Species Identification and Delimitation in Nemerteans

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Species Identification and Delimitation in Nemerteans Species Identification and Delimitation in Nemerteans Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Daria Krämer aus Bergisch Gladbach Bonn 2016 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwisschenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhems- Universität Bonn 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas Bartolomaeus Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, Universität Bonn 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Per Sundberg Department for Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg Tag der Promotion: 16.12.2016 Erscheinungsjahr: 2017 Für meine Geschwister Birgit und Raphael Krämer Danksagung Es ist fast unmöglich, hier allen Personen zu danken, aber ich gebe mein Bestes. Ein großes Dankeschön gilt Prof. Dr. Thomas Bartolomaeus, der mich in die Arbeitsgruppe aufgenommen und das Thema bereitgestellt hat. Der größte Dank gilt dabei Dr. Jörn von Döhren, der mich und diese Arbeit in den letzten Jahren betreut hat: Danke für jede Antwort auf jede Frage, für jede Diskussion und jede Aufmunterung (vor allem in den letzten Wochen)! Besonders bedanken will ich mich bei Prof. Dr. Per Sundberg. Nicht nur für die Begutachtung dieser Arbeit, sondern auch für die Zeit in Göteborg. Ihm und den Mitgliedern seiner Arbeitsgruppe, allen voran Dr. Leila Carmona, Svante Martinsson, Dr. Matthias Obst, Prof. Dr. Christer Erséus und Prof. Dr. Urban Olsson bin ich aus tiefstem Herzen dankbar. Die Zeit hat mich unglaublich motiviert: Tack så mycket/muchas gracias for everything! Nicht zu vernachlässigen sind für diese Zeit Eva Bäckström, Sonja Miettinen, Josefine Flaig, Florina Lachmann und Hasan Albahri: Ihr habt Göteborg für mich zu einem Zuhause gemacht! In diesem Zuge danke ich dem DAAD für das Stipendium, das mir das Arbeiten in Schweden überhaupt erst ermöglichte. Zurück nach Bonn: Ich möchte mich zu allererst bei Prof. Dr. Lukas Schreiber und Prof. Dr. Gerd Bendas für die Teilnahme an der Prüfungskommission bedanken! Elise M. J. Laetz bin ich unglaublich dankbar, nicht nur für die Korrektur der englischen Sprache, sondern auch für die jahrelange Freundschaft! Meinen Kollegen aus der der AG Bartolomaeus und AG Bakker danke ich für die angenehme Zusammenarbeit im Institut: Dr. Lars Podsiadlowski, Dr. Patrick Beckers, Dr. Markus Koch, Dr. Alexander Ziegler, Dr. Jörg Brün, Dr. Björn Quast, Sebastian Martin, Peter Lesny, Björn Müller, Dr. Ingolf Rick, Simon Vitt und Dr. Marion Mehlis danke ich für jedes offene Ohr, für jede Tafel Schokolade und jeden Ratschlag! Claudia Müller, Christiane Wallnisch, Tatjana Bartz, Kirsten Hennes und Anja Bodenheim danke ich, nicht nur wegen ihrer Unterstützung im Labor und bei allen möglichen organisatorischen Angelegenheiten, sondern auch für jedes Gespräch, jeden Keks und jede amüsante Diskussion über meinen Kleidungsstil! Am meisten ertragen musste mich jedoch Dr. Ekin Tilic: Vielen Dank für deine Freundschaft und jeden „fetten Diss “! Ein riesiger Dank gilt den Menschen aus meinem Leben außerhalb der Immenburg. Jana Groß, Jeanette Gajek, Rana Diegel, Henriette Krimphoff und Lara Seeger danke ich für jahrelange und neue Freundschaften und dafür, dass sie mir immer wieder zeigen was wirklich wichtig ist (und mich in den letzten Wochen mit Essen versorgt haben). Meinen Geschwistern Birgit und Raphael und meinen Eltern Irene und Erwin möchte ich danken, da sie mich in einem liebevollen und geschützten Umfeld haben aufwachsen lassen. Ich bin dankbar für jede Unterstützung und jede Neckerei der letzten 28 Jahre! Siegrid und Jochen Sechtem danke ich, da sie strenggenommen mit der Wattwanderung auf der Insel Föhr für meine erste meeresbiologische Exkursion, im Alter von sechs Jahren, verantwortlich waren. Summary The accurate identification and delimitation of species constitute the basis for assessing the biodiversity and phylogenetic relationships within the taxon Nemertea. However, working on nemertean taxonomy is challenging for many reasons. The external and internal morphology are relatively simple with only a few diagnostic characters. This makes it very difficult to identify species based so le ly on visual inspection. Additionally, the muddled taxonomic history of many genera and species hampers assigning identified species to the current systematic background. As observed in many other taxa, the identification and delimitation of nemertean species has shifted from traditional morphological-based to molecular-based taxonomy. The usage of either methodology bears its own