Catching the Plasma Wakefield

I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS cerncourier

WELCOME V OLUME 5 3 N UMBER 9 N OVEMBER 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the November 2013 issue of CERN Courier.

For more than 30 years, plasma-based particle accelerators driven by Catching the either lasers or particle beams have promised a fast route to high energies – primarily because of the extremely large accelerating electric fields they plasma wakefi eld can support, which are about a thousand times greater than in conventional accelerators. This issue looks at progress in the field, including the start of AWAKE – a new project at CERN to study proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration – and the latest from the ICAN consortium, which is investigating a possible new fibre-based laser driver operating at high pulse-rate. At CERN, the current long shutdown allowed a great opportunity to visit the LHC and its experiments – and much more – during Open Days at the end of September, while the CLOUD experiment has made the first ever measurements of formation rates of atmospheric aerosol particles.

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CERN FERMILAB AEROSOL More than 70,000 Neutrinos head visitors come to off again to FORMATION EDITOR: CHRISTINE SUTTON, CERN 2013 Open Days Minnesota Important results DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY JESSE KARJALAINEN/IOP PUBLISHING, UK p27 p5 from CLOUD p6 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier Month 2013

Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (PTEP) is an online-only Contents fully open access journal.

Formerly entitled Progress of Theoretical Physics, it has published many signifi cant articles in theoretical physics, including several papers Covering current developments in high-energy that have led to the Nobel Prize. In 2012, the journal expanded its physics and related fi elds worldwide scope to incorporate experimental physics on an equal footing with CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories theoretical physics. affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for cerncourier January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN management. Visit www.ipap.jp/highlights/ptp.html to view some Editor Christine Sutton V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o V e m b e r 2 0 1 3 highly cited articles. News editor Kate Kahle CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail cern [email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 5 N E W s Why PTEP should be the fi rst choice Web cerncourier.com • Neutrinos head off again to Minnesota • Breaking news: The for your next paper: Advisory board Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, James Gillies, Horst Wenninger 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics • CLOUD shines new light on aerosol Choose Laboratory correspondents: formation in atmosphere LHCb plans for cool pixel detector Argonne National Laboratory (US) Cosmas Zachos • • Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin Genetic multiplexing: how to read more with less electronics • Open Access ensures that work published in PTEP is accessible Cornell University (US) D G Cassel • DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck LBNE gains new partners from Brazil, Italy and UK to the widest possible audience immediately on publication and EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini PTEP for can start receiving citations without delay Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz 9 s CiENCEWatCh Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter • The increased Impact Factor of 2.479* is a refl ection of the IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu 11 a s t r O W a t C h quality and high visibility of the work published in PTEP IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov your next INFN (Italy) Romeo Bassoli Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen 12 a r C h i v E JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko • Simple, fast and effi cient online submission and peer KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Nobukazu Toge Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein E a t u r E s review systems Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta F paper NCSL (US) Ken Kingery 13 To the terascale: catching the plasma wakefi eld Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman A look at a design study of 1983 and subsequent progress. • Extensive fi nancial support for authors** Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci 17 AWAKE: to high energies in a single leap • The world-class Editorial Team ensure PTEPs high standards Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Julia Maddock SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem A project to test proton-driven plasma wakefi eld acceleration. are maintained. TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd 21 Can fi bre be the future of high-energy physics? **We are a SCOPE3 partner journal and have reached an agreement IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK A new laser system that could drive plasma acceleration. with institutions including KEK, Riken Nishina Center, RCNP, YITP, Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 ICRR, and IPMU to provide fi nancial support for authors. Publisher Susan Curtis 25 ICRC 2013: from Earth to the galaxy and beyond Production editor Lisa Gibson *2012 Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Reuters, 2013) Technical illustrator Alison Tovey Reporting on this year’s major astroparticle physics conference. Group advertising manager Chris Thomas Advertisement production Katie Graham Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage 27 Our universe was yours

Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen CERN opened its doors at the end of September Art director Andrew Giaquinto to more than 70,000 visitors. How to submit Advertising Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) 31 Testing times for relativity or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 A meeting in Indiana reviewed tests of Lorentz and CPT symmetries. Visit www.ptep.oxfordjournals.org for Instructions to authors or email the editorial ofﬁ ce ([email protected]) with any General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] 33 Micropattern-detector experts meet in Zaragoza pre-submission inquiries. In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: China Keqing Ma, Library, Institute of High Energy Physics, Latest research developments in the technology of MPGDs. PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China E-mail: [email protected] Germany Antje Brandes, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany 37 F a C E s &P L a C E s E-mail: [email protected] Italy Loredana Rum or Anna Pennacchietti, INFN, Casella Postale 56, 00044 Frascati, The publication of this journal is supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for the Rome, Italy 46 r E C r u i t M E N t Publication of Scientiﬁ c Research Results from the Japan Society for the Promotion E-mail: [email protected] UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star of Science, Japan. Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ 52 B O O k s h E L F E-mail: [email protected] US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] 54 i N s i d E s t O r y POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, St Charles, IL 60174, US I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS cerncourier

Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, V OLUME 5 3 N UMBER 9 N OVEMBER 2 0 1 3 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11. Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55 Catching the plasma wakefi eld Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK

© 2013 CERN ISSN 0304-288X On the cover: Simulation of SLAC’s plasma-wakefi eld accelerator experiment, which demonstrated energy doubling of 42 GeV electrons in less than 1 m. Three articles in this issue look at progress in this fi eld (p13), a project for proton-driven CERN FERMILAB AEROSOL More than 70,000 Neutrinos head plasma wakefi eld acceleration (p17) and a possible new laser driver (p21). (Image visitors come to off again to FORMATION 2013 Open Days Minnesota Important results p27 p5 from CLOUD p6 credit: F Tsung, UCLA. )

PTEP CernCourier ad repro.indd 1 02/10/2013 11:54 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier Month 2013

Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (PTEP) is an online-only Contents fully open access journal.

Formerly entitled Progress of Theoretical Physics, it has published many signifi cant articles in theoretical physics, including several papers Covering current developments in high-energy that have led to the Nobel Prize. In 2012, the journal expanded its physics and related fi elds worldwide scope to incorporate experimental physics on an equal footing with CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories theoretical physics. affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for cerncourier January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN management. Visit www.ipap.jp/highlights/ptp.html to view some Editor Christine Sutton V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o V e m b e r 2 0 1 3 highly cited articles. News editor Kate Kahle CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail [email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 5 N E W s Why PTEP should be the fi rst choice Web cerncourier.com • Neutrinos head off again to Minnesota • Breaking news: The for your next paper: Advisory board Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, James Gillies, Horst Wenninger 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics • CLOUD shines new light on aerosol Choose Laboratory correspondents: formation in atmosphere LHCb plans for cool pixel detector Argonne National Laboratory (US) Cosmas Zachos • • Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin Genetic multiplexing: how to read more with less electronics • Open Access ensures that work published in PTEP is accessible Cornell University (US) D G Cassel • DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck LBNE gains new partners from Brazil, Italy and UK to the widest possible audience immediately on publication and EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini PTEP for can start receiving citations without delay Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz 9 s CiENCEWatCh Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter • The increased Impact Factor of 2.479* is a refl ection of the IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu 11 a s t r O W a t C h quality and high visibility of the work published in PTEP IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov your next INFN (Italy) Romeo Bassoli Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen 12 a r C h i v E JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko • Simple, fast and effi cient online submission and peer KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Nobukazu Toge Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein E a t u r E s review systems Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta F paper NCSL (US) Ken Kingery 13 To the terascale: catching the plasma wakefi eld Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman A look at a design study of 1983 and subsequent progress. • Extensive fi nancial support for authors** Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci 17 AWAKE: to high energies in a single leap • The world-class Editorial Team ensure PTEPs high standards Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Julia Maddock SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem A project to test proton-driven plasma wakefi eld acceleration. are maintained. TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd 21 Can fi bre be the future of high-energy physics? **We are a SCOPE3 partner journal and have reached an agreement IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK A new laser system that could drive plasma acceleration. with institutions including KEK, Riken Nishina Center, RCNP, YITP, Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 ICRR, and IPMU to provide fi nancial support for authors. Publisher Susan Curtis 25 ICRC 2013: from Earth to the galaxy and beyond Production editor Lisa Gibson *2012 Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Reuters, 2013) Technical illustrator Alison Tovey Reporting on this year’s major astroparticle physics conference. Group advertising manager Chris Thomas Advertisement production Katie Graham Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage 27 Our universe was yours

PTEP CernCourier ad repro.indd 1 02/10/2013 11:54 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 News Unprecedented speed, resolution F E r M i L a B and channel density. Neutrinos head off again to Minnesota

in August, after a 16-month shutdown, When completed, Fermilab resumed operation of its neutrinos the NOvA far at the Main injector (nuMi) beamline detector will and sent the fi rst muon neutrinos to three comprise neutrino experiments: MinervA, MinoS+ 28 detector and the new novA experiment. numerous blocks, each upgrades to the Fermilab accelerator measuring about complex have laid the groundwork for 15 m tall, 15 m increasing the beam power of the nuMi wide and nearly beamline from about 350 kW to 700 kW. in 2 m deep. (Image addition, Fermilab has changed the nuMi credit: Fermilab.) horn and target confi gurations to deliver a higher-energy neutrino beam compared with pre-shutdown operation. The novA experiment – still under construction – will study the properties of neutrinos, especially the elusive transition of muon neutrinos into electron neutrinos. The results will help to answer questions The MinoS+ experiment uses the nucleus but will also be important inputs about the neutrino-mass hierarchy, neutrino existing MinoS near and far detectors to neutrino-oscillation experiments. The oscillations and the role that neutrinos and takes advantage of the fact that the MinervA detector has several targets might have played in the evolution of the post-shutdown nuMi neutrino beam differs including helium, carbon, scintillator, water, universe. The construction of the novA from earlier operation. The new beam, which steel and lead, followed by precise tracking near and far detectors, both located is optimized for the novA experiment, and calorimetry. Previously, MinervA Agilent M9703A 12-bit High-Speed Digitizer 14 milliradians off the nuMi beam axis, is yields higher-energy neutrinos at the location took data in a beam around 3 GeV, where Standard Interleaving option (INT) advancing quickly. of the MinoS detector and should not show quasi-elastic, resonance and deep-inelastic The near detector – located 100 m measurable oscillations. This means that scattering processes contribute roughly Channel 8 channels 4 channels underground in a new cavern that has been MinoS+ can look for surprises. new types equally to the event rates. With the new, Sampling 1.6 GS/s (with SR2) or 3.2 GS/s (with SR2) or excavated at Fermilab – has more than a of neutrino interactions could deform the higher-energy neutrino beam, the event rate Rate 1 GS/s (with SR1) 2 GS/s (with SR1) quarter of its structure in place. Meanwhile, spectrum at the far detector’s distance of is much higher and the events are dominated 810 km away in northern Minnesota, 735 km and the observation of additional by deep-inelastic scattering. While Bandwidth DC to 2 GHz (with F10) or DC to 1 GHz (with F10) or technicians have installed more than three neutrinos would indicate new physics. MinervA will study all processes at higher DC to 650 MHz (with F05) DC to 650 MHz (with F05) quarters of the plastic structure that is the The experiment can even search for extra energy, the huge increase in deep-inelastic skeleton of the huge, 14,000 tonne far detector. dimensions. scattering events in particular will allow The Agilent AXIe high-speed digitizer provides the ideal solution More than 70% of the far detector’s plastic MinervA – located in front of the precise measurements of the nuclear for advanced experiments in hydrodynamics, plasma fusion, and modules have been fi lled with 5.7 million litres MinoS near detector – is a dedicated structure-functions. particle physics. With this module you can build a large number of of liquid scintillator and the fi rst modules neutrino-interaction experiment designed to synchronous acquisition channels with unprecedented measurement are recording data. The fi rst part of the near study a range of nuclei. These measurements detector will turn on before the end of the year. will not only improve understanding of the Sommaire en français fidelity in the smallest footprint. Advanced IP design, state-of-the- Les neutrinos reprennent le chemin 5 art technology, and on-board real-time data processing are combined du Minnesota to achieve outstanding performance. Breaking news: The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics L’expérience CLOUD permet de mieux 6 Scan QR code or François Englert, left, and Peter W Higgs have comprendre la formation des aérosols visit http://goo. been awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics Discover how to simplify your high-speed LHCb prévoit un nouveau détecteur à pixels 7 gl/PwjgC to see multichannel acquisition system “for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism the AXIe digitizer that contributes to our understanding of the Le « multiplexage génétique » : plus de 8 video demo www.agilent.com/find/PhysicsAXIe origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which données avec moins d’électroniquex recently was conﬁ rmed through the discovery of LBNE : nouveaux instituts partenaires 8 the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS du Brésil, de l’Italie et du Royaume-Uni © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2012. Photos courtesy of CERN. © Copyright CERN. and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider”. The announcement by the ATLAS and La grenouille qui entend par la bouche 9 CMS collaborations took place at CERN on 4 July Un pulsar milliseconde imprévisible 11 last year (CERN Courier September 2012 p46). valide une théorie

M9703A-Ad-WW-Jun12.indd 1 6/26/12 9:19 AM cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 News Unprecedented speed, resolution F E r M i L a B and channel density. Neutrinos head off again to Minnesota

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a t M O s P h E r i C P h y s i C s the results from cLouD together with Amines are atmospheric vapours that are carnegie Mellon university, cern, Finnish various atmospheric measurements and closely related to ammonia. Derived largely Meteorological institute, Helsinki institute CLOUD shines new light on aerosol formation in atmosphere theoretical expectations based on quantum from anthropogenic activities – mainly of Physics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe chemical calculations of cluster binding animal husbandry – they are also emitted university Frankfurt, Karlsruhe institute energies. The results indicate that amines at by the oceans, the soil and from biomass of Technology, Lebedev Physical institute, The cLouD experiment at cern, which typical atmospheric concentrations of only burning. The results from cLouD suggest Leibniz institute for Tropospheric research, is studying whether cosmic rays have a a few parts per trillion by volume combine that natural and anthropogenic sources of Paul Scherrer institute, university of Beira climatically signifi cant effect on aerosols 100 with sulphuric acid to form highly stable amines could inﬂ uence climate. CLOUD interior, university of eastern Finland, 103 and clouds, is also tackling one of the most (c) H SO -DMA-H O aerosol particles at rates that are similar to has also found that ionization by cosmic university of Helsinki, university of (pptv) 2 4 2 challenging and long-standing problems 3 those observed in the lower atmosphere. rays has only a small effect on the formation innsbruck, university of Leeds, university of in atmospheric science – understanding 10 The fi gure also shows that these highly rate of amine–sulphuric-acid particles, Lisbon, university of Manchester, university how new aerosol particles are formed in the 102 detailed measurements allow a fundamental suggesting that cosmic rays are unimportant of Stockholm and university of Vienna. DMA/NH (b) H SO -NH -H O atmosphere and the effect that these particles 1 2 4 3 2 understanding of the nucleation process for the generation of these particular aerosol have on climate. in a major step forward, the at the molecular level because they can be particles in the atmosphere. ● Further reading ● CLOUD collaboration has made the fi rst ) 1 reproduced by the theoretical calculations of The cLouD collaboration consists of J Almeida et al. (CLOUD collaboration) 2013 Nature

–1 10 measurements – either in the laboratory or s molecular clustering. the california institute of Technology, DOI: 10.1038/nature12663. in the atmosphere – of the formation rates of –3

atmospheric aerosol particles that have been (cm L h C EXPEriMENts

1.7 0 identifi ed with clusters of precisely known 10 molecular composition. (a) “H2SO4-H2O” Atmospheric aerosol particles cool LHCb plans for cool pixel detector the climate by reﬂ ecting sunlight and by 10–1

forming smaller but more numerous cloud nucleation rate J As the fi rst long shutdown droplets, which makes clouds brighter and since the start-up of the LHc extends their lifetimes. By current estimates, 10–2 continues, many teams at about half of all cloud drops are formed on (2) cern are already preparing aerosol particles that were “nucleated” – (5) (4) (3) for future improvements in performance that

that is, produced from the clustering of tiny –3 were foreseen when the machine restarts after concentrations of atmospheric molecules 10 the second long shutdown, in 2019. The LHcb rather than being emitted directly into the collaboration, for one, has recently approved atmosphere, as happens with sea-spray (1) the choice of technology for the upgrade of its particles. nucleation is therefore likely to be 10–4 Vertex Locator (VeLo), giving the go-ahead a key process in climate regulation. However, for a new pixel detector to replace the current the physical mechanisms of nucleation 105 106 107 108 109 microstrip device. –3 are not understood, nor is it known which sulphuric-acid concentration (H2SO4) (cm ) The collaboration is working towards molecules participate in nucleation and a major upgrade of the LHcb experiment whether they derive from natural sources or CLOUD: Atmospheric observations: for the restart of data-taking in 2019. Most Jgcr (<0.1 pptv DMA + <2 pptv NH3) Hohenpeissenberg, Germany (mountain, meadow, forest) are emitted by human activities. Jgcr (<0.1 pptv DMA + <2–250 pptv NH3) Hyytiälä, Finland (Kulmala 2013) (boreal forest) of the subdetectors and electronics will be cLouD has studied the formation of Jn/gcr/π (3–140 pptv DMA + 10 pptv NH3) Hyytiälä, Finland (Paasonen 2010) (boreal forest) replaced so that the experiment can read out new atmospheric particles in a specially Theory (ACDC): Melpitz, Germany (rural, agricultural, livestock) collision events at the full rate of 40 MHz. designed chamber under extremely Jgcr (0 pptv DMA + 10 pptv NH3) San Pietro Capoﬁume, Italy The upgrade will also allow LHcb to run at Conceptual design of the new pixel detector for LHCb. (Image credit: Marco Kraan.) (industrial, agricultural, livestock) well controlled laboratory conditions of Jgcr (10 pptv DMA + 10 pptv NH3) higher luminosity and eventually accumulate Tecamac, Mexico (urban) temperature, humidity and concentrations an order of magnitude more data than was requiring new front-end electronics capable the new pixel detector. Liquid co2 will of nucleating vapours (CERN Courier foreseen with the current set-up. of spitting out data at rates of around circulate in miniature channels etched into october 2011 p28). This chamber is the Fig. 1. Atmospheric, experimental and theoretical nucleation rates as a function of sulphuric The job of the VeLo is to peer closely at 2.5 Tbits/s from the whole VeLo. To thin silicon plates, evaporating under the 7 –3 fi rst to reach the challenging technical acid (H2SO4) concentration, where 10 cm is equivalent to a mixing ratio of 0.4 parts per the collision region and reconstruct precisely develop suitable electronics, LHcb has been sensors and read-out chips to carry the heat requirements on ultra-low levels of trillion by volume (pptv). The mixing ratios of ammonia (NH3) or dimethylamine (DMA) in the the primary and secondary interaction collaborating closely with the Medipix3 away effi ciently. The CO2 will be delivered contaminants that are necessary to carry CLOUD experiment are indicated by the colour scale. Theoretical expectations (the Helsinki vertices. The aim of the upgrade of this collaboration. The groups involved via novel lightweight connectors that are out these experiments in the laboratory. ACDC model) are indicated for H2SO4 nucleation with 10 pptv NH3 (dashed blue line), and detector is to reconstruct events with high have recently celebrated the successful capable of withstanding the high pressures using state-of-the-art instruments that are with 10 pptv DMA plus 10 pptv NH3 (dashed red line, assuming 0.5 neutral–neutral sticking speed and precision, allowing LHcb to submission and delivery of the Timepix3 involved. LHCb will be the fi rst experiment connected to the chamber, the experiment probability). The bands represent the theoretical uncertainty. extend its investigations of cP violation and chip. The VeloPix chip planned for the to use evaporative co2 cooling in this way, can measure extremely low concentrations rare phenomena in the world of beauty and read-out of LHcb’s new pixel detector will following on from the successful experience of atmospheric vapours. it can also study This has enabled cLouD to measure The measurements, made at 278 K and charm mesons. use numerous Timepix3 features. The design with co2 cooling delivered via stainless steel the precise molecular make-up and growth the formation of particles that are caused 38% relative humidity, involved different The new detector will contain 40 million should be fi nalized about a year from now. pipes in the current VeLo (CERN Courier of newly formed molecular clusters from by sulphuric acid and tiny concentrations combinations of sulphuric acid (H2So4) pixels, each measuring 55 μm square. An additional consequence of the June 2012 p29). single molecules up to stable aerosol of dimethylamine near the level of and water (H2o), with ammonia (nH3) or The pixels will form 26 planes arranged enormous track rate is that the VeLo will All of these novel concepts combine to particles. 1 molecule per trillon (1012 ) air molecules. dimethylamine (DMA). The fi gure shows perpendicularly to the LHc beams over a have to withstand a considerable radiation make a “cool” pixel detector, well equipped length of 1 m (see fi gure). The sensors will dose. This means that it requires highly to do the job for the LHcb upgrade. come so close to the interaction region that effi cient cooling, which must also be ● For more information, see the LHcb Les physiciens des particules du monde entier sont invités à apporter leurs CERN Courier welcomes contributions from the international the LHc beams will have to thread their way extremely lightweight. LHcb has therefore upgrade Letter of intent and Framework contributions aux CERN Courier, en français ou en anglais. Les articles retenus particle-physics community. These can be written in English or French, through an aperture of only 3.5 mm radius. been collaborating with cern’s PH-DT TDr at the LHcb webpage https:// seront publiés dans la langue d’origine. Si vous souhaitez proposer un article, and will be published in the same language. If you have a suggestion for operating this close to the beams will group and the nA62 collaboration to develop twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/LHcb/ faites part de vos suggestions à la rédaction à l’adresse [email protected]. an article, please send proposals to the editor at [email protected]. expose the VELO to a high ﬂ ux of particles, the concept of microchannel cooling for LHcbupgrade.

