov

Strengths in the presence :190,000 men 75,000 men

Losses : 10,000 dead

Polish-Ukrainian War Battles Przemyśl · Lviv · Chortkiv · Lubaczów · Gniła Lipa The Polish-Ukrainian War is a conflict between November 1918 and July 1919, between Poland and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic for the control of Galicia, after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.

50 Summary • 1 Preambule

• 2 The War • 3 Epilogue

1.Preambule In 1772, on the occasion of the first partition of Poland, Galicia became an Austrian province. With more than 8 million inhabitants in the early twentieth century, it is the largest province in the empire and represents more than a quarter of its population. However, the western part of Galicia, which includes Krakow, Poland's former historic capital, has a predominantly Polish population, while the eastern part of Galicia, which includes the heart of Galicia's historic territory, has a majority of Ruthenians Ukrainians). The history of Galicia since the medieval Ruthenian kingdom of Galicia was incorporated into Poland in the 14th century is marked by the peaceful coexistence not only between the Ruthenians and the Poles, but also many other minorities, including Jews and The Armenians.

However, in the nineteenth century, the emergence of the Polish nationalist movement was observed in Galicia in the context where most of Poland was under Russian control. The Polish movement in Galicia benefited from Habsburg liberalism, and Lviv and Cracow became major centers of Polish culture and attracted large numbers of immigrants from the Russian Empire. Similarly, Galicia welcomes many Ukrainian nationalists in exile.

A large majority of Galicians, however, remain insensitive to nationalist appeals, and until the beginning of the twentieth century, Poles and Ukrainians are particularly opposed during the parliamentary elections. Throughout the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, Ukrainians tried to persuade the Austrians to divide Galicia into the western (Polish) and eastern (Ukrainian) provinces. These efforts are thwarted by the resistance of the Poles, who are afraid of losing Lviv, which they consider to be one of the cultural capitals of Poland. Although eastern Galicia is populated by about 60 per cent of Ukrainians, in 1910 Lviv, its big city, counts half Poles. For many Poles, seeking identity while their country has been divided by neighboring powers, it is unthinkable that the city is not under their control. The Austrians finally agreed to divide the province, but the outbreak of the First World War prevented them. In October 1916, Emperor Charles I of Austria promised to do so once the war was over. However, Austria suffered a heavy defeat, and the empire collapsed. In this context of general confusion, Polish and Ukrainian nationalists are preparing to act.

On October 18, 1918, a Ukrainian National Council (Rada) was formed, composed of Ukrainian members of the Austrian Parliament and regional diets from Galicia and Bucovina as well as political leaders. This Council announces the intention to unite the lands of the Ukrainian west in one state.

Thanks to the intervention of the Archduke William of Austria, who adopts the Ukrainian identity and considers himself a Ukrainian patriot, two Ukrainian regiments arrive in garrison in Lviv. During the night of 31 October to 1 November, before the Poles took their own measures, Captain Dmytro Vitovsky led his troops into decisive action and took control of the city. The People's Republic of Western Ukraine was proclaimed on 1 November 1918, with Lviv as its capital.

The proclamation of the new Republic, which claims its sovereignty over eastern Galicia and the Carpathians, to the town of Nowy Sącz in the west, as well as Bukovina, is a surprise for the Poles. The Ukrainian residents of Lviv approve the proclamation with enthusiasm, the large Jewish minority supports it or remains neutral, while the Poles prepare their response.

51 2.War In Lviv, the Ukrainian Army of Galicia successfully opposes the Polish units, consisting mainly of First World War veterans and students. On 21 November, after two weeks of incessant fighting, a Polish army unit, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski, broke the siege and rejected the Ukrainians. However, they continued to control most of eastern Galicia and threatened Lviv until May 1919. Immediately after the capture of the city at the end of November, the Polish forces engaged in the neighborhood pogrom Jews and Ukrainians. This pogrom is a rare episode of violence against the civilian population during this war.

In March 1919, fresh and well-equipped Polish troops arrived, commanded by Edward Rydz- Śmigły. The Polish general's offensive in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia began on 14 May 1919, aided by the recently arrived Army General Józef Haller's army. This army well equipped by the Western allies and benefiting from French military advisers was formed in order to fight against the Bolsheviks in Russia. The decision to use it in Galicia provoked a few telegrams of protest from the Entente, but these remained ignored.

The Ukrainian lines are quickly broken. On 27 May the Polish forces reached the line Zlota Lipa - Berejany - Jezierna - Radziwiłłów. At the request of the Entente, the Polish offensive was stopped and General Haller's troops adopted defensive positions.

On June 8, 1919, Ukrainian forces commanded by Oleksander Hrekov began a counter- offensive and after three weeks advanced to the Gniła Lipa River and the upper Styr, but lack of weapons and ammunition. Oblige to stop their advance. The Ukrainian government controls the oil fields of Drohobych, with which it plans to buy weapons from Czechoslovakia. But although Ukrainian forces succeeded in pushing the Poles back about 120 km, they could not make their way to Czechoslovakia. Without arms or ammunition, Hrekov puts an end to his campaign.

Commanded by Józef Piłsudski, the Polish forces began a new offensive on 27 June. Short of ammunition and in numerical inferiority, the Ukrainians are pushed as far as the river Zbruch, the historical border of Galicia.

3 Epilogue Unlike the typical brutality of battles in the East, in the former parts of the Russian Empire, the war between Poland and the Ukrainians in Galicia is conducted on both sides by disciplined and professional forces, Relatively few civilian casualties. About 10,000 Poles and 15,000 Ukrainians, mostly soldiers, died during the war. Particularly during the Lviv fighting, the two sides often agreed to cease-fires, to allow the resupply of civilians and the evacuation of the dead and wounded.

A ceasefire was signed on 17 July 1919. Ukrainian prisoners of war were detained in the former Austrian camps of Dąbie, Lancut, Pikulice, Strzałków and Wadowice. On November 21, 1919, the High Council of the Paris Peace Conference granted eastern Galicia to Poland for a period of 25 years, after which a plebiscite would decide the question.

The Government of the People's Republic of Western Ukraine exiles itself in Vienna, where it enjoys the support of various Galician political emigrants, as well as soldiers of the army of Galicia interned in Bohemia. He continues to defend the creation of the Republic of Galicia representing the Ukrainians, Poles and Jews, the three major nations of the country.

52 Diplomatic relations with the French and British Governments are in the hope of securing a just settlement at Versailles. On 23 February 1921 the Council of the League of Nations declared that Poland had no mandate to establish administrative control in Galicia and that Poland was merely the occupying military power of eastern Galicia, Determined by the Council of Ambassadors to the League of Nations

After a long series of negotiations, on March 14, 1923, it was decided that East Galicia would be incorporated in Poland "taking into account that Poland has recognized that given the demographic conditions, the eastern part of Galicia deserves full its autonomy status ". This autonomy will never be granted to Galicia. Indeed, the victorious powers of the First World War want a strong Poland, in order to create a counterweight to Germany.

In September 1939, as part of the alliance between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (see Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact), Galicia was invaded by Soviet troops. The Polish forces, which also include many soldiers of Ukrainian descent, are rapidly overwhelmed.

Massacres or why we are not very good with Ukrainians In 1942 local elements of the UPA began to attack the Polish minority in order to "clean up" Volyn. The first known attack was the one against the village of Oborkin on 13 November 1942 in the canton of Luck where Ukrainian women murdered 50 Poles. In spite of this, the majority of the Poles regarded this event as an isolated case resulting from disorganized groups of bandits and no one thought that this would happen again. The member of the National Memory Institute, Władyslaw Filar, himself a witness of the massacres, says that it is impossible to establish whether these events were ever planned. There is no documented evidence that the UPA and the OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists) have decided to exterminate the Poles of Volhynia.

On 9 February 1943 the colony of Parośło in the canton of Sarny was attacked and 173 Poles murdered. In March 1943 some 5,000 Ukrainian policemen took up arms and fled to the forests of Volhynia. Tymothy Snyder considers that this event marks the beginning of the UPA operations on a large scale. On the night of 22 and 23 April Ukrainian groups attacked the model colony of Janowa Dolina by killing 600 people and burning the whole village. The presence of 1000 soldiers of the Wehrmacht did not prevent it, which makes it possible to suppose a silent collaboration between the two forces. The Polish survivors were those who had found refuge with friendly Ukrainian families like the Karwan. Between May and June attacks multiplied. In the canton of Sarny four villages were burned (12.05.), In Kostopol 170 inhabitants of the village of Niemodlin (24.05.), In Włodzimierz Wołynski, all the manors and exploitations of nobles destroyed by fire on the night of 24 25th of May, the 28th, the inhabitants of Staryki, all massacred, and the list goes on for all the cantons of the region.

These actions were mounted by many units and appeared to be coordinated. But it would be exaggerated to say that the massacres received general support from the Ukrainians and yet their realization would have been possible without the collaboration of the local Ukrainians. Until July 1943 the number of Poles murdered in Volhynia was estimated at 15,000, but the total losses (dead, wounded, deported to Germany for work and fugitives) reached 150,000. Yet two delegates from the Polish government in London, Zygmunt Rumel And Krzysztof Markiewicz, accompanied by a group of AK officers operating in the area, tried to negotiate with the UPA leaders but were all murdered on 10 July 1943 in the village of Kustycze. On that day units attributed to the UPA surrounded and attacked the Polish villages and settlements in the three cantons of Kowel, Horochów and Włodzimierz Wołynski. In three days a series of massacres was launched and many witnesses confirmed the movement from village to village of UPA units continuing their work against Polish civilians. In the canton of Horochów we recorded 23 Attacks, in that of Dubien-15 and that of Włodzimierz-28. The events began at three o'clock in the morning, and the Poles could not afford to escape. The Ukrainians used all kinds of weapons: rifles, axes, saws, scythes, pitchforks, kitchen knives,

53 hammers etc. After the massacres the villages were systematically burned and burnt to the foundations. According to the few survivors, the action was carefully prepared since a few days earlier meetings had taken place in the Ukrainian villages where the UPA explained to the inhabitants the necessity of the extermination of the Poles up to the seventh generation, Except those who no longer spoke Polish.

In July the village of Gorów was attacked: 480 inhabitants were killed, 70 survived. In the colony of Orzeszyn the UPA murdered 270 people out of 340. In the village of Sadowa only 350 inhabitants out of 600 survived, in Zagaje just a few out of 350. In September in the village of Wola Ostrowiecka 529 people were exterminated including 220 children under 14 and in Ostrówki 438, including 246 children. In September 1992, the victims were exhumed in these two villages.

Norman Davis in "No Simple Victory" provides a brief and brutal description of the massacres. He wrote: "The Jews of the region had disappeared assassinated by the Germans (between 1941 and 1942), [...] in 1943-44 the hatred of the UPA fell on the defenseless Poles. Villages were burned, Catholic priests cut to pieces or crucified, churches burned with all the faithful who had taken refuge there, isolated farms attacked by bands of men armed with forks and kitchen knives, defenceless people were slaughtered, pregnant women pierced by the bayonet, the children sliced in two ... The authors could not determine the future of the province but could envisage that its future would be without the Poles.The survivors were repatriated( 1944-1946), as were their compatriots from Belarus and Lithuania, replaced by the Russians, and in 1991 Western Ukraine (Eastern Galicia and Volhynia) formed part of the independent Republic of Ukraine.

Timothy Sonder describes the massacres: "Ukrainian partisans burned houses, firing at those who tried to escape, forcing the occupants to stay there, and using forks and pitchforks to kill those who were caught, In some cases the decapitated, crucified, dismembered or disembowelled were shown in order to obtain Poles who remained that they would flee leaving their places of life forever.”

The Ukrainian historian of Lviv, Youryi Kirichuk, wrote that the massacres had been the fruit of the historical times of Jarema Wiśniowiecki and Maxime Krivonis. The scenes in the villages of Volhynia were similar to those of the massacres of Niemirów (property of the Potocki) in 1648 and 1768. According to him, this was a "peasant war". Władysław and Ewa Siemaszko, authors of the "Genocide of the Polish population of Volhynia carried out by Ukrainian nationalists 1939-1945" confirm this idea of the atrocities of another time, that of hajdamaks and Cossacks (Chmielnicki uprising in the 17th century and " Koliyvshchina "in the eighteenth) In July the Ukrainians attacked 167 villages. This wave lasted 5 days until the 16th. It can also be said that the UPA continued ethnic cleansing in the rural areas until the majority of the Poles had fled the villages and were deported by the Germans to the West or Murdered or expelled. For example, between the 1st and 3rd of August, 1943, a group of 8 fugitive carts from the village of Kudranka (Ludwipol commune, Kostopol canton, Luck (Lutsk) voivodeship was destroyed in the Leonówka settlement. 10 waggons attempted the exit and, after having been wiped out by two Ukrainian attacks on the Tuczyn road, was saved by a Wehrmacht detachment and moved to Równe (Rivne), where the fugitives remained protected by the German presence for two weeks The families accepted deportation to Breslau where, after three weeks of staying at the yard, they found work and accommodation on the farms in the region, which would be the first Poles to be repatriated before Time in the territories given to Poland by the victors of Nazi Germany at the Potsdam conference in 1945.

A third group frightened by the news of the massacre Hid in the surrounding forests, meeting Jews who had been living there for a year. The latter were "allowed" by Ukrainians of the UPA to leave their hiding places to occupy the Polish houses. Recorded and forced to remain there, the Jews of Kudranka and the surrounding area were massacred with the ax and knife at

54 the end of December 1943 by the Ukrainian peasant bands. Then the village was destroyed to the foundations in order to leave no trace of the Polish presence there.

During the Christmas period of 1943, a new wave of attacks against the Polish population took place in the powiat districts of Rówień, Luck, Kowel and Włodzimierz. Combat units of the UPA with the direct aid of the Ukrainian civilian population attacked the Polish settlements. After the massacres, the civilian groups (mainly composed of women) who followed systematically plundered the homes of the victims. Beginning in 1944, these actions faded in Volhynia and the wave of mass murders moved to eastern Galicia, in the areas of Leopol, Stanisławów and Tarnopol, following the decision of the OUN leadership.

Adam Kruchelek, the historian of the IPN (Institute of National Memory) publishing house in Lublin, says that the 1943 massacres took place first in the eastern area of Volhynia, in Kostopol and Sarny in March, traveling westwards in April in the Krzemieniec Wołynski (Kremenets), Równe, Dubno and Luck districts, the high point of July being in the cantons of Kowel, Horochów and Włodzimierz Wołynski Then in August in that of Lubomel. This historian also writes that Polish scholars consider, among other things, that the Ukrainian leaders first elaborated the plan to expel the Poles, but the events escaped them and they lost control of them.

The German army and police forces almost always ignored these ethnic conflicts, although there were reports that the Germans were supplying weapons to both the Ukrainians and the Poles. These reports, however, are not based on incontrovertible evidence. Special German units made up of Ukrainian or Polish police officers who collaborated with them were also involved in the case and some of their crimes were attributed to the AK or the UPA.

The Ruthenians (Rusyns)

Total population: Up to 2 million people

Languages: Modern Ruthenian (Rusyn), Ukrainian, Slovak

Religion: Orthodoxy and Catholicism uniate

Associated ethnic groups: Ukrainians, Slovaks, Belarusians, Poles, Russians, other Slavic peoples

55 The Ruthenians, also known as Carpatho-Ruthenians or as Rusyns (Русины, Rusyns in Ruthenian, Pусини, Rusyny in Ukrainian, Pусины, Rusiny in Russian, Rusíni in Slovak, Ruszinok in Hungarian, Rusini in Polish) In a region of Central-Eastern Europe to which they gave their name, Ruthenia. According to Ruthenian American historian Paul Robert Magocsi, the Ruthenians are a Slavic people found on the western slopes of the Carpathians, in the Ukraine, in Slovakia, in Poland and even in Vojvodina, in the north of Serbia . They speak a series of eastern Slavic dialects, use the Cyrillic alphabet and traditionally belong to the Eastern Christian rite, whether uniate or orthodox.

The Rusyns are the descendants of the Ruthenians who, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, did not adopt the "Ukrainian" ethnonyme. Constantly under foreign domination since the fall of the Kiev Rus', the Rusyns have undergone either a policy of marginalization or assimilation by the various governments. But in the 19th century a phenomenon known as the "National Revival of the Ruthenians" took place. Some intellectuals, including Alexander Dukhnovich, organized the defense of the local culture against the Magyar and then Austrian authorities and clearly displayed a political russophilia.

Since the end of the Soviet Union, the cultures and the Ruthenian language have been revived: today, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Serbia and Croatia officially recognize the Rusyns as a distinct ethnic group. In Ukraine, the situation tends to be more complex because of the country's national situation.

1. Etymology. 2. History. 3. Contemporary Ruthenia. 4. Demographics. 5. Language. 6. Religions. 7. Status. 8. Ruthenian nationalism.

