Single-Chip North Bridge for Pentium 4 Cpus with 800 Mhz FSB

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Single-Chip North Bridge for Pentium 4 Cpus with 800 Mhz FSB Single-Chip North Bridge for Pentium 4 CPUs with 800 MHz FSB and8x/4x/2xAGPBus plus Advanced ECC Memory Controller supporting DDR400, 333, 266, and 200 (PC3200 / 2700 / 2100 / 1600) DDR DRAM for Desktop PC Systems Revision 0.4 April 14, 2003 VIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Copyright Notice: Copyright © 2001, 2002, 2003, VIA Technologies Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of VIA Technologies Incorporated. The material in this document is for information only and is subject to change without notice. VIA Technologies Incorporated reserves the right to make changes in the product design without reservation and without notice to its users. Trademark Notices: VT8235, VT8236, VT8237 and PT800 may only be used to identify products of VIA Technologies. Intel™, Pentium™ and MMX™ are registered trademarks of Intel Corp. VIA C3™ is a registered trademark of VIA Technologies Athlon™ and AMD-K7™ are registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices Corp. Windows XP™. Windows 2000™. Windows ME™, Windows 98™, and Plug and Play™ are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corp. PCI™ is a registered trademark of the PCI Special Interest Group. PS/2™ is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp. All trademarks are the properties of their respective owners. Disclaimer Notice: No license is granted, implied or otherwise, under any patent or patent rights of VIA Technologies, Inc. VIA Technologies makes no warranties, implied or otherwise, in regard to this document and to the products described in this document. The information provided by this document is believed to be accurate and reliable as of the publication date of this document. However, VIA Technologies assumes no responsibility for any errors in this document. Furthermore, VIA Technologies assumes no responsibility for the use or misuse of the information in this document and for any patent infringements that may arise from the use of this document. The information and product specifications within this document are subject to change at any time, without notice and without obligation to notify any person of such change. Offices: VIA Technologies Incorporated VIA Technologies Incorporated USA Office: Taiwan Office: 940 Mission Court 8th Floor, No. 533 Fremont, CA 94539 Chung-Cheng Road, Hsin-Tien USA Taipei, Taiwan ROC Tel: (510) 683-3300 Tel: (886-2) 2218-5452 Fax: (510) 683-3301 or (510) 687-4654 Fax: (886-2) 2218-5453 Web: http://www.viatech.com Web: http://www.via.com.tw PT800 Pentium 4 DDR V-Link North Bridge REVISION HISTORY Document Release Date Revision Initials 0.1 1/14/03 Initial internal release based on P4X400 data sheet rev 0.92 published 1/14/03 DH Added “Review Only” watermark and “Preliminary” to document revision Changed chipset name to PT400 and part # to VT8754A Added FSB800 and DDR400 support Updated Rx54[7-6], 55[0], 64[7-6,2], 69[7-6] 0.2 2/18/03 Fixed VAD0-1 CPU Freq strap defs (swapped 166 & 200) & Dev0 Rx54[7-6] DH Added Device 0 Rx67[7] and updated table under Rx69[6] 0.3 3/19/03 Removed "Preliminary" from document revision; Fixed misc typographical errors DH Updated document watermark to "VIA Confidential, NDA Required" Changed South Bridge to VT8237; Changed AGP pin names to AGP 8x default 0.4 4/14/03 Changed chip name to PT800 and removed VT# DH Fixed incorrect JEDEC-spec reference in mechanical diagram Revision 0.4, April 14, 2003 -i- Revision History PT800 Pentium 4 DDR V-Link North Bridge TABLE OF CONTENTS REVISION HISTORY .......................................................................................................................................................................I TABLE OFCONTENTS................................................................................................................ .................................................. II LIST OFFIGURES .................................................................................................................. .......................................................IV LIST OFTABLES ................................................................................................................... ........................................................IV PRODUCT FEATURES.................................................................................................................................................................... 1 OVERVIEW....................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 NORTH BRIDGE.............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 SOUTH BRIDGE .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 POWER MANAGEMENT.................................................................................................................................................................. 4 PINOUTS............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 PIN DESCRIPTIONS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8 REGISTERS..................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 REGISTER OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................................. 17 MISCELLANEOUS I/O .................................................................................................................................................................. 21 CONFIGURATION SPACE I/O ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 DEVICE 0REGISTER DESCRIPTIONS........................................................................................................................................... 22 Device 0 Host Bridge Header Registers .............................................................................................................................. 