6 7 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 News News

–1 10 measurements – either in the laboratory or s molecular clustering. the california institute of Technology, DOI: 10.1038/nature12663. in the atmosphere – of the formation rates of –3

atmospheric aerosol particles that have been (cm L h C EXPEriMENts

6 7 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 News Sciencewatch d E t E C t O r s Genetic multiplexing: how to read more with C OMPILED BY J OHN S WAIN , N ORTHEASTERN U NIVERSITY less electronics The frog that hears through its mouth

Modern physics experiments often require the detection of particles over large areas Gardiner’s frogs live in the Seychelles islands transmission of sound to the inner ears, so with excellent spatial resolution. This and are among the smallest in the world at they focused instead on the head. With the inevitably leads to systems equipped with just 1 cm long. now they have another claim aid of numerical simulations the researchers thousands, if not millions, of read-out to fame because they hear in what seems were able to confi rm that the mouth acts elements (strips, pixels) and consequently the to be a completely distinct way – through as a resonator. Hearing via a middle ear is same number of electronic channels. in most their mouths. other frogs have a tympanic common to all other four-legged animals cases, it increases the total cost of a project middle ear with a membrane that vibrates on and seems to have evolved independently signifi cantly and can even be prohibitive for the surface of their heads, while Gardiner’s in different lineages. The home islands some applications. frogs have none and so might seem to be deaf. of these unusual frogs have been isolated in general, the size of the electronics can However, they do croak to communicate A male Gardiner’s frog in its natural habitat from other land masses for 47–65 million be reduced considerably by connecting and now renaud Boistel of the centre de in the Seychelles. (Image credit: R Boistel/ years, so their hearing mechanism may be a several read-out elements to a single channel neurosciences Paris-Sud and colleagues have CNRS.) unique survivor of ancestors from the ancient through an appropriate multiplexing pattern. found that they can hear using their mouths as continent of Gondwana. However any grouping implies a certain resonators coupled to an inner ear. in Grenoble, the researchers established loss of information and this means that using X-ray imaging techniques at the that the pulmonary system of these frogs ● Further reading ambiguities can occur. Sébastien Procureur, Schematic of the connection between the 61 electronic channels and the 1024 strips of the european Synchrotron radiation Facility could not contribute signifi cantly to the R Boistel et al. 2013 PNAS 110 15360. raphaël Dupré and Stéphan Aune at ceA 50 cm prototype. (Image credit: CEA-Saclay.) Saclay and inP orsay have devised a method Nature’s pain medicine spins and produce high-resolution images of multiplexing that overcomes this problem. to the incident fl ux. Simulations show that a multiplexing could be used to image large even with a low fi eld of 0.2 T provided Insect gears Starting from the assumption that a particle reduction in the electronics by a factor of two objects with an unprecedented accuracy, While a large fraction of modern medicines by a permanent magnet. in addition to leaves a signal on at least two neighbouring can still be achieved at rates up to the order of either by defl ection (containers, trucks, are extracted or derived from natural plant making Mri cheaper and quieter, it opens For the fi rst time, intermeshing gears that elements, they built a pattern in which the 10 kHz/cm2. manufacturing products) or by absorption sources, medical chemistry has managed to up new possibilities for Mri imaging and function like familiar mechanical gears have loss of information coincides exactly with The team has successfully built and (geological structures such as volcanoes, synthesize quite a few that would seem to be experiments in general because it allows been found in an animal. Malcolm Burrows this redundancy of the signal, therefore tested a large, 50 × 50 cm2 Micromegas large monuments such as a cathedral roof). human creations. now Ahcène Boumendjel independent simultaneous multi-nuclear or of the University of Cambridge and Gregory minimizing the ambiguities of localization. in (micro-pattern gaseous detector) with such The reduction of the electronics and power of université Joseph Fourier in Grenoble and spectrally selective imaging to be done. Sutton, now at the University of Bristol, this pattern, two given channels are connected a pattern, the 1024 strips being read out with consumption also suggests applications in colleagues have found a synthetic painkiller have shown that the fl ightless planthopper to several strips in such a way that these only 61 channels. The prototype showed the medical imaging or dosimetry, where light, in a plant used in traditional African medicine ● Further reading insect Issus has, in its nymph stage, gears strips are consecutive only once in the whole same spatial resolution as a non-multiplexed portable systems are required. Meanwhile, to treat pain. They found that the roots – the J C Sharp et al. 2013 NMR in Biomedicine as part of its jumping mechanism. It uses detector. The team has called this pattern detector (Procureur et al. 2013). A second in particle physics this multiplexing could part used in traditional pain remedies of DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3023. the gears to synchronize motion of the two “genetic multiplexing” for its analogy with prototype that is built from resistive-strip bring a signifi cant reduction in the cost of cameroon – of the pincushion tree (Nauclea hind legs, rotating at an amazing 50,000 DnA, as a sequence of channels uniquely technology will be tested soon, to achieve electronics – after optimizing the number latifolia) contain large amounts of tramadol, Perovskites for solar power teeth per second. When the nymph molts to codes the particle’s position. effi ciencies close to 100%. of channels with the incident fl ux – and a synthetic painkiller used since the 1970s. its adult form it seems to no longer need this combinatorial considerations indicate The possibility of building large simplifi cations in integration and cooling. This seems to be the fi rst time a widely used A new, inexpensive approach to making mechanism and loses it. Once again, nature that, using a prime number p of channels, micro-pattern detectors with up to 30 times synthetic drug has been found at medically solar cells could beat silicon in price and seems to have got a basic technology fi rst. a detector can be equipped with at most less electronics opens the door for new ● Further reading useful levels in a plant. it seems that nature got effi ciency. Mingzhen Liu and colleagues at p(p–1)/2+1 read-out strips. Furthermore, the applications both within and beyond S Procureur, R Dupré and S Aune 2013 Nucl. Instrum. there fi rst for this one. the university of oxford have shown that ● Further reading degree of multiplexing can be adapted easily particle physics. in muon tomography, this & Meth. A. 729 888. vapour-deposited perovskites can provide 15% M Burrows and G Sutton 2013 Science 341 1254. ● Further reading effi ciency at about $0.15 per watt – a factor N E u t r i N O s A Boumendjel et al. 2013 Angewandte Chemie of four cheaper than silicon. This effi ciency DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305697. is already close to what has been achieved LBNE gains new partners from Brazil, Italy and UK with silicon and is expected to improve. The Cheap and quiet MRI fact that the fl at layers work has come as something of a surprise, as expectations were in mid-September, the Long Baseline universities and national laboratories in the phase 1 design, which excluded both the near A new approach to magnetic resonance that complicated nanostructuring would be neutrino experiment (LBne) collaboration, uS, india and Japan, as well as Brazil, italy detector and an underground location for the imaging (Mri) could lead to cheaper needed. An advantage is that the devices based at Fermilab, welcomed the participation and the uK. far detector. However, the cD-1 approval devices without the clanging noises and produce more than 1 V, which is higher than of 16 additional institutions from Brazil, italy The swelling numbers strengthen the explicitly allows for an increase in design possible nerve stimulation in patients that the 0.7 V from silicon. Moreover, they absorb and the uK. The new members represent a case to pursue an LBne design that will scope if new partners are able to contribute arise from switching the directions of in a different spectral region, so they could signifi cant increase in overall membership maximize its scientifi c impact. In mid-2012, additional resources. under this scenario, large magnetic-fi eld gradients in present even be printed on top of conventional silicon of more than 30% compared with a year ago. an external review panel recommended goals for a new, expanded LBne phase 1 day devices. Jonathan Sharp at Alberta solar cells, boosting effi ciency by 25% with now, more than 450 scientists and engineers phasing LBne to meet the budget constraints bring back these excluded design elements, innovates Technology Futures in calgary only minor modifi cations to fabrication. A scanning electron micrograph shows the from more than 75 institutions participate of the uS Department of energy (Doe). in which are crucial to execute a robust and and colleagues have used a static magnetic gears in the issus nymph. (Image credit: in the LBne science collaboration (CERN December the project received the Doe’s far-reaching neutrino, nucleon-decay and fi eld and two resonant RF fi elds twisting in ● Further reading Malcolm Burrows.) Courier April 2012 p12). They come from critical Decision 1 (cD-1) approval on its astroparticle-physics programme. opposite directions to manipulate nuclear M Liu et al. 2013 Nature 501 395.

8 9 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 News Sciencewatch d E t E C t O r s Genetic multiplexing: how to read more with C OMPILED BY J OHN S WAIN , N ORTHEASTERN U NIVERSITY less electronics The frog that hears through its mouth

8 9 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 Astrowatch

C OMPILED BY M ARC TÜRLER , ISDC AND O BSERVATORY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF G ENEVA Volatile millisecond pulsar validates theory

For the fi rst time, astronomers have caught Artist’s impression a pulsar in a crucial transitional phase of a bright X-ray that explains the origin of the mysterious millisecond pulsar millisecond pulsars. The newly found in a binary system pulsar swings back and forth between accreting mass and accretion-powered X-ray emission and angular momentum rotation-driven radio emission, bringing from a low-mass conclusive evidence for a 30-year-old companion star. model that explains the high spin rate of (Image credit: millisecond pulsars as a result of matter ESA.) accretion from a companion star. Pulsars are the highly magnetized, gain angular momentum. This process can every 11 hours. spinning remnants of supernova explosions “rejuvenate” old pulsars, boosting their These results obtained by an international of massive stars and are primarily observed rotation and making their periods as short as team led by Alessandro Papitto from the as pulsating sources of radio waves. The a few milliseconds. This scenario relies on institute of Space Sciences in Barcelona were radio emission is powered by the rotating the existence of accreting pulsars in binary then compared with properties of a series of magnetic fi eld and focused in two beams that systems, which can be detected through known radio pulsars in M28 and – luckily stem from the magnetic poles. Similarly to the X rays that are emitted in the accretion – they found one with precisely the same a rotating lighthouse beacon, the rotation process. The discovery in the 1990s of the values. There is therefore no doubt that the of the pulsar swings the emission cone fi rst X-ray millisecond pulsars was fi rst radio and X-ray sources are the same pulsar, through space, resulting in distant observers evidence for this model but, until now, the providing the missing link that validates the seeing regular pulses of radio waves (CERN search for a direct link between X-ray bright recycling scenario of millisecond pulsars. Courier March 2013 p12). it is actually the millisecond pulsars in binary systems and Follow-up radio observations by several kinetic rotational energy of the neutron star the radio-emitting millisecond pulsars has antennae in Australia, the netherlands that is radiated away, leading to a gradual been in vain. and the uS showed that the source does slow down of the rotation. While pulsars now, the missing link to prove the validity not exhibit radio pulsations when active in spin rapidly at birth, they tend to rotate more of the scenario has fi nally been discovered X-rays and vice-versa. it was only at the end slowly – with periods of up to a few seconds by the wide-fi eld IBIS/ISGRI imager on of the X-ray outburst, on 2 May, that radio – as they age. For this reason, astronomers board eSA’s inTeGrAL satellite. A new pulsations resumed. in the 1980s were puzzled by the discovery X-ray source appeared in images taken on This bouncing behaviour is caused by the of millisecond pulsars – old but extremely 28 March 2013 at the position of the globular interplay between the pulsar’s magnetic fi eld quickly rotating pulsars with periods of a few cluster M28. Subsequent observations by the and the pressure of accreted matter. When thousandths of a second. XMM-newton satellite found a modulation the accretion dominates, the source emits The mysterious millisecond pulsars of its X-ray emission at a period of 3.9 ms, X rays and radio emission is inhibited by the can be explained through a theoretical revealing the incredibly fast spin of the presence of the accretion disc closing the model known as the “recycling” scenario. neutron star of more than 250 rotations per magnetic fi eld lines. if a pulsar is part of a binary system and is second. A very clear modulation of the delay accreting matter from a stellar companion in the pulse arrival time further showed that ● Further reading via an accretion disc, then it might also a low-mass companion star orbits the pulsar A Papitto et al. 2013 Nature 501 517.

Picture of the month

While the almost 10-year old Opportunity rover starts the ascent of Solander Point on Mars and the Curiosity rover has recently found 2% of water in martian surface soil, the red planet is still being continuously scrutinized from orbiting satellites. This picture is an incredibly strange looking landscape revealed by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (Picture of the month, CERN Courier December 2009 p11 and March 2010 p9). This “brain terrain” displays icy lobate features wrapping around a small hill. Researchers have identiﬁ ed them to be made of almost pure ice, but they do not know for sure if these martian ice deposits ﬂ ow like Earth’s glaciers and whether this could induce the mysterious lobate features or not. (Image credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona.)

Untitled-1 1 03/10/2013 11:39 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 Astrowatch

C OMPILED BY M ARC TÜRLER , ISDC AND O BSERVATORY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF G ENEVA Volatile millisecond pulsar validates theory

Picture of the month

Untitled-1 1 03/10/2013 11:39 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier Archive: 1970 Plasma acceleration A LOOK BACK TO CERN C OURIER VOL . 10, N OVEMBER 1970, COMPILED BY P EGGIE R IMMER To the terascale: catching C E r N First beams in the ISR the plasma wakefi eld

Thirty years ago, John Lawson led a design study into a laser-driven plasma-based linear accelerator for the 21st century. Study member Robert Bingham looks back at those days and the intervening progress. Wolfgang Schnell (left) tells it like it is to Bas de Raad announcing the news at 8.34 Kjell Johnsen (left) and Klaus Unser Mervyn Hine and Hildred Blewett (and (20.34) according to his watch, two minutes gathering beam data. Stuart Turner). after the fi rst circulating beam.

commissioning storage rings is not so correcting and optimizing the magnet fi elds. for over twenty minutes. Then came the Particle accelerators developed during the past century are clear-cut as commissioning an accelerator, At the iSr, it was decided to set up the ring fi rst stacking test, when successive pulses approaching the energy frontier. Today at the terascale, the where the day when particles are accelerated fi elds and see if the beam would get round. from the PS were to be added together in the machines needed are extremely large and costly. However, for more to near design energy is fanfare day. For comes the moment, buttons are pressed, iSr ring to build up a large stored current. than 30 years, plasma-based particle accelerators driven by either storage rings it is probably the day when protons ejected from the PS are guided to Buttons were again pressed and protons lasers or particle beams have shown promise for a route to high ener- suffi cient particles are stored in each beam the lSr, injected into the ring and the very stacked at the fi rst attempt, the current with a long lifetime and collided to give a fi rst pulse sails right round and carries on climbing steadily to nearly 60 mA. gies, primarily because of the extremely large accelerating electric healthy interaction rate. sailing round. Probably never before has this Did nothing go wrong that night? Yes. fi elds they can support. About a thousand times greater than in con- At the cern intersecting Storage rings happened with a ring anything like this size The control room clock wasn’t reliable and it ventional accelerators, the high fi elds would allow the possibility of iSr, component installation in one of the (about 1 km in circumference, second only to took an hour to fi nd the key to a locked room, compact accelerating structures. it is with this in mind that future rings is incomplete. But we must sound at least the 76 GeV proton synchrotron at Serpukhov) healthy reminders that human beings were facilities may incorporate aspects of plasma accelerators. a few trumpets to celebrate the remarkable and complexity (the need to store circulating involved. Plasma-based accelerators – the brainchild of John Dawson achievements when fi rst injection tests were beams for hours make the iSr rings the most it now remains to bring in the other ring (who died in 2001) and his colleagues at the university of califor- carried out with the completed ring. complex ever built). The myriad components, and climb towards a good beamlife, design The annual end-of-year shutdown of for ejection from the PS, transfer to the beam intensities and design interaction nia, Los Angeles – are being investigated worldwide with a great the 28 GeV proton synchrotron PS was iSr, injection into the iSr, magnets, power rates. in the spring of next year it is hoped deal of success. However, can they be a serious competitor and scheduled so that it would be back on the air supplies, vacuum system, beam monitoring to achieve collisions. experimenters will displace the conventional “dinosaur” variety? This is the question Lawson’s 1983 report aimed at a reference ready to send beams to the iSr early in 1971. system…were all working from the word start installing detectors in the intersection that the late John Lawson at the rutherford Appleton Laboratory in design for a linear electron–positron collider above 1 TeV. However, when one iSr ring was completed go. The design team had proved themselves regions and, in the middle of the year, the the uK posed a few years after Dawson and his collaborator Toshi in advance of the shutdown it was decided to complete masters of their craft. fi rst experiments with high energy colliding Tajima published their seminal paper on plasma-based accelera- – including ruth – to investigate the idea further and produce a have a few preliminary injection runs. Within an hour beam storage tests had proton beams are scheduled to begin. tors (Tajima and Dawson 1979). design based on a more realistic model for a particle collider at the on the night of 29 october, a few PS been carried out and protons had circulated ● compiled from texts on pp343–345. bunches were assigned to the iSr while the The accelerating fi elds in plasma are supported by the collec- terascale for the 21st century. Published in the summer of 1983, rest were being used for physics. The iSr Compiler’s Note tive motion of plasma electrons forming a space-charge distur- the reference design considered electron energies above 1 TeV and control room was thronged with people, The ISR ran from 1971 until 1984. Its construction broke new ground in bance that moves close to the speed of light – commonly known – because of synchrotron radiation losses – a linear collider (Law- including Kjell Johnsen, iSr Director, and accelerator physics and also extended the CERN site beyond Switzerland as the plasma wakefi eld accelerator CERN( Courier June 2007 son et al. 1983). indeed, it is as components of linear colliders that practically all the design and construction into France. It produced the ﬁ rst-ever proton–proton collisions and, p28). The main advantage is that the plasma can support acceler- plasma accelerators continue to be considered. team. Many others were there also: though the physics output may not have been earth shaking, converted ating fi elds many orders of magnitude greater than conventional At the time it was already clear that because of the increased Bernard Gregory (Director General), John devices, which suffer from breakdown of the waveguide structure. energy advantage of colliding beams, all future high-energy accel- Adams (300 GeV project Director), Kees many sceptics who had questioned the utility of a hadron collider. Notably, Zilverschoon (now PS Director, who played an stochastic cooling was developed at the ISR, making it possible to build in contrast, in a plasma-based system the plasma is already “bro- erators would work in the colliding-beam mode. conventional important role in the iSr) and Hildred Blewett the SPS proton–antiproton collider, where the W and Z bosons were ken down” and the collective electric fi eld, E, supported by the machines were planned that would reach the 1 TeV energy scale (without whom it would be presumptuous to discovered 30 years ago. plasma is determined by the electron density, n, such that e ~ n1/2. for hadrons and the 100 GeV scale for electron–positron colliders. attempt to commission a new machine). The ISR tunnel is now used for storage and magnet work and its In 1982, Ronald Ruth and Alexander Chao in the US made a fi rst These became the Tevatron at Fermilab, the SLAc Linear col- injection tests usually take days or weeks: magnets form part of the LHC beam dump. qualitative design based on a simplifi ed model for a linear laser- lider and the Large electron–Positron collider and Large Hadron getting the beam to go in properly, patiently driven plasma accelerator that could yield electrons at 5 TeV (ruth collider at cern, which have made remarkably precise measure- ▲ coaxing it around the ring, progressively and chao 1982). Spurred on by this, Lawson set up a study group ments of the W and Z bosons, as well as discoveries of the top

