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Nemertean Taxonomy—Implementing Changes in the Higher Ranks, Dismissing Anopla and Enopla

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Nemertean Taxonomy—Implementing Changes in the Higher Ranks, Dismissing Anopla and Enopla Received: 27 August 2018 | Accepted: 28 August 2018 DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12317 LETTER TO THE EDITOR Nemertean taxonomy—Implementing changes in the higher ranks, dismissing Anopla and Enopla Dear Editor, José E. Alfaya3 Nemertean classification has closely followed Stiasny‐ Fernando Ángel Fernández‐Álvarez4 Wijnhoff’s scheme (1936) that was based on Schultze’s Håkan S Andersson5 (1851) division of the taxon into the two classes Anopla and Sonia C. S. Andrade6 Enopla. In August 2018, the 9th International Conference of Thomas Bartolomaeus7 Nemertean Biology took place in the Wadden Sea Station of Patrick Beckers7 the Alfred Wegener Institute in List auf Sylt, Germany. At Gregorio Bigatti3 this meeting, the community reached consensus to revise ne- Irina Cherneva8 mertean taxonomy at the class level, based on the compiled Alexey Chernyshev9,10 evidence from studies on nemertean systematics published Brian M. Chung11 in the last 15 years (Andrade et al., 2014, 2012 ; Thollesson Jörn von Döhren7 & Norenburg, 2003). Previous classifications (e.g., Stiasny‐ Gonzalo Giribet12 Wijnhoff, 1936) are not based on phylogenetic grounds, and Jaime Gonzalez‐Cueto13 the use of these names is therefore nowadays not wholly in- Alfonso Herrera‐Bachiller14 formative. With the purpose of facilitating the practical use Terra Hiebert15 of the nemertean taxonomy and also making nemertean tax- Natsumi Hookabe16 onomy reflect a wealth of more recent information, we con- Juan Junoy14 clude that the ranks Anopla and Enopla should be eliminated Hiroshi Kajihara16 with the following argumentation: “Enopla” has for long Daria Krämer7 held no more information than the name “Hoplonemertea”. Sebastian Kvist17,18 “Anopla” is paraphyletic and the name usually corresponds Timur Yu Magarlamov9 to the following traits: (a) not bearing stylet; and (b) mouth Svetlana Maslakova15 and proboscis having separate openings. This information is Cecili B. Mendes6 equally well presented in a system that also bears information Robert Okazaki11 on natural groups. The names “Anopla” and “Enopla” are Christina Sagorny7 hence dismissed and the following system of the Nemertea Megan Schwartz19 phylum is implemented: Shi‐Chun Sun20 Class: Palaeonemertea Per Sundberg21 Currently no Orders James M. Turbeville22 Class: Pilidiophora Cong‐Mei Xu1,9 Order: Heteronemertea Class: Hoplonemertea 1Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Order: Monostilifera Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Order: Polystilifera 2Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National The changes do not affect lower levels of taxonomy, but in Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of accordance with Thollesson and Norenburg (2003), who first Columbia presented Pilidiophora, genus Hubrechtella is transferred 3LARBIM‐IBIOMAR (CCT CONICET—CENPAT) & from class Palaeonemertea to the class Pilidiophora. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Puerto Madryn, Argentina 4Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain ORCID 5Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus Malin Strand http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8144-9592 University, Kalmar, Sweden Malin Strand1 6Departamento de Genetica e Biologia Evolutiva, IB‐ Jon Norenburg2 Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Zoologica Scripta. 2018;1–2. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/zsc © 2018 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences | 1 2 | LETTER TO THE EDITOR 7Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal 21Department of Marine Sciences, University of Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 8Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 22Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth Moscow, Russia University, Richmond, Virginia 9National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Correspondence Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia Malin Strand, Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish 10 Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. 11 Department of Zoology, Weber State University, Ogden, Email: [email protected] Utah 12Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, REFERENCES Cambridge, Massachusetts Andrade, S. C. S., Montenegro, H., Strand, M., Schwartz, M., Kajihara, 13Grupo de Investigación MIKU, Facultad de Ciencias H., Norenburg, J. L., … Giribet, G. (2014). A transcriptomic ap- Básicas, Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta D.T.C.H. proach to ribbon worm systematics (Nemertea): Resolving the Molecular Biology and Evolution 31 Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia Pilidiophora problem. , , 3206– 3215. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu253 14Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Andrade, S. C. S., Strand, M., Schwartz, M., Chen, H.‐X., Kajihara, H., Alcala, Alcalá de Henares, Spain von Döhren, J., … Sundberg, P. (2012). Disentangling ribbon worm 15 Department of Biology, Institution of Ecology and relationships: Multi‐locus analysis supports traditional classifica- Evolution, University of Oregon Eugene, Eugene, Oregon tion of the phylum Nemertea. Cladistics, 28, 141–159. https://doi. 16Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00376.x 17Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Schultze, M. S. (1851). Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte den Turbellarien. Toronto, Ontario, Canada Greifswald: C A Koch. 18Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Stiasny‐Wijnhoff, G. (1936). Die Polystilifera der Siboga‐Expedition. Siboga Expeditie, 22, 1–214. Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Thollesson, M., & Norenburg, J. L. (2003). Ribbon worm relation- 19 University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington ships: A phylogeny of the phylum Nemertea. Proceedings of the 20 Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270, 407–415. https://doi. University of China, Qingdao, China org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2254.
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