Generalizing the Physical Time Impact on the Astronauts Living on The
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Albert Einstein
THE COLLECTED PAPERS OF Albert Einstein VOLUME 15 THE BERLIN YEARS: WRITINGS & CORRESPONDENCE JUNE 1925–MAY 1927 Diana Kormos Buchwald, József Illy, A. J. Kox, Dennis Lehmkuhl, Ze’ev Rosenkranz, and Jennifer Nollar James EDITORS Anthony Duncan, Marco Giovanelli, Michel Janssen, Daniel J. Kennefick, and Issachar Unna ASSOCIATE & CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Emily de Araújo, Rudy Hirschmann, Nurit Lifshitz, and Barbara Wolff ASSISTANT EDITORS Princeton University Press 2018 Copyright © 2018 by The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA (Revised for volume 15) Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955. The collected papers of Albert Einstein. German, English, and French. Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. The early years, 1879–1902 / John Stachel, editor — v. 2. The Swiss years, writings, 1900–1909 — — v. 15. The Berlin years, writings and correspondence, June 1925–May 1927 / Diana Kormos Buchwald... [et al.], editors. QC16.E5A2 1987 530 86-43132 ISBN 0-691-08407-6 (v.1) ISBN 978-0-691-17881-3 (v. 15) This book has been composed in Times. The publisher would like to acknowledge the editors of this volume for providing the camera-ready copy from which this book was printed. Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Printed in the United States of America 13579108642 INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME 15 The present volume covers a thrilling two-year period in twentieth-century physics, for during this time matrix mechanics—developed by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan—and wave mechanics, developed by Erwin Schrödinger, supplanted the earlier quantum theory. -
Voigt Transformations in Retrospect: Missed Opportunities?
Voigt transformations in retrospect: missed opportunities? Olga Chashchina Ecole´ Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France∗ Natalya Dudisheva Novosibirsk State University, 630 090, Novosibirsk, Russia† Zurab K. Silagadze Novosibirsk State University and Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, 630 090, Novosibirsk, Russia.‡ The teaching of modern physics often uses the history of physics as a didactic tool. However, as in this process the history of physics is not something studied but used, there is a danger that the history itself will be distorted in, as Butterfield calls it, a “Whiggish” way, when the present becomes the measure of the past. It is not surprising that reading today a paper written more than a hundred years ago, we can extract much more of it than was actually thought or dreamed by the author himself. We demonstrate this Whiggish approach on the example of Woldemar Voigt’s 1887 paper. From the modern perspective, it may appear that this paper opens a way to both the special relativity and to its anisotropic Finslerian generalization which came into the focus only recently, in relation with the Cohen and Glashow’s very special relativity proposal. With a little imagination, one can connect Voigt’s paper to the notorious Einstein-Poincar´epri- ority dispute, which we believe is a Whiggish late time artifact. We use the related historical circumstances to give a broader view on special relativity, than it is usually anticipated. PACS numbers: 03.30.+p; 1.65.+g Keywords: Special relativity, Very special relativity, Voigt transformations, Einstein-Poincar´epriority dispute I. INTRODUCTION Sometimes Woldemar Voigt, a German physicist, is considered as “Relativity’s forgotten figure” [1]. -
Ether and Electrons in Relativity Theory (1900-1911) Scott Walter
Ether and electrons in relativity theory (1900-1911) Scott Walter To cite this version: Scott Walter. Ether and electrons in relativity theory (1900-1911). Jaume Navarro. Ether and Moder- nity: The Recalcitrance of an Epistemic Object in the Early Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press, 2018, 9780198797258. hal-01879022 HAL Id: hal-01879022 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01879022 Submitted on 21 Sep 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ether and electrons in relativity theory (1900–1911) Scott A. Walter∗ To appear in J. Navarro, ed, Ether and Modernity, 67–87. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018 Abstract This chapter discusses the roles of ether and electrons in relativity the- ory. One of the most radical moves made by Albert Einstein was to dismiss the ether from electrodynamics. His fellow physicists felt challenged by Einstein’s view, and they came up with a variety of responses, ranging from enthusiastic approval, to dismissive rejection. Among the naysayers were the electron theorists, who were unanimous in their affirmation of the ether, even if they agreed with other aspects of Einstein’s theory of relativity. The eventual success of the latter theory (circa 1911) owed much to Hermann Minkowski’s idea of four-dimensional spacetime, which was portrayed as a conceptual substitute of sorts for the ether. -