22 Device 0 Host Bridge Device-Specific Registers................................................................................................................. 24 V-Link Control...................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Host CPU Control................................................................................................................................................................................. 27 DRAM Control ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 PCIBus Control.................................................................................................................. .................................................................. 35 GART / Graphics Aperture ................................................................................................................................................................... 37 AGP 2.0 Registers................................................................................................................................................................................. 38 CPU-to-Memory Access Control.......................................................................................................................................................... 38 AGP 3.0 Registers................................................................................................................................................................................. 40 AGP 2.0 / 3.0 Registers......................................................................................................................................................................... 42 V-Link Compensation / Drive Control.................................................................................................................................................. 44 Power Management Control ................................................................................................................................................................. 45 Extended Power Management Control.................................................................................................................................................. 46 Error Control......................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Host CPU AGTL+ I/O Control ............................................................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • A Superscalar Out-Of-Order X86 Soft Processor for FPGA
    A Superscalar Out-of-Order x86 Soft Processor for FPGA Henry Wong University of Toronto, Intel [email protected] June 5, 2019 Stanford University EE380 1 Hi! ● CPU architect, Intel Hillsboro ● Ph.D., University of Toronto ● Today: x86 OoO processor for FPGA (Ph.D. work) – Motivation – High-level design and results – Microarchitecture details and some circuits 2 FPGA: Field-Programmable Gate Array ● Is a digital circuit (logic gates and wires) ● Is field-programmable (at power-on, not in the fab) ● Pre-fab everything you’ll ever need – 20x area, 20x delay cost – Circuit building blocks are somewhat bigger than logic gates 6-LUT6-LUT 6-LUT6-LUT 3 6-LUT 6-LUT FPGA: Field-Programmable Gate Array ● Is a digital circuit (logic gates and wires) ● Is field-programmable (at power-on, not in the fab) ● Pre-fab everything you’ll ever need – 20x area, 20x delay cost – Circuit building blocks are somewhat bigger than logic gates 6-LUT 6-LUT 6-LUT 6-LUT 4 6-LUT 6-LUT FPGA Soft Processors ● FPGA systems often have software components – Often running on a soft processor ● Need more performance? – Parallel code and hardware accelerators need effort – Less effort if soft processors got faster 5 FPGA Soft Processors ● FPGA systems often have software components – Often running on a soft processor ● Need more performance? – Parallel code and hardware accelerators need effort – Less effort if soft processors got faster 6 FPGA Soft Processors ● FPGA systems often have software components – Often running on a soft processor ● Need more performance? – Parallel
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis and Comparison of Different Microprocessors Used in Computer
    Analysis and Comparison of Different Microprocessors used in Computer Architecture Manoj Gyanani Computer Science Department San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192 408-455-4128 [email protected] ABSTRACT low level activities. It mainly performs the task of uploading, In the current world, it’s almost impossible to imagine that someone downloading and recalling data into and from the memory card. can live without computers. Computers have become an electronic Apart from that it also does complex mathematical calculations device of almost every day use for individuals of every age. we within a single command. cannot imagine of advancements without computers. Hence it becomes very important to understand the principal running entity of 2.2 Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor the computer architecture. The microprocessor is the brain of a This processor is also called as RISC. These kinds of chips are made computer. it is a multipurpose, programmable device that according to the function in which the microprocessor can carry out accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions small things within a particular command. In this way it completes stored in its memory, and provides results as output. Hence, it is more commands at a faster rate. significant to analyze various processors and then compare them. So that we can know about pros and cons of different processors. We 2.3 Superscalar Processors have to select the best microprocessor and for that , it is really This is a processor that copies the hardware on the microprocessor important to analyze & make a comparison among them. Parameters for performing numerous tasks at a time.