1. Etymology.

The name of "Ruthenes" comes from the Greek "Roussyn" designating a person who inhabit the Rous (derived from the pronunciation of Roussénie, then from Russia), that is to say the territories of the Prince of Kiev in the Middle Ages; The Ruthenians were called Russians and then Russians. Then, in the Tsarist era, the Russians were named "Great Russians", the Belorussians the "White Russians" and the Ukrainians the "Little Russians". But the Ruthenians were never under Russian domination before the Second World War and the Soviet annexation; They took the name Rusyn which has the same etymology as "Russian".

"Ruthen" is also the name of the mother tongue of the Ukrainian, Belorussian and modern Ruthenian, which some advocate calling rather Rusyn (the name it bears for the Rusyns) in order precisely to avoid confusion .

The general use of "Ruthenian" by all the Slavs of the East dates back more than 11 centuries, so its origin goes back to Kievan Russia or Rus' of Kiev. The Russians, the Ukrainians (Malorussians or Little Russians), the Byelorussians (Belorussians or White Russians) and the Carpato-Ruthenians (Rusyns or Carpato-Russes) are the descendants of the people of the first Rus' They form the Slavs of the East.

56

2. History. - The first centuries

Over the centuries, the Ruthenians have developed different political and economic centers as well as new identities. The inhabitants of the north of the Rus' became the Great Russians, the people of the West the White Russians (Belarusians) and the Southerners became the Little Russians. Then the rise of Ukrainian nationalism favored the use of the ethnonym "Ukrainian". As early as the 19th century, a rusyn movement appeared, which was intended to be distinct from the Ukrainian movement.

The Rusyns settled in the Carpathian region by different waves of immigration from the north between the 11th and 17th centuries. Some archaeological finds suggest that in the 10th century the region was inhabited and dominated by Varégues (who played a role in the founding of the Kiev Rus').

The Carpato-Ruthenes were mainly shepherds, farmers, lumberjacks and hunters. The mountaineering winter and the economic and political control of foreigners were unfavorable conditions that they had to endure. These cumulative effects formed a first stoic and introspective rusyn society.

In 1241, the Carpathians fell under the Tatar-Mongol yoke of which the leader, grandson of Genghis Khan, was Batu Khan. Whole groups of the population are exterminated and many villages are burnt. The Mongols entered the region via the Veretski pass. In 1395, Prince Fyodor Koriatovich, son of the Duke of Novgorod, and soldiers from Novgorod accompanied by their families came to take control of the uninhabited lands in the Carpathians. The arrival of Koriatovich and his suite was an important step in the history of the Rusyns. Administrative, ecclesiastical and cultural aspects are significantly improved. This included the construction and fortification of Mukachevo Castle with cannons, a ditch, workers' and craftsmen's houses and the founding of a monastery on the Latorytsia River.

- Under Austro-Hungarian domination

The Austro-Hungarian monarchy controlled the Carpathians from 1772 to 1918. In the 19th century, the Russian Empire became a privileged destination for educated and intellectual Rusyns. In the same century the Panslava ideology spread and the pro-Russian position became popular.

The Russian military campaign of Tsar Nicholas I through the Carpathians in 1845 was of importance to the local Rusyn population, who thus came into contact with a Russian army of nearly 200,000 men. This interaction had an impact on the rusyn national consciousness. And Alexander Dukhnovich (1803-1865), who is the author of the unofficial national anthem Ruthenian ("I was, I am and I will be Ruthenian"), and who is considered the "George Washington" of the Ruthenians, Recalled in his writings to "dance and weep for joy" at the sight of the Russian Cossacks in the streets.

- Rise of nationalism, national revival and Ruthenian emigration

Ruthenian nationalism became particularly active following the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and after what turned out to be the failure of the Hungarian War of Independence against the Habsburgs of Austria. This revolutionary period of 1848-1849 brought about three major changes: the abolition of serfdom, the arrival on the throne of a new emperor of the Habsburg dynasty, Franz Joseph (who remained until 1916), and the beginning of The Ruthenian national revival. This was largely the work of two characters.

57 One of them was the Uniate priest Alexander Dukhnovitch who did a titanic work for Ruthenian culture, language and literature. The other was Adolf Dobriansky, a member of the Hungarian parliament and representative of the Austrian government between 1849 and 1965 who attempted to create a distinct Ruthenian territorial entity in the Habsburg Empire.

However, these major changes in imperial political life also resulted in the Magyar national revival which intercepted that of the Ruthenians. It is also a period marked by a wave of assimilation, several Ruthenian villages adopt a national identity Slovak or Hungarian.

Despite the establishment of some factories from the 1870s onwards, and mostly related to forestry and mining, the Ruthenian population continued to live in widespread poverty. The situation grew worse as the population grew, with land shortages and an underdeveloped industrial sector unable to provide jobs on a large scale. As a result, thousands of young men, and in some cases entire families, were forced to emigrate in search of work. Emigration was partly facilitated by the appearance of several new railway lines to connect the Austrian province of Galicia with the upper Hungary with the capitals of Vienna and Budapest.

The first Ruthenian emigrants left for Vojvodina, where settlers began arriving as early as 1745. A larger number of Ruthenians, estimated at 225,000, left for industrial regions in the northeastern United States between 1880 and 1914. Between 1899 and 1931, Ellis Island recorded 268,669 Ruthenian immigrants. Today, researchers say 700,000 people have Ruthenian ancestry in the United States. Smaller communities also exist in Canada, Brazil and Argentina.

The cultural revival of the mid-nineteenth century, led by Dukhnovich and Dobrianski, has preserved a Ruthenian national feeling. However, it could not obtain autonomy or any other specific political status for the Ruthenians.

- WWI Everything changed dramatically with the outbreak of World War I in 1914. For the next four years, thousands of Ruthenians loyally served in the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Army, where many died. These years of war also brought another type of tragedy, especially for the Ruthenians of Lemkovie. In 1914-1915, Tsarist Russia occupied a large part of Galicia, Austrian officials suspected the Lemkos of treason and deported close to 6,000 of them to concentration camps, especially to Talerhof.

- Political autonomy

The end of the war also marked the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Ruthenian immigrants to the United States had already begun to meet in late 1917 and early 1918 to discuss the future of their homeland. And their leader Gregory Zhatkovitch finally supported the idea of a fully autonomous "Ruthenian state" within Czechoslovakia. And this idea of Ruthenian autonomy was favorably received by those who remained in the country.

The Ruthenians Lemkos had to join their brothers from the south, but the story lives differently. In March 1920 they were integrated into Poland. And when the Ruthenians of Pannonia incorporate the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

On September 10, 1919, the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye created the autonomous region of Ruthenia within the Czechoslovak Republic. Article 10 of the Treaty stipulates that "Czechoslovakia undertakes to organize the territory of the Ruthenians south of the

58 Carpathians within the boundaries established by the principal Powers and Associates in the form of an autonomous unit within the" A State of Czechoslovakia, with the widest autonomy compatible with the unity of the Czechoslovak State. "

The Ruthenians (Rusyns)

In Czechoslovakia the Ruthenians were granted autonomy: they had their own governor, their elected representatives in the two chambers of the national parliament in Prague, and the teaching in their own language. It was also a time when Ruthenian cultural life flourished and nearly a third of the population left the Greek Catholic Church to "return" to the orthodox faith of their ancestors.

But at the same time, this treaty confirms the division or distribution of Ruthenians between three states. Those of Bukovina and Bessarabia were included in Romania, and they eventually adopted the Ukrainian identity for the most part.

Although the Ruthenians were recognized as one of the three peoples of the state with the Czechs and Slovaks, they did not really receive the political autonomy promised in 1919. Moreover, Ruthenia was amputated by a considerable part of Its territory, in the present region of Presov, where about 100,000 Ruthenians found themselves drowned in the middle of Slovaks. Despite these political problems, aggravated by difficult economic conditions in the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Ruthenians experienced a vast national revival and a marked improvement in their education and culture under the Czechoslovak regime.

It was from this period that Ruthenian nationalism began to divide into several currents. The currents "rusynophile", "russophile" and "Ukrainophile" appear. The former saw the Ruthenians as an Eastern Slavonic people in their own right and on an equal footing with the others, while the other two saw in the Ruthenians either Russians or Ukrainians.

In Poland, the Lemkos Ruthenes did not have a clearly defined political status, nor did they have any recognition or hope for political autonomy. Nevertheless, in the 1930s, the Polish government allowed lemko instruction in primary schools and approved the establishment of Lemkos cultural and civic organizations. Moreover, in an attempt to counter the growing conversion to orthodoxy, the Vatican created in 1934 a special Greek-Catholic apostolic lemko administration so that the parishes of Lemkovie are no longer under the direct control of the Greek eparchy- Based in Przemysl.

- The Second World War

At the time of the Second World War, the status of Ruthenia changed considerably. Following the Munich Agreement of 30 September 1938, Czechoslovakia became a federal state. And from the beginning of October, Ruthenia finally received the autonomy that had been promised to him in 1919. His Prime Minister was Andrii Brodii. But in November 1938, a second autonomous government was established, headed by two pro-Ukrainian leaders, Avgustin Voloshin and Yulian Revai. Ruthenia then officially known as "Subcarpathian Russia" is renamed "Subcarpathian Ukraine". In the same month, Hungary annexed all the southern part of the Carpathian Ukraine which included its main cities (Oujhorod and Moukatcheve). When Hitler destroyed Czechoslovakia, Sub-Carpathian Ukraine declares its independence, but it is then immediately invaded and almost immediately annexed by Hungary. During the rest of the war, Ruthenia remained under Hungarian rule, while the Ruthenians of the Presov region had the same fate as the Slovaks.

59 As for the Lemkos, they were under Nazi rule when Poland was defeated and the Lemkov region was even directly annexed to the Third Hitlerite Reich.

Finally, in the wake of the invasion led by Germany of Yugoslavia in the spring of 1941, Vojvodina with its Ruthenians of Pannonia was annexed to Hungary. Thus, during the Second World War, the lands populated by Ruthenians were all under Nazi or fascist domination.

But it should not be mistaken, despite the war, the Ruthenian homeland remained essentially protected from military damage and the economic situation remained relatively stable. However between 1939 and 1940 40,000 Ruthenians, mainly young men opposed to annexation by Hungary flee across the mountains and reach eastern Galicia, which is recently Soviet. The Soviet authorities arrested them instead of accepting them as refugees. The prisoners proclaimed their innocence of any attempted crime against the USSR, but they were sent to concentration camps. Three years later, the survivors were allowed to join the Czechoslovak armed force set up to fight alongside the Soviet army against Nazi Germany.

In Ruthenia, then called Low-Crarpates (Karpatalja) by the Hungarians, the Ruthenians continued to have a minimum of cultural freedom. Ruthen continued to be taught, Ruthenian publications and cultural societies were allowed as long as they were pro-Hungarian. No other political opinion was tolerated. For the Jews of Ruthenia who were more than 100,000, the war was particularly harsh. In the spring of 1944, under pressure from Germany, the Hungarian and Slovak authorities deported almost all the Jewish inhabitants of the region to the Nazi death camps, where they mostly perished. As a result, the Jewish presence, which for several centuries had been an integral part of the Carpatho-Ruthenian environment, ceased to exist. In 1989, the Soviet census counted only 2,700 Jews in Ruthenia.

In autumn 1944, the German army, with its allies, was expelled from all regions of Ruthenia by the Soviet army. In September 1944, while fleeing the offensive of the Red Army, the Nazis blew up all the bridges in Oujhorod, one of which dates back to the 14th century. Among the victorious Soviet forces was the Czechoslovak Corps, with its large contingent of Ruthenian soldiers.

- Incorporation in Ukraine & Red Diet

During the war, the Allied Powers (United States, United Kingdom, France and Soviet Union) agreed that "Sub-Carpathian Russia" (Ruthenia) should once again be part of a restored Czechoslovak state. In October 1944, however, Stalin suddenly changed his mind about it. With the help of the Ruthenian communists, the Soviets laid the foundations for a "popular attachment", which was anything but popular, to the "motherland of the Soviet Ukraine". There was no plebiscite in the population in general. In June 1945, a provisional Czechoslovak parliament (which did not include any Ruthenian representatives) ceded Subcarpathian Russia to the Soviet Union, which incorporated it in the form of a simple oblast to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSRU).

As regards the other lands inhabited by Ruthenians: the Presov region remained in Czechoslovakia; The region of Lemkovie was part of a restored Poland; And Vojvodina became a part of the Republic of Serbia within the framework of Federal Yugoslavia. In the United States, in 1964, the Greek-Catholic Union convention adopted a resolution calling on the UN to act "so that Carpato-Ruthenia be recognized and accepted by the free nations of the world as an autonomous state". Despite the disputes the policy of the local representatives of the Soviet Union led to a certain ukrainization of Ruthenian society. This ukrainization was ordered by Stalin himself in 1946.

60 The communist regime had a particularly negative impact on the traditional Ruthenian life. During the first years following the Second World War, the Greco-Catholic Church was persecuted and forbidden; The peasants' lands are taken against their will, and the latter are obliged to come to work on collective or cooperative farms; And Ruthenian nationality disappears from the registers. Anyone who dared to claim the administrative recognition of his Ruthenian identity was found by force in the official documents as a Ukrainian. The Ruthenian language is forbidden to teach and any publication in this language is prohibited.

But that's not all. The 180,000 Lemkos living in Poland suffered an even worse fate. The Soviet authorities encouraged the Lemkos to emigrate to the Soviet Ukraine and between 1945 and 1946 the Polish authorities forced the emigration of two-thirds of them. Then, in the spring of 1947, the Lemkos remained in the Polish Carpathians (about 40,000 people) were driven from their homes by the Polish security forces during Operation Vistula. The Lemkos were forced to live in the former German lands of post-war West and North Poland (especially Silesia). As for Lemkovie: many centuries-old Ruthenian villages are simply destroyed while others are repopulated by Poles. Yugoslavia brought peace to the Ruthenians it was counting. In Vojvodina, the Ruthenians were recognized as a distinct nationality and the government supported the establishment of Ruthenian schools, publications, cultural organizations, radio stations and television programs. The Ruthenian Greek-Catholic Church was also spared the fate of the Soviet Union. Finally, in 1974, when Vojvodina became a Serbian autonomous province, the Ruthenians became the sixth official population. In Poland, during the 1950s, the Lemkos began to return illegally to their Carpathian villages where they formed the indigenous population. Some Lemkos have also tried to set up their own organizations and publications distinctly from Ukrainians. But any attempt was blocked by the Polish government.

In Slovakia, the Ruthenians protested against what they understood as a denial of their identity. They refused to be recognized as Ukrainians and refused to send their children to Slovak schools. But finally, the Ruthenians of the Presov region were assimilated on a large scale. According to official statistics, their number has decreased by two thirds, in particular after the policy of enforced Ukrainization applied in Slovakia from 1952 onwards.

During the Prague Spring of 1968, when the Czechoslovak leaders attempted a "socialism with a human face", the Ruthenians of the Presov region demanded the return of their nationality and the restoration of their cultural rights. These efforts were terminated by the invasion of the country by the Soviet Union and its allies. And less than a year later, the new communist and pro-Soviet Czechoslovak authorities again banned any activity that could be linked to a Ruthenian identity distinct from the Ukrainian identity. Only the Greek Catholic Church, which had been restored in Czechoslovakia in June 1968, is authorized to continue its activities. But these activities went from a Ruthenian political orientation to an instrument of Slovakia.

- From the end of communism to the present

The Ruthenians, like all the other peoples of the Soviet Union, were deeply influenced by the reforms undertaken after Mikhail Gorbachev took over as head of the CPSU in 1985.

The first changes were felt for the Lemkos Ruthenes in Poland, who in 1983 were able to organize a cultural and folklore festival (Vatra) in their region which has since been new every year. The political idea of the Vatra was to restore the idea among the Lemkos that they belonged to a

61 distinct people and that they were neither Ukrainian nor Polish but lemkos, a subgroup of the Ruthenians.

However, the national renaissance of the Ruthenians really began only after the fall of communism in 1989. Between 1990 and 1991 a multitude of organizations were created to promote independent Ruthenian identity. Below, these organizations:

- the Carpathian-Ruthenian Society in Ukraine

- The Ruthenian Renaissance Society in Slovakia

- the Lemkos Association in Poland

- the Society of Friends of Subcarpathian Ruthenia in the Czech Republic

- the Foundation of Ruthenian Culture in Yugoslavia

- the Ruthenian Organization in Hungary (a country where the Ruthenians were thought to have disappeared by assimilation since the end of the 19th century)

In addition, for the first time since the Second World War, Ruthenian-language newspapers and magazines began to appear, notably in Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary. Moreover, the freedom of travel gained after the communist collapse made it possible to weld communities all over the world. Since the communities cooperate with each other. As a result, in March 1991 the first Ruthenian World Congress was held, and in November 1992 the first Ruthenian Language Congress was held, both in Slovakia. Since 1991 all the European governments of the countries where Ruthenian communities are established are witnessing to varying degrees the Ruthenian renaissance, with the exception of Ukraine.