12 13 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier Archive: 1970 Plasma acceleration A LOOK BACK TO CERN C OURIER VOL . 10, N OVEMBER 1970, COMPILED BY P EGGIE R IMMER To the terascale: catching C E r N First beams in the ISR the plasma wakefi eld

12 13 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier Month 2013 Plasma acceleration Plasma acceleration

dispersion (mm) (CERN Courier April 2007 p5). Laser wakefield experiments –18 –14 –10 –6 –4 charge density already demonstrate mono-energetic electron beams at the –2 (–e μm ) giga-electron-volt scale and BeLLA, which is nearing completion –2 240 of a petawatt-class laser, will demonstrate acceleration of electrons drive beams wakes trailing beam 180 to 10 GeV (CERN Courier october 2012 p10). 0 120 Despite the successes of these experiments, it is still necessary to

position (mm) 60 demonstrate beam quality – including low-energy spread and low 2 emittance – and focusing of useful beams. in all cases, the experi- 35 40 60 80 100 ments are guided by plasma simulations that require the largest wake: phase velocity = drive-beam velocity electron energy (GeV) computers. Such simulations have already demonstrated that in Left: A simple 1D schematic of how wakefi elds are excited by a short-pulse laser (top) or particle-beam (bottom) driver moving left to the range 10–50 GeV electron beams can be created in one stage right in a plasma. Centre: 3D computer simulation of an extremely nonlinear wakefi eld excited by the drive beam in the “bubble” of a plasma accelerator. regime. The wakefi eld can accelerate an appropriately phased trailing beam at ultra-high gradients. Right: Energy spectrum if plasma accelerators are to take over from conventional observed in the experiment at SLAC where electrons at 42 GeV traversed 85 cm of lithium plasma. Particles in the back of the bunch machines, a great deal of effort still needs to be put into effi cient reached 85 GeV. drivers. Suitable laser effi ciency and pulse rate are looking likely with diode-pumped lasers or with fi bre lasers (see p21), but effort quark and – most recently – a Higgs boson. energy and effi ciency requirements, staging, par ticle transpor t and has to be put into these schemes to meet the requirements neces- in the rAL report, Lawson writes that “the maximum energies focusing. There are also requirements on the particle bunch-den- sary to drive a wakefi eld. For beam-driven systems, electron beams thought ever to be practically achievable are of order 0.4 TeV per sity and on the beam quality in terms of energy spread, emittance at 100 GeV and proton beams with tera-electron-volt energies are beam for e+e– and 20 TeV per beam for hadrons” and that these rep- and luminosity. Some of these issues are common to both plasma required. These exist at the LHc for protons and at the old SLAc resent “the end of the dinosaurs”. However, radically new techniques and conventional accelerators, although Lawson’s design brief was linac for electrons. For an e+e– system, a key challenge is positron such as plasma accelerators demand a long development time, so that plasma-based techniques should take particle accelerators to a acceleration and some groups are looking at positron acceleration there is still ongoing development of conventional machines. These new level, not easily achievable in a conventional machine. in wakefi elds. Alternatively an e –e– collider or a photon (γ–γ) col- include the international Linear collider for 350–500 GeV electrons in particular, in single-pass colliders, bunches are used only once lider could be built, doing away with the need for positrons and so and positrons with luminosity of the order of 1034 cm–2 s–1 and the and high densities are required. Self-fi elds add rather than cancel, saving time and effort. more novel compact Linear collider for energies up to 3 TeV. in addi- causing a pinch that enhances the luminosity – provided the effect is A number of other applications for plasma-based accelerators tion, there is the TLeP concept based on a synchrotron, which could not too strong. However, deﬂ ection of particles by the electric fi elds have been identifi ed such as X-ray generators through betatron also be used for protons (CERN Courier July/August 2013 p26). of the opposite bunch causes strong synchrotron-like radiation, radiation, drivers for free-electron lasers, or low-energy proton The Spot Size Calculation in LORENTZ v9.2 gives you the The original plasma-accelerator schemes investigated were based known as beamstrahlung, which reduces the energy of the particles machines. After more than 30 years it is time to develop the facili- radius of a circle which encloses a speciﬁed fraction of on a long-pulse laser. Short-pulse lasers did not exist because chirp and increases the energy spread. This can be controlled by having ties that can answer some of the outstanding issues to demonstrate the beam. This new calculation can be used during pulse amplifi cation had not yet been demonstrated in the optical fewer particles per bunch and instead having a train of “bunchlets” – the full potential of high-energy plasma-based accelerators. parametric analysis. regime, only in the microwave regime. The Lawson design there- a feature that Lawson’s report found to be advantageous. fore incorporated the beat-wave mechanism of Tajima and Dawson, Since then, researchers have solved many of the issues, an impor- ● Further reading where two laser beams with a frequency difference equal to the tant one – highlighted by Lawson – being creation of a uniform J D Lawson 1983 RL-83-057 http://purl.org/net/epubs/work/22839. plasma frequency drive a large-amplitude plasma wave with a phase plasma column. in an experiment at SLAc in 2007, chan Joshi’s R D Ruth and A Chao 1982 AIP Conference Proceedings 91 94; LBL-14332. velocity close to the speed of light. Most laser-driven and particle- group at university of califormia, Los Angeles, successfully dem- C B Schroeder et al. 2010 Phys. Rev. ST. Accel. 13 101301. Thanks to our Boundary Element Method (BEM), driven particle accelerator experiments today are in the so-called onstrated acceleration in metre-long plasma columns using lithium T Tajima and J M Dawson 1979 Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 267. designers don’t need to mesh the air volumes around bubble regime where the pulse length of the laser or particle beam vapour that was fully ionized by the head of an electron beam. The the objects. No need to draw boxes or spheres with is of the order of the plasma wavelength. in 2004, three independent resulting wakefi eld then accelerated particles near the back of the Résumé appropriate properties around the entire arrangement groups in three different countries demonstrated mono-energetic beam pulse. This idea will be incorporated in the group’s latest Champs de sillage plasma à l’échelle du téra as in FEM programs. The position of objects can be easily electron beams with good emittance using short-pulse lasers and round of experiments to accelerate electrons and positrons using shifted without any meshing. many groups worldwide now routinely produce electron beams at the electron-beam-driven plasma wakefi eld facility, FACET, at Il y a 30 ans, John Lawson, du Laboratoire Rutherford Appleton, giga-electron-volt energies (CERN Courier november 2004 p5). SLAc (CERN Courier March 2011 p23). it also underpins the pro- menait une étude de conception concernant un accélérateur As a fi rst attempt at fi nding a set of consistent parameters appro- ton-beam-driven plasma wakefi eld experiment, AWAKE, which linéaire à champs de sillage plasma excités par laser pour le XXIe priate to a linear e+e– collider at a few tera-electron-volts, Lawson’s will use a beam from cern’s Super Proton Synchrotron and, siècle. Le modèle de conception produit alors reste une référence design was optimistic but it laid the groundwork for later studies initially, a 10-m-long plasma column, to produce giga-electron-volt pour la définition d’une machine de plusieurs TeV, car la plupart on the scalings in length of such a machine. For example, carl electron beams (see p17). des points importants soulevés à l’époque sont encore à l’étude. Schroeder and colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley national Labora- Today, most experiments such as the Berkeley Lab Laser exper- Certains problèmes majeurs ont été résolus, notamment la tory (LBnL) recently looked at physics considerations for a 1 TeV iment (BeLLA) at LBnL and FAceT at SLAc, as well as other production de faisceaux d’électrons à haute énergie avec une bonne machine based on plasma acceleration driven by a short-pulse laser smaller-scale experiments, are aimed at addressing some of the key émittance, et la formation d’une colonne de plasma uniforme. (Schroeder et al. 2010). areas of the underlying physics that still have not been fully resolved. Cependant, différentes expériences poursuivent les efforts visant Despite the difference in the accelerating structure considered in Joshi’s experiment not only showed that metre-length plasma col- à trouver des réponses à des questions essentielles de la physique 1983, the outline design of the rAL report is still a good blueprint umns can be built with the required density and homogeneity, it also sous-jacente. for a multi-tera-electron-volt device. its main points are still being demonstrated energy doubling of an electron beam from 42 GeV to investigated. These include the construction of uniform metre-long 85 GeV in the lithium plasma – a remarkable result considering that Robert Bingham, Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory plasma columns, laser focusing and guiding schemes, the laser it takes 3 km of the SLAc linac to accelerate electrons to 42 GeV and University of Strathclyde.

14 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier Month 2013 Plasma acceleration Plasma acceleration

14 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 Plasma acceleration AWAKE: to high energies in a single leap

Proton-driven plasma wakeﬁ eld acceleration 8.3 m propagation direction could accelerate electrons to the terascale in a single plasma stage. The AWAKE project is set to verify this novel technique using proton radius (r) beams at CERN. distance in beam (z)

To complement the results that will come from the LHc at cern, –1.2 –0.8 –0.4 0.0 (n ) the particle-physics community is looking for options for future ρplasma e0 lepton colliders at the tera-electron-volt energy scale. These will need to be huge circular or linear colliders. With the accelerating 0.00 0.10 0.20 gradients of today’s rF cavities or microwave technology limited ρbeam (ne0) to about 100 MV/m, the length of the linear machines would be tens of kilometres. However, plasma can sustain much higher gradients Fig. 1. Simulation of a self-modulated proton bunch resonantly and the idea of harnessing them in plasma wakefi eld acceleration is driving plasma wakefi elds sustained by the plasma-density gathering momentum. one attractive idea is to use a high-energy perturbation. The plasma density is shown increasing from white proton beam as the driver of a wakefi eld in a single plasma section. to blue and the proton density increasing from yellow to dark red. To verify this novel approach, a proof-of-principle r&D experiment – the Advanced Wakefield experiment (AWAKe) – has issue of staging. in the SPS, beams with 3 × 1011 protons per bunch been launched at cern, using 400 GeV proton bunches from the at 400 GeV/c carry much higher energy (19 kJ). This would drive Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). AWAKE will be the fi rst beam- wakefi elds over much longer plasma lengths than other methods driven wakefi eld-acceleration experiment in Europe and the fi rst and consequently proton drivers can take a witness beam to the proton-driven plasma-wakefi eld-acceleration experiment in the energy frontier in a single plasma cell. Simulations have shown that world. The results will have a signifi cant impact on future larger- an LHc-type proton bunch (1 TeV, 1011 protons) with an rms bunch scale r&D on this technique, for example in accelerating electron length of 100 μm can accelerate an incoming 10 GeV electron bunches to around 100 GeV in 100 m. bunch to more than 500 GeV in around 500 m of plasma with an Previous research on the potential of plasma as a medium for high- average gradient ≥1 GV/m (Caldwell et al. 2009, Lotov et al. 2010). gradient acceleration has focused on injecting a short, intense laser To reach accelerating gradients of a gigavolt per metre or more

pulse or an electron bunch into a plasma cell. With laser excitation, requires plasma densities where the number of electrons, ne, is of the 15 –3 electrons have been accelerated to 1 GeV in 3 cm, with a gradient of order of 10 cm . At these intensities the plasma wavelength, λpe, is 33 GV/m (CERN Courier november 2006 p5.) in other experiments about 1 mm. To achieve the maximum electric fi eld in the plasma, using an electron bunch as driver, the energy of particles in the tail the drive beam requires short, densely packed proton beams with a

of a bunch was doubled from 42 GeV to 85 GeV in 85 cm – corre- longitudinal bunch length, σz, of the same order as λpe.

sponding to a gradient of 52 GV/m (CERN Courier April 2007 p5). The proton bunches available today are much longer – with σz However, the energy gain in these studies is limited by the energy around 10 cm – and producing bunches as short as 1 mm is not pos- carried by the laser or electron drive beam (<100 J) and the propaga- sible without major investment. However, the effect known as self- tion length of the driver in the plasma (<1 m). Therefore the staging modulation instability (SMi) provides fortuitous opening of the of a large number of acceleration sections would be required to reach path to an immediate experimental investigation of proton-driven the interesting region of 1 TeV per particle or more. wakefi eld acceleration with the existing proton bunches at CERN. ▲ Proton beams of the kind produced at cern could overcome the A proton beam propagating in plasma produces micro-bunches

Untitled-1 1 08/10/2013 13:53 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 Plasma acceleration AWAKE: to high energies in a single leap

of a bunch was doubled from 42 GeV to 85 GeV in 85 cm – corre- longitudinal bunch length, σz, of the same order as λpe.

Untitled-1 1 08/10/2013 13:53 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Plasma acceleration Plasma acceleration

that are generated by transverse modulation of the bunch density. laser power supplies Fig. 4. Integration of the These micro-bunches are naturally spaced at λ and so resonantly 20 m10 m15 m access gallery AWAKE experiment in the pe laser EOS e– spectrometer excite a strong plasma wave (fi gure 1, p17). Recent studies have RF gun e– diagnostics experimental area at the proton lasers shown that wakefi elds at high amplitudes – similar to what would beam electron gun CNGS facility. Items in dark be driven if all of the charge were in a single short bunch – can be dump klystron system blue are ventilation ducts. laser Items in light blue are achieved with a modulated long proton bunch (Kumar et al. 2010, SPS protons SMI acceleration dump AWAKE electronic racks. caldwell et al. 2011). OTR, CTR diagnostics 2 m Items in cyan are existing The AWAKE experiment CNGS equipment (cable Fig. 2. Baseline design of the AWAKE experiment at CERN. 2 m trays, pipes, etc). The AWAKe experiment at cern was proposed by an interna- proton beam line tional collaboration that is today made up of 13 institutes – including before rotation, 2 MV the Budker institute of nuclear Physics, cern, MPi Munich and 2.9 10 m after rotation, (7–7.7) MV university college London – and numbers more than 50 engineers laser and proton beam junction and physicists. in addition, several more institutes have expressed 2.5 interest in par ticipating in AWAKE. The collaboration fi rst outlined electron beam line the proposed experiment in a letter of intent that was presented to the 2.1 SPS committee in 2011. This was followed in March 2013 by a tech- plasma cell (10 m long) nical design report that was submitted to the cern management 1.7 bunch length (ns) and to the SPS committee (caldwell et al. 2013). A positive review electron spectrometer 1.3 and recommendation of the project led to approval of the AWAKe experiment by the cern research Board in August. experimental diagnostics 0.9 The measurement programme of the AWAKe project includes 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 11 CNGS target area benchmark experiments using proton bunches to drive wakefi elds intensity (× 10 ) and to understand the physics of the proton self-modulation process in the plasma. It will also probe the accelerating wakefi elds Fig. 3. Flat-top bunch length (4σ Gaussian fi t) as a function of The laser system will be housed in an area that is modifi ed to be periods of data-taking annually, each lasting two weeks. with externally injected electrons, study the injection dynamics intensity, showing the effect of rotation in shortening the dust free and temperature regulated. The high-power laser beam and production of multi-giga-electron-volt electron bunches, and bunches in studies at the SPS. will be transported through a new dedicated tunnel connecting ● Further reading develop long, scalable and uniform plasma cells and schemes for the laser area to the proton-beam tunnel. The area adjacent to the For more about AWAKe see http://awake.web.cern.ch/awake/. the production and acceleration of short proton bunches. the SMI could maintain the wakefi elds at the level of gigavolts per experimental area will be modifi ed to house the electron source T Argyropoulos et al. 2013 Proc. 4th International Particle Accelerator Conference Figure 2 shows the conceptual design of the AWAKe experi- metre over distances of several metres. and its klystron powering system. The electrons will be trans- IPAC2013 TUPWA039. ment. An LHc-type proton bunch of 400 GeV/c but with higher Short, high-intensity bunches have already been studied at the ported from the source to the proton-beam tunnel along a beamline A Caldwell et al. 2009 Nature Phys. 5 363. intensity (around 3 × 1011 protons per bunch) and with a longitudinal SPS and the scaling of bunch length and transverse emittance as a through a new 7-m-long liaison tunnel before being injected into A Caldwell et al. 2011 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 53 014003. A Caldwell et al. 2013 Internal Note CERN-SPSC-2013-013. rms length, σz, of 9–12 cm will be extracted from the SPS and sent function of beam intensity has been identifi ed to guide the design the plasma cell. This electron beamline is designed for both side to the experiment, where it will be focused to a transverse dimen- parameters of the AWAKe project (Argyropoulos et al. 2013). To injection (long electron bunches) and on-axis injection (short elec- N Kumar et al. 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 255003. sion of 200 μm near the entrance of a plasma cell. A 2 TW laser obtain a short longitudinal bunch length, the bunches are rotated tron bunches). K Lotov 2010 Phys. Rev. ST-Accel. Beams 13 041301. pulse co-propagating within the proton bunch creates the plasma in longitudinal phase space using the maximum available rF volt- The electron source will be driven by a laser pulse that is derived by ionizing the (initially neutral) gas in the plasma cell. This sud- age before extraction. Figure 3 shows the bunch length measured from the same laser system used for the plasma ionization, which Résumé den plasma creation seeds the SMi of the proton bunch. The SMi before rotation, at 2 MV, and after rotation, at 7–7.7 MV. will require a synchronization between the laser pulse and the elec- AWAKE : des hautes énergies en un clin d'œil develops in the proton beam over the fi rst few metres of the plasma, The AWAKe experiment will be installed in the existing cern tron beam at a level below 1 ps. The desired synchronization of then saturates and the bunch becomes self-modulated. After the neutrinos to Gran Sasso (cnGS) facility (CERN Courier novem- around 100 ps between the proton beam and the laser beam will be L’accélération par champ de sillage plasma entraînée par des SMi saturation, an electron beam with 109 electrons, energy of ber 2006 p20). This deep underground area, which is designed achieved by re-phasing and locking the SPS rF to a stable mode- protons pourrait permettre l’accélération d’électrons à l’échelle

around 16 MeV and with σz, electrons >λpe will be side-injected at a for running an experiment with a proton beam of high energy and locker frequency reference from the laser system. du téra en une seule cellule plasma. C’est pour mettre à l’épreuve small angle (a few milliradians). A fraction of the electrons will be intensity, has a 750-m-long proton beamline that is optimized for a To measure the properties of the electron acceleration, a state-of- cette approche novatrice qu’a été lancée au CERN l’expérience trapped in the wakefi eld and accelerated. fast extracted beam from the SPS at 400 GeV/c. Figure 4 shows the the-art magnetic spectrometer with large momentum acceptance de démonstration du principe AWAKE (accélération par champ For the fi rst experiments, the plasma cell will be a 10-m-long integration of the AWAKe experiment in the experimental area, (10–5000 MeV) and good momentum resolution will be installed de sillage plasma entraînée par des protons). Le projet utilisera rubidium vapour source, with the necessary longitudinal density with the plasma cell installed in the downstream end of the cnGS downstream of the plasma cell. A scintillating screen connected des paquets de protons de 400 GeV issus du Supersynchroton uniformity of around 0.2%. With the current AWAKe baseline proton-beam tunnel and upstream of the cnGS target. to a ccD camera will show the electrons exiting the spectrometer. à protons ; ce sera la première expérience d’accélération par parameters, simulations show that the electrons could be accel- Although the facility already exists, there are several issues that For the proton beam, various diagnostics will measure the self- champ de sillage entraînée par un faisceau en Europe, et la erated to energies higher than 2 GeV, with an energy spread of a need to be tackled to set up the AWAKe experiment in this area. modulation effects downstream of the plasma cell. The protons première expérience de ce type s’appuyant sur un faisceau de few per cent and achieving a gradient of 0.1–1.2 GV/m along the Essential modifi cations to the end of the proton beamline include will then be dumped in the existing cnGS beam dump, which is protons au monde. Les résultats auront un impact considérable 10-m-long plasma. changes to the beam instrumentation and to the fi nal focusing 1100 m downstream of the experimental area, therefore avoiding sur les futures expériences de R&D utilisant cette technique, qui At a later stage the experiment will use two plasma cells and on- system, in addition to integration of the laser and electron beam any radiation into the AWAKe region. seront utilisées à plus grande échelle et qui pourraient consister axis electron injection. The fi rst cell will preserve the SMI seeding with the proton beam. General services such as cooling and venti- With offi cial approval of the AWAKE experiment in August, par exemple en l’accélération de paquets d’électrons à environ ability and the second will be used for electron acceleration in lation, electricity, radiation monitoring and an access system exist the collaboration is now fully “awake” and the fi rst protons can be 100 GeV sur une centaine de mètres. the wakefi elds that are resonantly driven by the modulated proton and are operational but some changes will be necessary to adapt sent to the plasma cell at the end of 2016. This will be followed by bunch. introducing a step in plasma density during the growth of them to the AWAKe set-up. an initial three-to-four-year experimental programme with four Edda Gschwendtner, CERN, for the AWAKE collaboration.