Corry L. David Hilbert and the Axiomatization of Physics, 1898-1918
Archimedes Volume 10 Archimedes NEW STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 10 EDITOR JED Z. BUCHWALD, Dreyfuss Professor of History, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. ADVISORY BOARD HENK BOS, University of Utrecht MORDECHAI FEINGOLD, Virginia Polytechnic Institute ALLAN D. FRANKLIN, University of Colorado at Boulder KOSTAS GAVROGLU, National Technical University of Athens ANTHONY GRAFTON, Princeton University FREDERIC L. HOLMES, Yale University PAUL HOYNINGEN-HUENE, University of Hannover EVELYN FOX KELLER, MIT TREVOR LEVERE, University of Toronto JESPER LÜTZEN, Copenhagen University WILLIAM NEWMAN, Harvard University JÜRGEN RENN, Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte ALEX ROLAND, Duke University ALAN SHAPIRO, University of Minnesota NANCY SIRAISI, Hunter College of the City University of New York NOEL SWERDLOW, University of Chicago Archimedes has three fundamental goals; to further the integration of the histories of science and technology with one another: to investigate the technical, social and prac- tical histories of specific developments in science and technology; and finally, where possible and desirable, to bring the histories of science and technology into closer con- tact with the philosophy of science. To these ends, each volume will have its own theme and title and will be planned by one or more members of the Advisory Board in consultation with the editor. Although the volumes have specific themes, the series it- self will not be limited to one or even to a few particular areas. Its subjects include any of the sciences, ranging from biology through physics, all aspects of technology, bro- adly construed, as well as historically-engaged philosophy of science or technology. -
Like Thermodynamics Before Boltzmann. on the Emergence of Einstein’S Distinction Between Constructive and Principle Theories
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Philsci-Archive Like Thermodynamics before Boltzmann. On the Emergence of Einstein’s Distinction between Constructive and Principle Theories Marco Giovanelli Forum Scientiarum — Universität Tübingen, Doblerstrasse 33 72074 Tübingen, Germany [email protected] How must the laws of nature be constructed in order to rule out the possibility of bringing about perpetual motion? Einstein to Solovine, undated In a 1919 article for the Times of London, Einstein declared the relativity theory to be a ‘principle theory,’ like thermodynamics, rather than a ‘constructive theory,’ like the kinetic theory of gases. The present paper attempts to trace back the prehistory of this famous distinction through a systematic overview of Einstein’s repeated use of the relativity theory/thermodynamics analysis after 1905. Einstein initially used the comparison to address a specic objection. In his 1905 relativity paper he had determined the velocity-dependence of the electron’s mass by adapting Newton’s particle dynamics to the relativity principle. However, according to many, this result was not admissible without making some assumption about the structure of the electron. Einstein replied that the relativity theory is similar to thermodynamics. Unlike the usual physical theories, it does not directly try to construct models of specic physical systems; it provides empirically motivated and mathematically formulated criteria for the acceptability of such theories. New theories can be obtained by modifying existing theories valid in limiting case so that they comply with such criteria. Einstein progressively transformed this line of the defense into a positive heuristics. -
CONSTRUCTING MODERN IDENTITIES Jewish University Students in Germany 1 8 1 5 1 9 1 4
CONSTRUCTING M O D E R N IDENTITIES CONSTRUCTING MODERN IDENTITIES Jewish University Students in Germany 1 8 1 5 1 9 1 4 Keith H. Pickus WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS DETROIT Copyright © 1999 by Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan 48201. All material in this work, except as identified below, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/us/. All material not licensed under a Creative Commons li- cense is all rights reserved. Permission must be obtained from the copyright owner to use this material. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pickus, Keith H., 1959– Constructing modern identities : Jewish university students in Germany, 1815–1914 / Keith H. Pickus. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 978-0-8143-4352-4 (paperback); 978-0-8143-4351-7 (ebook) 1. Jewish college students—Germany—History— 19th century. 2. Jews— Germany—History—1800–1933. 3. Jewish college students—Germany— Societies, etc.— History—19th century. 4. Jews—Germany—Identity. 5. Germany—Ethnic relations. I. Title. DS135.G33 1999 378.1'982'9924043—DC21 99-11845 Designer: S. R. Tenenbaum The publication of this volume in a freely accessible digital format has been made possible by a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Mellon Foundation through their Humanities Open Book Program. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Koret Foun- dation for financial support in the publication of this volume. Wayne State University Press thanks the following individuals and institutions for their generous permis- sion to reprint material in this book: Paul Fairbrook; The Leo Baeck Institute; and Stanford University Press. -
On the Relativistic Responses to the Kaufmannn Experiments$
Heuristics versus Norms: On the Relativistic Responses to the Kaufmannn ExperimentsI Jan Potters1 Centre for Philosophical Psychology, Department of Philosophy, University of Antwerp, Grote Kauwenberg 18, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium Abstract The aim of this article is to provide a historical response to Michel Janssen's (2009) claim that the special theory of relativity establishes that relativistic phenomena are purely kinematical in nature, and that the relativistic study of such phenomena is completely independent of the dynamics of the systems displaying such behavior. This response will be formulated through a histori- cal discussion of one of Janssen's cases, the experiments carried out by Walter Kaufmann on the velocity-dependence of the electron's mass. Through a dis- cussion of the different responses formulated by early adherents of the princi- ple of relativity (Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Hermann Minkowski and Max von Laue) to these experiments, it will be argued that the historical devel- opment of the special theory of relativity argues against Janssen's historical IThe author would like to thank Richard Staley, Hasok Chang, Marco Giovanelli, Har- vey Brown, Dennis Lehmkuhl, Thomas Ryckman, and the audiences at the Fifth Young Researchers Day in Logic, History and Philosophy of Science 2016 (Brussels), the Forum Scientiarium Summerschools of 2017 and 2018 (T¨ubingen),and the EPSA 2017 confer- ence (Exeter). This article was partially written during a stay as a visiting student at the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge (UK). Email address: [email protected] (Jan Potters) 1Corresponding Author, Research Funded by the FWO (Research Foundation { Flan- ders) Preprint submitted to Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern PhysicsFebruary 12, 2019 presentation of the case, and that this raises questions about his general philosophical claim. -
Continuous Natural Vector Theory of Electromagnetism H
UET2 Continuous Natural Vector Theory of Electromagnetism H. J. Spencer * II ABSTRACT A new algebraic representation is used to immediately recover all the major results of classical electromagnetism. This new representation (‘Natural Vectors’) is based on Hamilton’s quaternions and completes the original attempt by Maxwell to use this powerful, non-commutative algebra in the final presentation of his theory in his Treatise. The foundational hypothesis here is that the principal electromagnetic variables are best represented by Natural Vectors, rather than the conventional 3D vectors defined by ‘real numbers’. The present results avoid all use of the field concept and validate the retarded scalar and vector potentials approach first introduced by L. V. Lorenz, who combined Gauss’s 1845 suggestion of the finite speed of interaction with Newton’s action-at-a-distance model of physics into a charge-potential model of electromagnetism in 1867. This new approach demonstrates the primacy and physical significance of the ‘Lorenz gauge’. Not withstanding Maxwell’s aether theory, the present results are based on the continuous charge-density substance model of electricity that is used today to develop Maxwell’s Equations for classical electromagnetism. The present analysis also demonstrates that Helmholtz’s ‘fluid’ model of electricity is one of the few that can result in an electromagnetic ‘explanation’ for the phenomenon of light. Unlike algebraic Minkowski 4-vectors, the more powerful 4-dimensional covariant Natural Vectors used here generate all the differential equations normally found in classical electromagnetism in an immediate and direct algebraic manner. This new theory focuses on the remote interaction between charges, which then appears both as variations in the charge-density and the potentials “traveling at light-speed across space”. -