From 1991, the Ruthenians are again recognized and registered as a distinct nationality (ethnic) in Czechoslovakia. In the wake of the 1989 Revolution, the great majority of the Carpathian Ruthenes of Europe found themselves living in new countries. In the summer of 1991, the Ruthenians of Pannonia were separated by a new border, that between Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. There, they were caught in the fires of the Wars of Yugoslavia (1991-2001). At the end of 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, the Ruthenians voted overwhelmingly in favor of an independent Ukraine. Finally, in January 1993, the Czechoslovak state was abolished, so that the Ruthenians of the Presov region have since lived in an independent Slovakia.

Today, the activities of Ruthenian organizations in each country focus on the preservation of the group as a people apart by cultural activity, such as scholarly publications, school and theater. In Transcarpathia (Ukrainian Ruthenia), emphasis was placed on political activity, in particular on the attainment of autonomy. In December 1991, at the same time that the citizens of Ukraine voted overwhelmingly for independence, 78% (with a participation rate of 89%) of the people of Transcarpathia voted in favor of autonomy Their oblast. To date, neither the government nor the parliament of Ukraine have created the autonomy yet desired by a majority of the inhabitants of the province concerned.

62 3. Contemporary Ruthenia.

The lands now populated by a Ruthenian ethnic majority are divided between Ukraine (Transcarpathia) and Slovakia (Presov region), together they constitute the Ruthenia desired by the Ruthenian independents.

- Prešov Region Country: Slovakia County town: Prešov

Population: 814 527 inhabitants (2011)

Ethnic composition: Slovaks: 90.7%

Roma: 4%

Ruthenes: 2.7%

Ukrainians: 1%

Czech Republic: 0.5%

Density: 88 hab./km²

Surface area: 8 998 km²

The Prešov region (Prešovský kraj in Slovak) is one of the eight administrative regions of Slovakia and consists of 13 districts and 666 communes, 23 of which have city status. Its capital is the city of Prešov.

The Presov region is often referred to as "Slovak Ruthenia" because of the presence of strong Ruthenian minorities in some of its districts during the 20th century. However, the policy of assimilation, known as Slovakization, was correct for most of the Slovak Ruthenians during the communist era. In this region was born the famous Ruthenian social activist Alexander Dukhnovitch.

- Transcarpathian Oblast. Country: Ukraine Capital: Oujhorod

Population: 1,254,393 (2013)

Ethnic composition *: Ukrainians (and Ruthenians): 80.5%

Hungarian: 12.1%

Romanians: 2.6%

Russians: 2.5%

Roma: 1.1%

Slovaks: 0.5%

63 Germans: 0.3% Density: 98 hab./km²

Area: 12 777 km²

* Ukraine does not recognize the Ruthenians as a whole people and considers them as a subgroup of Ukrainians.

The Transcarpathian Oblast (Закарпатська область, Zakarpats'ka oblast in Ukrainian) corresponds roughly to the territory of the historical region of Ruthenia. It is an administrative region located in the Ukrainian southwest. Its administrative center and also biggest city is Oujhorod (116 000 inhabitants). Other major cities in the oblast include Mukachev (85,000), Khoust (28,000), Berehove (24,000) and Chop (9,000).

The Transcarpathian Oblast was officially established on January 22, 1946 when Czechoslovakia found itself obliged to cede Subcarpathian Ruthenia to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1991 the inhabitants of the oblast massively voted for Ukrainian independence but at the same time claimed three-quarters internal autonomy. And although the vast majority of the premises were in favor of autonomy, the Ukrainian government remained deaf.

4. Demographics. In 1910, the lower Carpathians (the Hungarian name for Ruthenia) were populated by a majority of Ruthenians: 472,000 Uniate Catholics and 7,000 Orthodox. But also by 247,000 united Hungarians, 121,000 united Romanian-speakers and 102,000 Slovak-Ruthenians.

Despite their assimilation and emigration, the Ruthenians have never ceased to see their number increase in the present region of Transcarpathia. In 1810 there were 430,000 Ruthenians, in 1910 there were 482,000, and in 1930 there were 570,000. Finally, in 1979 there were 978,000 Ruthenians.

In the Presov Region, on the contrary, their number has decreased. In 1810 there were 153,000 Ruthenians, 83,000 in 1900 and only 47,000 in 1980.

According to the statistics of the Czechoslovak government, in 1921 the population of Ruthenia was 600,697, of whom 373,234 were Ruthenians (53%) and 102,998 Magyars (17%). It should also be noted that in 1919, 70% of the population of Ruthenia was illiterate, down to 20% in 1938.

We estimate that there are as many as 2 million Ruthenians around the world. Between 620,000 and 700,000 Americans have a Ruthenian ancestry. According to researchers in Ukraine there are between 700,000 and 800,000 individuals of Ruthenian nationality (ethnic / people), mainly in Transcarpathia. But it is not easy to give good figures on the number of Ruthenians present in Ukraine for the following reason: the Ukrainian authorities refuse to concede the fact that the Ruthenians constitute a separate people.

It is also appropriate to speak of the multiple groups that make up the Ruthenian people. There are the Rusyns (Carpato-Ruthenes), the Lemkos, the Ruthenians of Pannonia, the Ruthenians of Presov.

Some figures : - Ukraine: 700 000/800 000 Ruthenians (almost 100 000 individuals accounted for as Ukrainians by the authorities) - Figures put forward by the autonomists / independentists –

64 - United States: 620 000/700 000 Ruthenians (according to ancestry)

- Slovakia: 88 951 Ruthenians (includes Carpato-Ruthenes & Lemkos)

- Poland: ± 61,638 Ruthenes (includes Carpato-Ruthenes and Lemkos) - Romania: ± 32 000 Ruthenians

- Serbia: ± 25,626 Ruthenians

- Hungary: ± 10 000 Ruthenians

- Croatia: 2,879 Ruthenians

- Czech Republic: 1 109 Ruthenian

5. Language. The modern Ruthenian, also known as Rusyn, is an Eastern Slavonic language, similar to that of Russian, Belarusian or Ukrainian, of which it is so close that the debate about the relationship between the two is not Not yet fully closed; Even if most linguists who have studied the subject make Rusyn a language in its own right.

To date there are two forms of the language that have been codified:

-The rusyn carpatic (or western Ruthenian), in Slovakia where it is official in any town where more than 20% of the population speaks it as first language.

-The Pannonian rusyn (or eastern Ruthenian), official in the Serbian province of Vojvodina. These two official variants are both written with the Cyrillic alphabet.

The specialists have, once again, no precise figures as to the number of primary speakers of Ruthenian. The pessimists speak of 600,000 ruthenophones, optimists more than 1,000,000. In any case, the University of Philology of Kiev presented the following linguistic map in the year 2009:

This is rather paradoxical when we know that the Ukrainian authorities refuse to recognize the Ruthenians ...

6. Religions.

The Ruthenians are faithful to Eastern Christianity, either to the Uniate rite or to the Orthodox rite. The moment when the Ruthenians converted in mass to Christianity remains a source of debate, but it is certain that the date is prior to the Great Schism between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches of 1054.

In 1646, 63 Orthodox priests of Subcarpathian Ruthenia (then an integral part of the Kingdom of Hungary) decided to place themselves within the jurisdiction of the Church of Rome. This decision is known as the Oujhorod Union. The Ruthenian Greek-Catholic Church, a Church united to Rome by the Byzantine rite, was born of this Union.

65 Historian Paul Robert Magocsi wrote that there were approximately 690,000 Carpato-Ruthen believers in the United States, including 320,000 Catholics, 270,000 Orthodox and 100,000 Protestants and others.

The Ruthenians are predominantly followers of the Greco-Catholic uniate rite, unlike the Ukrainians, who are, at least generally, of the Orthodox faith.

7. Status.

In Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Serbia, the Ruthenians are officially recognized as a national minority.

In August 2006 the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination recommended that the Ukrainian government consider the recognition of Ruthenians as a national minority because there are "significant differences between Ruthenians and Ukrainians".

On two occasions, in 1992 and 2002, the Transcarpathian Regional Council made a suggestion to the central authorities to recognize the Ruthenians as a people in their own right. The Ukrainian authorities replied by silence.

On 7 March 2007, the Transcarpathian Regional Council decided to recognize the Ruthenian natives as a separate nationality. Ukrainian nationalists immediately put pressure on the presidential power for direct intervention in local affairs.

At present, the Ukrainian authorities continue to believe that the Ruthenians constitute a subgroup of Ukrainians. In Transcarpathia there are still no schools or universities teaching the Ruthenian language (despite calls from Ruthenian organizations in this direction), but, paradoxically, the Ruthenian press and literature are freely published.

8. Ruthenian nationalism.

For historical and economic reasons, the Ruthenian political movement was divided into several currents. There are at least four of them:

- Rusynophile. For whom the Ruthenians are an Eastern Slavonic people to put on an equal footing with the Russians, Ukrainians and Belorussians. He bases his thought on the good experience of Ruthenian autonomy in Czechoslovakia. The Slovak Ruthenian political movement particularly supports this trend because it recognizes the different Ruthenian sub- groups (Carpato-Ruthenes, Lemkos, Ruthenes of Presov, Ruthenians of Pannonia) and wishes to contribute to their development. Also, the Ruthenian diaspora actively supports this ideological position. The main active figure of this movement is Paul Robert Magocsi, an American professor (from the Ruthenian-American community) of history and political science. He is the honorary president of the World Ruthenian Congress and is the author of many books on Ruthenian history.

- Pro-Ukrainian. For whom the Ruthenians form a subgroup of the Ukrainian nation, but who defends the need to save Ruthenian culture, language (which they say dialect) and identity. This orientation actively cooperates with Ukrainian cultural organizations and government agencies. Pro-Ukrainian Ruthenian representatives generally refuse the ethnonym "Ruthenian" and self-identify as "Ukrainian".

- Pro-Russian. For whom all the Slavic peoples of the East are Russian. This movement bases his thought on the Russophilia in particular displayed by Alexander Dukhnovich in his time and desires the creation of a pan-Russian state gathering "All the Russias", "Carpathians in Kamchatka".

66 - Pro-Hungarian. This movement bases its thought on a concept established during the Hungarian domination of the Low Carpartes and according to which the Ruthenians would in fact be Slavic Magyars. This political orientation sees in Transcarpathia a kind of "New Hungary".

The Greek-Catholic and Orthodox religion

For our origins we must consider history at two levels: 1 religious history 2 the history of Central Europe

1. From a religious point of view:

The departure is the schism of 1054 between the separation of the Christian Catholic Church and the Orthodox Catholic Church. This was the beginning of the Byzantine quarrels due to the difference in language between East and West, Latin and Greek, and the lack of understanding between the different rites and their interpretation.

So the Catholic Church obeyed the Pope in Rome.

While the Orthodox Church obeyed the Patriarch of Constantinople.

In the Orthodox Church there were several tendencies:

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church The Greek-Catholic Ukrainian Church is one of the Eastern Catholic Churches. The head of the Church bears the title of Major Archbishop of Kiev and Galicia, with residence in Kiev, until 1945.

The Orthodox Church of Russia

The Patriarchate of Moscow and the whole of Russia, the Orthodox Church of Russia or the Russian Orthodox Church is the autocéphale canonical jurisdiction of the Orthodox Church of Russia and, in fact, part of the Russian Diaspora.

The head of the Church bears the title of Patriarch of Moscow and of all Russia (or of all the Russias: this expression goes back to the time of the Russian principalities: there were then several Russias in the plural, constituting the primary territory of the Patriarchy). His residence is at the Danilov Monastery in Moscow. The holder since 27 January 2009 is Patriarch Cyrille.

In 1964 Paul VI and the Patriarch of Constantinople met to put an end to this schism which was done.

But meanwhile in 1945 Stalin decided with the head of the secret services of the time, Nikita kroutchef to put an end to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. She rallied to the Russian Orthodox Church.

67 The Orthodox Church of Poland

The Orthodox Church of Poland is an autocephalous jurisdiction of the Orthodox Church. The Primate of the Church bears the title of Metropolitan of Warsaw and all Poland, with residence in Warsaw (Present holder: His Beatitude Sabas since 1998).

The Greek Catholic Church in Ruthenia

The Ruthenian Greek-Catholic Church is one of the Eastern Catholic Churches. The majority of the faithful of this Church who emigrated from their region of origin in Ruthenia are in the United States, in the Pittsburgh area. Since 1969, the Church in the United States has been a self-governing metropolitan church, and its head has been, since 1977, the title of "Metropolitan Archbishop of Pittsburgh of the Byzantines", with residence in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania William Skurla).

The Carpatho-Ruthene Orthodox Church

The American Orthodox Orthodox Orthodox Church Orthodox Orthodox Church is an Orthodox Church born in the Ruthenian diaspora in the United States and Canada. It is autonomous but canonically attached to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The head of the Church bears the title of Metropolitan of Amissos, with residence in Johnstown, Pennsylvania (present holder: Most Reverend Nicolas (Smisko) since 1997 The Uniate church which was a mixture of the Orthodox and Christian churches = Eastern Catholic Church Eastern Catholic Churches, more precisely known as the "Eastern Rite", are among the Eastern Christian Churches. They are characterized by being in communion with the Bishop of Rome (the Pope), whose primacy they recognize, and using the Eastern liturgical rites (Coptic, Western Syriac, Maronite, Eastern Syriac, Byzantine, Armenian , Gueze). They are defined in the Catholic terminology as autonomous Churches or "Churches of their own right" in the juridical sense sui iuris and are considered to be fully Catholic, For churches that have declared unity with Rome since the Nineteenth century, to place itself in the jurisdiction of the Church of Rome had the advantage, for the faithful concerned, either to make full subjects in the Catholic States such as Poland or the Empire of Austria where The Orthodox were sometimes considered second-rate subjects, or placed them under European protection in declining Muslim states such as the Ottoman Empire. This is why the Greek-Catholic churches have been debated and criticized since their origin by the Orthodox churches, which see them as dissent, responsible for their own weakening. These criticisms concern their identity, in particular their level of autonomy, the conditions for their formation and development, and the legitimacy of their allegiance, at a time when the official policy of the Vatican is ecumenical dialogue and Respect for the Eastern Churches, especially after the Second Vatican Council. Uniatism is now regarded by both Catholics and Orthodox as a method of the past.

2 ° From a historical point of view

Without wanting to go back to the Greek calendars, Poland disappears in 1772, it is its first disappearance.

68 It was then the Habsburg period from 1772 to 1918. Our family is then in Austria Hungary.

But the place was Galicia populated by Ruthenes, Lemkos de Boykos and Hutsoules:

There are Ukrainian Ruthenians, Polish Ruthenians and Galician Ruthenians

Galicia was attached to Poland in the 14th century

Galicia becomes Austrian in 1772. At the University of Lviv the first hours between Polish and Ruthenian students began in 1772. Polish students consider that the University of Lvov was born of John Casimir II in 1661 and the Ruthenian students consider it to be Joseph II 1787-1809 who created it. So some are Poles and others Ukrainians.

This led to a war between the Polish Ruthenians and the Ukrainian Ruthenians.

The Ukrainians wanted a separation and a partition between Poland and Ukraine, between the east and the west.

It was after the Ukrainian-Polish war from 1918 to 1919 that the separation was made between the two Galicias. Western Galicia was incorporated into Poland and Eastern Galicia into Ukraine.

The Palubniaks are of Western Galician origin in Nowica, but churches can still coexist. In Wysova Zdroj there are eight.

Some have chosen to emigrate to America, others to France, others to Australia ... But in 1946-1947 there was Operation Vistula. The Polish government, aided by the Russians, decided to move the populations of Galicia who were regarded as too warmongering.

They therefore sent part of the family to the occupied territories taken over from the Germans near Poznań, the town of Stradun near Trzcianka. It was the family of Anna Brenia and Gregorz Zuraw. The family is still there.

He sent to Ukraine another part of the Palubniak Wictor family to the mines in the north of Ukraine near Lyebedin in the Soumis oblast. It is in this city that Palubniak Wictor died of a heart attack in 1946.

The rest of his family was moved and is currently living in the south of Ukraine at Richtichi next to the town of Drohobycz. There remains the daughter of André Palubniak, Melanie and her descendants.

Mélanie Palubniak Bizko's brother was moved to Kazakhstan, near the Kyrgyz border, but we do not know where where.

In France the Palubniaks are in the second generation, the children of Wictor Palubniak and Teodora Brenia, that is Jean, Milka and Marie who are no longer here but the next generation is very active.

In conclusion

The historical and religious aspects should not be mixed.

The Lemkos of Poland became Catholic and Polish.

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The Orthodox churches of Prislov and Nowica are still there.

In 1921 the Ukrainian-Greek Catholic church really existed, but it was attached to the Russian Orthodox Church and the Patriarch of Moscow in 1945.

