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The North Carolina Historical Review " The North Carolina Historical Review Volume XVIII October, 1941 Number 4 GOVERNOR VANCE AND THE END OF THE WAR IN NORTH CAROLINA By Richard E. Yates When Zebulon B. Vance was reelected to the governorship of North Carolina in August, 1864, he had ample reason to be proud of his achievement. By an overwhelming majority he had defeated William W. Holden, the " peace candidate, and the ominous peace movement which he led. "I have beaten him," Vance said proudly, worse than any man was rn ever beaten in North Carolina. But as the popular young governor surveyed the condition of the Southern cause, he found much to depress him. By little more than a mere skirmish line, Lee was holding Grant's large army before Petersburg ; and the Army of the Tennessee under Hood was being pressed back to Atlanta by the persistent Sherman. Before the well trained, fully equipped armies of the United States, the Confederate forces were quickly wasting away. Death and disease took thousands who could not be re- placed; and thousands more, despairing for the cause and sick of the war, deserted from the armies and nocked to the mountains, where many of them lived a life of robbery and murder. Realizing that the South's only chance for success lay in increasing its armed forces, Governor Vance made energetic efforts to fill the rapidly dwindling North Carolina regiments. On the basis of orders issued by General Lee, he published a proclamation in August, 1864, promising that all deserters who returned voluntarily within thirty days would receive only a nominal punishment. But he warned all who refused to comply with those terms "that the utmost power of this 1 Vance to Alexander Collie, August 5, 1864. Vance Letter Book, II, 219-221. (A copy of the origina Letter Book, and all manuscript sources used in this study, are in the archives of the North Carolina Historical Commission, Raleigh.) [ 315 ] 316 The North Carolina Historical Review State will be exerted to capture them or drive them from the borders of a country whose high honor and spotless renown they disgrace by refusing to defend. ."A warn- ing was also extended to the magistrates who refused to proceed against those who harbored deserters. Executive protection would be withdrawn and they would find them- selves in the army, Vance threatened, as he could not certify that officers who refused to perform their duties were neces- sary to the "due administration of the laws." 2 Once more a number of deserters in North Carolina took advantage of the thirty days' amnesty and made their way to the Con- federate armies, and once more the militia forces of the State were vigorously employed in arresting those who were reluctant to leave their hiding places. As Lee's army continued to dwindle, however, it became apparent that the returning deserters could not swell the thin line around Petersburg. Hoping to send the urgently needed reinforcements, Vance called the Council of State and suggested that it approve an immediate session of the legislature, in order that some of the state officers and the Home Guard could be sent to Lee. But the Council refused to give its consent, and Vance expressed his disappointment by declaring that he would "cut loose from some of the old fogies" and would rely upon "men nearer my own age & notions of things." 3 When the regular session of the legis- lature convened in November, he recommended that the military age be extended to fifty-five years, but the law- makers declined. They seemed to have little interest in Lee's desperate plight, for by this time the impending attack upon Fort Fisher had concentrated their attention upon the 4 defense of North Carolina soil. Vance had been expecting the attack for several months and had repeatedly urged the Confederate government to strengthen the defenses of Wilmington. Declaring that Confederate cruisers attracted the attention of the Federal fleet, the governor demanded that a less vital port be used as headquarters. 5 But the Tallahassee and the Chickamauga continued to dash in and out of the port of Wilmington. Vance urged, moreover, that General Beauregard replace 2 Proclamation of August 24, 1864. Z. B. Vance Papers, V. 3 Vance to Hale, October 11, 1864. E. J. Hale Papers, III. (The governor was thirty-four years old at this time.) * North Carolina Public Laws, Sess. of 1864-1865. pp. 21-22. 