    [Show full text]
  • 694Tas User's Manual
    694TAS USER'S MANUAL M/B For Socket 370 Pentium III Processor NO. G03-694TAS3A Release date: May 2002 Trademark: ∗ Pentium is registered trademark and Celeron is a trademark of Intel corporation, the other names and brands are the property of their respective owners. ∗ Specifications and Information contained in this documentation are furnished for information use only, and are subject to change at any time without notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by manufacturer. TABLE OF CONTENT USER’S NOTICE ............................................................................. 1 MANUAL REVISION INFORMATION ............................................. 2 COOLING SOLUTIONS.................................................................. 2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OF 694TAS MOTHERBOARD 1-1 FEATURE OF MOTHERBOARD............................................................... 3 1-2 SPECIFICATION .......................................................................................... 4 1-3 PERFORMANCE LIST................................................................................ 5 1-4 LAYOUT & JUMPER SETTING................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 2 HARDWARE INSTALLATION 2-1 HARDWARE INSTALLATION STEPS..................................................... 8 2-2 CHECKING MOTHERBOARD'S JUMPER SETTING .......................... 8 2-3 INSTALL CPU............................................................................................... 10 2-3-1 GLOSSARY....................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • VIA EPIA M-Series Mini-ITX Mainboard Operation Guidelines
    Operating Guidelines VIA EPIA M-Series Mini-ITX Mainboard Operation Guidelines The Ultra Compact Motherboard Form Factor From VIA Technologies Operating Guidelines Contents · Overview · Layout · Specifications · CLE266 Chipset Overview · I/O Back Panel Layout · Power Specifications · DVD Playback Tests · Power Consumption Tests · FliteDeck – System Management Suite · Smart5.1 – Intelligent 6 Channel Audio · Contact Operating Guidelines EPIA M-Series Overview The VIA EPIA M-Series Mini-ITX Mainboard is a revolutionary, ultra-compact x86 platform optimized for today’s killer digital applications. At just 17cm x 17cm, Mini- ITX is the world’s smallest native x86 mainboard platform, and is fully compatible with Microsoft® and Linux Operating Systems. Available with an embedded VIA Eden™ ESP processor core for fanless systems with ultra low-power requirements, or an embedded VIA C3™ E-Series processor for more demanding digital multimedia applications, the EPIA M-Series is the perfect platform for a whole range of small form factor, low-power digital media devices and home entertainment centers. EPIA M-Series Layout VIA Apollo CLE266 North Bridge, featuring int. 2D/3D graphics 1 x DDR266DIMM Embedded VIA C3™ -E or Eden™ ESP processor 2 x IDE Ports ATA/133/100/ Support VIA VT8235 South Bridge 10/100 Ethernet USB 2.0 1 PCI Slot TV-OUT IEEE 1394 Audio Jacks / VIA Smart5.1 Surround Sound Operating Guidelines EPIA M-Series Specifications Processor - VIA C3/Eden EBGA Processor Chipset - VIA CLE266 North Bridge - VT8235 South Bridge System Memory
    [Show full text]
  • Communication Theory II
    Microprocessor (COM 9323) Lecture 2: Review on Intel Family Ahmed Elnakib, PhD Assistant Professor, Mansoura University, Egypt Feb 17th, 2016 1 Text Book/References Textbook: 1. The Intel Microprocessors, Architecture, Programming and Interfacing, 8th edition, Barry B. Brey, Prentice Hall, 2009 2. Assembly Language for x86 processors, 6th edition, K. R. Irvine, Prentice Hall, 2011 References: 1. Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 5th edition, J. Hennessy, D. Patterson, Elsevier, 2012. 2. The 80x86 Family, Design, Programming and Interfacing, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, 2002 3. The 80x86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers, Assembly Language, Design, and Interfacing, 4th edition, M.A. Mazidi and J.G. Mazidi, Prentice Hall, 2003 2 Lecture Objectives 1. Provide an overview of the various 80X86 and Pentium family members 2. Define the contents of the memory system in the personal computer 3. Convert between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbers 4. Differentiate and represent numeric and alphabetic information as integers, floating-point, BCD, and ASCII data 5. Understand basic computer terminology (bit, byte, data, real memory system, protected mode memory system, Windows, DOS, I/O) 3 Brief History of the Computers o1946 The first generation of Computer ENIAC (Electrical and Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was started to be used based on the vacuum tube technology, University of Pennsylvania o1970s entire CPU was put in a single chip. (1971 the first microprocessor of Intel 4004 (4-bit data bus and 2300 transistors and 45 instructions) 4 Brief History of the Computers (cont’d) oLate 1970s Intel 8080/85 appeared with 8-bit data bus and 16-bit address bus and used from traffic light controllers to homemade computers (8085: 246 instruction set, RISC*) o1981 First PC was introduced by IBM with Intel 8088 (CISC**: over 20,000 instructions) microprocessor oMotorola emerged with 6800.