18 19 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Plasma acceleration Plasma acceleration

18 19 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 Your Nor-Cal Vacuum Parts are Here! Plasma acceleration Since 1962, Nor-Cal Products has • Pressure Control Valves • Vacuum Chambers manufactured standard and custom • Electrical Feedthroughs • Motion Control vacuum components used by research • Liquid Feedthroughs • Foreline Traps laboratories and equipment manufac- • Flanges & Fittings • Gate Valves Can fi bre be the future of tures around the world. Our name is synonymous with quality and excellent • Angle Valves service. In order to better serve our European high-energy physics? customers and distributors, we recently opened a central distribution center and sales office in the United Kingdom to provide next day shipment of the most commonly ordered items to anywhere in central Europe. Real-time sales support is provided by one of our A new laser system that is based on local distributors or our European sales office. huge arrays of thousands of ﬁ bre lasers Place your order today! could provide a way to future laser-driven accelerators, both for fundamental research and for many applications. Nor-Cal Products, Inc. In Europe 1967 South Oregon St. D7, Kemble Airfield Enterprise Park Yreka, CA 96097, USA Kemble, Gloucestershire GL7 6BA, UK Tel: 800-824-4166 Tel: 01285 771252 Fax: 530-842-9130 Fax: 01285 771299 www.n-c.com www.norcaluk.com The interaction with plasma of ultra-high-peak-power lasers at the terawatt to petawatt level has the potential to generate large accelerating gradients of giga-electron-volts per metre. Laser- plasma acceleration could therefore be an important replacement NCE Opening Final 7 3 13.indd 1 7/3/2013 4:49:04 PM for present technology. However, there are two formidable hurdles to overcome: a laser repetition rate that is limited to a few hertz leading to an average power of only a few watts and a dismal wall- Fig. 1. The concept of the CAN fi bre laser, in which an initial plug effi ciency of a fraction of a per cent. This twin technological pulse from a seed laser is stretched and split into many fi bre challenge must be resolved if laser wakefi eld acceleration is to be channels. Each channel is amplifi ed in several stages and then Verify and optimize your designs considered for large-scale applications in science and society. combined coherently, compressed and focused to produce a On 27–28 June, the International Coherent Amplifi cation Net- pulse with >10 J energy at a repetition rate of around 10 kHz. ® work (icAn) consortium concluded its eu-supported 18-month (Image credit: Phil Saunders/spacechannel.org.) with COMSOL Multiphysics. feasibility study with a fi nal symposium at CERN that was organized by ecole Polytechnique, the university of Southampton, – in the form of the international committee on ultra-High inten- Fraunhofer ioF Jena and cern. A major topic concerned progress sity Lasers (icuiL) and the international committee for Future RF COUPLER: This model computes the transmission probability with the novel laser architecture known as coherent amplifi cation Accelerators (icFA), respectively – came together in 2009 to form through an RF coupler using both the angular coefficient method available in the Free Molecular Flow interface and a Monte Carlo network (CAN), which could for the fi rst time provide petawatt a collaborative working group to study how best to proceed. The method using the Mathematical Particle Tracing interface. peak power at a repetition rate as high as 10 kHz. This corresponds icFA-icuiL Joint Task Force (JTF) produced a report noting that Multiphysics tools let you build simulations to an average power in the megawatt range with an effi ciency better while the science of laser acceleration has matured, the technology that accurately replicate the important than 30% and opens the door to many applications. for intense lasers is lagging behind, specifi cally in the develop- characteristics of your designs. The key is The symposium also looked at the path towards future laser- ment of systems with a high rep- the ability to include all physical effects driven accelerators and colliders, applications in free-electron etition rate and high effi ciency that exist in the real world. lasers and neutron/neutrino sources, as well as the laser search (Leemans et al. 2011). for the “dark fi elds” of dark matter and dark energy. Other topics The science of laser The possibility of amplifying

included compact proton accelerators that could be used for accel- acceleration has laser pulses to extreme energy To learn more about COMSOL Multiphysics, erator-driven systems for nuclear energy or for hadron therapy, as matured, but the and peak power not only offers visit www.comsol.com/introvideo well as the generation of γ-ray beams with a host of applications, a route to a more compact and from the identifi cation of isotopes in exposed spent nuclear fuel – technology for cheaper way to perform high- such as at Fukushima – to nuclear pharmacology. intense lasers is energy physics, it could also The main paradigm currently driving fundamental high-energy lagging behind. open the door to a comple- physics is the high-energy charged-particle collider. To apply mentary research area that is laser-acceleration methods to a future collider, the international underpinned by single-shot, ▲ © Copyright 2013 COMSOL communities involved in intense lasers and high-energy physics high-fi eld laser pulses – a new

p20.indd 1 09/10/2013 11:08 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 Your Nor-Cal Vacuum Parts are Here! Plasma acceleration Since 1962, Nor-Cal Products has • Pressure Control Valves • Vacuum Chambers manufactured standard and custom • Electrical Feedthroughs • Motion Control vacuum components used by research • Liquid Feedthroughs • Foreline Traps laboratories and equipment manufac- • Flanges & Fittings • Gate Valves Can fi bre be the future of tures around the world. Our name is synonymous with quality and excellent • Angle Valves service. In order to better serve our European high-energy physics? customers and distributors, we recently opened a central distribution center and sales office in the United Kingdom to provide next day shipment of the most commonly ordered items to anywhere in central Europe. Real-time sales support is provided by one of our A new laser system that is based on local distributors or our European sales office. huge arrays of thousands of ﬁ bre lasers Place your order today! could provide a way to future laser-driven accelerators, both for fundamental research and for many applications. Nor-Cal Products, Inc. In Europe 1967 South Oregon St. D7, Kemble Airfield Enterprise Park Yreka, CA 96097, USA Kemble, Gloucestershire GL7 6BA, UK Tel: 800-824-4166 Tel: 01285 771252 Fax: 530-842-9130 Fax: 01285 771299 www.n-c.com www.norcaluk.com The interaction with plasma of ultra-high-peak-power lasers at the terawatt to petawatt level has the potential to generate large accelerating gradients of giga-electron-volts per metre. Laser- plasma acceleration could therefore be an important replacement NCE Opening Final 7 3 13.indd 1 7/3/2013 4:49:04 PM for present technology. However, there are two formidable hurdles to overcome: a laser repetition rate that is limited to a few hertz leading to an average power of only a few watts and a dismal wall- Fig. 1. The concept of the CAN fi bre laser, in which an initial plug effi ciency of a fraction of a per cent. This twin technological pulse from a seed laser is stretched and split into many fi bre challenge must be resolved if laser wakefi eld acceleration is to be channels. Each channel is amplifi ed in several stages and then Verify and optimize your designs considered for large-scale applications in science and society. combined coherently, compressed and focused to produce a On 27–28 June, the International Coherent Amplifi cation Net- pulse with >10 J energy at a repetition rate of around 10 kHz. ® work (icAn) consortium concluded its eu-supported 18-month (Image credit: Phil Saunders/spacechannel.org.) with COMSOL Multiphysics. feasibility study with a fi nal symposium at CERN that was organized by ecole Polytechnique, the university of Southampton, – in the form of the international committee on ultra-High inten- Fraunhofer ioF Jena and cern. A major topic concerned progress sity Lasers (icuiL) and the international committee for Future RF COUPLER: This model computes the transmission probability with the novel laser architecture known as coherent amplifi cation Accelerators (icFA), respectively – came together in 2009 to form through an RF coupler using both the angular coefficient method available in the Free Molecular Flow interface and a Monte Carlo network (CAN), which could for the fi rst time provide petawatt a collaborative working group to study how best to proceed. The method using the Mathematical Particle Tracing interface. peak power at a repetition rate as high as 10 kHz. This corresponds icFA-icuiL Joint Task Force (JTF) produced a report noting that Multiphysics tools let you build simulations to an average power in the megawatt range with an effi ciency better while the science of laser acceleration has matured, the technology that accurately replicate the important than 30% and opens the door to many applications. for intense lasers is lagging behind, specifi cally in the develop- characteristics of your designs. The key is The symposium also looked at the path towards future laser- ment of systems with a high rep- the ability to include all physical effects driven accelerators and colliders, applications in free-electron etition rate and high effi ciency that exist in the real world. lasers and neutron/neutrino sources, as well as the laser search (Leemans et al. 2011). for the “dark fi elds” of dark matter and dark energy. Other topics The science of laser The possibility of amplifying

p20.indd 1 09/10/2013 11:08 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Plasma acceleration Plasma acceleration

Fig. 2. The photon-collider concept by as much as 50 orders of magnitude. RF RF (1.3 GHz, 8 sets, 5 cryomodules for a Higgs Factory in the Tevatron Laser-driven acceleration processes, laser wakefield accel- 1.25 GV/set) Tunnel (HFiTT), where the CAN eration and the related physical processes might also appear in 16 permanent magnet beam lines RF RF laser provides a source of nature, as demonstrated by the recent realization that the accre- – (B = 0.05 – 3.3 kG) e (80 GeV) 2000 m low-energy photons to generate tion disc of a supermassive black hole and its associated jets could γγ collision fibre laser (125 GeV) (0.351 µm, high-energy γ rays through inverse be the theatre for extreme high-energy cosmic-ray acceleration 5 J, 47.7 kHz) Compton scattering from two up to 1021 eV and accompanying γ-ray emission (ebisuzaki and

e– (80 GeV) electron beams travelling in opposite Tajima 2013). The disruptive magnetic activities of the disc give m RF RF directions. Each beam circulates rise to the excitation of huge Alfvén waves and the mode-converted

– 2.438 e (0.75–8 GeV) through eight rings of permanent electromagnetic waves created in the jet are capable of accelerat- Project X or ASTA magnets, while being accelerated to ing ions to extreme energies via a process that is similar to laser 80 GeV. (Image credit: Chou et al. acceleration. The coherence of the relativistic waves and particles e– (0.75–8 GeV) tunnel cross-section 2013.) implies a fundamental similarity between terrestrial and celestial RF RF wakefi eld acceleration processes. It is hoped that one day celestial-

3.048 m type wakefi elds might be achieved by a similar physical process but RF on different scales on earth.

fi eld of (laser-based) high-fi eld fundamental physics (Tajima and Photonics, the group at Fermilab re-launched the concept of a Applications in society Dawson 1979 and Mourou et al. 2006). To muster the support of photon (γ–γ) collider for a Higgs factory, using the cAn laser as Turning to more earthly issues, the CAN fi bre laser opens up many the scientifi c community for this vision, the International Center the source of low-energy photons to generate high-energy γ rays doors to challenging issues in society. With high average power at on Zetta-exawatt Science and Technology (iZeST) was set up in through inverse compton scattering from two electron beams the same time as high peak power, along with high effi ciency and 2011 and now has 23 associated institutes worldwide. (fi gure 2). Such a collider would have a lower beam energy than the inherent controllability, the cAn source is applicable to many new equivalent electron–positron collider and less noise (chou et al. areas, of which the following are a few examples. Fig. 3. A concept for an accelerator-driven reactor in which a The ICAN project 2013). The required repetition rate is around 50 kHz, within the Laser acceleration of protons would provide compact instal- fi bre-based proton accelerator drives a spallation neutron source, Stimulated by the JTF’s report, members of iZeST set up the reach of cAn technology. lations compared with conventional accelerators, which could which can be used to transmute minor actinides into less toxic icAn project, which involves a total of 16 institutes including lead to compact proton-therapy accelerators (Habs et al. 2011). elements. (Image credit: Phil Saunders/spacechannel.org.) ecole Polytechnique, the university of Southampton, Fraunhofer Fundamental physics via high fi elds As the intensity of the laser becomes highly relativistic and the IOF Jena and CERN as benefi ciaries with a further 13 institutes While a photon collider would study Higgs physics and other high- dynamics of proton acceleration become more relativistic, the W Chou et al. 2013 Fermilab-TM-2558-APC. participating as experts. Starting in october 2011, icAn began energy phenomena, copious coherent photons from the cAn lasers acceleration mechanism becomes more effi cient and the beam T Ebisuzaki and T Tajima 2013 arXiv:1306.0970 [astro-ph.HE]. research on the development of the fi bre-laser-based CAN concept. could also provide a new opportunity to look for undetected “dark quality improves (esirkepov et al. 2004). it then becomes plau- T Esirkepov et al. 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 175003. Here, pulses from thousands of fi bre lasers – built on technology fi elds” that are associated with low-energy dark matter (axion-like sible to produce an effi cient, compact proton source in the rela- D Habs, T Tajima and U Koester 2011 Current Cancer Treatment: Novel Beyond that was originally developed for the telecommunications industry particles, for example) and dark energy (Tajima and Homma 2012). tivistic regime. Conventional Approaches Öner Özdemir (ed.) InTech chapter 10. and each capable of producing low-energy pulses effi ciently and at The use of three distinct parallel lasers with huge numbers of pho- Laser-driven compact proton beams could also act as the source W Leemans, W Chou and M Uesaka 2011 ICFA Beam Dynamics Newsletter 56 10. a high repetition rate – are coherently added to increase the average tons could allow sensitive detection of possible dark fi elds. The of neutrons for accelerator-driven systems and accelerator-driven G Mourou, T Tajima and S Bulanov 2006 Rev. Mod. Phys. 78 309. power and pulse energy linearly as the number of fi bres increases basic idea is akin to degenerate four-wave mixing, well known reactors for nuclear energy (fi gure 3). The high-fl uence CAN laser G Mourou et al. 2013 Nature Photon 7 258. (fi gure 1, p21). The ICAN project has shown that this architecture in traditional nonlinear optics but in this case probing the vac- offers the potential for highly effi cient compact neutron sources T Tajima and J M Dawson 1979 Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 267. can provide a plausible path towards the necessary conditions for uum, whose possible nonlinear constituent is so weak that it has that would be less expensive than those based on conventional T Tajima and K Homma 2012 IJMP A 27 1230027. a high-energy collider based on a laser accelerator, so answering appeared “dark” until now. Since the parallel injection of lasers can methods (Mourou et al. 2013). the challenge that was posed by the JTF report. The fi bre laser make their beat frequency particularly low, the range of detectable Just as in the case of the photon collider but at lower energies, the Résumé offers excellent effi ciency (>30%) thanks to laser-diode pumping masses is extremely low – down to nano-electron-volts – compared cAn laser can produce copious γ rays with specifi ed energy in a La fi bre est-elle l’avenir de la physique des hautes énergies ? and provides a much larger surface cooling area, therefore making with orthodox high-energy physics experiments. The extremely well defi ned direction. Suchγ -ray sources are useful for detection operation at high average power possible. high equivalent luminosity is also unusual. Because of the coher- in nuclear physics, such as in isotopic determination via nuclear En juin dernier, le consortium ICAN (international coherent The most stringent requirement is to phase all of the lasers within a ence of the photons, the luminosity of the events is proportional to resonance fl uorescence. Since a CAN-driven γ-ray source could be Amplifi cation Network) a conclu son étude de faisabilité, fi nancée fraction of a wavelength. This originally seemed insurmountable but the triple products of the num- compact enough to be portable, it could be used for isotopic diag- par l’UE, par un colloque au CERN. Les avancées du concept a preliminary proof of concept that was discussed earlier this year bers of photons from the three nosis of exposed spent nuclear fuel – as at Fukushima – without novateur de laser CAN (coherent amplifi cation network) ont été in Nature Photonics suggests that tens of thousands of fi bres can be The most stringent lasers – n1n2n3. if the laser has contact or proximity. other industries – auto, chemical, mechani- un thème-phare de la conférence. La technique permettrait de controlled to provide a laser output that is powerful enough to accel- 10 kJ energy, the ni here can cal, medical, energy, etc – have the need for high-fl uence, high-effi - commander des dizaines de milliers de fi bres afi n d’aboutir à erate electrons to energies of several giga-electron-volts at a 10 kHz requirement is to each be as large as 1023. on the ciency short-pulse lasers. one example is nuclear pharmacology. une puissance laser suffi sante pour accélérer des électrons à repetition rate. This is an improvement of at least 10,000 times on phase all of the other hand, the luminosity of a Since a cAn source produces γ rays (and so neutrons) of specifi c une énergie de plusieurs GeV. Ayant le potentiel de fournir une today’s state-of-the-art (Mourou et al. 2013). Furthermore, experi- lasers within a charged-particle collider is pro- energy, it can be used to create specifi c isotopes of nuclei that are puissance moyenne de l’ordre du mégawatt, le laser CAN aurait ments have demonstrated the feedback control of the phase and tim- portional to nanb, where a and known to be useful for medical purposes (Habs et al. 2011). également de nombreuses applications au-delà de la physique des ing of pulses from each fi bre to the attosecond precision necessary fraction of a b represent the two beams and The future looks bright for fi bre lasers – not only in high-energy particules, s’appuyant sur des accélérateurs de protons compacts. for coherent addition. This means that the spatial profi le of the over- wavelength. these nj are typically around physics but in many applications for society. all laser pulse can be delicately controlled to provide a precise beam 1010. The two products that Toshiki Tajima, University of California, Irvine, Gérard Mourou, Ecole shape – a highly desirable feature for laser accelerators. determine the luminosity of ● Further reading Polytechnique, Willaim Brocklesby, University of Southampton, and Jens immediately after the publication of the article in Nature each “collider” therefore differ For more about the iZeST project, see www.izest.polytechnique.edu. Limpert, Fraunhofer IOF and Friedrich Schiller University, Jena.

22 23 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Plasma acceleration Plasma acceleration

3.048 m type wakefi elds might be achieved by a similar physical process but RF on different scales on earth.