6 Dunbar Rowland, ed., Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist. VI, 366-367; Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Ser. I, Vol. XLII, Pt. III. pp. 1148-1149, 1158-1159; Howard Swiggett, ed., A Rebel War Clerk's Diary . by J. B. Jones, II, 291-292. (Cited hereafter as Jones, Diary.) Gov. Vance and End of War in North Carolina 317 General W. H. C. Whiting, who commanded the defenses of the city. 6 But Beauregard was sent to Charleston, and in October General Braxton Bragg was placed in command of the Department of the Cape Fear, although Whiting continued to command the district of Wilmington. A few days later Vance journeyed to Wilmington on a tour of inspection. He found the fortifications in an excellent condi- tion, but he was alarmed by the lack of sufficient troops. Could not Lee spare a few veterans, he asked, to act as a nucleus for the raw troops that defended Wilmington? In spite of his own desperate condition, Lee promised to aid the city when the attack began. 7 At last the period of tedious waiting ended. On December 18, 1864, information was received that an expedition had sailed from Fortress Monroe, and two days later Bragg telegraphed Vance that the head of the Federal fleet had arrived off Confederate Point. The governor immediately issued a proclamation urging everyone who was able to stand behind breastworks and fire a musket to hurry to Wilmington. "Your Governor," he promised, "will meet you at the front, and will share with you the worst." 8 In derision, "One of the Inwalids" addressed to Vance an open letter which showed more faith in the literary achievements of Artemus Ward than in the final victory of Southern arms : You say we are kowards if we don't kum. That's purty hard to take, but I'd ruther take it than git a ball in the belly! Sur, you sing Sams to a ded hoss when you kail on us fellers at home tu pitch in. I seed a feller not long since talkin about volunteerin, and the nabers all said he oght to be sent to the lunytick assylum, kase he was krazy. Guvernur, if you'll give me a fat bumproof Offis, I'll kum a kitin, but if you don't do this, cal fur stones from the vasty deep, but not fur this chile. 9 Vance delayed his departure a few days, and in the mean- time the Federal fleet, under the command of Admiral David Porter, began its attack upon Fort Fisher, which defended the water approaches to Wilmington. In accord- ance with a suggestion of General B. F. Butler, a ship was filled with thousands of pounds of powder, towed as near 6 Official Records, Ser. I, Vol. XLII, Pt. II, p. 1235. (Excessive drinking, Vance thought, had im- paired Whiting's ability.) 7 Vance Letter Book, II, 288-289. 8 Official Records, Ser. I, Vol. XLII, Pt. Ill, pp. 1284-1285. 9 The Milton Chronicle, quoted by the Weekly Standard (Raleigh), January 18, 1865. (All news- papers cited in this article will be found in the North Carolina State Library, Raleigh.) 318 The North Carolina Historical Review to the fort as practicable, and exploded. But aside from amusing the Confederate garrison and exciting the risibilities of a Wilmington editor, this stupendous explosion had no 10 effect. Nor was a combined land attack and bombardment from the sea any more effective, for troops from Lee's army and the heavy fortifications withstood these assaults. General Butler therefore withdrew his troops, and on De- cember 28 the fleet steamed away. The United States forces did not despair, however, and on January 13, 1865, another Federal expedition appeared off Fort Fisher. Once more the junior and senior reserves flocked to the coast, but they were of little avail. After a heavy bombardment of less than a day's duration, the traverses of the fort were blown away and all but one of the guns were silenced. Troops were then landed, and after two days of stubborn righting the fort was surrendered. "I am morti- fied," the unfortunate Bragg telegraphed Vance, "at having to report the unexpected capture of Ft Fisher with most of 11 its garrison about 10 o'clock tonight." Although depressed by the loss of the fort and the resulting cessation of blockade running, some of the state newspapers felt that the blow was not a fatal one. The Confederacy had survived greater misfortunes, declared the Fayetteville 12 Observer. "It will survive this. It cannot afford to be sub- jugated." The Raleigh Confederate believed the capture of Fort Fisher did not necessarily involve the fall of Wilming- 13 ton. This optimism was shattered a few weeks later, how- ever, when Federal forces started a movement toward Wilmington and captured the town on February 22. Faced with the series of Confederate defeats which began with the capture of Atlanta and Savannah and included the fall of Fort Fisher and the occupation of Wilmington, the people of North Carolina almost surrendered themselves to a wave of despondency that swept over the State. Many believed that the Confederacy was doomed, that even the most heroic efforts could keep it alive for only a few more months.
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