Crafting the Quantum: Arnold Sommerfeld and the Practice Of
Crafting the Quantum Arnold Sommerfeld and the Practice of Theory, 1890–1926 Suman Seth The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2010 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. For information on special quantity discounts, email [email protected]. Set in Stone sans and Stone serif by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Seth, Suman, 1974– Crafting the quantum : Arnold Sommerfeld and the practice of theory, 1890–1926 / Suman Seth. p. cm. — (Transformations : studies in the history of science and technology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-01373-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Sommerfeld, Arnold, 1868–1951. 2. Quantum theory. 3. Physics. I. Title. QC16.S76S48 2010 530.09'04—dc22 2009022212 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 The Physics of Problems: Elements of the Sommerfeld Style, 1890–1910 In 1906, Sommerfeld was called to Munich to fi ll the chair in theoretical physics. The position had been vacant for a dozen years, ever since Ludwig Boltzmann had left it to return to Vienna. The high standards required by the Munich faculty and the paucity of practitioners in theoretical physics led to an almost comical situation in the intervening years, as the job was repeatedly offered to the Austrian in an attempt to lure him back. -
Michael Eckert Science, Life and Turbulent Times –
Michael Eckert Arnold Sommerfeld Science, Life and Turbulent Times – Michael Eckert Arnold Sommerfeld. Science, Life and Turbulent Times Michael Eckert translated by Tom Artin Arnold Sommerfeld Science, Life and Turbulent Times 1868–1951 Michael Eckert Deutsches Museum Munich , Germany Translation of Arnold Sommerfeld: Atomphysiker und Kulturbote 1868–1951, originally published in German by Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen ISBN ---- ISBN ---- (eBook) DOI ./---- Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: © Springer Science+Business Media New York Th is work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. Th e use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. -
Experiment, Time and Theory
Experiment, Time and Theory Faculty of Arts Thesis for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy at the University of Antwerp to be defended by Jan Potters Experiment, Time and Theory On the Scientific Exploration of the Unobservable Antwerp 2019 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Bert Leuridan Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Verhandeling neergelegd voor de graad van Doctor in de Wijsbegeerte Aan de Universiteit Antwerpen Verdedigd door Jan Potters Experiment, Tijd en Theorie Over de wetenschappelijke exploratie van het onobserveerbare Antwerpen 2019 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Bert Leuridan L'anthropologie est l`apour nous le rappeler, le passage du temps peut s'interpr´eterde multiples fa¸cons,comme cycle ou comme d´ecadence, comme chute ou comme instabilit´e,comme retour ou comme pr´esence continu´ee.Appelons temporalit´e l'interpr´etationde ce passage pour bien la distinguer du temps. Les modernes ont pour particularit´ede comprendre le temps qui passe comme s'il abolissait r´eellement le pass´e derri`ere lui. Ils se prennent tous pour Attilla derri`ere qui l'herbe ne repoussait plus. Ils ne se sentent pas ´eloign´esdu Moyen Age^ par un certain nombre de si`ecles,mais s´epar´esde lui par des r´evolutionscoperniciennes, des coupures ´epist´emologiques, des ruptures ´epist´emiquesqui sont tellement radicales que plus rien ne survit en eux de ce pass´e{ que plus rien ne doit survivre en eux de ce pass´e. Nous n'avons jamais et´ e´ modernes Bruno Latour Contents Contents v Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 1 Manipulation and the Realist Anthropology 3 1.1 Introduction . .3 1.2 Hacking's Anthropological Origin-Myth . -
Professional Networks and High-Skilled Emigration from Nazi Germany
DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 14120 Persecution and Escape: Professional Networks and High-Skilled Emigration from Nazi Germany Sascha O. Becker Volker Lindenthal Sharun Mukand Fabian Waldinger FEBRUARY 2021 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 14120 Persecution and Escape: Professional Networks and High-Skilled Emigration from Nazi Germany Sascha O. Becker Sharun Mukand Monash University, University of Warwick University of Warwick and IZA Fabian Waldinger Volker Lindenthal University of Munich University of Munich FEBRUARY 2021 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. ISSN: 2365-9793 IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No.