22 23 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 Astroparticle physics Easy to Use Solid State Design Low Cost ICRC 2013: from Earth to SDD 5.9 keV 55Fe the galaxy and beyond eV FWHM

Counts 125 25 mm2 x 500 µm 11.2 µs peaking time P/B Ratio: 20000/1 The major conference in the fi elds of as Johannes Knapp, the commission’s chair, announced during the Energy (keV) closing session. The commission organized a poll during the nine astroparticle and solar physics took place days of the conference in which all registered participants could vote on changing the name from “cosmic rays” to “Astroparticle for the fi rst time in South America this year. Physics”. The majority voted for the change and the commission Exciting results were an important part of is now consulting iuPAP on the matter. To maintain tradition, the Count Rate = >1,000,000 CPS conference’s main title – icrc – will remain unchanged. a lively time in Rio de Janeiro, as Ronald icrc 2013 was certainly a success. During the plenary session Resolution 125 eV FWHM 130 eV FWHM 140 eV FWHM 160 eV FWHM on results from the Pierre Auger observatory, Antoine Letessier- Peaking Time 4 µs 1 µs 0.2 µs 0.05 µs Shellard reports. Selvon of cnrS and université Pierre et Marie curie presented evidence of what could be called “the muon problem”. it concerns Resolution vs Peaking Time Throughput the confl ict between the prediction from Monte Carlo simulations 180 1,00,0000 2 At the traditional dinner party they danced to samba music while of the number of muons in the surface cherenkov detectors and the 252 mm 25 mm holding caipirinhas. During the day, the more than 700 physicists value extracted from the experimental data, which is about a factor 170 0.2 μs who attended the 33rd cosmic ray conference (icrc 2013) in of 1.5 higher. Letessier-Selvon argued that a change in composition Standard SDD 100,000 rio de Janeiro listened carefully during the 400 scheduled talks in at higher energies is not suffi cient to explain the discrepancy. 160 SDD 1 μs a variety of plenary and parallel sessions on 2–9 July. instead of The ground-based gamma-ray experiments HeSS, MAGic and 150 caipirinhas, they held laptops and notepads as they focused on the VeriTAS have added new gamma-ray sources – both in the galaxy

4 μs important fi ndings and data presented at the fi rst ICRC to be held in and beyond it – to the catalogue, which now totals about 150 sources. 140 10,000 South America. Teams at the northern-hemisphere observatories reported fl aring Output Count Rate (OCR) Output Count organized under the auspices of the international union of Pure of the blazar Mkn 421 in April this year, while MAGic registered Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) 130 and Applied Physics (iuPAP) and its c4 commission on cosmic another fl are in November 2012, in IC 310 – an extra-galactic source rays, icrc 2013 was hosted by the centro Brasileiro de Pesqui- that it had previously discovered. Miguel Mostafa of colorado State 120 1,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,0000 sas Físicas – an institute of the ministry of science, technology University presented the results of the “fi rst light” – in fact, gamma Peaking Time (μs) Input Count Rate (ICR) and innovation – the Federal university of rio rays – in the High Altitude Water cherenkov de Janeiro and the Brazilian Physical Society. observatory installed at an altitude of 4150 m it was sponsored by the national council for in Mexico. it is designed to detect ultra-high- Scientific and Technological Development energy gamma rays and is sensitive to energies (cnPq), the coordination for improvement of above 300 GeV. With approximately only one Higher education Personnel (cAPeS) and the third of the detector in operation, the collabora- research Support Foundation of the state of tion was still able to present their view of the rio de Janeiro (FAPerJ). Mkn 421 fl are of April. The location in South America was not the in neutrino research, the icecube experiment only “fi rst”. The organization of the 33rd ICRC has some thrilling results. Spencer Klein of the had a scientifi c programme committee for the Lawrence Berkeley national Laboratory and the fi rst time, consisting of leading experts in solar university of california, Berkeley presented the and heliospheric physics, cosmic-ray physics, 28 events that were detected with energies above gamma-ray astronomy, neutrino astronomy 50 TeV, which include the previously revealed and dark-matter physics. Also for the first events above 1 PeV (CERN Courier July/August Please see web site for vacuum applications time, icrc included research on dark matter September 2013 p5). Klein also spoke of the as a main branch of the programme. For this With dark matter as a main branch observation of another very-high-energy event reason, icrc 2013 adopted the subtitle “The of the programme, ICRC 2013 in the ongoing analysis of 2012 data – but its AMPTEK Inc. Astroparticle Physics conference”. This might adopted the subtitle “The characteristics remain “top secret”. ▲ [email protected] www.amptek.com also become the c4 commission’s new name, Astroparticle Physics Conference”. Another highlight of icrc 2013 was the

25 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 Astroparticle physics Easy to Use Solid State Design Low Cost ICRC 2013: from Earth to SDD 5.9 keV 55Fe the galaxy and beyond eV FWHM

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Voyager 1 > 0.5 MeV/nuc ions (6-hour avg.) Awards for astroparticle physics 27 25 Besides the announcements of important ﬁ ndings and experiments, the Our universe was yours 23 conference was the occasion for the traditional awards for outstanding 21 Voyager 1 in a contributions in astroparticle physics. Six people were honoured, from 19 new region /s

17 more than 30 nominations. 15 Aya Ishihara, from Shiba University, received an IUPAP Young Scientist

particles 13 slower Award for her outstanding work on the search for ultra-high-energy heliospheric ions CERN opened its doors for the public on 11 are depleted neutrinos and the detection of the two neutrino events at >1 PeV with the 9 IceCube detector. A second Young Scientist Award went to Daniel Mazin, 28 and 29 September, when more than 7 from IFAE Barcelona, for his outstanding work on gamma-ray blazars and 5 only background extragalactic background light, using the MAGIC Cherenkov telescopes. 70,000 people came to visit the CERN sites. 3 counting rate 1 Rolf Bühler, from DESY Zeuthen, received the Shakti Duggal Award Jun 2012 Jul Aug Sep Oct for his outstanding work on the variability of the emission from the Crab time nebula and extragalactic background light, using the HESS and Fermi cern open Days 2013 saw 70,000 people visit more than 40 activi- Data from Voyager 1 show a clear “wall” characterizing the telescopes. The O’Ceallaigh Medal was awarded to Edward Stone, from ties on the surface across cern’s Meyrin and Prévessin sites, with heliosheath – and indicating that after travelling for 36 years, Caltech, for his contributions to cosmic-ray physics and specifically his 20,000 of them able to see something of the accelerators and detec- the spacecraft is at the edge of the solar system. leading role in the Voyager mission. tors underground. Highlights for visitors included seeing one of the Motohiko Nagano, from ICRR Tokyo and Fukui University, received large experiments on the LHc – ALice, ATLAS, cMS or LHcb presentations by nobel laureate Sam Ting and the Alpha Mag- the Yodh Prize for his pioneering leadership in the experimental study – or operating robotic arms and forklift trucks, or even making netic Spectrometer (AMS) collaboration of the fi rst results from of the highest-energy cosmic rays. Sunil Gupta, from TIFR Mumbai, superconducting magnets levitate. A taskforce of 2300 volunteers two years of AMS-02 operation on the international Space Station was awarded the Homi Bhabha Medal and Prize for his contributions acted as guides and helpers, explaining the variety of activities at (iSS). The main goal is to perform a high-precision, large-statis- to non-thermal astrophysics and his leading role in the development of CERN – from particle physics and computing to logistics and fi re- tics and long-duration study of cosmic nuclei, elementary charged gamma-ray astronomy. fi ghting – to enthusiasts young and old. particles and gamma rays. At the conference the collaboration As well as the public open days on Saturday and Sunday, events The open-days’ poster welcomed the public to the CERN sites presented high-precision measurements of the fl uxes, ratios and before and after made this a weekend to remember. on Friday with the phrase “Our Universe is Yours”. anisotropies of electrons and positrons, as well as fi rst results on netherlands, in July 2015 and will be followed two years later by 27 September, CERN welcomed local offi cials and industrial con- proton and helium fl uxes (CERN Courier october 2013 p22). the 35th meeting in Busan, Korea. Although there will be no samba tacts from throughout its member states for exclusive tours of the Moving further out in space, ed Stone from caltech presented or caipirinhas, there will surely be the same level of results and laboratory. in the evening – and to celebrate european research- the saga of the Voyager 1 spacecraft, launched in 1977, which is commitment from astroparticle physicists worldwide. ers’ Night – CERN and the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofi sica organ- now at the edge of the solar system. The data clearly show a “wall” ized “origins 2013”, an event that included simultaneous activities characterizing the heliosheath. it is astonishing that Voyager 1 is Résumé at cern, Paris and Bologna, with participation from uneSco, still collecting data after all these years – with an on-board com- ICRC 2013 : de la Terre à la galaxie, et au-delà eSA, eSo and inFn. During a webcasted event in the Globe of puter of the 1970s and a power source that is still very much alive Science and innovation at cern, those onstage took questions having passed through the harsh environment of Jupiter and Sat- La Conférence sur les rayons cosmiques s’est tenue pour la both from the audience and online. urn. Stone was seen not only by the conference participants but première fois en Amérique du sud, à Rio de Janeiro. C’est également There was also a fl urry of activity on social media. Online events also by the 40 million viewers who watched an interview with him la première fois que la conférence avait pour thème principal la began with a cern tweetup on Friday, when 12 lucky people vis- during a popular programme on Brazilian TV. matière sombre, et c’est pourquoi le sous-titre retenu pour cette ited cern as citizen journalists to share their exclusive preview The parallel sessions included presentations on a plethora of édition était la « Conférence sur la physique des astroparticules ». of the open days with the world via Twitter. The LHC was a key theme for the open days. Here, visitors to new projects ranging from next-generation imaging air-cheren- Parmi les sujets abordés fi guraient les actualités de l’Observatoire Lastly, on the following Monday, the whirlwind of events culmi- Point 6 are lucky enough to have CERN’s director-general kov telescopes, represented by the cherenkov Telescope Array, to Pierre Auger, les télescopes HESS d’observation des rayons nated with “Bosons and More” – a celebration for cern people. explain its workings. the extreme universe Space observatory onboard the Japanese gamma, MAGIC et VERITAS, les résultats d’IceCube et d’AMS, experiment Module (JeM-euSo). To be installed on the iSS, ainsi que l’histoire de la sonde spatiale Voyager 1, qui a maintenant ● Max Brice, the CERN photographer, led a team of 26 photog- JeM-euSo is designed to measure ultra-high-energy cosmic rays atteint les confi ns du système solaire. raphers recording the open-days’ events, with Anna Pantelia, through the fl uorescence of the extensive air showers that they pro- Fons Rademakers, Laurent Egli, Mike Struick, Didier Steyaert, duce – an expression of optimism in the future of the fi eld. Ronald C Shellard, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, chair of the Local Mathieu Augustin, Pierre Gildemyn, Matthias Schroder, Dmytro The 34th icrc meeting will be held at The Hague, the Organizing Committee. Kovalskyi, Lelia Laureyssens, Sylvain Chapeland, Jan Fiete Grosse-Oetringhaus, Antonella Vitale, Jean-Francois Marchand, Neli Ivanova, Olga Driga, Doris Chromek-Burckhart, Sebastian Lopienski, Tomek photographe, Nicolas Voumard, Erwin van Hove, Stephan Russenschuck, Ilknur Colak, Laura Rossi and VACUUM VALVES Alban Sublet. A selection of photographs is shown here, for many more, see http://cds.cern.ch/collection/Open Days 2013 Photos. In the “Fun zone!” children played with science, technologies, Request our NEW catalogue: www.vatvalve.com Kate Kahle, CERN. robots and more, including constructing a miniature LHC.

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YI0404EC_Banner_VacuumValves_RequestOurNewCatalogue.indd 1 06.03.09 15:37:28 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Astroparticle physics Open days

17 more than 30 nominations. 15 Aya Ishihara, from Shiba University, received an IUPAP Young Scientist

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YI0404EC_Banner_VacuumValves_RequestOurNewCatalogue.indd 1 06.03.09 15:37:28 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Open days Open days

Thanks to the fi re service – who were also on call – visitors could fi nd out what it takes to be a fi refi ghter. Picture yourself. A visitor to the ALICE cavern captures herself and the (Right) A 360° image of the LHCb experiment on camera. experiment underground cavern.

Transport and handling Holders of underground visit tickets were able to descend activities provided the around 100 m to see the different experimental caverns, opportunity to try out including that of ATLAS, shown above. CERN’s heavy-lifting equipment, including getting behind the wheel to move a model magnet.

There was also the chance to visit the CERN Control Centre, the control room for the accelerators and technical facilities.

Visitors to the CMS cavern gaze in wonder at the huge and complex detector. On the surface, CMS showcased the dance performance Quantum by former CERN artist-in-residence choreographer Gilles Jobin.

The Synchrocyclotron, now a visitor point, was CERN’s fi rst accelerator, commissioned in 1957 and in operation until 1990. Visitors, next to the ATLAS mural, on their way to the (Left) A CERN volunteer experiment cavern. demonstrates levitation with superconducting magnets cooled with liquid nitrogen.

(Right) A visitor takes a photo of the LHC tunnel with his smartphone. At the CERN Compter Centre, visitors fi nd out about the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid.

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There was also the chance to visit the CERN Control Centre, the control room for the accelerators and technical facilities.

Visitors to the CMS cavern gaze in wonder at the huge and complex detector. On the surface, CMS showcased the dance performance Quantum by former CERN artist-in-residence choreographer Gilles Jobin.

(Right) A visitor takes a photo of the LHC tunnel with his smartphone. At the CERN Compter Centre, visitors fi nd out about the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid.

28 29 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Open days Symmetry Testing times for relativity

Physicists met in Bloomington to discuss the latest research on possible violations of relativity and CPT symmetry. At the “CERN tweetup” on Friday, citizen journalists got an exclusive open-days’ preview and sent out hundreds of messages The open-days’ control room saw CERN’s services working in on the social network Twitter. Albert einstein’s theory of relativity is one of the most success- harmony with French and Swiss authorities to ensure that the fully tested ideas in physics. Based on the statement that the laws Participants at CPT’13 pose for the traditional photo. (Image event ran smoothly. of physics are invariant under rotations and boosts – offi cially credit: Jorge S Diaz.) known as Lorentz symmetry – relativity is a cornerstone of the (Left) The “Origins two most successful descriptions of nature: general relativity and and antimatter systems. The ALPHA collaboration reported on 2013” activities on the Standard Model. Although experiments to date indicate that the remarkable progress made along these lines in its experiment Friday at CERN relativity provides an accurate description, it became clear in the at cern. The collaboration has used antihydrogen traps to store included late 1980s that violations in relativity could appear theoretically as antiatoms for several minutes and to perform basic spectroscopy opportunities for natural features of candidate models of quantum gravity. (CERN Courier July/August 2011 p6). These long timescales for “physics During the following decade, a group of theorists led by Alan antiatomic systems also offer interesting prospects for studying the speed-dating” Kostelecký at indiana university developed a general framework effects of gravitational fi elds. – one-to-one extending general relativity and the Standard Model to include all An important theoretical development in the SMe described at informal possible violations of Lorentz symmetry and cPT symmetry – the the meeting is the study of the effects of relativity violations in cou- discussions with combination of charge conjugation, c, parity inversion, P, and time plings of gravity to matter and antimatter. This work has motivated researchers. reversal, T – in a realistic fi eld theory. This framework, called the different tests of the equivalence principle as presented by several Standard-Model extension (SMe), provides practical methods to groups including those at the Max Planck institute for nuclear The “Bosons and More” event on Monday featured compute observable effects for a given experiment. As a result, its Physics in Heidelberg, the university of california at Berkeley concerts from the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande advent triggered wide-ranging interest in the features of relativity and the university of Pisa. results of analyses using data from the as well as the Alan Parsons Live Project, pictured violations. Gravity Probe B satellite were also presented at the meeting. above. over the past 15 years or so, the experimental community has Particle physics offers another experimental playground to test also enlisted in this challenging enterprise and the search for Lorentz and cPT invariance. The manner in which Lorentz viola- (Below) A few of the 2300 volunteers – those from Lorentz violation has now turned theoretical ideas into a formal tion could appear in different systems includes modifi cations to IT, still smiling at the end of a great weekend. fi eld in which theorists and experimentalists worldwide explore the kinematics arising from unconventional energy–momentum possible signals that could reveal that relativity is not exact. Despite relations as well as dynamic effects in interactions between differ- the fact that current technology is far from reaching energies that ent particles. A basic notion in the SMe is that breaking Lorentz are relevant for quantum gravity, the SMe has shown that it is pos- symmetry must lead the universe to manifest at least one preferred sible to probe well beyond the Planck scale by searching for sup- direction. For this reason, one of the key signals to study in earth- pressed effects in low-energy experiments. based experiments is the sidereal variation of the relevant experi- in June, the 6th Meeting on cPT and Lorentz Symmetry mental observables resulting from the change in the coupling (cPT’13) took place in Bloomington, indiana. The latest in a series between the system studied and of unusual conferences that are held every three years, it brought the preferred direction in the The “Origins 2013” event included participation from other international together physicists from a variety of disciplines and global loca- universe. organizations, connected via webcast to a live audience at CERN. tions to discuss new results and future prospects for studying these The search for Sidereal variations are one fundamental spacetime symmetries. The experiments testing cPT Lorentz violation of the most used techniques for CERN Open Days 2013 is grateful for the support of: and Lorentz symmetry and the theoretical calculations presented has now turned testing Lorentz symmetry. At at the meeting together span an impressive set of subfi elds in phys- the meeting, the experimental ics. Furthermore, the techniques involved cover energies from theoretical ideas group at the university of Gro- fractions of an electron-volt to millions of giga-electron-volts. into a formal fi eld. ningen presented its implemen- Given the deep connection between Lorentz invariance and the tation of such a test in which the CPT theorem in local fi eld theory, one of the direct tests of these researchers search for sidereal ▲ symmetries involves comparisons between the behaviour of matter variations in the β-decay rate

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of sodium atoms. Following a similar approach, a recent proposal formulates the effects of Lorentz violation in the β decay of tritium. The experimental group at the university of Washington reported Micropattern-detector on the status of the KATrin experiment and reviewed the use of this detector, which is designed for direct measurement of the mass of the neutrino, as a probe of Lorentz and cPT symmetry using tritium decay. Signals to be tested include the sidereal variation of the endpoint energy and other effects that could mimic a nonzero experts meet in Zaragoza neutrino mass. The free propagation of neutrinos has also served as a sensitive probe of Lorentz symmetry. The Double chooz experiment is

designed to measure θ13 – the last of the three neutrino-mixing angles, which is responsible for the disappearance of reactor antineutrinos There is much on offer in the rapidly growing and is key in the possibility of cP violation in neutrinos. using data from this experiment, a team from Massachusetts institute of Tech- technology of MPGDs, thanks to the creativity nology has recently performed a search for sidereal variations of Lively discussions: (left) Alan Kostelecký, the meeting organizer, antineutrino oscillations in the context of the SMe and also explored and (right) NASA’s Floyd Stecker. (Image credit: Neil Russell.) of the research community. the effects of Lorentz violation in the form of possible neutrino–antineutrino oscillations. other interferometric techniques reported at resonators and systems of ultracold atomic quantum gases have cPT’13 included sidereal studies performed using the semileptonic been developed by researchers at Humboldt university as tools to Micropattern gaseous detectors (MPGDs) are the modern heirs of decay of B mesons in the DØ experiment at Fermilab and neutral test relativity, both on earth and in space. multiwire proportional counter (MWPc) planes, with the wires kaons in the KLoe experiment at inFn’s Frascati national Labora- The remarkable number of experimental studies already per- replaced by microstructures that are engraved on printed-circuit- tory. no compelling evidence of Lorentz violation has appeared but formed has led to a vast number of experimental constraints on like substrates. An idea that was fi rst proposed by Anton Oed in impressive new limits on SME coeffi cients that control deviations SME coeffi cients that control the various ways that Lorenz sym- 1988, it was the invention of stable amplifi cation structures such as from exact symmetry have been established. metry can be broken in different sectors of the theory. The results the micromesh gaseous structure (Micromegas) by ioannis Gio- in the past, most studies of Lorentz violation have used the are compiled in a rapidly growing document – Data Tables for mataris in 1996 and the gas electron multiplier (GeM) by Fabio minimal SMe as a theoretical framework. The minimal SMe Lorentz and CPT Violation – which is updated every year. none- Sauli in 1997 that triggered a boom in the development and applica- extends the Standard Model by incorporating only operators of theless, many more effects remain unexplored. The cPT’13 meet- tions of these detectors. it was as a consequence of this increasing mass dimension four or less, which guarantee power-counting ing provided a welcome week-long opportunity to exchange ideas, activity that the series of international conferences on micropattern renormalizability of the theory. one of the most ambitious goals in initiate collaborations and share experimental and theoretical tech- gaseous detectors was initiated, with the fi rst taking place in Crete recent years has been the explicit identifi cation and classifi cation niques among different sectors. The study of violations of Lorentz in 2009 followed by the second meeting in Kobe in 2011 (CERN of SMe operators of arbitrary mass dimension. The basics of the and cPT symmetry is a continuing and exciting adventure with Courier March 2012 p27). theory of these so-called non-minimal terms were presented in many new directions still to be explored. The third conference – MPGD2013 – moved to Spain, bringing the photon sector in the previous meeting in this series – cPT’10 more than 125 physicists, engineers and students to the Paraninfo (CERN Courier october 2010 p29). in the intervening three years, ● Further reading building of the Universidad de Zaragoza during the fi rst week of July. The three winners of the Charpak Award. (Top) Ioannis several experimental searches have demonstrated the advantage of For more about the meeting, visit www.indiana.edu/~lorentz/ The presentations and discussions took place in the same room that, Giomataris, left, congratulates Takeshi Fujiwara. (Image credit: studying high-energy photons from astrophysical sources and the cpt13/. For the latest update to the Data Tables for Lorentz and about a century ago, Santiago ramón y cajal – the most prominent F Iguaz.) (Above) Michael Lupberger, left, and Diego competitive sensitivity of different tabletop experiments. CPT Violation, see http://arxiv.org/abs/arXiv:0801.0287. Spanish winner of a scientifi c Nobel prize – studied and taught in. González-Díaz with their awards. (Image credit: J Kaminski.) using astrophysical observations of sources of X and γ rays at The Paraninfo is the university’s oldest building and its halls, cor- cosmological distances, researchers from Washington university Résumé ridors and stairs provided an impressive setting for the conference. Since the pioneering implementation of GeM and Micromegas in St Louis reported on a systematic study of non-minimal opera- La relativité à l’épreuve The streets, bars and restaurants of Zaragoza – the capital of Aragon detectors by the COMPASS collaboration at CERN – the fi rst tors in electrodynamics and provided new limits on photon SMe – were further subjects for the conference participants to discover. large-scale use of MPGDs in high-energy physics – they have coeffi cients. Using data from the HESS, MAGIC and VERITAS La 6e Rencontre sur les symétries CPT et de Lorentz (CPT’13) a After an intense day of high-quality science, lively discussions often spread to many more experiments. now all of the LHc experiment telescopes, the study searched for the possible energy dependence eu lieu en juin à Bloomington, Indiana (États-Unis). Dernière en continued into the evening and sometimes late into the night, helped collaborations plan to install MPGDs in their future upgrades. of the speed of high-energy photons. This is one of the unconven- date d’une série de conférences qui se tiennent tous les trois ans, la by a variety of tapas and wines. The most impressive examples, in terms of detector area, are the tional effects predicted by the SME as a consequence of modifi ed rencontre a réuni des physiciens de domaines variés et provenant The wealth of topics and applications that were reviewed at the 1200 m2 of Micromegas modules to be installed in the muon sys- photon dispersion relations. The team now plans to use polarimetry de différentes parties du globe, qui ont pu discuter des nouveaux conference reﬂ ected the current exciting era in the fi eld. Indeed, tem of ATLAS and the 1000 m2 of GeM modules destined for the measurements with future space telescopes to explore other effects résultats et des futures perspectives de l’étude de ces symétries the large amount of information and number of projects that were forward muon spectrometer of CMS. These examples confi rm that predicted by the SMe. fondamentales de l’espace-temps. Les expériences qui éprouvent presented make it diffi cult to summarize the most relevant ones MPGDs are the technology of choice when large areas need to be Despite the great sensitivity of high-energy photons, some la validité des symétries CPT et de Lorentz, ainsi que les calculs in a few lines. The following is a personal selection. readers who covered with high granularity and occupancy in a cost-effective Lorentz-violating effects are undetectable in astrophysical meas- théoriques présentés lors de la conférence, couvrent une grande would like more detail can browse the presentations that are posted way. These numbers also imply that transferring the fabrication urements. in this case, resonant cavities act as complementary variété de sujets en physique. Par ailleurs, les techniques utilisées on the conference website, including the excellent and compre- know-how to industry is a must. A good deal of effort is currently probes of quantum-gravity effects. Microwave cavities and cryo- couvraient une gamme d’énergie très vaste, allant de fractions hensive conference-summary talk given by Silvia Dalla Torre of devoted to industrialization of MPGDs and this was also an impor- genic sapphire oscillators have allowed scientists at the university d’électron-volt à des millions de GeV. inFn/Treiste on the last day. tant topic at the conference. of Western Australia to complete the fi rst laboratory study of non- The meeting started with talks about experiments in high-energy MPGDs have found application in other fi elds of fundamen- ▲ renormalizable operators in the SMe. in Berlin, cryogenic optical Jorge S Diaz, Indiana University. and nuclear physics that are using (or planning to use) MPGDs. tal research. Some relevant examples that were discussed at

