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Bachelor Thesis CZECH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering Department of Physics Bachelor thesis HEAVY QUARK PRODUCTION ON ATLAS AT LHC Mark´etaSedl´aˇckov´a Supervisor: Prom. fyz. V´aclav Vrba, CSc. Prague, 2012 Prohl´aˇsen´ı: Prohlaˇsuji,ˇzejsem svou bakal´aˇrskou pr´acivypracoval samostatnˇea pouˇziljsem pouze podklady ( literaturu, software, atd. ) uveden´ev pˇriloˇzen´emseznamu. Nem´amz´avaˇzn´yd˚uvod proti uˇzit´ıtohoto ˇskoln´ıho d´ılave smyslu 60 Z´akona .121/2000 Sb., o pr´avuautorsk´em,o pr´avech souvisej´ıc´ıch s pr´avem autorsk´ym a o zmˇenˇenˇekter´ych z´akon˚u( autorsk´yz´akon ). V Praze dne Title: Heavy quark production on ATLAS at LHC Author: Mark´etaSedl´aˇckov´a Specialization: Experimental nuclear physics Sort of project: Bachelor thesis Supervisor: Prom. fyz. V´aclav Vrba, CSc. Consultant: Ing. Michal Marˇciˇsovsk´y ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Abstract: The first chapter of this thesis serves as an introduction to the particle physics and Standard Model. A deeper explanation of physics of b quarks, their production mechanisms and J= decay channels is given. In the second chapter CERN and the ATLAS experiment are described. The construction of the detector, TDAQ and the ATLAS software framework, ATHENA, are also discussed in detail. The data analysis in third chapter revolves around J= , bound state of cc¯ quarks, which is easily identifiable in the detector in its dimuon decay channel. It is used for detector performance evaluation as well as for physics measurements. B hadrons decaying into J= s can be easily identified and partially reconstructed. Their angular correlations are studied in this thesis. Work presented in this thesis is a preparation for the analysis performed in the Prague B-physics group which concerns b quark production mechanisms. Key words: J/Psi, angular correlations, ATLAS, quarkonia, Standard Model N´azevpr´ace: Studium produkce tˇeˇzk´ych kvark˚upomoc´ıATLAS na LHC Autor: Mark´etaSedl´aˇckov´a Abstrakt: Prvn´ıkapitola t´etopr´aceslouˇz´ıjako ´uvod do ˇc´asticov´efyziky a do Standardn´ıhomodelu. Hlubˇs´ıvysvˇetlen´ıje poskytnuto u fyziky b kvark˚u,je- jich produkˇcn´ıch mechanism˚ua rozpad˚u J= . V druh´ekapitole jsou popisov´any CERN a experiment ATLAS. D´alejsou zevrubnˇepops´any konstrukce detektoru, TDAQ a ATLASovsk´yframework, ATHENA. Anal´yzadat ve tˇret´ıkapitole se z´ab´yv´a J= , v´azan´ymstavem cc¯ kvark˚u,kter´eje v detektoru snadno identi- fikovateln´esv´ymdimionov´ymrozpadem. Vyuˇz´ıv´ase jak ke kontrole v´ykonu detektoru tak k fyzik´aln´ımmˇeˇren´ım. B hadrony rozpadaj´ıc´ıse na J= jsou snadno identifikovateln´ea rekonstruovateln´e. V t´etopr´acijsou analyzov´any jejich ´uhlov´ekorelace. Anal´yzapresentovan´av t´etopr´acislouˇz´ıjako pˇr´ıprava na anal´yzuprov´adˇenou v praˇzsk´eskupinˇeB-fyziky, kter´ase zab´yv´aprodukˇcn´ımimechanismy b kvarku. Kl´ıˇcov´aslova: J/Psi, ´uhlov´ekorelace, ATLAS, kvarkonia, Standardn´ıModel Acknowledgement I would like to express my great gratitude to my supervisor Vaclav Vrba for his professional feedback and help during my work. I would also like to thank to Michal Marcisovsky who has introduced me into the ATLAS offline software and helped me with data analysis. Last but not least I would like to thank one more time everybody from our department at FZU for their willingness to help me anytime I asked and their great patience with me. Contents 1 The Standard Model 1 1.1 Brief history of particle physics . 1 1.2 Interactions . 2 1.3 Standard Model . 4 1.3.1 Quarks and Leptons . 4 1.3.2 Particle Classification . 6 1.3.3 Eightfold Way . 7 1.3.4 Symmetries . 9 1.3.5 SM Problems . 10 1.3.6 Beyond the Standard Model . 11 1.4 B Physics . 12 1.4.1 Strong Interaction . 12 1.4.2 Bottom quark production . 13 2 ATLAS Experiment 15 2.1 CERN . 15 2.2 LHC . 16 2.3 ATLAS Detector . 18 2.3.1 Inner Detector . 20 2.3.2 Calorimeters . 21 2.3.3 Muon Spectrometer . 21 2.3.4 Magnet System . 22 2.4 ATLAS Software . 22 2.4.1 Trigger and DAQ . 23 2.4.2 Offline software . 24 3 Data Analysis 27 3.1 The ATLAS Coordinate System . 27 3.2 Muon Identification and Reconstruction . 27 3.3 J/ Observation . 28 3.4 bb Angular Correlations . 34 4 Thesis Summary 37 I Bibliography 38 II List of Figures 1.1 Meson octet . 7 1.2 Baryon decuplet . 8 1.3 Baryon octet . 8 1.4 Grand unified theory . 12 1.5 The three leading order vertices in QCD . 13 1.6 Leading order b¯b production mechanisms . 14 1.7 NLO process flavour excitation . 14 1.8 NLO process gluon splitting . 14 2.1 CERN's accelerator complex . 17 2.2 A basic scheme of a particle identification . 18 2.3 The ATLAS detector . 