It is not because we are Poles that we follow the rites of the Greco-Ukrainian church. And it is not because one is a Ukrainian that one follows the Christian Catholic rites.

From the point of view of language, it should be pointed out that Ruthenian is the origin of the Slavic languages and especially of the Polish. Russians and Ukrainians having opted for the Cyrillic alphabet.

Orthodox wooden church in Przyslup, Beskid Niski, Poland

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Thank you Kinga Palubniak for sending this.

Orthodox Church of Nowica

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Chapter IV - A DIFFICULT 20TH CENTURY

In 1914, many regiments recruited from the Galician military districts were already mobilized in the 4th Austrian Army stationed at the border of the Russian Empire. The general mobilization completed the forces and many Poles and Ukrainians joined together the same Austrian units.

Recruited in Stryj and Sambor, we find especially the infantry regiment KK Landwehr- Infanterieregiment Stryj Nr.33 which was then composed of 73% of Ukrainians (Ruthenas as it was then called) and 27% of various (Poles, Czechs ... )

As for the cavalry, in 1914 there were in the Austrian Army regiments of dragoons stationed at Ternopol, Przemyśl, Stanislau, and regiments of uhlan at Lemberg, Krakau, Rzeszów.

The Polish Legions, in line as early as 1914, also had squadrons of cavalry.

For military operations.

From August to November 1914, the Russian armies rejected the Austro-Hungarian troops as far as the Carpathian passes and occupied the whole of eastern Galicia until April 1915. A Russian administration was put in place which led to a policy of russification to the utmost.

Was there voluntary recruitment of soldiers for their armies? I can not say. In April 1915, the Austro-Hungarian armies, aided by the Germans, began the reconquest of the territories and routed the Russian armies at Gorlice (2 May 1915). This is not far from home. From then on, the Russians had to leave definitively not only Galicia but also Poland occupied by them, Courland

After the unfortunate Manchurian War, the announcement of a Duma was received with enthusiasm at Warsaw. The Poles were widely represented in the first two Dumas. Their number was then reduced to twelve in the third.

The minorities (Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Belarussians) worked by the copar- tant governments, stood increasingly against the Poles. The Polish element itself was deeply divided on the eve of the Great War. Some saw in Russia the only hope of Poland's salvation, others were animated by a profound hatred against Tsarist Russia, and Pilsudski offered the support of his legions, small paramilitary groups.

72 The war was a frightful nightmare for Poland. It was not only the field of battle for the election of the belligerents, but saw its sons serving in all the camps and killing each other, without their convictions pushing them to it; It lives its territory systematically stripped of its wealth (food products, raw materials) and sacked by the various armies.

The kingdom of the Congress was divided into two zones of occupation; An Austrian general ruled at Lublin and a German at Warsaw. The foreign yoke soon became very heavy, and in 1916 the two emperors, estimating eight hundred thousand men able to bear arms, thought it clever to announce with a loud noise their will to transform the Polish territories torn from Russia into A hereditary and independent kingdom, and consequently asked the young men to enlist in the army.

This maneuver failed, for Pilsudski refused all military command and was interned at Magdeburg. The legions refused to take the oath to the emperors, the recruiting offices remained deserted. On the other hand, the partisans of free Poland scored points abroad.

For the first time, on 24 January 1917, in his message to the Senate, President Wilson spoke of a united, independent, autonomous Poland, and the new Russian government promised in turn an "independent Polish state" (March 29 1917). The Russian declaration did not convince the Poles, who put all their hopes in the West, and formed in Paris a National Committee which was recognized by the Allies.

A small Polish army was formed in France under the orders of Haller. The central empires, by asking for peace, implicitly recognized the Polish independence included in the fourteen points of President Wilson. The Republic was proclaimed in Warsaw in November 1918 by the Provisional Government of Democrats and Socialists, which in effect gave power to Pilsudski, the recently liberated national hero.

The Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918-1919

The weakening of the Empires, which had been torn apart during the First World War, led to the generalization of national demands throughout Central and Eastern Europe; The victors of the conflict, French, English and Americans, had to manage this multitude of rivalries according to their own and sometimes divergent interests. Provided they were supported by the Allies, national movements were able to develop and acquire the maturity necessary for their action, especially on the military plane, with every chance of success. This was not the case for the Ukrainians who had lived apart in two great groups for 150 years: one under Austrian tutelage, the other under the Tsar's yoke. After the fall of the latter in 1917, the Ukrainians of Central Ukraine had to defend their frail independence threatened by whites (tsarists) and reds (Bolsheviks).

As for the Ukrainians in the West, the greatest threat came from the Poles, for whom Eastern Galicia and the neighboring regions were historically Polish, and as such inseparable from Poland.

The war of independence in Galicia, improperly called the "Polish-Ukrainian war", began with the uprising of the Ukrainians in Lviv in November 1918; It ended with the withdrawal in July 1919 and the dissolution of the Ukrainian Army of Galicia (UHA) in November. The conflict between the Ukrainians in Galicia and the Polish forces must be distinguished from the rest of the military actions carried out by the Ukrainians of the Democratic Republic of Ukraine. Unlike the Galicians, the Ukrainians of central Ukraine saw Poland as an objective ally against Russian expansionism.

73 On the other hand, how much even the Ukrainians in the western regions were won by the idea of "Sobornist" (Unity) and consequently favorable to the creation of a powerful and unified Pan-Ukrainian State, their only appearance On the political chessboard of Europe in the midst of a recomposition, forced the allied powers to reconsider their plans, which, in the face of the Bolsheviks launched on the assault of the West, obliged France to favor an enlarged Poland, According to her to block the Russians.

In this context the attachment of Ukrainian Galicia to the People's Republic of Ukraine is one of the most desperate and heroic enterprises in the long march of Ukrainians towards their freedom.

When the Ukrainian National Council of Galicia, headed by Y. Petrouchevych, declared the independence of all the Ukrainian territories included within the limits of the Austro- Hungarian Empire on October 19, 1918, the formation of a regular army became the priority. Disturbed by the progressive armament of the Polish minority, the Ukrainians of Lviv had already formed a clandestine defense committee, capable at the moment of coming into action. As for the embryo of the Galician army, it was composed of soldiers of the Great War, the famous "Sitchovi Striltsi", a battalion of about 2000 soldiers engaged voluntarily, forming a legion with the numbers cautiously reduced by the Poles of Vienna . And despite everything famous throughout the Empire for his bravery; lesser formations from the imperial army had also volunteered. Nov. 1, 1918, the day after the refusal of the Austrian authorities to recognize the Ukrainian power, the Ukrainian soldiers neutralized the imperial officers, escaped from their barracks and seized the strategic infrastructure and positions of Lviv. Soldiers who were not of Ukrainian nationality were disarmed. The same day, the yellow and blue flag floated over all of Galicia. In Lviv, despite a policy favorable to minorities, an urban war began, the Jews remaining neutral, the Poles rebelling (the latter were majority in Lviv). After three weeks of bitter fighting the city fell to the Poles mobilized since November 4.

Rejected to the east of the city, the Ukrainians declare the general mobilization and lack of means the volunteers flock. In December, the Ukrainian Army of Galicia already had 20,000 "striltsi" and some 60 pieces of light artillery (the Galician artillerymen were famous throughout Eastern Europe). Ukraine then sends recovered ammunition to the Russian garrisons. The attacks are concentrated above all on Lviv and on Drohobytch-Boryslav, which was at the time an important oil basin. The Poles employ 12,000 soldiers in the sole defense of Lviv, central point of their arrangements, waiting for the reinforcements that must flow from Poland, especially those of the Haller army (500,000 men!), Trained, equipped in France and framed by Many French officers. This army was destined for the anti-Bolshevik front, in no case to that of Galicia, but the emotional charge which had been occasioned by the loss of Lviv made it necessary to put an end to what appeared to the Poles as an umpteenth uprising in the Ukraine, Although the UHA had all the characteristics of a modern (and well- organized) army. Indeed, the reputation of "Haïdamaks" (rebellious peasants) that they stick to the backs of the Ukrainians since the eighteenth century, reinforced the Poles in the myth of a civilized and civilizing Poland. Walking on Galicia, Marshal Pilsudski had not understood that this region had become the spiritual heart of the Ukraine, and that any Ukrainian uprising would henceforth depart.

Ultimately determined to do battle, the Ukrainians have an artillery that they know how to use miraculously, but this is their only technical advantage. To ensure the supply of Lviv and the arrival of reinforcements, the Poles must imperatively protect the Lviv-Permemyshl railway, to which they devote most of their efforts.

The Ukrainians were forced to attack without support, for lack of stewardship worthy of the name: the five long years of war had bled the region which now has to maintain an army of 126,000 men, of which 55,000 on the front line.

74 In May 1919 the Poles succeeded in freeing Lviv from its encirclement. Demoralized Ukrainian troops are tied beyond the Zbruch, a border river between ancient Russia and Austria-Hungary, heavy with symbol. The army of Galicia then engages in a baroud of honor under the orders of Gal Hrekov. The heroic charge took place not far from Chortkiv and reached the suburbs of Lviv. Unfortunately, without reserves of ammunition the UHA must retreat. One of the other causes of these military failures is the lack of cadres trained in military art. Galician intellectuals in favor of Ukrainian independence were generally influenced by ambient antimilitarism. Military service was considered with contempt.

More symbolic than effective, Ukrainian reunification took place on January 22, 1919,between UNR and ZUNR (West-Ukrainian Democratic Republic). However, in Paris, Ukrainian diplomacy was a mess. There are several delegations, sometimes shared, sometimes separated: the representatives of Western Ukraine and Central Ukraine speak in a discordant voice and lack experience. While the Galicians are fighting for their survival, the Central Government imagines to sacrifice Galicia and the West of Volynia in exchange for a Polish support which would consequently entail that of the Entente. Little need him! The Peace Conference will do everything to limit Polish losses: Pilsudsky even gets the green light to occupy the Ukraine until Zbruch! In July 1919, Tarnovski, the new chief of the UHA, crossed the river at the head of 50,000 fighters to join the Petlura Army. Galicia is lost.

After a few raids on Kiev and Odessa, the Galician army, decimated by an epidemic of typhus that could have been enraged if the countries of the Entente had permitted the sending of medicines, joins with the fortune of the weapons the Russian troops Of Denikin and then of the Red Army (March 1920). The Petlura army, on its side, launched an offensive against the Bolsheviks by defending the right flank of the Poles (part of the UHA joined it there); She seized Kiev and was soon dislodged by the red cavalry of Budionnny, which soon threatened Warsaw. In October 1920, when the Reds retreated and the Ukrainian nationalists were back on their feet in Ukraine, Poland committed one of the worst betrayals in its history. Having obtained Galicia, she signed an armistice with the Bolsheviks, leaving the Ukrainians left to their own devices.

Without any other refuge than that of their traitor, the Ukrainians will be disarmed and interned in Poland. None of the promises of Galician autonomy formed in Paris will be kept. The irony of history will mean that today independent Ukraine embraces Galicia, not through the Entente, of which it could have been the best ally, but by the will of Stalin, who was his worst enemy.

If the nation were free, it was, socially and politically, very divided and its borders remained uncertain. Pilsudski, running at the hurry, reorganized the army and the administration. In January 1919, a cabinet was formed under the presidency of the famous composer Paderewski and a constituent diet was elected, where the Socialists were in a minority. A "Little Constitution" was promulgated on 20 February 1919. The Head of State was responsible to the Diet and exercised executive power through ministers. The struggle to secure its borders

The treaty of Versailles rendered to Poland, in the west, its frontiers before the first partition of 1772; Danzig (Gdansk) became a free city. The territories in dispute were to be submitted to a plebiscite, and in Silesia the Germans prevailed. The territory of Teschen (Cieszyn) was finally given by the Allies to Czechoslovakia. In the north-east, the territories liberated by the Germans were immediately reoccupied by the Red Army.

75 So Pilsudski threw his troops into Lithuania, and occupied Wilno. But the Supreme Allied Council, alarmed at the appetites of the new republic, fixed the new frontier on the Bug, that is to say, along the old frontier of the kingdom of Congress. Similarly, despite the victory of the Haller army in the south-east, Poland was denied the annexation of eastern Galicia, which was entrusted to it for twenty-five years as a "mandate" (a plebiscite was to be organized at The end of the latter). Pilsudski refused the decision of the Allies and resigned. The chief of the republic of eastern Galicia, knowing the aims of Warsaw, preferred to cede to him half of Volhynia, in exchange for his alliance against Russia. Pilsudski then launched again against the Ukraine, but this time he was defeated by the Red Army, which arrived at the gates of Lwow, Warsaw and Torun, where it was arrested and beaten, partly through a maneuver Inspired by the French general Weygand.

The armistice of Riga, pushed back the 200km borders east of the Bug. Wilno was recovered by a blow of hands. The diet of Central Lithuania voted annexation to Poland in January 1922. The Allies bowed to the fait accompli. Resurrected Poland had strong national minorities.

The Constitution The adopted constitution was of the French type; The President of the Republic was elected by the Diet and the Senate together. After the legislative elections of November 5, 1922, Pilsudski, promoted marshal, refused the presidency of the Republic. The elected Socialist Narutowicz was assassinated and replaced by another socialist, Wojciechowski. The successive cabinets were composed of moderates.

Whereas according to an agrarian law of 1920, the land was distributed, the country was equipped, the port of Gdynia was built, the universities created in Poznań and Wilno. But the Pact of Locarno alarmed the Polish public. Pilsudski, who had resigned from his position as Chief of the General Staff, aroused the coup d'état of May 1926, in which the soldiers who were partisans of the marshal, the populist radicals and the socialists collaborated. A revision of the Constitution strengthened the executive and empowered the new government.

Pilsudski, inspector-general of the army, the real leader of Poland, assumed the presidency of the council after having dissolved the chambers (1930). His dictatorship was marked by the imprisonment or exile of the leaders of the opposition and by attacks on the regime. A few months before the death of Pilsudski, the government adopted a constitutional revision which would allow the "dictatorship of the colonels" to settle.

The Dictatorship of the Colonels

The Constitution gave the President the legislative veto, the right of dissolution, the choice of a third of the senators. The ministers, except those concerning the economy, were entrusted to officers. Beside Moscicki, General Rydz-Smigly, inspector-general of the army, became the second personage of the State.

While the agrarian reform was bogged down, the external situation deteriorated. Colonel Beck, Minister of Foreign Affairs, concluded non-aggression pacts with the Soviet Union in 1932, and with Hitler's Germany in 1934. Poland took advantage of Munich to seize the territory of Teschen.

In March 1939, in the face of Nazi pressure on Gdansk (Danzig) and part of Polish Pomerania, the Polish government turned to Great Britain, with which it signed a mutual assistance pact. In May of the same year, a military agreement was signed with France. On 23 August 1939 the German-Soviet Pact was signed. The situation in Poland is considerably exacerbated.

76 The Second World War and its consequences.

On September 1, 1939, Hitler's armies attacked the country by surprise, without declaration of war, both north, west and south. The Polish army is submerged. The government and the supreme command took refuge in France. On 17 September, the Red Army occupies the eastern territories, populated by Belorussians and Ukrainians. On 27 September, Warsaw fell into the hands of the Germans.

The years of the Nazi occupation (1939-1945) constituted the most tragic part of all Polish history. All secondary and higher schools were closed. The Jewish population, enclosed in the ghettos, was almost completely annihilated between 1942 and 1944. Extermination camps were established on the territory (Oswiecim, more sadly known as Auschwitz, Maidanek, Treblinka). Two million four hundred thousand people were deported to Germany for forced labor.

We can find that in Vienna: Polish agricultural worker Johann Palubniak killed by the Gestapo in Dachau at the age of 31 years.

Name: Palubniak First Name: Johann Date of Birth: 22.06.1909

There are also on the official lists of the dead in Auschwitz: Palubniak Jozef (03/03/1915 - 05/04/1942) Place of birth: Mszana residence Mszana-Bas, Religion: catholic

Palubniak Kornil (23/09/1917 - 09/02/1943) Place of birth: Fate, Residence: Fate, Religion: catholic For Warsaw it was the ghetto that was completely destroyed

Photos by Jean Palubniak

77 This looks a little like ruins Two streams of resistance then emerged. On the one hand, the interior army (AK) subordinate to the government of London (led by General Sikorski and after, its tragic death in 1943 in an unexplained aircraft accident, by Stanislaw Mikolajczyk) By his mistrust of the Soviet Union. On the other hand, with the help of Moscow, the Polish Workers' Party (PFR) led the popular guard, transformed in 1944 into a People's Army (A.L). On 1 January 1944, Fr. Under the impulse of Vladislav Gomulka, was transformed into the National People's Council (KRR), which elected Boleslaw Bierut as its president. On April 19, 1943, the heroic uprising of the Warsaw ghetto broke out, which was crushed by the Germans only after four weeks of fierce struggle.