    [Show full text]
  • Computer Architectures an Overview
    Computer Architectures An Overview PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 25 Feb 2012 22:35:32 UTC Contents Articles Microarchitecture 1 x86 7 PowerPC 23 IBM POWER 33 MIPS architecture 39 SPARC 57 ARM architecture 65 DEC Alpha 80 AlphaStation 92 AlphaServer 95 Very long instruction word 103 Instruction-level parallelism 107 Explicitly parallel instruction computing 108 References Article Sources and Contributors 111 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 113 Article Licenses License 114 Microarchitecture 1 Microarchitecture In computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometimes abbreviated to µarch or uarch), also called computer organization, is the way a given instruction set architecture (ISA) is implemented on a processor. A given ISA may be implemented with different microarchitectures.[1] Implementations might vary due to different goals of a given design or due to shifts in technology.[2] Computer architecture is the combination of microarchitecture and instruction set design. Relation to instruction set architecture The ISA is roughly the same as the programming model of a processor as seen by an assembly language programmer or compiler writer. The ISA includes the execution model, processor registers, address and data formats among other things. The Intel Core microarchitecture microarchitecture includes the constituent parts of the processor and how these interconnect and interoperate to implement the ISA. The microarchitecture of a machine is usually represented as (more or less detailed) diagrams that describe the interconnections of the various microarchitectural elements of the machine, which may be everything from single gates and registers, to complete arithmetic logic units (ALU)s and even larger elements.
    [Show full text]
  • VIA EPIA M-Series Mini-ITX Mainboard Operation Guidelines
    Operating Guidelines Version 1.20 VIA EPIA M-Series Mini-ITX Mainboard Operation Guidelines Contents • Overview • Layout • Specifications • Processor SKUs • CLE266 Chipset Overview • I/O Back Panel Layout • Layout Diagram & Mounting Holes • Noise Levels Data • DVD Playback Tests • Power Consumption Data • Compatible Chassis • Power Specifications • FliteDeck – System Management Suite • Smart5.1 – Intelligent 6 Channel Audio • Linux & Microsoft Driver Support • Contact Operating Guidelines Version 1.20 EPIA M-Series Overview Optimized for today’s killer digital media applications such as watching DVD movies and listening to music, the 17cm x 17cm VIA EPIA M-Series includes a growing range of feature rich and highly versatile solutions for building a complete range of connected multimedia entertainment devices that meet the technical, ergonomic and aesthetic requirements of this emerging but highly demanding market. In addition to an integrated VIA C3 or fanless VIA Eden processors running at speeds of up to 1GHz, the VIA EPIA M-Series features the VIA Apollo CLE266 chipset with embedded UniChrome MPEG-2 decoder and integrated 2D/3D graphics core to ensure smooth DVD playback and a rich overall entertainment experience. With the sizable memory bandwidth of DDR266 SDRAM and the high data transfer speeds of ATA/133, the VIA EPIA M-Series ensures the high performance levels required of today’s most popular digital media and productivity applications. The user’s digital media experience is further enhanced by support for 5.1 surround sound, courtesy of the onboard VIA Six-TRAC 6 Channel AC’97 codec. The latest in high-bandwidth connectivity is supported with IEEE 1394 and USB 2.0 connections provided, as well as S-Video and RCA TV-Out (NTSC & PAL) and 10/100 Ethernet for seamless broadband connectivity.