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the conference included their use as X-ray or γ detectors or as polarimeters in astrophysics, as neutron or fi ssion-fragment detec- Hydra~CoolTM Online Custom Product Creators tors, or in rare-event experiments. Several groups are exploring Revolutionary Water Cooling Method Chamber BuilderTM the possibility of developing MPGD-based light detectors – moti- • Modify our standard chambers to create a vated greatly by the desire to replace large photo-multiplier tube product that fits your application (PMT) arrays in the next generation of rare-event experiments. Working at cryogenic temperatures – or even within the cryogenic • Get a price and interactive model in only a few minutes liquid itself – is sometimes a requirement. Large-area light detectors are also needed for cherenkov detectors and in this context presentations at the conference included several nice examples of A picnic lunch at the Canfranc Estación village in the Spanish cherenkov rings registered by MPGDs. Several talks reported on Pyrenees, after having visited the Canfranc Underground applications beyond fundamental research, including a review by Laboratory. (Image credit: S Cebrián.) Fabrizio Murtas of inFn/Frascati and cern. MPGDs are being used or considered in fi elds as different as medical imaging, radio- relax before this following meeting, with a one-day excursion to therapy, material science, radioactive-waste monitoring and secu- the installations of the canfranc underground Laboratory in the rity inspection, among others. Spanish Pyrenees and St George’s castle in the town of Jaca.

An important part of the effort of the community is to improve The vitality of the MPGD community resides in the relatively TM the overall performance of current MPGDs, in particular regarding large number of young researchers who came to Zaragoza eager to Nipple Builder issues such as ageing or resilience to discharges. This is leading to present their work as a talk or as one of the 40 posters that were dis- • Technically superior method of water cooling • Select custom lengths and flange modifi ed versions of the established amplifi cation structures of played in the coffee and lunch hall during the week. Three of those configurations with online pricing • High ratio of cooling area to cost Micromegas and GeMs and to new alternative geometries. Some young researchers – Michael Lupberger of the university of Bonn, examples that were mentioned at the conference are variations that Diego González-Díaz of the university of Zaragoza and Takeshi • Utilises radius bends, improving water flow go under the names of μ-Pic, THGeM, MHSP or coBrA, as Fujiwara of the university of Tokyo – received the charpak Prize well as confi gurations that combine several different geometries. to reward their work. This award was fi rst presented at MPGD2011 in particular, a number of varieties of thick GeM-like (THGeM) in Japan and the hope is that it becomes formally established in the www.lesker.com Enabling technology for a better world detectors (also known as large electron multipliers, or LeM) are MPGD community on future occasions. 13-147 being actively developed, as Shikma Bressler of the Weizmann Time will tell which of the many ideas that are now being put institute of Science described in her review. forward will eventually become established but the creativity of Many of the advances that were presented involve the use of new the community is remarkable and one of its most important assets. materials – for example, a GEM made out of glass or Teﬂ on – or the references to this creativity – and to the younger generation of implementation of electrodes with resistive materials, the main goal researchers who foster it – were recurrent throughout the confer- Measuring magnetic being to limit the size and rate of discharges and their potential dam- ence. At the banquet, by the ebro riverbank under the shadow of the age. Advances on the GridPix idea – the use of a Micromegas mesh tall towers of the Basílica del Pilar, several senior members gave field transients? post-processed on top of a Timepix chip – also go in the direction advice to the new generation of MPGD researchers and proposed of adding a resistive layer to limit discharges and attracted plenty of a toast to them – a blessing for the fi eld. The Fast Digital Integrator FDI2056 is the world’s interest. completely new approaches were also presented, such as fastest and most sensitive voltage integrator. www.agence-arca.com - Photo: Scott Maxwell www.agence-arca.com ● Further reading the “piggyback Micromegas” that separates the Micromegas from For the first time it is possible to measure fast, low-level the actual readout by a ceramic layer, so that the signal is read by For more information on the conference and to see the presenta- magnetic field disturbances such as eddy currents in a capacitive coupling and the readout is immune to discharges. tions, visit http://gifna.unizar.es/mpgd13. switched magnet. The presence of cern’s rui de oliveira to review the technical advances in MPGD fabrication techniques and industrialization is Résumé A complete and upgradable solution for your most exacting Conférence sur les détecteurs gazeux microstructurés à Saragosse already a tradition at these meetings. current efforts focus on the magnetic measurements. challenges presented by projects that require GeM and Microme- gas detectors with larger areas. Another tradition is to hear rob Pour sa troisième édition, MPGD2013, la Conférence Veenhof of Uludağ University and the RD51 collaboration review internationale sur les détecteurs gazeux microstructurés (MPGD) Now it’s possible! the current situation in the simulation of electron diffusion, ampli- a eu lieu en Espagne. Les détecteurs MPGD sont de plus en Designed at the CERN Mileon™- the longest hollow fi cation and signal detection in gas, as well as the corresponding plus utilisés en physique des hautes énergies, car il s’agit d’une conductor in the world software tools. current advances are allowing the community to technologie optimale pour couvrir de vastes surfaces avec une Developed in response to the customer understand progressively the performance of MPGDs at the micro- excellente granularité. Néanmoins, les équipes s’efforcent encore demand for seamless magnetic windings. physics level. Finally, although electronics issues were present in d’améliorer la performance globale des détecteurs, ce qui donne many of the talks, the participants especially enjoyed a pedagogi- lieu à des versions modifi ées des structures existantes et à de cal talk by cern’s Alessandro Marchioro about the trends in nouvelles géométries. Les MPGD ont par ailleurs trouvé d’autres microelectronics and how they might affect future detectors in applications, par exemple comme détecteurs de rayons gamma en the fi eld. These topics were studied in more detail in the sessions astrophysique ou comme détecteurs de neutrons. Pantone 286 Pantone 032 of the rD-51 collaboration meeting that came after the conference at the same venue. Fortunately, there was the opportunity to Theopisti Dafni and Igor G Irastorza, University of Zaragoza. www.metrolab.com Magnetic precision has a name 34 Luvata_Mileon_CERN_advert_10_ 09_13_.indd 2 12/09/2013 10:22

ANNONCE 2.indd 1 09/03/10 14:33

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ANNONCE 2.indd 1 09/03/10 14:33

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Your guide to products, services and expertise M E d i C a L P h y s i C s CERN MEDICIS: radioisotopes for health

on 4 September, a ground-breaking ceremony at cern marked the start of construction of cern MeDiciS, a research facility that will Connect your business today make radioisotopes for medical applications. The new facility will use the primary proton beam at iSoLDe – cern’s online isotope separator – to produce the isotopes, which initially will be destined for hospitals and research centres in Switzerland. The aim is then to extend the service to a larger network of laboratories in europe and beyond. iSoLDe has provided beams of FREE isotopes for experiments at cern for more than 40 years. Since the 1990s, it has used a 1.4 GeV proton beam from the Proton-Synchrotron Booster, which interacts with a primary target. This beam loses only 10% of its intensity and energy on hitting the target and the particles that pass through The ground-breaking ceremony for the CERN MEDICIS facility with, left to right, Reto can still be used. For cern MeDiciS, Meuli, department head of medical radiology at the Centre hospitalier universitaire a second target will be placed behind the vaudois, Douglas Hanahan, director of the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer fi rst to produce the desired radioisotopes. Research at EPFL, Rolf Heuer, CERN’s director-general, Yves Grandjean, secretary An automated conveyor will then carry general of the Geneva University Hospitals, and Piet Van Duppen, KU Leuven. this second target to the cern MeDiciS infrastructure, where the radioisotopes will research of the École polytechnique fédérale from Ku Leuven in Belgium. The civil be extracted. de Lausanne (ePFL) will use cern’s engineering for the facility should be So far, the Geneva university Hospitals, isotopes. But there is room for expansion. completed by the end of 2013. installation of the centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois The project is fi nanced by CERN the infrastructure and equipment –including (the university Hospital of Lausanne) and and counts on fi nancial and in-kind a radiochemical laboratory – is planned for the Swiss institute for experimental cancer donations from private foundations and completion in 2015.

a W a r d s Italian president, Carlo Rubbia Giorgio Napolitano, left, greets Carlo Rubbia at the appointed Quirinale Palace in Rome on 4 September. senator for life (Image credit: Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana.) Four new senators for life were appointed by the italian president, Giorgio napolitano, on 30 August. They included carlo rubbia, cern’s director-general from 1989 to 1993, together with the music director and conductor claudio Abbado, the neuroscientist elena cattaneo and the Large electron-Positron (LeP) collider was protocol and code were declared “free of architect renzo Piano. inaugurated and the four LeP experiments charge” for all time. Before becoming director-general, rubbia produced their fi rst results. He was also in italy, the senators for life have the same Find out how to get your business or institution connected. was head of the uA1 collaboration and in a strong advocate of the case for the next power as elected senators, including the right 1984 was awarded the nobel prize in physics collider in the LEP tunnel – the LHC – fi rst to vote. As the term suggests, their mandate together with Simon van der Meer for as chair of a long-range planning committee lasts for their lifetime. The four new senators discovery of the W and Z particles. During and later as director-general. in 1993, the last for life are worldwide renowned personalities physicsworld.com/connect his term of offi ce as director-general, the year of his mandate, the World Wide Web in the fi elds of music, art and science.

37 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 Faces & Places

Your guide to products, services and expertise M E d i C a L P h y s i C s CERN MEDICIS: radioisotopes for health

37 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Faces & Places Faces & Places

C E N t E N a r y André Lagarrigue prize honours work of Haïssinski Wolfgang Paul: inspired scientist, Nobel laureate, father fi gure

Jacques Haïssinski, professor emeritus of through electron–positron, electron– physics at the université Paris-Sud, has been photon and photon–photon collisions. Wolfgang Paul was born 100 years ago on Wolfgang Paul, whose awarded the 2012 André Lagarrigue Prize. The subject of his doctoral thesis at the 10 August 1913 at Lorenzkirch, a village “talking was full of He received the prize on 12 September, université Paris-Sud was the operation of in Saxony, Germany, as the fourth child of content”, in during a lively ceremony in which his AdA – the small collider in which electron– Theodor and elisabeth Paul. Descended characteristic form friends and colleagues acknowledged his positron collisions were observed in orsay from generations of Lutheran ministers, outside the Council scientifi c achievements, the diversity of his for the fi rst time, 50 years ago. Combining they preferred a humanistic education for Chamber at CERN interests – from electron–positron colliders experimental and theoretical approaches, their family, so as a child Paul learnt Latin during a Scientifi c Policy to cosmology – and the depth of his physics Haïssinski became a pioneer in the fi eld. and Greek and could quote the Bible by Committee meeting in understanding. Most recently, he has engaged in the design heart. However, his father was professor in 1977. He was chair of the The award, established in 2006 under the of the ThomX project, a compact source of pharmaceutical chemistry at the university committee at the time aegis of the French Physical Society, pays X rays produced by compton scattering of in Munich, where Paul grew up. Although (1975–1978) and a tribute to André Lagarrigue, director of an intense laser beam off stored electrons. Theodor Paul died when his son was only delegate to Council. the Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire Like Lagarrigue, Haïssinski is an 15, he had implanted in him a strong interest (LAL) orsay from 1969 to 1975, who played outstanding teacher advocating the in sciences – a path that the young Paul a major role in the discovery, 40 years ago, of dissemination of knowledge to the general decided to follow. weak neutral currents with the Gargamelle public. respected for his integrity and Before Paul began his study of physics bubble chamber at cern, so establishing Jacques Haïssinski at the award ceremony. his thorough and rigorous mind, he in Munich, in 1932 the theoretician Arnold the validity of the electroweak theory. (Image credit: LAL, Orsay.) has participated in many international Sommerfeld advised him to start an as he called it. The device realized a short of manpower, Paul recruited his two co-funded by the ceA, cern, ecole committees and held major positions. He apprenticeship in practical mechanics. So in long-cherished dream – the free suspension sons and they measured the half-life of the Polytechnique, in2P3-cnrS, LAL and the laboratory had just been created, was notably deputy scientifi c director 1934 he moved to the Technical Highschool of individual atoms or molecules for lengthy neutron with high precision and determined université Paris-Sud, the prize is awarded Haïssinski’s work has focused mainly on of in2P3-cnrS (1987–1992), led the in Berlin. There he joined the group of periods of time, enabling extremely precise its gravitational mass by seeing the neutrons every two years. the physics of electron–positron colliders Dapnia-ceA (1992–1996) and chaired the Hans Kopfermann, who became not only measurements of fundamental constants (e.g. fall inside the trap. Having begun his career at LAL when and on the particle physics accessible LeP committee at cern (1990–1993). his teacher but also a fatherly friend. in the the magnetic moment of an electron), as well In addition to his scientifi c insight, following years, Paul followed Kopfermann as the construction of ultraprecise clocks and Paul was aware of the responsibility that popular authoritative voice of particle fi rst to Kiel and later to Göttingen, where he other instruments. For this work, Paul shared scientists owe to society. He co-signed the Royal Society physics for three decades”, praising him for worked and taught until 1952. During the the nobel prize with norman ramsey and famous Göttingen declaration advising championing physics in the days when “hard 16 years that Paul stayed with Kopfermann, Hans Dehmelt in 1989, followed by many against the nuclear armament of Germany. honours the science” fought for media attention. his work concerned mainly the optical other distinctions. He also refused a limitation on scientifi c close has popularized physics through measurement of hyperfi ne-splitting in The second activity that Paul started in research, since “scientifi c knowledge, communication work radio, newspaper and magazine articles, atomic spectra to determine nuclear Bonn concerned the construction of particle which means understanding, is no risk. several books, and lectures he has given magnetic moments. in his PhD thesis – accelerators. A crew of bright young students non-understanding is the risk when acting.” of Frank Close throughout the world. Particle physicists will interrupted for a short time by a call to the and assistants – some having followed Paul Paul played important roles as an organizer. know his classic introduction to the subject, Luftwaffe at the beginning of the Second from Göttingen – but with no experience Having spent a year as a guest at cern in The Cosmic Onion, and his recent work The World War – Paul improved this method in accelerator technology, jumped into 1959, he became director of the nuclear Frank close of oxford university has been Infi nity Puzzzle, which tells the story of the using atomic beams. the adventure of building Europe’s fi rst Physics Division (1964–67) and later served awarded the 2013 Michael Faraday Prize quest to fi nd the Higgs boson CERN( Courier By the end of 1952 Paul had accepted a electron synchrotron with strong focusing as chair of the Scientifi c Policy Committee by the royal Society for excellence in Januray/February 2012 p51). At cern he chair at the university of Bonn, where he and an energy of 500 MeV. even to their own and as a member of the German delegation. communicating science to uK audiences. was co-founder and the fi rst chair of the Frank Close, “popular authoritative voice of became director of the institute of Physics. surprise, it worked well. A 2.5 GeV electron He also was director of DeSY from 1971 The society described close as “the european Particle Physics outreach Group. particle physics”. (Image credit: F Close.) The institute had suffered war damage and synchrotron followed 10 years later and, to spring 1973 (where i had the pleasure to fi nancial means were still scarce. As Paul before retiring, Paul helped to gain approval succeed him). However, he did not feel “at put it, to perform competitive research in for a beam-stretcher storage ring – eLSA. home” in large organizations, which are Two centuries ago, on 1 November 1813, the Scuola Normale such a situation “one has to have new ideas”. These machines transformed the necessarily more formal than a university Superiore in Pisa enrolled its fi rst students. Founded two years continuing earlier work, he developed institute in Bonn to one of the most institute, where he could be a paternal boss, earlier by Napoleonic decree on 18 October 1810, it was intended as a mass spectrometer using a quadrupole important laboratories in europe. More following his intuition and taking care of his a “carbon copy” of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris. With lens with an oscillating fi eld instead of a than 100 students were trained there and ﬂ ock. He was not a polished orator, but his Napoleon’s abdication in 1814, this fi rst institution lasted for only magnetic fi eld – an interesting example transferred their knowledge to many talking was full of content and people listened one academic year but it came to life again during the 1840s and of cross-fertilization between different universities, countries and industries. The carefully. in meetings, his pertinent questions, went on to become a highly regarded seat of learning. Nobel fi elds because at the time Paul also became experience gained in Bonn was also essential starting with “one should be allowed to laureates Enrico Fermi and Carlo Rubbia are probably the best interested in the new idea of strong focusing in the founding of DeSY where Paul played ask…”, were feared. known among the physics students of the 20th century. Others well in particle accelerators. Knowledge of orbit a major role. Wolfgang Paul died in Bonn, almost known in the fi eld of particle physics include Gilberto Bernardini, stability in accelerators led him to the “Paul Active in research even after retiring, Paul 10 years ago on 7 December. not only was he Gian Carlo Wick, Luigi Radicati, Emilio Picasso, Luigi Di Lella, mass fi lter”, which found many applications. had the idea to extend his trap, which was for an eminent scientist, everyone who had the Italo Mannelli, Giorgio Bellettini, Riccardo Barbieri and Michelangelo Mangano. The Scuola Normale Superiore is at the The mass fi lter provides stability in two charged particles, to neutrons. in this case, chance to work with him benefi ted from his right of this sketch of the Piazza Dei Cavalieri in Pisa. On the left, is transverse dimensions, but by adding a sextupole rather than quadrupole fi elds were human qualities. ● Herwig Schopper, former CERN director-general a building where Count Ugolino della Gherardesca was imprisoned ring-shaped electrode with an oscillating needed to act on the magnetic moment of and one of the speakers at the Wolfgang Paul with his family and, according to Dante, fi nally ate the corpses of his fi eld, particles are also caught in the the neutron. He built such a trap, neSTor, children. (Image credit: André Martin.) longitudinal direction. This is the ingenious which was installed in a neutron beam at the Symposium to be held at the University of Bonn on idea behind the “Paul trap” or “Ionenkäfi g” institut Laue–Langevin, Grenoble. Being 11–13 November.