In 1944, as soon as the first Polish army had crossed the Bug, a National Liberation Committee was formed in Lublin (July 22) and defined its goals: total liberation of the territory, then a socialist regime with a primary objective Agrarian state affecting all the properties of more than 50 ha.

The two heads of the provisional governments of London and Paris were pressed by Stalin to come to an understanding; But this first conference (1 - 10 August) is disturbed by the tragic and partly unexplained episode of the Warsaw uprising.

The population of Warsaw, called to Moscow by insurrection, which later rejected responsibility for the Polish emigrants of London, rose up and stood up to the German troops for sixty-three days. The Red Army assisted without interfering in the crushing of the city and in the death or deportation of almost the entire population: at least 200,000 people perished.

78 In Yalta, on February 11, 1945, the Great Three set the Polish borders, east on the Curzon line, west on the Oder-Neisse line. A government of "national unity" is constituted. The government of London is no longer recognized.

In pink the lands taken back to Germany where our family was moved from Nowica to Stradun. In gray land returned to Ukraine In spite of the overwhelming success of the governmental bloc (the workers', socialist, democrat and peasant parties), two tendencies will clash: that of the head of state, Bierut, and his companions, following the authoritarian model applied by Moscow.That of Gomulka, favorable to the search for an autonomous way towards socialism and which, suspected of Titoism will be pursued.

As early as 1946, industrial enterprises were nationalized. After the commercial agreement with the U.S.S.R and the adoption of a six-year plan, the Stalinist methods are applied: primacy to heavy industry, stakhanovism, close control of the lives of citizens, purges and imprisonments. In 1948, the Secretariat of the Workers' Party, which grew from the Socialist Party, was entrusted to Bierut, who thus cumulated these functions with those of President of the Republic. The Catholic Church, so powerful in Poland, is persecuted. But a modus vivendi was adopted in 1950, as the population as a whole remained faithful to its religion. Poland joined the Communist bloc by joining Comecom on 25 January 1949 and by the Warsaw Pact on 14 May 1955. The relaxation that follows Stalin's death gives rise to the hope of liberalization: Gomulka is rehabilitated. The diet resumes its debates. The wave of freedom that raged in the country resulted in a riot of the workers of Poznan on 28 June 1956. On 15 August a million people gathered around the Catholic shrine of Czestochowa. While the Soviet divisions were in a state of alert and the national army refused obedience to Rokosowski, Khrushchev went to Warsaw. This is the ultimatum. Gomulka saves with skill an explosive situation; He spared 79 his country the fate of Hungary in revolt. Consequently, the country's internal and external position is constantly consolidating. During the years 1956-1959 real wages increased by 29%. Poland was again elected to the Security Council of the United Nations in 1959. With a particularly unfortunate experience, Poland today focuses on preventing what it calls the spirit of revenge of Germany and relying on the Soviet Union encourages the consolidation of the "iron triangle" Poland - Democratic Germany - Czechoslovakia. At the time of the liberalization in Prague, it did not hesitate to join forces with those of the Warsaw Pact to invade a country which it considers a strategic position of the "bloc" of which it is a part.

The events that took place in Gdansk, Gdynia and Szczecin thirty years ago are part of a long series of Polish resistance against communism. It all began with protests against price increases. They have turned into big demonstrations on the streets. The demonstrators were attacked by the militia. The pacification of Gdynia was the bloodiest; Nobody knows how many victims!

The least known side of December 1970 is the seed of self-organization. In the companies the strike committees have formulated lists of postulates, among others, an independent union. In Gdynia the strikers reached an agreement with the local authorities, moreover never respected. The events of December formed Lech Walesa and his colleagues from the Gdansk Shipyard. They took the lesson well and ten years later did not go out on the street. The lesson of December was well engraved in the memory of Edward Gierek who in August 80 did not give the order to use force to break the strikes. The December triumph was a few years later the freedom acquired by Poland in 1989. One of the witnesses of these events wrote a ballad. The text was reprinted and slightly modified by Andrzej Wajda in the film "The Man of Marble".

The sequel you know, it is Poland now ....

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81

Galicia in the 20 Th century

GALICIA’S HERALDS

In 1941, it was invaded and occupied by the German troops. With the help of Ukrainian nationalist militias, Nazi commandos (the SS-Einsatzgruppen) systematically liquidate the large Jewish population, unprecedented in history, by deporting them to concentration camps and extermination camps .

In 1943, the Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler ordered the creation of a Waffen SS Division made up of Ukrainian volunteers from Galicia (SS Galizian Division).

In 1944, Galicia was conquered by the Red Army, which took over Lwów on 28 July.

In 1945 it was cut by the Curzon line (proposed by Lord Curzon during the Paris Peace Conference on December 8, 1919) and adopted during the Yalta Accords, which originated in Lithuania and moved east of Przemysl in Poland And west of Lviv (Lwów) in Galicia. The eastern part of the Curzon line is attached to Ukraine, then one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union.

A history of trauma From a remote province with no history of the Austrian Crown, Galicia was the scene of heartbreaking clashes between the Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish communities during and after the First World War. At the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire a short National Republic of Western Ukraine was formed in October 1918. The new Ukrainian army, the result of the collapse of the Russian empire following the 1917 Revolution, faced the Polish troops who seized the capital and then the entire region in July 1919. During the battle Of Lvov, the Polish soldiers engage in a pogrom for three days. Galicia was then integrated into the eastern territories of Poland freshly reconstituted by the Russian Revolution, forming one of the lands of the kresy, frontier zone or buffer of the Second Republic, populated by colorful minorities. The province lost its Austrian name and disappeared, with West Galicia, under the name of Malopolska ("Lesser Poland"). From the mid-1930s onwards, the ideals of a large multi-ethnic Poland of Pilsudski were overtaken by an aggressive, openly anti-Semitic policy of imposition by violence of the "pacification" of the Ukrainian villages.

82 In 1939, under the secret Molotov-Ribbentrop agreement, while Germany invaded the western half of Poland, the Soviet Union got its hands on its eastern part. This territory is incorporated, following a rigged referendum, into the Soviet Republic of Ukraine. The Soviet Union is pursuing a policy of Ukrainization, but also of forced collectivization and ideological aggression, accompanied by violent repression (deportations, imprisonment, executions), which affects in chronological order the former political and economic elites And Polish intellectuals, then the Ukrainian nationalists. At the end of June 1941, the region was conquered by the Wehrmacht.

Ukrainian nationalists welcome German troops as liberators. However, far from conferring independence on Ukraine, the Nazis very quickly developed a policy of radical elimination of the communists, but also ethnic and racial cleansing, backed by volunteers from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) , Transforming this territory into a very specific test area for killing on the ground and radicalizing "brutalization" of war violence, with significant and voluntary participation by the local population. As soon as the Germans arrived, the local Ukrainian population "took revenge" on the persecution of the NKVD by a series of wild pogroms perpetrated against the Jewish civilian population (24,000 dead).

The Nazis integrated Galicia into the "General Government" of Poland and gradually put in place the "final solution": the 500,000 Jews of Galicia (12% of the population of about 4 million), first gathered in ghettos And labor camps, are mostly shot at the edge of mass graves or annihilated in Bełżec. In addition, 350,000 Poles and Ukrainians are deported to Germany as forced or displaced workers to create a vital and economically viable space, as part of a military and economic strategy that deliberately deliberately killed tens of millions of people, Human beings in the Soviet Union.

The OUN and the UPA (Ukrainian Insurgency Army), which is now moving from collaboration to resistance against the Germans while continuing its struggle against the Soviets and the Russians, are taking advantage of the chaos Plunged the region to get rid of the Polish population (50,000 died first in Volhynia and then in eastern Galicia), where the terror imposed by the guerrillas of the Ukrainian "banditists" (supporters of Stepan Bandera, head of OUN) Stalin set up a policy of deportation of the population at the end of the war. Between 1945 and 1956, 800,000 Poles were "repatriated" , Of which 560 000 are from Galicia, while about 600 000 Ukrainians from the other side of the border (Lemkos) are deported to Ukraine (mostly to Galicia) or dispersed during the "Vistula Action" Akcj A Wisła) in the territories that Poland has recovered from Germany.

Galicia, land of emigration and cradle of celebrities

Galicia has been a land of emigration since the middle of the nineteenth century. A considerable proportion of the "Galicians" are today outside Galicia. Nearly one million Ukrainian Galicians, known as "Ruthenians", emigrated at the turn of the century to the United States, Canada and Western Europe, as did many Galician Galicians. Chicago, Milwaukee, Philadelphia, New York have become major centers of Galician emigration. Of the 800,000 pre-World War I Galician Jews, 200 to 300,000 fled pogroms and wars to the western capitals and the United States between 1880 and 1914.

Because of the possibilities of education and social advancement offered by the Austrian monarchy to all its minorities, the reputation of Galicia was also based on the fact that it was the fertile soil for the constitution of a Intelligentsia (Austrian, Polish, Russian-Ukrainian or Jewish). Galicia was the laboratory of modern national movements, Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish. In view of the subsequent persecutions, the period of the Austro-Hungarian empire is retrospectively an era of freedom.

Galicia has also benefited from the notoriety of its leading figures, who have often left it in their social and cultural ascent, or have become key symbols in their respective national 83 cultures: the German-speaking Joseph Roth and Martin Buber, Polish-speakers Gerda Taro, Joseph Wittlin and Bruno Schulz, Ukrainian-speakers Ivan Franko, Vasyl Stefanik and Martovitch, plus Hebrew-speaking writers Shmuel Yosef Agnon and Aharon Appelfeld, and Yiddish writers Moyshe Leyb Halpern, Melekh Ravitsh and Uri Tsi Grinberg, not to mention the pleiad of the Galician Yiddish school of the beginning of the century. There are also more exotic figures like politicians (Karl Radek, Isaac Deutscher, or Maximilien Rubel), or authors who have been the subject of a more recent "re-discovery", such as the German-speaking Galicia, multi-ethnic (certainly German-centered) Karl Emil Franzos and Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, and the post-war memorials Soma Morgenstern and Manes Sperber, as well as Polish novelists Andrzej Kusniewicz and Julian Stryjkowski. Andy Warhol was born to Ruthenian parents (who could be today the Czech Republic) immigrated to the United States in 1921. Andy Warhola is actually called Andy Warhola (actually after a lemko name which appears in 1785 in a Large number of villages).

Good and of course there are the PALUBNIAKS who have not been unworthy in the notoriety.

These Galicians have carried the name of their "little country" throughout the world, while singing multiculturalism before the letter, religious, cultural and ethnic pluralism, seen through the lens of the extinct community. Thus, the Jewish shtetl, the large Polish aristocratic landholding, the German-speaking or Polish-speaking colony or polonophone island in the Ukrainian "sea", or the past splendor of the regional metropolises of Cracow or Lvov embody a lost Arcadia of Childhood or Atlantis submerged by the onslaught of evil (war, communism, Hitler's occupation).

Although the Ukrainian emigrant organizations in the United States and Canada, like the Jews, have not suffered an attempt at total annihilation, they perpetuate a memory centered on the persecution of Ukrainians by the Poles and Russians, The Soviets and glorify the UPA, or even the SS-Galizian division, as a pole of anti-Soviet resistance. In the Soviet Union, Eastern Galicia, divided into three oblasts (Lviv, Ternopil and Ivano- Frankivsk), formed with Transcarpathia the "Western Ukraine". Relegated to an eccentric corner of the national territory which, with the cultural capitals of the Soviet world, now extends to the East, it undergoes Sovietization.

84 Historical summary of those who reigned over Galicia to remember better Vladimir le Grand (980-1015) Boleslaw le Vaillant (1015-1031) Rurikides Iaroslav le Sage (1031-1054) Rostislav le Brave (1054-1067) Volodar (1084-1124), son of Rostislav Vladimir (1124-1152), Founder of the principality of Galicia Yaroslav I "Osmomysl", (1153-1187) Vladimir I (1187-1188) Roman le Grand (1199-1205) Daniel (1211-1213) Prince Daniel (1229-1264) king Lev ou Léon (1269-1301) Youri Ier (1301-1308) André (1308-1323) Maria (1323-1341) Wife of Trojden de Masovie

Kings of Poland Piast Casimir III, le Grand (1333-1370) Anjou Louis d'Anjou (1370-1382) Jagellons Jadwiga (1384-1399) Wladislav II Jagellon (1384-1434) Wladislaw III Jagellon (1434-1444) Casimir IV (1446-1492) Jean-Albert Ier (1492-1501) Alexandre I (1501-1506) Sigismond le Vieux (1506-1548) Sigismond II Auguste (1548-1572) Elected Kings Henri de Valois (1573-1574) – Henri III Etienne Bathory (1575-1586) Sigismond III Vasa (1587-1632) Wladislaw IV Vasa (1632-1648) Jean II Casimir Vasa (1648-1669) Michel Korybut Wisniowiecki (1669-1673) Jean III Sobieski (1674-1696) Auguste II von Wettin (1697-1704) Stanislas I Leszczynski (1704-1709) Auguste III von Wattin (1709-1733) Stanislas II Leszczynski (1733-1733) Auguste III von Wettin (1733-1763) Stanislas Poniatowski (1763-1772)

1921 : Rattachement à la Pologne 1939 : Annexion par l'Union soviétique 1941 : Annexion par l'Allemagne 1945 : Rattachement à la République socialiste soviétique d’Ukraine 1991 : Oblasts de Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil

85 The situation of the Lemkos in Poland after 1956

In 1957-58, about five thousand families of Lemkos were able to return to their regions of origin in eastern Poland.

While the Polish census of 2002/2003 shows only 5,855 Lemkos (each self-identified), there are estimates of up to 100,000 Lemkos in total living today in Poland and up to 10 000 of them in the Łemkowszczyzna. The biggest Lemko groups live in the villages of Łosie, Krynica, Nowica, Zdynia, Gładyszów, Hańczowa, Zyndranowa, Uście Gorlickie, Bartne, Bielanka and in the eastern part of the Łemkowszczyzna: Mokre, Szczawne, Kulaszne, Rzepedź, Turzańsk, Komańcza. Also in cities: Sanok, Nowy Sącz and Gorlice.

Small note, I put in bold the villages where one finds the name of Palubniak

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Second part

Chapter V - Family Apparitions

The parish registers Novycja in Russian, Nowica in Polish

Gorlice District, now in southern Poland

Lemko Surnames quoted by Krasovs'kyj from 1787 Austrian cadastral records

1. Bieguniak / Bigunjak (3 families) Bieguniak / Bigunjak (3 families) 2. Byszko / Biszko / Byshko (2 families) Byszko / Biszko / Byshko (2 families) 3. Brenia / Brenja Brenia / Brenja 4. Haluszczak / Halusczak / Haluszak / Halushchak Haluszczak / Halusczak / Haluszak / Halushchak 5. Holod / Golod (2 families) Holod / Golod (2 families) 6. Gulik / Gulyk Gulik / Gulyk 7. Kadylo Kadylo 8. Karlak / Karljak (5 families) Karlak / Karljak (5 families) 9. Kleczko / Kljachko Kleczko / Kljachko 10. Koltko (2 families) Koltko (2 families) 11. Kopcza / Kopcha (2 families) Kopcza / Kopcha (2 familles) 12. Krolewski / Krolevs'kyj (2 families) Krolewski / Krolevs'kyj (2 familles) 13. Machnicz / Makhnych Machnicz / Makhnych 14. Myczko / Mycko / Mychko Myczko / Mycko / Mychko 15. Michniak / Mykhnjak Michniak / Mykhnjak 16. Obuchanicz / Obuchaniec / Obukhanych Obuchanicz / Obuchaniec / Obukhanych 17. Palubniak / Palubnjak Palubniak / Palubnjak 18. Pelegryn / Pelegryn Pelegryn / Pelegryn 19. Potocki / Potots'kyj Potocki / Potots'kyj 20. Romanik / Romanyk (2 families) Romanik / Romanyk (2 familles) 21. Sembratowicz / Sembratovych Sembratowicz / Sembratovych 22. Sysko ( 2 families) Sysko (2 familles) 23. Suchyi / Suchiy / Suchy / Sukhyj Suchyi / Suchiy / Suchy / Sukhyj 24. Tyszkanicz / Tyshkanych Tyszkanicz / Tyshkanych 25. Tucza / Tucha Tucza / Tucha 26. Ferenc / Ferenz / Ferents Ferenc / Ferenz / Ferents 27. Feciura / Fetsjura (2 families) Feciura / Fetsjura (2 familles) 28. Hanas / Hanasz / Khanas Hanas / Hanasz / Khanas 29. Chowaniec / Chowanec / Howaniec / Khovanets' Chowaniec / Chowanec / Howaniec / Khovanets ' 30. Szwec / Szwiec / Szewc / Shvets' Szwec / Szwiec / Szewc / Shvets ' 31. Jarosz / Jarosh (2 families) Jarosz / Jarosh (2 familles) 32. Jaceczak / Jatsechak (2 families) Jaceczak / Jatsechak (2 familles)

87 Parish of data: [de Blazejowskyj and Iwanusiw]

It was "Saint Paraskevija" [1843] [still standing] The wooden church was renovated in 1927. It replaced an old church that already existed in 1791 when the presbytery was built and the priest had left PRYSLIP. There was also a wooden chapel that was built in 1889. From 1967 services were only celebrated 3 times a year, but since 1984 there have been regular services - even though the mountain roads are barely usable in winter.