    [Show full text]
  • User's Manual for Future Reference
    User’s Manual EPIA Version 1.31 September 23, 2008 Copyright Copyright © 2003-2008 VIA Technologies Incorporated. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of VIA Technologies, Incorporated. Trademarks All trademarks are the property of their respective holders. PS/2 is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation. Award BIOS is a registered trademark of Phoenix Technologies Ltd. Disclaimer No license is granted, implied or otherwise, under any patent or patent rights of VIA Technologies. VIA Technologies makes no warranties, implied or otherwise, in regard to this document and to the products described in this document. The information provided in this document is believed to be accurate and reliable as of the publication date of this document. However, VIA Technologies assumes no responsibility for the use or misuse of the information in this document and for any patent infringements that may arise from the use of this document. The information and product specifications within this document are subject to change at any time, without notice and without obligation to notify any person of such change. FCC-B Radio Frequency Interference Statement This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment.
    [Show full text]
  • General Purpose Processors - I
    www.getmyuni.com General Purpose Processors - I www.getmyuni.com In this lesson the student will learn the following Architecture of a General Purpose Processor Various Labels of Pipelines Basic Idea on Different Execution Units Branch Prediction Pre-requisite Digital Electronics 8.1 Introduction The first single chip microprocessor came in 1971 by Intel Corporation. It was called Intel 4004 and that was the first single chip CPU ever built. We can say that was the first general purpose processor. Now the term microprocessor and processor are synonymous. The 4004 was a 4-bit processor, capable of addressing 1K data memory and 4K program memory. It was meant to be used for a simple calculator. The 4004 had 46 instructions, using only 2,300 transistors in a 16- pin DIP. It ran at a clock rate of 740kHz (eight clock cycles per CPU cycle of 10.8 microseconds). In 1975, Motorola introduced the 6800, a chip with 78 instructions and probably the first microprocessor with an index register. In 1979, Motorola introduced the 68000. With internal 32-bit registers and a 32-bit address space, its bus was still 16 bits due to hardware prices. On the other hand in 1976, Intel designed 8085 with more instructions to enable/disable three added interrupt pins (and the serial I/O pins). They also simplified hardware so that it used only +5V power, and added clock-generator and bus-controller circuits on the chip. In 1978, Intel introduced the 8086, a 16-bit processor which gave rise to the x86 architecture. It did not contain floating-point instructions.
    [Show full text]
  • Architecture of VIA Isaiah (NANO)
    Architecture of VIA Isaiah (NANO) Jan Davidek dav053 2008/2009 1. Introduction to the VIA Nano™ Processor The last few years have seen significant changes within the microprocessor industry, and indeed the entire IT landscape. Much of this change has been driven by three factors: the increasing focus of both business and consumer on energy efficiency, the rise of mobile computing, and the growing performance requirements of computing devices in a fast expanding multimedia environment. In the microprocessor space, the traditional race for ever faster processing speeds has given way to one that factors in the energy used to achieve those speeds. Performance per watt is the new metric by which quality is measured, with all the major players endeavoring to increase the performance capabilities of their products, while reducing the amount of energy that they require. Based on the recently announced VIA Isaiah Architecture, the new VIA Nano™ processor is a next-generation x86 processor that sets the standard in power efficiency for tomorrow’s immersive internet experience. With advanced power and thermal management features helping to make it the world’s most energy efficient x86 processor architecture, the VIA Nano processor also boasts ultra modern functionality, high-performance computation and media processing, and enhanced VIA PadLock™ hardware security features. Augmenting the VIA C7® family of processors, the VIA Nano processor’s pin compatibility extends the VIA processor platform portfolio, enabling OEMs to offer a wider range of products for different market segments, and furnishing them with the ability to upgrade device performance without incurring the time and cost expense associated with system redesign.