pitfalls. Most of our taxonomic knowledge is based on morphological data and relies on histological sections, which are difficult to compile and analyze. Additionally, the overall interpretation of morphological characters lacks a widely applied standard and is therefore subjective. DNA taxonomy holds great promise for faster species identification. This methodology is based on the comparison of sequence data, relying on the presence of a barcoding gap and high coverage of the target taxa within sequence databases. The latter is, however, not given in a majority of nemertean species, rendering a DNA-based approach for species identification problematic. W ithin this thes is, I present three representative examples encountered in nemertean taxonomy. Chapters 2 and 3 concern the description of previously unknown species, one of which represents a cryptic species. Chapter 4 deals with the re- description of a nemertean species with a confusing nomenclatural history. With this thesis I give suggestions as to how species can be delimited, identified, and described in the future. I conclude that in most cases, an integrative taxonomic approach combining molecular data, external characters, and histological-based morphology constitute a stable background to safely delimit and identify nemertean species. The species descriptions presented herein show that if one method fails or is of limited conclusiveness, the application of the other approaches can assist to succeed in delimiting species boundaries. Molecular sequence data are of major importance especially in terms of identifying and delimiting cryptic nemertean species. In these cases, molecular sequence data combined with external characters present a solid basis fo r species descriptions. Furthermore, mo lec ular sequence data should always be included in species descriptions even if its relevance is not immediately apparent. As more data is assembled, it should and will provide a solid backbone for future barcoding identification and phylogenetic reconstructions. I suggest basing species re-descriptions on more than just one methodology in an integrative taxonomic approach. Including data from different methodological or biological backgrounds allows assessing species boundaries from multiple perspectives and additionally provides a link to the traditional knowledge of nemertean taxonomy. Table of Contents Chapter 1 General Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Introduction Nemertea ....................................................................................... 3 1.3 Nemertean morphology...................................................................................... 4 1.4 Nemertean systematics..................................................................................... 11 1.5 Species descriptions in nemerteans.................................................................. 14 Chapter 2 Arenogigas armoricus, a New Genus and Species of a Monostiliferous Hoplonemertean (Nemertea) from the North-West Coast of France.............................. 15 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Material and Methods ...................................................................................... 17 2.2.1 Specimens ................................................................................................. 17 2.2.2 DNA extraction and PCR amplification ................................................... 18 2.2.3 Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis ........................................... 18 2.3 Results .............................................................................................................. 19 2.3.1 Taxonomy ................................................................................................. 19 2.3.2 Mo lec ula r p hylogeny ................................................................................ 29 2.4 Disc uss io n ........................................................................................................ 31 2.5 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... 34 Chapter 3 Unraveling the Lineus ruber/viridis species complex (Heteronemertea, Nemertea) ....................................................................................................................... 35 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 37 3.2 Material and Methods ...................................................................................... 39 3.2.1 Specimens and sampling sites .................................................................. 39 3.2.2 Nucleic acid purification and PCR amplification
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