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Couverture De Thèse Arnaud Vergnol

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Couverture De Thèse Arnaud Vergnol N° d’ordre : 133 THESE présentée en vue d’obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR En Spécialité : Génie électrique par Arnaud VERGNOL DOCTORAT DELIVRE PAR L’ECOLE CENTRALE DE LILLE Titre de la thèse : Intégration dans le réseau électrique et le marché de l’électricité de production décentralisée d’origine renouvelable : Gestion des congestions locales Soutenue le 29 novembre 2010 devant le jury d’examen : Président du jury & Rapporteur Jean-Luc Thomas, Professeur, CNAM, Supélec Rapporteur Julio Usaola García, Professeur, Université Carlos III de Madrid Examinateur Bruno François, HDR, Maître de conférences, EC-Lille, L2EP Directeur de thèse Benoît Robyns, Professeur, HEI, L2EP Co-encadrant de thèse Jonathan Sprooten, Docteur, Enseignant-chercheur, HEI, L2EP Co-encadrant de thèse Vincent Rious, Docteur, Enseignant-chercheur, Supélec Thèse préparée dans le Laboratoire d’Electrotechnique et d’Electronique de Puissance de Lille Ecole Doctorale SPI 072 (Lille I, Lille III, Artois, ULCO, UVHC, EC Lille) « Lorsque souffle le vent du changement, certains construisent des murs, d'autres des moulins à vent. » Proverbe chinois « C'est un grand art que de vendre du vent. » Baltasar Gracian Y Morales Ecrivain espagnol Remerciements Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire a été effectué au Laboratoire d’Electrotechnique et d’Electronique de Puissance de Lille (L2EP) dans le cadre de l’opération 6 du pôle de recherche et technologique MEDEE (Maîtrise Energétique Des Entraînements Electriques) sur le site de l’école des Hautes Etudes d’Ingénieur. Ce travail a été en partie soutenu par le Conseil régional Nord-Pas de Calais et le Fonds européen de développement régional. Je tiens à remercier chaleureusement : Monsieur Jean-Luc Thomas, Professeur Titulaire de Chaire au Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers de Paris, pour m’avoir fait l’honneur d’être Président de mon jury de thèse et pour avoir accepté d’être rapporteur de ma thèse, Monsieur Julio Usaola García, Professeur à l’Université Carlos III de Madrid, pour avoir accepté d’être rapporteur de ma thèse et pour avoir consacré du temps à sa lecture, Monsieur Benoît Robyns, Directeur de la recherche à l’école des Hautes Etudes d’Ingénieur, Responsable de l’équipe « Réseaux » du L2EP, pour avoir dirigé ma thèse et m’avoir accordé sa confiance, Monsieur Jonathan Sprooten, Docteur, Enseignant-chercheur à l’école des Hautes Etudes d’Ingénieur, pour m’avoir co-encadré et pour son aide importante au moment de la valorisation et de la rédaction de la thèse, Monsieur Vincent Rious, Docteur, Enseignant-chercheur à Supélec, pour m’avoir prodigué des conseils importants concernant les aspects réglementaires et économiques, Monsieur Marc Mongenet et Monsieur Jacques Deuse pour la qualité des discussions qui ont ponctué ce travail, Monsieur Jean-Marc Idoux, Directeur de l’école des Hautes Etudes d’Ingénieur, pour le contexte favorable dans lequel s’est déroulée ma thèse, Monsieur Francis Piriou, Directeur du L2EP, pour m’avoir accueilli au sein du laboratoire. Je tiens aussi à remercier : Messieurs Arnaud Davigny, François Gionco, Antoine Henneton, Mehdi Nasser et Christophe Saudemont, avec qui j’ai passé trois années dans une ambiance chaleureuse et très détendue, Je n’oublie pas aussi messieurs Vincent Courtecuisse, Stefan Breban, He Zhang, Fabien Mollet, Thang Do Ming et Pascal Monjean pour les moments partagés en leur compagnie et pour les échanges animés sur le plan scientifique et stratégique, Je remercie également l’ensemble des personnes que j’ai côtoyé pour les bons moments passés en leur compagnie. Enfin, je tiens à remercier mes parents et ma famille pour leur présence et leur soutien inconditionnel. Table des matières Table des matières Introduction générale ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre 1. Caractéristiques générales et modèles des éléments constituant un système électrique ............................................................................................................. 5 I. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5 II. Caractéristiques générales d’un système électrique........................................................................ 5 A. Les groupes de production ......................................................................................................... 5 1. Production centralisée ........................................................................................................... 5 2. Production décentralisée ....................................................................................................... 8 i. Energie primaire fossile ................................................................................................... 8 ii. Energie renouvelable ........................................................................................................ 9 iii. Modèle d’un générateur éolien ....................................................................................... 10 B. La consommation .................................................................................................................... 13 C. Réseau électrique ..................................................................................................................... 14 1. Lignes aériennes et câbles souterrains ................................................................................ 14 2. Postes de transformation ..................................................................................................... 15 III. Gestion du système électrique ...................................................................................................... 16 A. L’écroulement de la fréquence ................................................................................................ 17 1. Réglage primaire ................................................................................................................. 17 i. Contrôle au niveau des groupes centralisés .................................................................... 18 ii. Contrôle au niveau des groupes décentralisés ................................................................ 19 2. Réglage secondaire ............................................................................................................. 20 3. Réglage tertiaire .................................................................................................................. 22 B. L’écroulement de tension ........................................................................................................ 23 1. Réglage primaire ................................................................................................................. 24 2. Réglage secondaire ............................................................................................................. 24 3. Réglage tertiaire .................................................................................................................. 25 C. La rupture de synchronisme..................................................................................................... 25 D. Les surcharges en cascade ....................................................................................................... 26 IV. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 27 Chapitre 2. Etat de l’art sur le traitement des congestions ....................................... 29 I. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 29 II. Limites de transit d’un réseau électrique ...................................................................................... 29 A. Limites physiques d’un réseau électrique ................................................................................ 29 1. Limites thermiques ............................................................................................................. 30 2. Limites de stabilité angulaire .............................................................................................. 30 B. Limites liées à la sûreté de l’exploitation ................................................................................ 32 C. Mesure de l’influence d’actions individuelles ......................................................................... 33 i Table des matières D. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 34 III. Méthodes de gestion des congestions ........................................................................................... 35 A. Méthode de gestion « non marché » ......................................................................................... 36 1. Méthodes liées à l’exploitation du réseau électrique ........................................................... 36 i. Méthodes appliquées par les GRT .................................................................................. 36 ii. Méthodes étudiées dans la littérature .............................................................................. 37 2. Méthodes liées à la règlementation ..................................................................................... 40 i. Méthodes actuellement employées ................................................................................
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