In 1785, the land of the village comprised 10.05 km ². It was composed of 385 Greek Roman Catholics and Catholics and 5 Jews.

1840 - 719 Greek Catholics

1859 - 640 Greek Catholics

1879 - 663 Greek Catholics

1899 - 725 Greek Catholics

1926 - 675 Greek Catholics

1936 - 830 Greek Catholics

In 1936 there were 2 Roman Catholics, 3 Jews and 6 Protestants The village was incorporated into the Lemko Apostolic Administration in 1934. Branch church located 2 km away from PRYSLIP

The PALUBNIAK A little bit of Genealogy First appearances: the Palubniak

In 1797 was born Joannes Palubniak, brother of Theodor Palubniak and son of Andreas Palubniak (1771 - 1831) and Tecla in Nowica.

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On April 25, 1851 was born Andreas Palubniak son of Theodor Palubniak (1804) and Eva Michniak in Nowica

It was the father of Victor Palubniak (1886-1946) our grandfather.

Between 1787 and 1872 a large number of Palubniak appeared in the registers of the Greek Catholic Church of Nowica. The first who appears is PALUBNIAK PAWEL on January 24, 1787, a 60 year old widower who will marry a widow aged 30 named MARIANNA ROMASZKO. They will have no children. Then in 1794 appears PALUBNIAK DAMIAN who will become the godfather of many children as well as ANDRZEJ. In fact DAMIAN and ANDRZEJ must be the children of PAWEL from a first marriage. ANDRZEJ married TEKLA and between 1817 and 1827 had a large number of children and among these were noted: JULIEN PALUBNIAK (dies in 1856) BAZYLI PALUBNIAK (1867) ROZALIA PALUBNIAK (dies in 1864) PIOTR PALUBNIAK (dies in 1872) and will marry JULIANA JASZECZAK, they will have a daughter in 1860 MARIANNA PALUBNIAK and TECLA in 1854.

ANDRZEJ PALUBNIAK (1771-1831) married with TECLA MADZYNIAK (1778-1828). They will also have a son named BASYLI PALUBNIAK (1811) who will marry ANNA HALUSZCZAK. They will have Andrzej who marries Anastasia RUSYNAK. They will have a son PIOTR(1908-1963 )who will marry KATAZYNA PENKALA who will have a son WACLAV(1930-2007) (he has lived in Bielanka) who will have a son who is no other than PALUBNIAK STANISLAS(1954) currently living in PREMYSL in Poland and who will confirm that everyone is from Nowica. This one has a son who is called PIOTR(1976) married to Iwona LICHOTA (1980) they have a son PATRYK and a girl MALGORZATA (1980) married to Pawel KRYZINSKI.

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Here is WACLAV, STANISLAS, PATRICK and his son PALUBNIAK of BIELANKA

MARGARETTE is getting married (see photo on the right)

JAN PALUBNIAK born in 1865, son of TEODOR PALUBNIAK PAWEL PALUBNIAK born in 1872, son of STEFAN PALUBNIAK.

Our origins on the PALUBNIAK side As far as we are concerned, it is not very easy, the known ancestor is TEODOR PALUBNIAK married to EWA MICHNIAK who had a son Andrzej PALUBNIAK. In my investigation I find him married to Theodosia Chowaniec. He is likely to have a daughter MARY PALUBNIAK. Then another girl named EFROSA PALUNBIAK.

Finally our grandfather WICTOR PALUBNIAK WIKTOR PALUBNIAK born 23 November 1886, son of ANDRZEJ PALUBNIAK and THEODOSIA CHOWANIEC who married TEODORA BRENIA, 18 year old daughter of LUKA BRENIA and LUKIA PAWLIK of NOWICA.

A confirmation is obtained in the documents of Ellis Island because Wictor PALUBNIAK will join his brother-in-law Nicolas Sekelsky in 1904 who is married to his sister Mary in 1901 so she is already in New York before, then it is the turn of Efrosa PALUBNIAK who went in 1906 to join his brother Wictor.

This information comes from the civic file of the town hall of USKIE GORLIKIE but they are written in Russian and are often many mistakes.

Another source is the Mormon file, followed by a field investigation by Stanislas Palubniak and information given by MARIUSZ PALUBNIAK.

90 THE BRENIA A little genealogy

In 1786 appeared Joannes Brenia son of Hyacinth Brenia and Agatha Machnicz

In 1835 was born Andreas Brenia son of Joannes Brenia and Makrina Kopcza

It was the father of Lukasz Brenia who will be the father of our grandmother Theodora Brenia

We can see that André Brenia married Marianna Bihuniak and Joannes Bihuniak married Marianna Brenia the same day on 3 March 1861.

There, the story begins in 1798 and even a little before, because we find JOANES BRENIA born in 1798 and who died in 1859.

He is the son of JACOBIS BRENIA and ANASTASIA MACHNYCZ.

Nevertheless there would have been a BRENIA HIACINTH too but the traces are difficult to find.

91 From the long line of BRENIA will follow:

BRENIA ANDRZEJ who will have many children:

BRENIA ORENA 1886-1966

BRENIA PETRUS 1877 -1955

BRENIA LUKAS 1874 - 1929 who marries LUCJA PAWLIC

In 1914 the Austrian authorities arrested and imprisoned 7 people from Nowica in an internment camp in Thalerhof near Graz in Austria. Among them was Lukasz Brenia.

Talerhof was an internment camp in the Austrian province of Styria (now under the Graz airport), operated by the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Government from 1914 to 1917. The camp mainly welcomed Russian-speaking people and families of Galicia, among whom were at least 1915 * Lemkos (some sources say 5,000) from 151 villages.

Among the incarcerated Lemkos, 168 died and many others had their health destroyed. In September 1914 almost all Russian-oriented Lemkos,the intelligentsia was arrested by the Austrian authorities.

Among them were priests (Havryil Hnatyshak, Teofil * Kachmarchyk, Dymytrii * Khyliak, Vasylii * Kuryllo, Mykolai * Malyniak, Vasylii * Mastsiukh, Tyt * Myshkovskii, Ioann Polianskii, Olympii Polianskii and Roman Pryslopskii) (Yaroslav * Kachmarchyk, Teofil '* Kuryllo) and cultural activists (Nikolai * Hromosiak, Dymytrii * Kachor, Simeon * Pysh, Metodii * Trokhanovskii, Dymytrii * Vyslotskii. All were suspected of possible collaboration with the Russian Tsarist army which had invaded Galicia at the beginning of the First World War.

In May 1917, the Talerhof camp was closed by order of the Emperor Charles I (1916-1918). The barracks were not dismantled until 1936, however. The 1767 corpses which were exhumed were buried again in a common grave in the neighboring Austrian village of Feldkirchen.

In 1924 and 1934 days of Talerhof commemoration took place in Lviv. Four volumes of a commemorative book were published, Talergofskii al'manakh (1924-1932, reed 1964) and a Talerhof (1928) museum in Lviv under the direction of Adriian * Kopystianskii, containing the physical artifacts of the camp’s detainees and archival documents (diaries, letters, photographs, memoirs).

Extract of : Talergofsky Almanah (http://www.zaistinu.ru/old/ukraine/church/almanah1- x.shtml)

п Новица. Устье Русское. = Nowica Сембратовичъ Стефанъ "Василій о.Городецкій, теперь парохъ о. Дынова ,, Надежда

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Ячичакъ Стефанъ = Yachichak stefan (Jaczeczak)

Бреня Лука = >Brenia Lucasz

Карлякъ Стефанъ, ум. 18. 1. 1915 = Karlak stefan died 18 January 1915

Прислопъ, п. Устье Русское. =Prislop

Пелехачъ Іоаннъ = Pelehach Іoann

Зватиканичъ Константинъ = Konstantin Zvatikanich

Крайнякъ Марко, ум. 23. 1 1915 = Kraynyak Marco died l 23 January 1915

.

Famine was permanent because they received only one meal a day, which consisted of a clear soup with some added rice and a piece of bread.

The soup was thin, watery and served in bowls, but they received no spoons. As time passed, they cut spoons out of pieces of wood that they found.

People die every day both of hunger and unsanitary conditions. They caught colds from sleeping in the mud or on the cold earth. They started bleeding from the nose, mouth, fingers and toes. Typhus made its appearance. They tried to clean themselves, but could only wash with the rags they wore dipped in water only as there was no soap. A dozen people died every day from hunger and disease. Women and children were forced to watch the men being hanged.

93 .

Many people went mad and others committed suicide. The bodies of all those who died were thrown into a common grave and the ground was leveled so that no evidence remained. No memorial or prayer services were allowed on their graves. In fact, none of the relatives or friends were allowed to accompany their loved one’s body to the grave.

We were lucky, because Lukasz Brenia, our great-grandfather, is a survivor of this camp. The chances of history allowed us to be here today...

And he will have 5 girls including TEODORA BRENIA who will marry W.PALUBNIAK.

ANNA –MARIA –TEODORA – PAULINA - ROZA

BRENIA

94

A little genealogy, here is my own ascending tree :

The nationality of our family until the beginning of the 20th century 1 ° POLISH until 1772 2 ° AUSTRIAN from 1772 to 1914 3 ° RUSSIAN from 1914 to 1915 4 ° AUSTRO GERMAN from 1915 to 1918 5 ° LEMKO from 1918 to 1919 6 ° POLISH from 1919 to 1939 7 ° FRENCH and POLISH since the 60s

In 1772, during the first partition of Poland, Galicia became Austrian and remained so until 1914.

Well then, Theodora BRENIA was Austrian because born on 3 May 1903.

In 1914, it was conquered by the Russian imperial army during the first military operations of the First World War.

Then Theodora becomes Russian again.

In 1915, it was taken over by the Austro-German army.

95 Now she is Austrian and German.

In 1918 the Republic of the Lemkos was proclaimed but would last only one year.

In 1919, it was conquered by the Poles who encountered Ukrainian nationalist formations.

So when she gets married, she's Polish

In 1921, by the Treaty of Rīgas, it was declared a Polish land and remained so until 1939. Hey! Daddy got away with all this, being born in 1922, he is Polish.

In 1939, after the crushing of Poland, it was annexed by the Soviet Union under the German- Soviet Pact.

It should also be remembered that in this remote period when we were Austro-Hungarian there was no border between Galicia and Slovakia and that PALUBNIAK could also be written PALUBNJAK and that Nikolaj Sekelski (brother-in-law of VICTOR PALUBNIAK our grandfather) has its origins in Slovakia today.

There is still research to be done on this side.

Our grandmother had 4 sisters: Anna who stayed in Poland and who died in TRZCIANKA and three other sisters MARIA, PAULINA and ROZA. These last three were "evacuated" in Ukraine (diplomatic term used).

BRENIA MARIA, elder sister of our deceased grandmother died in RYCHCICE Her offsprings would be about a hundred kilometers from DROHOBYCZ.

BRENIA PAULINA (Pawlina in Ukrainian) ,younger sister of Teodora our grandmother. This is Pawlina Lukianivna BIHUNIAK (daughter of Lukacz Brenia). She was born in Nowica on 7 April 1908 and died in Rychice at the age of 93 on 10 October 2001. She leaves two daughters and a son. - HELENA who had 4 children: Sergiej, Wolodia, Swiata and Nadia - METRO (1932-2003) who had 2 children Bogdan and Petiat - ANTOSIA (13/11/1939) 3 children Wolodia, Helena and Stepan, this same Stepan had 3 children, Igor Witalij and Wiroczka (deceased)

Paulina’s daughters:

Helena Antosia

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Helena Pawlina Antosia

BRENIA ROZA ,last younger sister of Téodora born in Nowica and died in Rychcice in 1950 Her husband Seman Bihuniak is said to have died in 1947 in Rychcice Roza leaves 3 sons and 2 daughters

- Bihuniak Stefania born in Nowica in 1933 Stefan had many children including Michailo who died 22 years ago, Igor who lives in Estonia, Halina, Lesia, Onpt and Stepan - Bihuniak Maria born in Nowica who has 2 children, Halina and Ruslan - Bihuniak Andrzej who lives in Rychcice - Bihuniak Stepan died in 2009 - Bihuniak Ivan born in Kurhan near Lebedyn in northern Ukraine

Roza’s daughters:

Maria Bihuniak Stefania Bihuniak

THE AMERICAN GETAWAY OF OUR GRAND FATHER

WIKTOR PALUBNIAK leaves for America on 21 FEBRUARY 1904

On board the Chemnitz (it is the real one in this picture) he is 17 years old then.

97

He embarks from Bremen for Ellis Island.

Apparently, he went there to join his brother-in-law, Nicolaj Sekelsky in Newark 142 Hudson Street.

Nicolaj Sekelsky married his sister, Mary Palubniak on 25 August 1901 in Manhattan, New York.

His boat left Bremen on February 6, 1904 and arrived at Ellis Island on February 21, 1904

98 Of course these houses are not one hundred years old, but this is the actual street (it has completely changed).

99

Here is the original manifesto at Ellis Island - line 21 - we're already on file ...

100

Wiktor Palubniak our grandfather who will join his brother-in-law Nicolas Sekelski who himself married Mary Palubniak his sister.

If the proof of the same father is easy to establish, it is otherwise FOR maternal filiation. For Mary would be the daughter of Andrzej Palubniak, our great-grandfather and Justina Chovanec.

Our great-grandfather would have had three women so far.

Nicolaj and Mary will have two daughters Pauline (1914) and Betty Sekelski

This girl Pauline will marry Frank Stolarczuk as Betty becomes Russel, which is much harder to find

They will have a daughter Pamela Stolarczuk who will marry Paul Vitkus

Pamela and Paul Vitkus will have a son, Brandon Vitkus

In this kind of voyage, we can see that PALUBNIAK EFROSA will travel with people of Nowica: MICHNIAK TEKLA, MACHNICZ

Arrived on December 29, 1906 in New York departing from Bremen with the boat CASSEL

The CASSEL

101

On this manifesto it will be noted that PALUBNIAK EFROSA will join her brother WIKTOR PALUBNIAK

102 BACK TO POLAND

WICTOR PALUBNIAK will return to Poland like many of his compatriots.

In the meantime, he was a soldier in the Austrian army with a uniform that could look like this:

Thanks to Mr. Maksimowitch for the photo.

He will marry his first wife Marie PALUBNIAK and will have three children

ANDRZEJ will marry MARIA MICHNIAK on November 26, 1932. They will have a son DYMITR who was born on September 27, 1932 and a daughter MELANIA. Andrzej will remarry with ANNA KRIL in 1945. They live in RYKHTYCHI near DROHOBYCZ in Ukraine.

ANDRZEJ PALUBNIAK (1908 – 1948) AND MARIA MICHNIAK

103

MELANIA PALUBNIAK (1937-2017) and ANDRII BICHKO (1931-1997)

MARIA BICHKO VITUSHYNSKA YVAN VITUSHINSKI (1955-1982)

ALINA VITUSHINSKA IVANNA VITUSHINSKA

STOPIA PAUBNIAK was born in Nowica and died in 1994, this one will have a daughter ALICJA who would be a pediatrician and who has a daughter Wiera ...

METRO PALUBNIAK or Dimitri born in Nowica, he will have 3 sons ANDRZEJ, SERIOZA AND WALERY. They would be living in Ukraine.

SEMAN or Szymon (Simon) born on 29-07-1911 who lived in a neighboring village named RYCHWALD at the time and who took its Polish name today from OWCZARY. He was part of the trip to Ukraine in 1946 where one finds descendants.

Namely, HALINA, LENA, MARUSSIA, LUDA His children live in different parts of Ukraine

LUKASZ born on 11-04-1913 and baptized on 20-04-1913, died on February 21, 1937 from tuberculosis in Huta Wysowska, however, he will have a son named WLADISLAW who was born on 2 February 1935 who still lives with his family in WYSOVA, a small village close to the Slovakian border.

104 LUKASZ PALUBNIAK will marry in WYSOVA on 28 February 1935 a first time with PAULINA OKARMA this will be the mother of WLADISLAW.

Anna Sycz - Paulina Palubniak born Okarma - Wladislaw Palubniak

After the death of Lukasz Palubniak, Okarma Palubniak, mother of Wladislaw will marry Andrezej Sycz and will have a daughter, Anna

Wladyslaw Palubniak 1970 Juin 2011

THE FOLLOWING GENERATIONS IN POLAND

Wladislaw Palubniak will have three children: Palubniak Mariusz, here with Kacper and Kinga.