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C E N t E N a r y André Lagarrigue prize honours work of Haïssinski Wolfgang Paul: inspired scientist, Nobel laureate, father fi gure

38 39 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Faces & Places Faces & Places

s C h O O L W O r k s h O P Advanced accelerator physics in Norway From Higgs to black holes: three hot days in Protvino

The cern Accelerator School (cAS) and experimental and theoretical studies of Jefferson Lab, which was devoted to the the norwegian university of Science and Higgs bosons, quark–gluon plasma, neutrino Standard Model and beyond. This revealed, Technology (nTnu) organized a course oscillations and mass, general problems of the among other interesting issues, that even on advanced accelerator physics this Standard Model and beyond, black holes, dark the familiar Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix year, which took place in Trondheim on matter and dark energy, etc. Such was the list – described as a “test-bench” for searches 18–29 August. of topics for the 29th international Workshop of new physics – might cause embarrassing The course followed an established on High energy Physics – new results and questions that are uneasy to answer. The format with lectures in the morning and Actual Problems in Particle & Astroparticle subsequent concert of classical music was practical courses in the afternoon. The Physics and cosmology, which was held in apt to prepare participants for a peaceful lecture programme consisted of 32 lectures, Protvino, Moscow region, on 26–28 June, Participants pose in the sunshine for the conference dinner. supplemented by discussion sessions, private Participants on the CAS course on advanced accelerator physics in Trondheim. (Image with 35 speakers from institutes and research group photo. (Image credit: Nadezhda The last day of the workshop started with study and tutorials. The practical courses credit: Kaja Bugge Vik.) centres in Australia, Germany, France, india, Sharykina.) a detailed review on observational data provided “hands-on” experience in three Poland, russia, Spain, Switzerland, the uK accumulated to date on possible candidates topics: rF measurement techniques, beam representing 21 nationalities, most of the the highly technical courses, which are a key and the uS. Moscow, who – instead of the announced for black holes in binary systems and instrumentation and diagnostics, and optics participants came from european countries feature of the advanced school. The organizers of the workshop attempted talk on quark–gluon plasma – gave an galactic nuclei. Then, while one speaker design and corrections. Participants selected with a few from beyond. Their positive The next cAS courses will be a to overcome – as much as possible – the extremely amusing impromptu presentation enthusiastically supported the supposed one of the three courses and followed feedback reﬂ ected the high standard of the specialized school on power converters in increasing diversifi cation in the different on the properties of chiral media in magnetic supermassive black holes in the centre of the the chosen topic throughout the school. lectures and teaching. Switzerland in May 2014 and an introductory fi elds in which particle physicists work. fi elds. He also led the lively panel discussion Galaxy, others presented both alternative Seminars and a poster session completed the cern, nTnu, the research council course on accelerator physics in the czech The second purpose was to provide an on quark–gluon plasma. Among the explanations of would-be event-horizon programme. of norway and radiabeam Technologies republic in September 2014. atmosphere of critical discussion to a greater questions that were discussed, the problem of observations and purely theoretical ﬂ aws in The course was attended by 70 students sponsored the school. nTnu also provided ● For more about cAS, visit www.cern.ch/ extent than is usually allowed by the brief thermalization in particular was addressed the black-hole paradigm. They were followed selected from more than 90 applicants. excellent facilities and invaluable support for schools/cAS. “question–answer” discussions after a talk. but the discussion did not show a consensus by a presentation on a rigorous exact solution This aim was also helped by the organization among participants. reports on heavy-quark of the metric induced by the point-like source P u B L i s h i N G of panel discussions after each of the six physics at the LHc and on the unhappy fate in general relativity. The ensuing panel 3 sessions. Despite being a little overloaded, of supersymmetry and other exotica – even discussion was quite emotional but could not Elsevier comes on board SCOAP this proved to be a viable format for future at the highest energies achieved so far – reconcile “establishment” with “dissidents” meetings in the series. completed the fi rst day. and moderator Skiff Sokolov, iHeP, was open-access initiative The opening talks provided an The neutrino session on the second unable to give a consolidated summary. exhaustive survey of the Higgs searches day was marked by recent data from The afternoon session started with a talk at the LHc and the Tevatron, followed by Super-Kamiokande, oPerA, KATrin and arguing that quantum cosmology should As of January 2014, elsevier’s premier The fi rst key presentation on various aspects of possible GerDA. The subsequent panel discussion become a “numerical subject”, which high-energy physics journals Physics fi ndings by theoretical interpretations of the observed on neutrino problems, led by Vladimir was followed by a talk on cosmological Letters B and Nuclear Physics B will ATLAS and “ Higgs-like” state. The subsequent panel obraztsov, iHeP, was one of the most lively acceleration with arguments that it should be published under the model of the CMS on the discussion, led by Valery Kiselev of the at the workshop. From the prospects of not be necessary to invent things like Sponsoring consortium for open Access discovery of institute for High energy Physics (iHeP), the long-baseline neutrino experiments to “dark matter” to understand accelerating Publishing in Particle Physics (ScoAP3), a Higgs Protvino, revealed the lively interest of the cosmological properties of the hypothetical expansion of the universe. There was which was launched at cern a year ago boson were audience and its eagerness to join – and sterile neutrino, the range of discussion then a presentation of data on gamma-ray (CERN Courier november 2012 p6). in a published in even intervene – in the discussion among topics riveted the attention of numerous bursts, core-collapsed supernovae and letter of intent that was signed on 8 July, Physics Tejinder (Jim) Virdee went back to his the panellists. (The same was true of all attendees. the global star-formation rate at large elsevier and cern formalized their Letters B on alma mater, Queen Mary University of of the subsequent panel discussions.) The The afternoon session covered further redshifts obtained, in particular, at the commitment to move these journals from 17 September London (QMUL), on 18 July to receive debate about the elementary or composite results from the LHc on the Standard special astronomical observatory of the a subscription model to an open-access 2012. an honorary degree at the summer nature of the Higgs boson was particularly Model and QcD. There were also short russian academy in the northern caucasus. model, in which the content is available graduation ceremonies. Here he is seen interesting. The discussion ended with the presentations of a phenomenological model High-energy gravitational waves from to anyone who would like to access it signing the Honorary Graduates Book unanimous, though rather shy, confession of multiple production in deep-inelastic the early universe and an interesting story free of charge and the open-access article with the university’s principal, Simon of two panellists – both experimentalists scattering and recent attempts to fi nd a about what can be learnt from the study of publishing charges are paid by libraries decades, the ScoAP3 initiative brings the Gaskell. Virdee, who is professor of – that personally they would, as unbiased “u-boson” (a dark-matter candidate) at cosmological perturbations brought the fi nal rather than authors. peer-review service that is provided by physics at Imperial College, London, researchers, prefer a composite Higgs boson the WASA@coSY experiment. While talks to a close. played a critical role in the design, ScoAP3 was initiated by cern in 2007, journals into the open-access domain. as the more intriguing option. nuclear collisions at the LHc could be used The fi nal panel discussion led by Edward research and development, prototyping, following the report of a task force on How does the redirecting of funds construction, installation, The second session covered up-to-date for checking many unusual observations Anderson of université Paris Diderot and open-access publishing in particle physics. work? under the subscription model, commissioning, data taking and physics experimental results on heavy-ion collisions made with cosmic rays, the LHc energies the university of cambridge took place quite in addition, all of the LHc experiments libraries purchase journal subscriptions exploitation of CMS – all leading to the both from cern and from the relativistic are arguably not high enough to reveal late and lasted a while, but the conference strongly encouraged publishing results to cover publishing costs and allow their discovery of a Higgs boson in July last Heavy-ion collider (rHic) at Brookhaven. “genuinely asymptotic” features of strong hall was fi lled with people who were by no in open-access journals. The objective of researchers to access articles. in contrast, year. He has been with the CMS A short account followed on the possible interactions. The fi nal talks of the day were means experts in cosmology – showing that 3 3 ScoAP is to grant unrestricted access to under ScoAP , libraries contribute to experiment at CERN from the start and use of the still fashionable anti-de Sitter on current results and future research on the cosmological problems are accessible and articles appearing in scientifi c journals the consortium, which pays centrally for was deputy spokesperson (1993–2006) holographic approach for quark–gluon anatomy of spinning nucleons at rHic and entertaining for particle physicists. in the fi eld of particle physics. While the publishing charges of the open-access and then spokesperson (2007–2009). plasma. The session was completed by a at ceBAF at Jefferson Laboratory. For more information about all of the open dissemination of preprints has article – freeing the libraries from paying (Image credit: QMUL.) talk from Valentin Zakharov of the institue The second day ended with a panel presentations, see http://indico.cern.ch/ been the norm in particle physics for two subscriptions. for Theoretical and experimental Physics, discussion led by Alexei Prokudin of event/hepft2013.

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s C h O O L W O r k s h O P Advanced accelerator physics in Norway From Higgs to black holes: three hot days in Protvino

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v i s i t s O B i t u a r i E s Dinesh Srivastava, left, the new director of the Variable Energy Cyclotron Godfrey Harry Stafford 1920–2013 Centre in Kolkata, came to CERN on 26–30 August. During this time he met with Godfrey Stafford, who was director of the a high-power laser was approved. Like CERN’s director-general, rutherford Appleton Laboratory from 1969 nimrod, the laser was beyond a scale that Rolf Heuer, and gave a talk to 1981, died on 29 July at the age of 93. could be accommodated in an individual in CERN’s Heavy Ion Forum. Stafford was one of the international university. Since then the central Laser He also toured ALICE leaders who transformed particle physics Facility has seen continued dynamic growth. and other experiments in On 4 September, Polish minister of science and higher education, in europe from its early days in modest A second merger with the Appleton which Indian scientists Barbara Kudrycka, centre left, visited CERN. During her tour with university facilities to huge international Laboratory came in 1979 and the rutherford participate. Agnieszka Zalewska, centre right, president of CERN Council, and laboratories, such as cern. This evolution Appleton Laboratory (rAL) was created Andrzej Siemko, left, head of CERN’s machine protection and electrical took several decades and the path was strewn with atmospheric and space sciences as integrity group, she met Polish members of the team working on the with challenges. He worked quietly but with added activities. Stafford had to make protection of the superconducting magnet circuits. great determination to encourage people to a major effort to keep the project for the focus on the real issues and to put aside vested infrared Astronomical Satellite on course The Italian minister for economic interests in support of the bigger picture. and on schedule because it was threatened by the move. rAL Space has grown enormously development, Flavio Zanonato, right, His european roles included vice president came to CERN on 10 September. His of the cern council (1973–1975), chair during the past 30 years. tour included a visit to the ATLAS of the CERN Scientifi c Policy Committee When Stafford resigned as director-general experimental cavern, where he was (1978–1980) and president of the european Godfrey Stafford. (Image credit: RAL of rAL in 1981, the laboratory was rich with new projects, all developed successfully in the accompanied by Sergio Bertolucci, Physical Society (1984–1986). His infl uence Photographic Services.) left, CERN’s director for research continued long after his retirement and in his following decades. nimrod had closed in 1979 and scientifi c computing, and is seen fi nal years he gave advice to those planning resistant to quenches. Known universally as after helping to establish the quark model the international Linear collider, based on his “rutherford cable”, this is used worldwide in and its users had to broaden their horizons. Jaak Aaviksoo, left, Estonian minister of education and research, came enjoying a photo with Anna Di Ciaccio, ATLAS-Italy national contact physicist. expertise in superconducting rF technology. equipment such as accelerator magnets and Stafford had encouraged the development to CERN on 17 September. His visit included a tour of the LHC tunnel, Born in england in 1920, Stafford moved scanners for magnetic resonance imaging. of close links with cern, DeSY and uS accompanied by CERN international relations adviser Tadeusz Kurtyka, as The visit concluded with meeting Italian members of CERN and Italian teachers. to cape Town aged eight and went on to Stafford was appointed director of rHeL laboratories. rAL took on the role of a well as the TOTEM and CMS experiments. study at the university of cape Town under in 1969, beginning the most challenging national “staging post” for particle physics, r W James. He completed his MSc in and creative phase of his career. incredibly, enabling uK physicists to offer equipment cosmic-ray physics in 1941 but became caught it had just been decided to shut down and services that made major contributions L E t t E r s up in the Second World War. He was mainly nimrod prematurely, which would have led to experiments elsewhere, taking advantage involved in the development of radar but also to the closure of the laboratory. Therefore of the outstanding engineering services at the Lagarrigue and the discovery of neutral cern at that time. a short exposure, the collaboration derived did heroic front-line duty of which, with his Stafford’s fi rst job was to convince laboratory. ● 25 currents Violette Brisson, Anne-Marie Lutz and Guy a lower limit of T1/2 >2.1 × 10 years at 90% natural modesty, he would seldom speak. the relevant authorities that this was After leaving rAL, Stafford became We would like Wormser, LAL Orsay. confi dence level (1.6σ) from the pulse-shape Stafford did his PhD at cambridge, scientifi cally illogical. This he did and then the full-time master of St cross college, to commend the selected spectrum (see talk by c cattadori spending time at the Atomic energy worked to establish diversifi ed activities to oxford, until his retirement in 1987. He took celebration of the Progress in double beta decay? at ePS-HeP 2013 and CERN Courier research establishment, Harwell, under ensure the laboratory’s long-term future. important initiatives for the development of 40th anniversary nuclear double beta (ββ) decay is one of the September 2013 p8). Sir Basil Schonland. in 1950 he returned to in 1971 he established the neutron Beam the college, including moving to permanent of the neutral fl agships of non-accelerator particle physics, However, they compared this erroneously South Africa but in 1954 accepted an offer research unit to support the burgeoning accommodation in the heart of oxford and currents discovery searching underground for physics beyond the with the half-life deduced from the line from Gerry Pickavance to join the cyclotron community of neutron-beam users and increasing the number of graduate students.

by the Gargamelle Standard Model. For many years (starting in at Qββ of the full spectrum recorded by Group at Harwell. The rutherford High investigate future options. After considering uK particle physicists – and the collaboration 1992) the Heidelberg-Moscow experiment, the Heidelberg-Moscow experiment, and energy Laboratory (rHeL) was formed a high-ﬂ ux reactor on the RHEL site, they communities that emerged with the broader through the article using the fi rst enriched high-purity76 Ge found a deviation of less than 2σ, which in 1957 with Pickavance as its fi rst director subsequently facilitated the uK’s entry to the application of accelerators (neutron André Lagarrigue. “neutral currents: A detectors, has dominated the fi eld in they say “refutes the Heidelberg-Moscow and Stafford as head of the Proton Linear institut Laue–Langevin in Grenoble. scattering and synchrotron radiation) – (Image credit: Ecole perfect experimental sensitivity (CERN Courier March 2002 p5, signal at high probability”. indeed, they Accelerator (PLA) Group. in a pioneering in 1974 an ambitious accelerator project owe a great deal to Stafford. His vision Polytechnique discovery” (CERN March 2012 p34). ignored the fact that this line is a double paper in 1961, he and Tony Banford (ePic – the electron–Positron intersecting and leadership established the concept Paris.) Courier September However, recently some fresh breeze line and that they should have compared described how a future superconducting complex) was launched but proved too of national laboratories with a dual role – 2013 p53). arose in the fi eld. The EXO and the Kamland their result to the pulse-shape selected machine would operate continuously, expensive for the uK alone. in a crucial move, partly to provide a service to the university nevertheless, we believe that the article experiments looking for ββ decay in 136Xe spectrum of Heidelberg-Moscow yielding a instead of at the 1% duty cycle of the PLA. Stafford led an initiative to replace nimrod community, partly to carry out their own 25 25 omits acknowledgement of the overall leader reached half-life limits of the order of 10 6.4σ signal and T1/2 = (2.2±0.4) × 10 years By 1963, with the PLA operating, Stafford by a high-current proton accelerator to serve research – and how to strike the right of the project. The Gargamelle detector – a years. They suffer, however, from low-energy (CERN Courier March 2012 p34, Mod. was made the fi rst head of the High Energy a pulsed spallation source of neutrons. This balance. He will be remembered with great huge heavy-liquid bubble chamber – was resolution (around 30 times less than in Phys. Lett. A21 1547 and arxiv:1308.2524 Physics Division, with a major responsibility was a stroke of genius – it re-used nimrod’s fondness for nurturing a vibrant science conceived, studied and built in France, under germanium detectors). recently the GerDA [hep-ex]). This means that the limit deduced to develop the research programme for infrastructure and the laboratory’s accelerator culture in the uK and worldwide. the leadership of André Lagarrigue. until experiment at Gran Sasso has yielded its by GerDA is even less than the half-life nimrod, the new 7 GeV proton synchrotron. expertise. Thus was the iSiS facility born. it He was a great family man and many who his untimely death in 1975, he led the whole fi rst results. It uses the idea of the GENIUS determined by the Heidelberg-Moscow He and Pickavance did a wonderful job of now has a huge user-community of scientists worked at rAL were privileged to get to project, including the data analysis that Project (CERN Courier July/August 2003 p9), experiment, and thus is fully consistent. encouraging uK university physicists to across the world. know his wife Goldy (they married in 1950 resulted in the discovery of neutral currents namely installing naked germanium detectors The statistics of the GerDA experiment form teams and create a unifi ed Nimrod user Around the same time, in 1975, the and she died in 2003), their son Toby and by the Gargamelle collaboration. Without his in liquid nitrogen or liquid argon. operating are at present far too low to check the community. Signifi cant R&D work included laboratory merged with the ATLAS twin daughters Anne and Liz who survive long-term vision and his dedicated tenacity, 14.6 kg of enriched 76Ge – 10 kg of them from Heidelberg-Moscow result. the development of twisted fi lamentary computing Laboratory, an electron him and also fi ve grandchildren. there would not have been such a discovery at the Heidelberg-Moscow experiment – after ● H V Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, Heidelberg superconducting cable, which was extremely Beam Lithography unit was formed and ● His colleagues and friends.