19 2.4 Schematic view of the ATLAS Inner Detector . 20 2.5 Schematic view of the ATLAS Calorimeters . 21 2.6 The Muon System at ATLAS . 22 2.7 Schematic view of the ATLAS's Magnet System . 22 2.8 The ATLAS trigger system overview. Figure from [9] . 23 2.9 The ATHENA SW chain . 25 3.1 Charmonium model . 28 3.2 Invariant mass plot of dimuons up to 120 GeV (log scale), 2011 data. 30 3.3 Invariant mass plot of dimuons up to 12 GeV in logarithmic scale. 30 3.4 Invariant mass plot of dimuons up to 12 GeV in linear scale. 31 3.5 Pseudo-proper time distribution of J= ! µµ candidates. 32 3.6 Mass correlation of two J= candidates. 33 3.7 Detail of the mass peak signal. 33 3.8 Schematic view of the b¯b ! J= + J= process . 34 3.9 PYTHIA simulated b¯b angular correlations. 35 3.10 b¯b angular correlation comparison of simulation to data. 35 III List of Tables 1.1 List of the four fundamental interactions. [1] . 3 1.2 The basic properties of quarks . 5 1.3 The basic properties of leptons . 6 1.4 Table of validity of conservation laws . 10 3.1 Properties of J= meson and its excited state 0. [2] . 29 IV Chapter 1 The Standard Model The aim of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the elementary particle physics. It is nowadays represented by the Standard Model, a theory which will be explained later in this chapter. Particle physics studies what the world is made of on the finest level { smaller than atoms, even smaller than protons and neutrons that form nucleus. Main sources for this chapter were books [1], [2] and [3]. 1.1 Brief history of particle physics In this section a brief history of particle physics from ancient greeks until the discovery of quarks will be presented. From the very beginning humans believed that the world is composed of some elements and tried to discover and define them { ancient Greeks believed them to be Earth, Wind, Water, and Fire. The need to define only one elemen- tary structure, from which everything constitutes, can be { for example { found in the work of Anaximenes of Miletus, who claimed this structure to be Air. In his works he described how other elements were obtained through condensa- tion of the Air { more condensed gives Water and Earth, less condensed forms Fire. Another philosophical school of thought, atomism, believed that the world consists of an indivisible atom and empty void. According to Aristotle, atoms move through the void, bouncing off each other, sometimes forming a cluster. Clusters then add up, forming macroscopic structures. However, these philosophical questions have nothing to do with modern sci- ence therefore the history of the elementary particle physics (as we know it today) starts in 1897, when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through his explorations of the properties of cathode rays. Thomson correctly guessed that electrons are parts of atoms, and he proposed a model of atom in which nega- tively charged point-like electrons are flowing in a thick paste of positive charge, like the plums in a pudding (as he put it). This model ensured neutrally charged atom and solved the problem of atom being much heavier than electron. But 1 CHAPTER 1. THE STANDARD MODEL 2 Thomson's model of the atomic structure was dismissed in 1911 because of E. Rutherford's scattering experiment, in which a beam of α-particles is fired into a thin sheet of gold foil. To confirm Thomson's model, all α-particles would have to pass through the sheet but in reality some bounced off at wild angles suggesting that there is something very small (occupying only a tiny fraction of the volume of the atom), very hard, and very heavy in the center of atoms. This positively charged core was called nucleus. The nucleus of the lightest atom, hydrogen, was called proton. In 1932 J. Chadwick discovered neutron { an electrically neutral twin to proton. This discovery explained the relation- ship between atomic mass and atomic number. Another important discovery happened in 1932 { Carl D. Anderson discovered positron (antielectron): a positively charged twin to electron. This discovery was the first evidence of an- timatter { there were more eventually, in fact, every particle has its antiparticle with the same attributes except charge. The antiproton was first discovered at the Berkeley Bevatron in 1955, and antineutron was first observed at the same facility the following year. The discovery of photon, the quantum of light and all other forms of electro- magnetic radiation, was supported by theoretical predictions. At the beginning of 20th century it was believed that light is a wave (Maxwell's wave theory).
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