105 Conversation on SKYPE in July 2011

Who has three children:

DAWID PALUBNIAK : 20 years old

KINGA PALUBNIAK :17 years old

KACPER PALUBNIAK :14 years old

106

The whole family of Palubniak Mariusz.

Mariusz still lives in Wysova, Poland.

Palubniak Elzbieta Rubis, 51 years old

107

Who has two children HENRYK ,25 years old and RENATA,23years old.

HENRYK RENATA

THANKS TO FACEBOOK for this 21st century advance.

Palubniak Tomasz 37 year old

Who has two children : JULITA ET

JUSTYNA

108

World Historical Reminder In Germany it is William II (1888-1918) In France, it is the Clémenceau ministries In Britain it is Edward VII In Belgium it is Albert I In China it is Sut-Yat-Sen and the Chinese Republic

WIKTOR PALUBNIAK built two houses in 1918, one of which was to be used as a store selling spirits.

Pascal Palubniak and Mariusz Palubniak outside the house of our grandfather Victor Palubniak

Photo by Stanislas Palubniak

109

AFTER THE DEATH OF MARY, HIS FIRST WIFE: Marriage of Victor PALUBNIAK and Theodora BRENIA on September 28, 1921

Wiktor Palubniak was the leader of Nowica, maybe the mayor (this would be the equivalent today)

We can also note for the village of Nowica and its church that donations were made by: Petro Palubniak 10 dollars

Lukasz Brenia 5 dollars

Tedora Bihuniak 5 dollars

Iwan Palubniak 5 dollars

House of Mélanie Zuraw in Nowica where Jean Palubniak stayed before 1939 .

Birth of Jean Palubniak on 6 July 1922 in Nowica, Galicia, Poland Birth of Marie Palubniak in Nowica, Galicia Birth of Milka Palubniak in Nowica, Galicia

110

Here is the map of Poland in 1922

For the time being, Wictor Palubniak and Teodora Brenia sell spirits in Nowica and that is in the directory of 1929.

111

WIKTOR PALUBNIAK IS ALSO A LOCAL CHARACTER, HE IS IN THE TOWN COUNCIL OF NOWICA. It is also with this directory that we learn that: The Zuraw are cart makers The Bieguniak are shoemakers The Potocki are millers and brush makers And that the landowner is called Goldman Dawid

DURING THIS TIME JEAN PALUBNIAK IS STUDYING.

FIRST IN PRIMARY SCHOOL WITH A NICE HAT

112

THEN TO SECONDARY SCHOOL

113

Life in Poland

Manufacture of wooden spoons - The 2 Stefans (Zuraw and Zimowski) and Mary Zuraw

114

THE DEPARTURE FROM POLAND FOR UKRAINE A. DEATH OF WICTOR While WIKTOR PALUBNIAK had gone to LEBEDYN in the SOUMY Oblast in UKRAINE he died in 1946 of a heart attack. He is with his last son of the first bed, Andrzej.

He was in a sort of Kolkhoze but we do not know any more about it.

DEATH OF LUKASZ PALUBNIAK, SON OF WIKTOR PALUBNIAK, CHILD FROM A FIRST BED IN 1944.

In the region of Nowica near Gorlice it was a somewhat cloudy period in 1946. This document is a public notice for the district of Gorlice which recalls the agreement of 9 September 1944 on the exchange of population between Poland and Russia. These include the Ukrainians and the "Rusini", in other words the Lemkos, who must be deported according to a certain schedule and according to their villages. All resistants will be deported by "administrative route".

115 Wictor Palubniak must have been part of the trip and for this reason he must have found himself in the Ukraine mines near Lebedyn .

B. THE DESCENDANTS OF ANDRZEJ PALUBNIAK

Andrzej Palubniak gives birth to Mélanie Palubniak who marries Bichko They have three children - Maria - Volodimir - Mihailo

C. Soviet deportation to Kazakhstan of Palubniak Dymitr, brother of Melania who will have three children: Andrej, Serozia and Walery

The second wave of forced exile of Poles to Kazakhstan began in the thirties of the 20th century. Following the delimitation of the eastern border of the Second Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita), more than 600,000 Poles or citizens of Poland found themselves within the borders of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic. In 1926, the Soviet authorities established an autonomous Polish district (as well as in Belarus), with the administrative center Marchlevsk (Dołbysz). This district was maintained until 1934-1935, when the collectivization of the Polish peasants began, calling them "enemies of the people" according to the nomenclature of the NKVD, and later, "Catholic opponents".

In 1936, Stalin took the political decision to deport the "anti-revolutionary" Poles in Central Asia, a repression that affected them very strongly in 1937-38, on the sidelines of the preventive strategy against the Nazi attack on the Volga Germans , The Tatars, the Koreans and the peoples of the Caucasus to prevent any collusion with the enemy. It included a total of some 70,000 people in the Ukrainian Republic alone, of which 36,000 were sent to Kazakhstan. The 35,000 Poles who were exiled to Uzbekistan came mainly from the region of Perm and the Autonomous Republic of the Maris.

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After several weeks of travel by train, they were deposited in an uninhabited and deserted steppe where nothing had been planned for their reception. The degree of mortality among the deportees, given the very difficult geographical and sanitary conditions was therefore particularly high. While many Poles have survived, it is only thanks to the help of the indigenous Kazakh people, according to the testimony of the survivors.

These political deportees are now subject to constant monitoring and control by the NKVD, who are obliged to report regularly to the militia and are limited in their movements. With their only status as specposelenia (special settlement) or politemigranty (political emigrants), their fundamental rights are not recognized and they are subject to various prohibitions such as contacting their families in Poland, communicating in Polish Or practicing the Catholic religion, punishable by internment in the camp, some of which will be located in Kazakhstan (in Karaganda, for example), placed directly under the supervision of the political police

A third wave of Polish displacements took place following the investment of the Polish eastern border by the Soviet army on 17 September 1939 and the German-Soviet Pact. The Soviet authorities then launched a series of very rapid and well-organized arrests. This time, besides the specific operation against the Polish soldiers, the target is more particularly constituted by members of the Polish intelligentsia, landowners, representatives of the Church, officers of the Polish army, The wealthiest, but also the most influential, layers of Polish society at the time. This wave of repression will last until January 1941. According to O.A Gorjanova of the Russian Memorial Association, 108,000 people will be arrested in East Ukraine and Belarus as "counter-revolutionaries". Transfers of population took place in February, April and June 1940, the last transport in June 1941. According to another study, between 1940 and 1941, a total of 260,000 Polish citizens were reportedly deported to the east, where they would have enjoyed the special status of "evacuees", which distinguished them from other populations collectively stigmatized by Stalin.

The results of the survey conducted by Mémorial in 1993-94 diverge on the figures. Thus, 180,000 Poles or Polish nationals would have been affected by the repressions before September 17, 1939 and between 510,000 and 540,000 after that date. Among them, some 190,000 Poles from the eastern regions of Poland and Ukraine were reportedly sent to Central Asia, with some of them having a more enviable status than that reserved for "counter- revolutionaries" or "traitors to the fatherland".

The first returns to Poland: the post-war years

On January 23, 1942, the signing of the treaty between the USSR and the Polish government in exile, called the Sikorski Treaty, would change the fate of thousands of Poles in Kazakhstan. This bilateral treaty would partly resolve the issue of the return of the "evacuees" of the third wave. A part of the Polish civilian population in Kazakhstan was able to return to Europe, mainly in England, via the Persian Corridor, backed by the army of General Władysław Anders, who formed the Polish Second Corps based in Yangiyul, Uzbekistan, and worked for the return of Polish evacuees to their homeland. Other groups returned after the signing of the Polish-Soviet agreement of 6 July 1945 and then in accordance with the joint declaration of 18 November 1956.

However, all Polish citizens who had been interned in the 1930s remained in Kazakhstan and who, claiming Soviet citizenship, were not covered by the force of the aforementioned bilateral conventions. In the winter of 1943, ex-deported or evacuated Poles, some of whom had even freely regrouped in Kazakhstan, were able to find employment there, especially in the kolkhozes, because they had a Soviet passport, unlike many Soviet citizens, including collective farmers.

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However, the situation of Poles remaining in Kazakhstan did not really develop until 1956, after Stalin's death and above all the abolition of the status of specposelinia at the 20th Congress of the CPSU. The Soviet authorities then removed the extraordinary control and allowed the distribution of identity cards, which is not without a certain number of problems of recognition of identity. However, as early as 1955, the Polish priests who had been freed from the camps had settled in Kazakhstan and were clandestinely serving in place of the women who had replaced them in their absence. In 1959 their civil rights were reinstated, some of them decided to return to Ukraine, others stayed in Kazakhstan, where they concentrated in cities such as Kokchetav, Tselinograd (future Astana) and Karaganda where the Polish language gained the status of Language of instruction at the local university.

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THE DEPARTURE FROM POLAND FOR FRANCE

But it is time to leave the country, the war threatens and TEODORA is already in France to prepare the ground.

JEAN PALUBNIAK left Poland around 1930 with a group of eleven children for whom he was responsible during the train journey via Austria.

Here are the vintage photos for school and passport.

His two sisters MARIE and MILKA are already in France.

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Chapter VI - The end of the twentieth century is calmer

In France

From Nowica to Dammarie-les-Lys Dammarie-les-Lys, because it seems to be a Polish immigration city.

First in 1830 and then in 1848, then between the two wars, that is us and finally after the war.

This town is a working town where there are steel factories like Delattre and Frouard or Everitube Ideal Standard.

Beautiful youth for these young exiled Lemkos

Palubniak jean (3rd from left )- beautiful team in antique swimsuits

In 1942 during the war, Willi Lezoch, a Pole dressed up by the German army to occupy Dammarie-les-lys.

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What a charmer !

So classy !! Unequivocal

Looks like the sisters. And here is mom!

And of course I did not put all the pictures ...

121 Business in Dammarie les lys

Here is the first shop of Teodora Palubniak arriving ain Dammarie-les-lys

In addition it was necessary to work at Delattre and Frouard At the American camp

Rooms for rent - later

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Teodora Palubniak with her latest fiancé behind the house - he was young once too and had a beautiful Polish military suit. He was a little fiery, he told me that when he was a prisoner of the Germans in Dammarie-les-lys , he was unloading a coal truck, and as the Germans asked him to go faster, he threw shovels of coal at them right on their heads, which earned him a few days' imprisonment. That's what grandmother probably liked about him.

The shop of Téodora Palubniak kept by John.

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IN 1949 WEDDING OF JEAN PALUBNIAK AND SUZANNE SITNIK.

Group photo with everyone

Official Photo Suzanne was 16 years old once too

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Dad drank MOSS PILS at the bar with Jean, let’s say the last fiance of Theodora

There has even been times when Granny agreed to a photo with Mom

PALUBNIAK JEAN (3 generations) SUZANNE PALUBNIAK SITNIK

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MARIE PALUBNIAK VINCENT MILKA PALUBNIAK PREDKO

Marie gets married to Mr Vincent Milka marries Mr Predko

As time goes ......

126 The second generation THE PALUBNIAK

First we were small like everyone

We even had a dog (Michka) There were still trees in the street

Weren’t we cute then, as little rascals ?

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And then we grew up, and the world changed, too....

It was necessary to bite into life in music

And finally it did not turn out too badly but it was necessary to have a haircut, resume one’s studies and find a job.

Pascal (12-05-53). Here it is me with my wife Colette Dehandschoewercker in Prague. I told you 425 years ago that it would happen.

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Michel Palubniak born 06-08-1950 did not have a military career despite a service in Germany

Michel -- there too 

Nicole Palubniak had no career in show business…

Yes, this is the same one  … despite promising beginnings, but a career at the courthouse is nearly the same.

SINCLAIR VOURIOT (Mayor of St Thibault des Vignes and Departmental Councilor of Seine and Marne)

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The VINCENT : The children of Mary Palubniak

ANNICK VINCENT AND HER HUSBAND ANDRE MIGOT

CHRISTINE VINCENT AND HER HUSBAND Well , OLIVIER AND HIS WIFE ARE MISSING The PREDKO : The child of Milka Palubniak

JEAN MICHEL PREDKO AND HIS WIFE

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FINALLY THE FOLLOWING GENERATIONS the second generation born in France

The PALUBNIAK - VOURIOT

Charlotte Karen Johanna

The PALUBNIAK - PALUBNIAK

Alexandre (often globe-trotting and designer at the same time)

AND THE FOLLOWING and this is the third generation

Maya, Timoté, Noa and many more to come.

ANTOINE 15 November 2010, son of JOHANNA VOURIOT

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It’s getting crowdy...

Happy New Year 2006

So much for the Palubniak in France, that’s a lot of people... Even in 2008 ... how time flies!

132 Family in Poland from Nowica to Stradun

Operation Vistula

Operation Vistula (in Polish: Akcja Wisła) was the code name given to the deportation in 1947 of Ukrainians, Boykos and Lemkos who lived in south-eastern Poland. It was executed by the Polish Army. More than 140,000 people, mainly of the Ukrainian ethnic group, who resided in these territories, were often forcibly relocated to the Recovered Territories in the north and west of the country. The operation took its name from the Vistula, the great river in Poland.

The official aim of the operation was to put an end to the exactions of the Ukrainian insurrectionary army which, it was claimed, terrorized the Poles of these territories since 1944.

The direct pretext was the assassination on 28 March 1947 of the Polish general Karol Świerczewski. He was killed in an ambush in Jabłonki, near Baligród in the Beskid Mountains, as he was heading for a military post in Cisna. The ambush was attributed to the Chrin of the IAU and to the sotnias of Stach. However, nothing has ever been proved, and some historians assume that the assassination was organized by the Soviet NKVD.

Only about a dozen hours after the incident, the Polish communist authorities took the official decision to deport all Ukrainians and Lemkos living in south-eastern Poland. It is known, however, that Operation Vistula had been planned many months in advance in order to disperse the remaining Ukrainian minority in Poland.

The Ministry of Recovered Territories gave this order: "The first goal was the resettlement of the" W" settlers, it was their assimilation into a new Polish environment. Every effort should be made to achieve this. Do not use the term "Ukrainians" to refer to settlers. In cases where elements of the intelligentsia would arrive in the territories recovered, they should by all means be installed separately and at a safe distance from the communities of settlers "W".

The operation was carried out by the Wisła Operational Group, which consisted of about 20,000 men under the command of General Stefan Mossor and which consisted of soldiers of the Polish Army and the KBW (Internal Security Corps), as well as civil servants The Milicja Obywatelska and the Polish Ministry of Internal Security. The operation began at 4 am on 28 April 1947. There were 140,000-150,000 exiles, the Ukrainians and the Lemkos still remaining after the expulsions to the USSR from 1944-1946 and lived in Polesia as well as in the territories of Roztocze, Pogórze Przemyskie, Bieszczady, Beskid Niski, Beskid Sądecki and Ruś Szlachtowska.

The members of the intelligentsia, including clergy (both Uniate and Orthodox), were sent from gathering points to the Jaworzno concentration camp called the Central Labor Camp. In the latter camp, nearly 4,000 people were detained, including 800 women and a few dozen children. The prisoners, 200 of whom died in the camp, were brutally interrogated and beaten, while none of the active members of the Ukrainian Nationalist Resistance or the Ukrainian Insurrectionary Army the camp. For the latter, parodies of lawsuits were made in the courts specially created for Operation Vistula or before regular military tribunals; More than 500 defendants were sentenced to death and executed.

The rest were resettled in Warmia and Mazuria in the north, or in the Territories recovered in the west. The last resettlement took place again in 1952, in Polesia. Operation Vistula officially ended with a grand ceremony at the Polish-Czechoslovak border, with decorations being given to the Polish soldiers who were deemed the most deserving.

133 A consequence of Operation Vistula was the almost total depopulation of the regions of Pogórze Przemyskie, Bieszczady and Beskid Niski. The displacement of the population put the IAU in a difficult position: deprived of human and other resources, the inferior Ukrainian partisans were incapable of holding up against the Polish communist army. The IAU continued its struggle for several years. After the last resettlement, IAU's activities in Polish territory ended, while some Ukrainian insurgents fled to Western Europe.

Operation Vistula ended on July 31, 1947.

Repatriation and resettlement after the Second World War in the new Polish territories of the West and North Population displacements took place in three stages. The first date of the end of the Second World War when Poland and the Soviet Ukraine engaged in demographic exchanges - the Poles who lived to the east of the new Polish-Soviet border were expelled to Poland (about 2,100,000 people ) While the Ukrainians who resided to the west of this border were expelled to the Soviet Ukraine. This last evacuation took place from September 1944 to April 1944 (about 450,000 people). Some of the Ukrainian-Lemkos (about 200,000 people) voluntarily left Southeast Poland (between 1944 and 1945). Bilateral agreements were signed between Poland and the USSR on September 9, 1944 and on August 16, 1945, after which about 400,000 Ukrainians were deported to Ukraine while about 300,000 managed to stay in their native regions, within the borders of Poland. They lived in the former rusyn territories like the regions of Lemkowszczyzna and Chełmskie and in Podlasie.