    [Show full text]
  • The X86 Is Dead. Long Live the X86!
    the x86 is dead. long live the x86! CC3.0 share-alike attribution copyright c 2013 nick black with diagrams by david kanter of http://realworldtech.com “Upon first looking into Intel’s x86” that upon which we gaze is mankind’s triumph, and we are its stewards. use it well. georgia tech ◦ summer 2013 ◦ cs4803uws ◦ nick black The x86 is dead. Long live the x86! Why study the x86? Used in a majority of servers, workstations, and laptops Receives the most focus in the kernel/toolchain Very complex processor, thus large optimization space Excellent documentation and literature Fascinating, revealing, lengthy history Do not think that x86 is all that’s gone on over the past 30 years1. That said, those who’ve chased peak on x86 can chase it anywhere. 1Commonly expressed as “All the world’s an x86.” georgia tech ◦ summer 2013 ◦ cs4803uws ◦ nick black The x86 is dead. Long live the x86! In the grim future of computing there are 10,000 ISAs Alpha + BWX/FIX/CIX/MVI SPARC V9 + VIS3a AVR32 + JVM JVMb CMS PTX/SASSc PA-RISC + MAX-2 TILE-Gxd SuperH ARM + NEONe i960 Blackfin IA64 (Itanium) PowerISA + AltiVec/VSXf MIPS + MDMX/MIPS-3D MMIX IBMHLA (s390 + z) a Most recently the “Oracle SPARC Architecture 2011”. b m68k Most recently the Java SE 7 spec, 2013-02-28. c Most recently the PTX ISA 3.1 spec, 2012-09-13. VAX + VAXVA d TILE-Gx ISA 1.2, 2013-02-26. e z80 / MOS6502 ARMv8: A64, A32, and T32, 2011-10-27. f MIX PowerISA v.2.06B, 2010-11-03.
    [Show full text]
  • PC/104 Embedded Solutions Submit New Products At: 4 / Winter 2005 PC/104 Embedded Solutions
    RSC #2 @ www.pc104online.com/rsc RSC #3 @ www.pc104online.com/rsc Winter 2005 Volume 9 Number 5 www.pc104online.com COLUMNS FEATURES 8 PC/104 Embedded Consortium HARDWARE: Embedded motherboards The need for technological refresh 22 Mini-ITX offers a useful alternative to traditional By Tom Barnum, PC/104 Embedded Consortium embedded boards By Roland Groeneveld, Logic Supply, Inc. 14 PC/104 Fundamentals 101 Sensor fundamentals 101 By Joel Huebner TECHNOLOGY: Sensors 30 Interpolating DACs offer high speeds, but are they 18 European Perspective controllable? Company profile: DIGITAL-LOGIC AG By Scott Hames, ICS Constant innovation is the key to success By Stefan Baginski BUYER’S GUIDE: 66 Editor’s Insight 36 2006 PC/104 Buyer’s Guide EPIC Express paves “bridge to the future” By Chris A. Ciufo EVENTS DEPARTMENTS February 14-16, 2006 April 3-7, 2006 Embedded World Embedded Systems Conference Nuremburg, Germany San Jose, CA 45 Editor’s Choice Products www.embedded-world-2006.de www.esconline.com April 4-6, 2006 RTS 2006 Paris, France www.birp.com/rts2006/an/intro.htm On the cover: EEPD’s M1VE PCI-104 single board computer adds serious horsepower to embedded systems. Now available with a 1 GHz Intel Celeron, the module E-LETTER is essentially a tiny desktop motherboard that fits into PC/104-based Winter: www.pc104online.com/eletter systems. PCI-104 is a PCI-only ■ SOM vs. SBC: Comparing differences in embedded version of PC/104 with the technology legacy ISA bus omitted. By Michele Lukowski, VersaLogic ■ Cover inset product: Can this COTS-based system be saved? Photo courtesy of EEPD.
    [Show full text]