The second stage took place in 1947 on the occasion of Operation Vistula in Poland. The Ukrainian population, which had always lived in south-eastern Poland, was forcibly relocated to Western and Northern Poland. Resettlement in western Poland took place between 28 April 1947 and 31 July 1947. 130,000 to 140,000 people lived in districts such as Rzeszowskie, Lubelskie and Małopolskie. This time no one was sent to Ukraine.

A third deportation of Ukrainians and Poles took place in 1951, when Poland and the Soviet Union settled their frontier problem in the Upper Valley of the San and in the region of Belz. In the south of Poland Przemyśl received territory to the east of the San and the Soviet Ukraine received Belz, which was in Poland, with a territory to the west of that city. The people were exchanged.

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Stradun

Stradun. In 1964 there were Grzegorz Zuraw, Jaroslaw Zuraw, Stefan Zimowki, Michel Palubniak, Maria Zimorska, Maria Zuraw, Sofie Zuraw, Teodora Brenia, Pascal Palubniak and Vassil

Fieldwork Maria Zimowska

Teodora – Grzegorz – Maria Zimowska

135 It was at this time in 1947 that our cousins ZURAW and ZIMOWSKI were moved to STRADUN in the region of POZNAN (GRZEGORZ ZURAW having married ANNA BRENIA, the sister of our grandmother TEODORA BRENIA)

GRZEGORZ ZURAW LUCJA PAWLIK BRENIA

GRZEGORZ ANTONINA PAULINE ET TEODORA BRENIA PAULINE BRENIA

STEFAN ZURAW MARIE ZURAW STEFAN ZIMOWSKI ZURAW S

136  Yes, that’s her.

ANTONINA ZURAW ADAMCZYK

Well, as long as we are young and we have a Citroen car and wood to work…

The Stradun generation in Poland.

They were young once too.

On the bank of the lake What a house front! 137

STRADUN Everyone is out in town

STRADUN IN THE YEARS 1963 OR 1964

And everyone grew up too.

IRENA ZURAW IRENE ZIMOWSKI (France) DOROTHE

ETC….

YULEK ZURAW ALINE ZURAW

The house has changed too.

What about the people once standing there?

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Emigration to America At this point it's time to talk about our American cousins.

It is especially on the side of the BRENIA that this is happening. These are the children of ANDRZEJ BRENIA (1835-1910) married to MARIANNA BIHUNIAK who are going to leave.

There is first ORENA BRENIA (LENA) (1888-1966) who leaves for America in 1907.

Line 21 it will be noted that she leaves with ROMANIK EWA of NOWICA

139 She will marry KARL FISHUM and will have 6 children PAULINE, SADIE, PETER, DOROTHY, HELEN and MARY

USA ->1907

25/05/1888 - 1966

BRENIA ORENA (LENA)

KARP FISHUM

1888

BRENIA PAULINE 1912 VINCI DONALD

VINCI FRANCIS VINCI DENNIS

VINCI MARK

1937 CROTEAU GARY CROTEAU GLEN

JEANETTE BUROWS CONROY NORA CROTEAU DANIELLE

CROTEAU ROCHARD CROTEAU JACQUELINE CROTEAU BRENIA SADIE -19-11-1915 28-08-1931 - 16/08/1988 CHRISTOPHER

BUROWS JESS CROTEAU LAURA GAYDA JONATHAN

24/11/1914 - 11/11/1963 GAYDA MARK

FISHUM PETER

BREAULT BERTRAND BREAULT CHRISTOPHER 1979

FISHUM DOROTHY BREAULT BERTRAND 1924- 1967 BREAULT BARBARA ECHURRIA CHRISTOPHER

ECHURRIA DULIDIO ECHURRIA JESSIE

FISHUM HELEN 1926 CULIK JOHN CULIK MARIE DANIELLO

CULIK CHARLES CULIK MARSH

BRENIA MARY 1918

140 Then PETRUS BRENIA (1877-1955), the brother of LUKASZ BRENIA, uncle of Teodora who is the mother of PALUBNIAK JEAN, our own father.

25/12/1877-26-05-1955 BRENIA PETRUS ANNA TURATURA 21-06-1888/7-12-1952

CHILDREN OF PETRUS BRENIA

BRENIA RICHARD 1979

1919-2001 BRENIA CAROLYN 1974 BRENIA BRUCE BRENIA WILLIAM THOMAS BRETT HELEN SCHWARCENBERG JEANNE ST GERMAINE BRENIA JACQUELINE 1988

SCANION STEVEN 1963 ROBINSON DAVID 1977 THOMAS G, ROBINSON 1942 BRENIA MARYANNE-1936 BRENIA ANDREW 1906-1960 SCANION JOHN 1930-1992 SCANION SUZAN 1960 MARY NOVINSKY 1915-1994 PEDIN ALEXANDER HOWIE JOSEPHINE ANCHURUK SCANION HELEN 1957 ALEXANDER PEDIN - 1976

BRENIA WALTER BRENIA MARY BRENIA ROSE BRENIA STEVE

BRENIA JOHNATHAN 1988

BRENIA STEVEN SIRICO LESLI BRENIA TAYLER - 1991 BRENIA JOHN FETZKO DOROTHY BRENIA MELANIE SOKOLSKI RAY DAVID

BRENIASARAH -1976 BRENIA PETER BRENIA KATHERINE +1980 GOMEAU LORAINE BRENIA ELIZABETH -1982

15/06/1915 - 30/03/1946 DUBUC MICHELLE 1967 BRENIA ESTELLE DUBUC ARTHUR 1935 PETERSON JAMES 1964 DUBUC ARTHUR MAILLE PATRICIA 1942 DUBUC LISA AUTERI ANDREW

DUBUC RONALD 1938 URSULLA VOSS 1936 DUBUC DONA 1961 RIELLY CAROL 1943 DUBUC CARON 1970 JEAN KELLY 1941 DUBUC MARIANA

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He will marry ANNA TURATURA and will have many children: WILLIAM, ANDREY, WALTER, MARY, ROSE, STEVE, JOHN, ESTELLE .

Brenia Petrus Turatura Anna

Brenia William

Bruce Brenia , Attorney

Son of WILLIAM BRENIA who is the son of PETRUS BRENIA ,Uncle of Teodora Palubniak

JACQUELINE BRENIA and her brother RICHARD

The daughter and son of Bruce and Jeanne Brenia of Naugatuck.

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WALTER BRENIA WORLD WAR II

Let us not forget PAUL STEVE BRENIA of LOS ANGELES in CALIFORNIA who has made a lot of genealogic research.

He is a very distant cousin because he separated from our branch in 1794.

IN FACT ! THERE ARE MORE THAN 2,000 BRENIA IN THE WORLD.

Another daughter EFROZA BRENIA will marry KARLAK SIMON. It is nonetheless true that there are many PALUBNIAK in America, in all fields for example JERRY PALUBNIAK in the art of photography.

In fact it is necessary to refer to my website http://palubniakwold.free.fr http://pagesperso-orange.fr/palubniak

For fun………….

Finally, here is NICOLE PALUBNIAK of NEW JERSEY.

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And BRITTANY PALUBNIAK of NEW JERSEY. Thank you FACEBOOK !!!!!!!

Here are the AMERICAN PALUBNIAK. They are all in New Jersey name birth date death place of residence PALUBNIAK, 12 Aug 12180 (Troy, Rensselaer, Oct 1967 83 (none specified) New York MARIA 1884 NY) PALUBNIAK, 22 Mar 07307 (Jersey City, Hudson, Jun 1972 84 (none specified) New Jersey PETER 1888 NJ) PALUBNIAK, 27 Jun 21 May 96 07011 (Clifton, Passaic, NJ) (none specified) New Jersey WALTER 1898 1995 PALUBNIAK, 25 Jan Apr 1971 71 07026 (Garfield, Bergen, NJ) (none specified) New Jersey LESTER 1900 PALUBNIAK, 24 May 07011 (Clifton, Passaic, Sep 1981 78 07011 (Clifton, Passaic, NJ) New Jersey ANNA 1903 NJ) PALUBNIAK, 21 Jul 21 Jul 2001 18503 (Scranton, 97 (none specified) Pennsylvania MICHAEL 1904 (V) Lackawanna, PA) PALUBNIAK, 20 Sep 30 Nov 12052 (Cropseyville, 89 (none specified) New York MARY A 1906 1995 Rensselaer, NY) 25 Aug 18447 (Olyphant, PALUBNIAK, ANN Apr 1968 60 (none specified) Pennsylvania 1907 Lackawanna, PA) PALUBNIAK, 24 Sep 28 Jan 18433 (Jermyn, 93 (none specified) Pennsylvania TILLIE 1907 2001 (V) Lackawanna, PA) PALUBNIAK, 03 Jan 08 Oct 1987 12180 (Troy, Rensselaer, 79 (none specified) New York STEVE 1908 (V) NY) PALUBNIAK, 31 Oct 27 Dec 87 07026 (Garfield, Bergen, NJ) (none specified) New Jersey ANNA 1910 1997 (V) PALUBNIAK, 20 Jun 13 Dec 07047 (North Bergen, 86 (none specified) New Jersey JERRY 1912 1998 (V) Hudson, NJ) PALUBNIAK, 02 Jun 27 Jun 07047 (North Bergen, 07047 (North Bergen, 88 New Jersey ANNA 1913 2001 (V) Hudson, NJ) Hudson, NJ) PALUBNIAK, 26 Jul 16 Apr 2005 91 48316 (Utica, Macomb, MI) (none specified) New York SAMUEL 1913 (V) PALUBNIAK, 21 Mar 22 Aug 12180 (Troy, Rensselaer, 89 (none specified) New York WALTER 1914 2003 (V) NY) 15 Sep 07922 (Berkeley Heights, 07922 (Berkeley Heights, PALUBNIAK, JOHN Aug 1983 67 Connecticut 1915 Union, NJ) Union, NJ) PALUBNIAK, 15 Sep 25 Feb 10952 (Monsey, Rockland, 74 (none specified) New York SAMUEL 1917 1992 NY) PALUBNIAK, 01 Sep 14 Apr 2008 12817 (Chestertown, 88 (none specified) New Jersey PETER 1919 (V) Warren, NY) PALUBNIAK, 15 Jun 07922 (Berkeley Heights, May 1987 66 (none specified) New Jersey BERNICE 1920 Union, NJ) PALUBNIAK, 31 Mar 15 Oct 1999 77 (72) (none specified) New Jersey METRO 1922 (P)

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The distant cousins of America

Gregori Palubniak was born on 15 December 1869 (Gregorian calendar) on 3 December 1869 (Julian calendar) in the files of Przemisl from Stephan Palubniak and Anastasia Jaczecsak.

Anna Czap, Gregori Palubniak

Anna Czap or Cap or Sap was born in Pryslop.

Question: Would Gregori Palubniak born in Nowica on December 15, 1869 be the same as Gregory Palubniak emigrated in 1888 and declared born in 1870?

Our common ancestor would be Palubniak Andrzej. 145 The descendants of Palubniak Hryc (Gregori)

Marriage of Jerry Palubniak in 1938 in America as shown in this marriage certificate. , his witness is Steve Brenia, his cousin (right).

Meeting in August 2012 of Jerry Palubniak's son in Paris

Jerry Palubniak and Pascal Palubniak

146

Meeting in New York of Dan Palubniak, Pascal Palubniak and Jerry Palubniak in April 2016.

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VII. Conclusion

So, if we sum up everything, it's hard to know where we really come from since prehistoric times. We must be a mixture of Thracians, Venedes, Ruthenians, Lemkos, Austro-Hungarians and others. Nevertheless, there is a certainty that most of the time, our origins come from today's Poland, although we should not neglect the fact that some of our ancestors were on the Slovak territory, which has taken on different names over the years.

The dispute between Poland and Ukraine can not make us forget that Nowica has been in Poland for a very long time and that the names of the regions have changed and not the inhabitants who remained stable until the beginning of the 20th century.

The people of the small Carpathians, certainly very isolated in these low mountains, adopted a language close to Ruthenian, Slovak, Polish and Ukrainian.

It is true that today many Americans, of Ruthenian origin claim their Ukrainian origins but it depends on the region of origin, east or west.

I hope that this booklet will have brought you, if not a bit of culture, at least some idea of our past and our origins. In any case, it gives something to remember like a photo album and maybe one day a young person will pass on the torch to complete it and then I will be very very old.

Pascal Palubniak

148 Table of contents PREAMBLE ...... 5 CHAPTER I - DEEP ORIGINS THROUGH TIME (PREHISTORY) ...... 7 THE POLGARIANS ...... 8 THE INDO-EUROPEAN ...... 9 THE WALLACHIANS ...... 9 THE VENEDES: ...... 10 LANGUAGES ...... 12 THE ORIGINS OF THE WORD SLAV...... 12 ORIGIN AND EXPANSION OF THE SLAVS (5TH-10TH CENTURIES) ...... 14 THE PROBLEM OF KOSOVO CONCERNING THE SLAVIC ORIGINS ...... 15 CHAPTER II - FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE GREAT SHARING IN CENTRAL EUROPE (920 - 1772) ...... 17 THE GRAND DUCHY OF GALICIA WHEN IT WAS NOT YET POLISH ...... 17 THE ATTACHMENT TO THE KINGDOM OF POLAND (1323-1386) ...... 20 SHORT HISTORY OF POLAND – (965 – 1815) ...... 21 FEUDAL POLAND ...... 22 THE JAGELLON ...... 24 RUM BABA ...... 29 STANISLAS PONIATOWSKI ...... 30 "Drunk like a Pole" ...... 32 CHAPTER III - THE ETHNIC ERA (1772 - 1900) ...... 34 POLAND'S CONGRESS ...... 35 THE RUTHENIANS ...... 39 THE LEMKOS ...... 43 THE REPUBLIC OF LEMKOS ...... 48 THE POLISH-UKRAINIAN WAR ...... 50 MASSACRES OR WHY WE ARE NOT VERY GOOD WITH UKRAINIANS ...... 53 THE GREEK-CATHOLIC AND ORTHODOX RELIGION...... 67 CHAPTER IV - A DIFFICULT 20TH CENTURY ...... 72 THE POLISH LEGIONS, IN LINE AS EARLY AS 1914, ALSO HAD SQUADRONS OF CAVALRY...... 72 THE POLISH-UKRAINIAN WAR OF 1918-1919 ...... 73 THE CONSTITUTION ...... 76 THE DICTATORSHIP OF THE COLONELS ...... 76 GALICIA IN THE 20 TH CENTURY ...... 82 A history of trauma ...... 82 Galicia, land of emigration and cradle of celebrities ...... 83 The situation of the Lemkos in Poland after 1956 ...... 86 SECOND PART ...... 87 CHAPTER V - FAMILY APPARITIONS ...... 87 THE PARISH REGISTERS ...... 87 THE PALUBNIAK ...... 88 THE BRENIA ...... 91 THE AMERICAN ESCAPADE OF THE GRAND FATHER ...... 97 BACK TO POLAND ...... 103 THE FOLLOWING GENERATIONS IN POLAND ...... 105 THE DEPARTURE OF POLAND FOR UKRAINE ...... 115 THE DEPARTURE OF POLAND FOR FRANCE ...... 119 CHAPTER VI - THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY IS CALMER ...... 120 IN FRANCE ...... 120 From Nowica to Dammarie-les-Lys ...... 120 The second generation ...... 127 FAMILY IN POLAND FROM NOWICA TO STRADUN ...... 133 Operation Vistula ...... 133 Repatriation and resettlement after the Second World War in the new Polish territories of the West and North ...... 134 EMIGRATION TO AMERICA ...... 139 VII. THE CONCLUSION ...... 148

149

150

FAMILY HISTORY OF PALUBNIAK AND BRENIA

PASCAL PALUBNIAK

Pascal Palubniak was born on May 12, 1953 in Melun in Seine and Marne, he studied in Dammarie- les-lys and then in Melun. There he studies the sociology of the inhabitants under the bridge of Melun and the habits of beverages of its inhabitants.

Then he left for Paris, then devoted himself to the joys of capital and began studying law and succeeded brilliantly by obtaining a master's degree in business law. Then he will make a brilliant career at the bank as a manager. It will come out after eight years to create companies whose president it will be for 25 years.

A great traveler, he will go around the world and climb the highest volcanoes on the planet and go to see the greatest monuments in the world.

A great sportsman, he will participate on several occasions at the Paris marathon and several major regional races.

A great Epicurean, he specialized in the tasting of the great wines of Bordeaux and Burgundy, which he made a fleeting collection.

With a desire to tell stories, he will embark on the historical and family writing of this book, which will not be crowned with any price, but it will have pleased him and very fond of remembering all these memories.

Noisy le Grand June 13, 2017

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