42 43 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Faces & Places Faces & Places

At the start of the LHc era he joined the was co-ordinator of the nowcasting project, Scientifi c and Technological Information cMS collaboration, mainly contributing the local supervisor for the extreme energy – a spin-off from the School of otranto that Frederick Mills 1928–2013 with the inFn unit of Bari to the design and events project and a member of several aims to establish a dialogue between physics, construction of the resistive-plate-chamber scientifi c commissions and committees. society and economy. detectors, which play a key role in the He founded and directed the Seminario He will be greatly missed by all who were Frederick (Fred) eugene Mills, an Linda university Medical center. Built at fi rst-level muon trigger. nazionale di Fisica nucleare e Subnucleare – lucky to have known him. internationally recognized expert in the fi eld Fermilab, it was the fi rst proton-therapy Francesco was a member of the an educational initiative for young physicists ● This is a translation of the obituary of charged-particle beam and accelerator machine to be designed specifi cally to Management Board of the Polytechnic known as the “School of otranto”, which took that was published on the INFN website physics, passed away peacefully on 21 June. operate within a hospital setting. Loma of Bari, director of the inter-university place in September 2013 for the 25th time. on 20 May 2013 and is reproduced Born on 12 november 1928 in Streator, Linda began treating patients in 1990 and Department of Physics in Bari and chaired the Francesco also promoted many initiatives with permission. For more about the illinois, Mills received his BS and continues to treat patients to this day. italian national board of the co-ordinators of for scientifi c communication and, in 25th School of Otranto, see www.ba.infn. PhD from the university of illinois at Mills remained at Fermilab until he retired the doctorate in physics from 1983 to 1998. He particular, founded the District of the it/~otranto/2013/otrantofr.html. urbana-champaign, where he worked with in 1993. During his 19 years there he took Al Hanson and Donald Kerst, the inventor of leave to develop a conceptual design for large N EW P r O d u C t s the betatron. He then became a postdoctoral tokomak fusion-reactors with the university fellow at cornell university, working on of Wisconsin’s nuclear engineering AMS Technologies has introduced the new specifi cally confi gured for analysis of fast miniaturized ceramic inertia drive. The Pi electron synchrotrons under the guidance Department. in addition, he helped to PoLAriS family of picosecond lasers. The transient pulses and of rapid compositional micos LPS-45 linear translation stage is of robert Wilson. in 1957, Mills relocated commission the Advanced Photon Source at PoLAriS i200 laser delivers 10 ps output changes in gaseous processes. Developed designed to position samples along a precisely to Madison, Wisconsin, and research on Fred Mills. (Image credit: G B Mills.) Argonne national Laboratory. He also visited pulses over a range of repetition rates of for researchers, the system is suited to guided path with distances up to 2.5 cm. The fi xed-fi eld alternating gradient accelerators and the teams at cern on a number of occasions. up to 1 MHz, with average output power studies of diverse thermally or chemically position of the moving platform is measured colliding-beam machines at the Midwestern At Fermilab, Mills applied his keen insight For many years he continued to teach levels of up to 200 W at the fundamental triggered reactions. The multi-mode by an optical linear encoder with nanometer universities research Association (MurA) in into accelerator physics to the development courses on accelerator physics at the university wavelength of 1064 nm. Developed to Windows MASsoft Professional software resolution and controlled in closed-loop Stoughton, Wisconsin. of the laboratory’s burgeoning accelerator of Wisconsin and –with his daughter – at respond to the increasing demand from the features quantitative analysis and statistical operation by a compact electronic motion Following a sabbatical in 1961 at the complex. He was one of a small group of the university of illinois, so spawning manufacturing industry for high-power, data reduction programs. operating with controller. Several versions are available, centre d’études nucléaires, Saclay, he innovators who proposed using Fermilab's new generations of accelerator experts. high-energy picosecond lasers, it is sample pressures from near-atmospheric up for applications in air, vacuum and even for became director of MurA from 1965 to Main ring accelerator for very-high-energy Following his retirement, he continued work optimized for cost-effective, high-quality to 30 bar, the bench-top mass spectrometer non-magnetic environments. For more details, 1967 and afterwards the fi rst director of proton–antiproton collisions. He helped on accelerators as a consultant on ion storage and high-speed production. For more uses a fast digital detection system for visit http://www.pi-usa.us/products/Piezo_ the Physical Sciences Laboratory at the to bring about a collaboration between rings, muon accelerators and colliders, details, visit www.amstechnologies.com. minimized signal response times. For further Motors_Stages/Linear-Motor-Precision- university of Wisconsin (uW)-Madison. Fermilab and the Budker institute of nuclear proton-driver accelerators, antiproton information, e-mail [email protected] or Positioning.php. There, Mills secured funding for and Physics in novosibirsk, which had developed collectors and medical accelerators. Cobham Technical Services has released visit www.HidenAnalytical.com. oversaw construction of the fi rst dedicated electron cooling and lithium lenses, and Mills was a skilled handyman, a skier, a a new version of its opera electromagnetics Ridgetop Group has announced the electron storage ring as a synchrotron light he helped Fermilab to incorporate these hiker, a biker and enjoyed a game of golf. in and multiphysics design software, enabling The Numerical Algorithms Group has radchek, a 3D software tool for design and source. That device, soon named Tantalus-i, techniques into its plans. Thanks to his retirement, at Sun city, oro Valley, he was design engineers to speed up analysis time. announced the latest release of its nAG shielding optimization of electronic boards became the seed for the Synchrotron leadership, the Antiproton Source was president of the Astronomy club and taught Designed for use on standard offi ce-grade Toolbox for MATLAB to Mark 24. More and modules exposed to harsh radiation radiation Laboratory at uW-Madison. completed in 1985 and integrated into the courses on energy and energy sources for the Pcs, opera-3d version 16 contains numerous than 130 new functions have been integrated environments, such as in space, near From 1970 to 1973, Mills served as the Fermilab accelerator complex. A month institute for Learning in retirement. enhancements to take advantage of the into the Toolbox, bringing the total number particle accelerators, nuclear power plants, chairman of the accelerator department at later the Tevatron collider produced its fi rst ● Based, with permission, on the multi-core processor architecture offered of maths and stats functions to 1500. The or medical scanners. it allows engineers to Brookhaven national Laboratory. He was collisions at 1.6 TeV – the highest energy that obituaries in the new York Times (www. by many of today’s computers. opera nAG Toolbox for MATLAB complements determine the best shielding material to use pulled back to the Midwest in 1973, where any collider had achieved. legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary. version 16 also extends the multiphysics MATLAB by allowing the easy use of nAG to avoid the damaging effects of radiation. his former colleague Wilson was director in addition to his work on Fermilab aspx?n=Frederick-Mills&pid=165684680 capabilities of opera-3d and the opera-2d and MATLAB functions concurrently, giving once the design is generated, the radiation of the newly formed national Accelerator accelerators, Mills – along with Phil Livdahl, #fbLoggedOut) and Fermilab Today (www. circuit editor has been extended to include increased algorithmic choice. The nAG dose and shielding calculation is performed Laboratory – renamed the Fermi national Lee Teng, Don Young and others – designed fnal.gov/pub/today/archive/archive_2013/ additional functional components. For more Toolbox for MATLAB is available for 32-bit by a ray-tracing module that combines Accelerator Laboratory in 1974. a synchrotron for proton therapy at the Loma today13-08-15_MillsReadmore.html). information, e-mail vectorfi elds.info@ and 64-bit Microsoft Windows and 64-bit data from the radiation model with data cobham.com or visit www.operaFeA.com. Linux systems. it will also be made available of the radiation environment. For further for Mac oS X. For more information, visit information, visit www.ridgetopGroup.com Edwards Group Limited has updated its www.nag.co.uk/numeric/MB/start.asp. or e-mail [email protected]. Francesco Romano 1943–2013 range of turbopumping stations to include the newly launched nXDS dry scroll The ORTEC Products Group of Wind River has released Wind river open pumps. edwards’ turbopumping stations AMeTeK Advanced Measurement network Software for the development Francesco romano, a renowned Francesco Romano. (Image credit: INFN Bari.) feature a choice of neXT turbopumps with Technology (AMT) has introduced the of next-generation data-centre switches. experimental particle physicist, passed away speeds from 42 l/s to 400 l/s, enabling the Alpha Mega, a fully integrated, digital alpha open network Software is a complete, on 16 May. He was 70 years old. Gargamelle and the Big european Bubble most appropriate pump for the application spectrometer for environmental laboratories open software environment for the creation After a brilliant start to his career as a chamber, mainly contributing to studies of to be selected. The new nXDS dry scroll and counting-room applications requiring of network switches for software-defi ned fellow at cern, Francesco romano became the production of heavy ﬂ avours in neutrino pumps extend the range of turbo stations to large-sample-size analysis capabilities. The networks and infrastructures. it provides professor of general physics at the Faculty interactions. Among the main results that include dry backing pumps with capacities Alpha Mega can accommodate fi lter samples the tools and resources to create, modify, + 3 3 of engineering of the university of Bari were obtained, the discovery of the Σc (a from 1 m /hr up to 20 m /hr and offer an up to 4.18 inches (106 mm) in diameter and update network layers L1, L2+ in 1986. Some years later he moved to the baryon containing the charm quark) was oil-free, robust vacuum solution. For more and is designed to easily integrate into the and L3+ functionality and is highly Polytechnic of Bari. particularly relevant. When the project for about the “plug and play” turbopumping Alpha ensemble modular system. For more extensible, allowing for the seamless The author of hundreds of publications the Large electron–Positron collider at system, visit www.edwardsvacuum.com/ information, download www.ortec-online. addition of third-party applications. it also in the most important international physics cern received the green light, Francesco pumpingstations. com/download/Alpha-Suite.pdf. supports an extensive suite of networking journals, he began his research activity joined the ALePH experiment, contributing protocols. For more information, visit by studying the decay of the K+ in bubble with the Bari inFn group to the construction Hiden Analytical has introduced a new PI (Physik Instrumente) LP now offers www.windriver.com/products/linux/ chambers. He joined several experiments at of the hadron calorimeter. gas analyser, the HPr-20 Qic TMS system, a new type of positioning stage based on a open-network-software/.

44 45 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Faces & Places Faces & Places

44 45 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Recruitment

F o r advertising e n q u i r i e s , c o n ta c t CERN C o u R i E R recruitment / c l a s s i F i e d, ioP P u b l i s h i n g , te m P l e c i r c u s , te m P l e Way, b r i s t o l bs1 6hg, uK. te l +44 (0)117 930 1264 Fa x +44 (0)117 930 1178 e- m a i l s a l e s @ cerncourier . c o m P l e a s e c o n ta c t u s F o r inFormation a b o u t r at e s , c o l o u r o P t i o n s , Publication d at e s a n d d e a d l i n e s .

FACULTY POSITIONS TRIUMF International Max Planck Research School for Precision Tests of Fundamental Symmetries: THEORETICAL NUCLEAR PHYSICS LABORATORY The Department of Physics at Indiana University invites PhDs in Fundamental Physics applications for a position in theoretical nuclear physics, DIRECTOR subject to funding and approval for appointment beginning Fall 2014. Applicants must hold a Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics TRIUMF is seeking an individual with an extraordinary combination The IMPRS-PTFS is a joint venture of the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics and the of scientific vision, accomplishment, and leadership to assume or a related field at the time of appointment (August 1, 2014). responsibility for directing the laboratory. University of Heidelberg. Candidates will be evaluated for appointment at the tenure- TRIUMF is Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics. Students will work under the supervision track assistant professor level at a salary commensurate with Owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of 18 Canadian of leading scientists on exciting and qualifications and experience. Members of IU’s world-class universities, the laboratory enables research that benefits every sector of the Canadian science, technology, and innovation enterprise and leads to current topics in the fields of particle and efforts in nuclear theory are also active within the newly created Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter (CEEM) major advances in particle and nuclear physics, materials science, nuclear astroparticle physics, cosmology, atomic medicine, and accelerator physics. Core financial support for operations and nuclear physics. The members of the that provides enhanced support for research and promotes is provided through a contribution agreement via the National Research school can work on both theoretical and cross-disciplinary research. Council of Canada. TRIUMF has a dedicated staff of 350 continuing employees, a user community of 1,000, and provides unique educational experimental aspects. The initial position will be a bridge appointment with Thomas experiences and training for undergraduate students, graduate students, and Regular seminars and soft skills courses Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) for a postdoctoral scholars. will add to the broad education of period of up to six years. During this period, the appointee will The successful candidate will demonstrate his or her ability to advance the students. spend about half of his/her time at Indiana University and the an organization that is recognized nationally and internationally for excellence: We invite applications for 3-4 other half at the Jefferson Lab. Effectively lead overall strategic planning, decision making, and the fellowships for PhD positions, with The successful candidate will be expected to develop a development of policies and budgets deadline December 1st. world-class research program in any of the forefront areas • Provide leadership in determining the scientific direction of the laboratory; • Interact closely with relevant funding agencies and with members of the Please refer to of theoretical nuclear physics, with particular emphasis on those that support, strengthen and promote collaboration federal and provincial governments to secure financial support; http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/imprs-ptfs • Define objectives and approve policies for achieving employee and public for more information and details of the on the Jefferson Lab 12 GeV physics program over the next safety at TRIUMF; application procedure. decade. The areas of specialization include the fields of • Be responsible to the appropriate government agencies for regulatory perturbative and non-perturbative QCD, hadron structure compliance; and and spectroscopy, hadron reaction theory, electromagnetic • Report to the Board of Management on policy and carry out policy decisions. and weak interactions and symmetries, effective field theory, Position the laboratory to drive societal and economic benefits for Canada and the application of lattice QCD to all aspects of strong Encourage interaction between TRIUMF researchers and industry to foster CCNov13Cl_MaxPlanck_13x4.indd 1 08/10/2013 09:49 • interactions. innovation and maximize the economic benefits to Canadians; and • Promote TRIUMF to the general public. FACULTY POSITION A commitment to excellence in teaching at the undergradute and graduate level is essential. Candidates should submit a Interact with Canadian universities and the physics community in EXPERIMENTAL NUCLEAR PHYSICS formulating plans and in supporting community priorities letter of application, research statement, curriculum vitae • Facilitate the use of TRIUMF’s infrastructure to support Canadian-led UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA-CHAMPAIGN including a list of publications, description of teaching interest offshore projects; and and a minimum of three letters of reference. Applications • Develop and maintain contact with other laboratories throughout the world The Department of Physics invites applicants for a fulltime tenure To apply for this position, please create a candidate profile at should be submitted through the application portal located at that have common interests. or tenure-track faculty position in experimental nuclear physics, http://jobs.illinois.edu and upload a curriculum vitae, a list of https://indiana.peopleadmin.com/hr/postings/475. The position requires broad insight into the research capabilities of TRIUMF beginning in August 2014. The UIUC Department of Physics has publications, a brief description of research and teaching interests For questions, please contact the Physics Department at and a thorough understanding of how these capabilities can be exploited and strong and broad programs in nuclear physics. Scientists from all and plans, and the names of three people who can provide letters further developed. The successful candidate will have leadership experience subfields of nuclear physics are encouraged to apply. The successful of recommendation. Please contact Margie Gamel at 217-333-3762 812-855-1247. In addition, a copy of the application package and a research career of international distinction. candidate is expected to lead a vigorous research program, teach or [email protected] for further inquiries or questions. For full should be mailed to: Dr. Michael Pennington, Associate Please note the position is open to all qualified applicants, and in the case effectively at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, and to consideration, application materials must be received by November Director for Theoretical & Computational Physics, Jefferson of equal qualifications, preference may be given to a Canadian Citizen or have a strong record of publication. 15, 2013. Applications will be accepted until the position is filled. Salary Laboratory, 12000 Jefferson Avenue, Newport News, VA, Permanent Resident. TRIUMF is an equal opportunity employer. The term will be competitive and rank will be commensurate with qualifications. USA. of the appointment would be for five years. Qualified senior candidates may also be considered for tenured Applications should include a full curriculum vitae and a statement on vision full Professor positions as part of the Grainger Engineering Illinois is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer and Applications received by January 15, 2014 will be given full for the laboratory. The review of applications will begin on November 4 and Breakthroughs Initiative, which is backed by a large gift from the welcomes individuals with diverse backgrounds, experiences, and ideas consideration. Further information about the IU Physics continue until an appointment is made. Applications and inquiries should be Grainger Foundation. Over the next few years, more than 35 new who embrace and value diversity and inclusivity Department can be found at http://physics.indiana.edu. directed to: endowed professorships and chairs will be established. The two main (www.inclusiveillinois.illinois.edu). We have an active and successful Professor Robert Kowalewski, University of Victoria research areas are Big Data and Bioengineering. More information dual-career partner placement program and a strong commitment Indiana University is an Affirmative Action; Equal Opportunity Employer Chair, Search Committee regarding the Grainger Initiative can be found at: to work-life balance and family-friendly programs for faculty and staff strongly committed to excellence through diversity and is responsive to the needs E-mail: [email protected] http://graingerinitiative.engineering.illinois.edu. (http://provost.illinois.edu/worklife/index.html) of dual career couples. The University actively encourages applications of women, minorities, and persons with disabilities. http://www.triumf.ca/next-director 47 CCNov13Cl_Illinois_10x4.indd 1 04/10/2013 14:49

CCNov13_Classified_46-51.indd 46 08/10/2013 15:20 CCNov13_Classified_46-51.indd 47 08/10/2013 15:21 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Recruitment

Accelerators Photon Science Particle Physics | | Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association Scientific Staff Postdoctoral Fellows Assistant Professors PARTICLE CAll For Associate and Full Professors Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, PHYSICS The University of Tokyo, Japan • Professors and Assistant Professors DESY, Hamburg location, is seeking: The “Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe” (Kavli IPMU) is an international research institute with English as its official Leading Scientist (f/m) IST Austria invites applications for tenured and tenure-track leaders of independent research language established in October 2007. The goal of the institute is to groups in following fields: Physics I Chemistry I Biology I Neuroscience I Earth Science I discover the fundamental laws of nature and to understand the universe Mathematics I Computer Science I Interdisciplinary Areas from the synergistic perspectives of mathematics, statistics, theoretical DESY and experimental physics, and astronomy. We are particularly interested in DESY is one of the world’s leading research centres for photon science, The Institute is dedicated to basic research and graduate education in the natural and formal sciences. candidates with broad interests and a willingness to interact with people particle and astroparticle physics as well as accelerator physics. across disciplines. The successful candidates will receive a substantial annual research budget, are expected to apply We intend to make appointments in all three categories of the positions listed The particle physics programme of DESY comprises strong contributions to for external research grants and to participate in the Graduate School. above. We seek to build a diverse, highly interactive membership, and female the LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS, to BELLE II at SuperKEKB and to the and international applicants are strongly encouraged. We have generous preparation of a future International Linear Collider, as well as the completion Deadline for receiving Assistant Professor applications: November 15, 2013 travel support for our postdocs and faculty, and encourage full-time members of the analyses of the HERA experiments. The experimental programme is Open call for Professor applications to be away from the Institute for between 1 and 3 months every year. performed in close interaction with a strong theory group. DESY is closely Further information and online application: www.ist.ac.at/professor-applications The focus of Kavli IPMU includes but is not limited to: all areas of mathematics collaborating with German groups in the framework of the Helmholtz Alliance (e.g. algebra, geometry, analysis, and statistics); string theory and Physics at the Terascale and internationally with major laboratories and insti- IST Austria values diversity and is committed to equality. Female researchers are encouraged to apply. mathematical physics; particle theory, collider phenomenology, beyond the tutes in particle physics. To strengthen its present and future particle physics standard model physics phenomenology; cosmology and astrophysics theory; programme, DESY seeks a leading scientist equivalent to a full professor astronomy and observational cosmology; and particle and underground (W3) at a German university. The position is embedded in the DESY/ATLAS experiments. We are leading efforts on the XMASS dark matter experiment, group. the KamLAND-Zen neutrino experiment, the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) project for weak lensing surveys and Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) for the The position dark energy at the Subaru Telescope, GADZOOKS! at Super-Kamiokande,the Contribute in a leading position to the experimental particle physics • Belle II experiment, T2K long baseline neutrino experiment, SDSS-IV/MaNGA programme for a survey of galaxies, POLARBEAR CMB B-mode polarization measurement Assume a leading role in DESYs ATLAS activities (data analysis and • and R&D for future large neutrino detectors. Kavli IPMU is a full institutional detector upgrade) member in SDSS-III. Contribute in shaping the future programme in particle physics of DESY • The search is open until filled, but for full considerations please submit the applications and letters by Dec 1, 2013. Untitled-3 1 10/09/2013 12:01 Requirements Internationally recognised scientist in the field of collider physics Further information can be found here: • Demonstrated leadership abilities in high energy physics projects RF Engineer http://www.ipmu.jp/job-opportunities • Outstanding qualifications in particle physics analyses and detector For inquiries please contact: [email protected] • development Brookhaven National Laboratory is seeking an RF For further information please contact Prof. Dr. Joachim Mnich +49 40 8998- engineer with experience in high power systems. The Electronics Engineer 1921, [email protected]. selected candidate will work closely with a team of UCL invites applications for an immediate opening for CCOct13Cl_Kavli_15x2.indd 1 06/09/2013 14:54Salary and benefits are commensurate with those of public service organi- RF engineers and technicians in the operations of RF an electronics engineer who will have responsibility for NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY Reach an internationalLeung Center for Cosmology audience sationsReach in Germany. an Classification international is based upon qualifications audience and assigned systems in the NSLS-II accelerator complex including developing, commissioning and maintaining readout/ and Particle Astrophysics duties. DESY operates flexible work schemes. Handicapped persons will the operation and upgrades of 40 Megawatt pulsed trigger and data acquisitions systems for the HEP group. be given preference to other equally qualified applicants. DESY is an equal In the first instance this is an 18-month appointment, but it Distinguished Junior Fellowship opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages applications from S-band klystron systems, a 500 MHz 80kW CW lOT is anticipated to be a longer-term appointment subject to women. There is a bilingual kindergarten on the DESY site. The Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics (LeCosPA) of amplifier system and 500 MHz 300 kW CW klystron future grant funding. The successful candidate will have National Taiwan University is pleased to announce the availability of several Please sendReach your application an international quoting the reference code,audience amplifiers systems powering superconducting RF in-depth knowledge in readout and trigger electronics and Post-Doctoral Fellow or Assistant Fellow positions in theoretical and experimental also by E-Mail to: cavities. data acquisition systems for high energy physics detectors cosmology and particle astrophysics, depending on the seniority and qualification Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY of the candidate. Candidates with exceeding qualification will be further offered as Human Resources Department Code: EM140/2013 and hands-on experience in developing, building and | LeCosPA Distinguished Junior Fellows with competitive salary. Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 40 8998-3392 commissioning such systems. Apart from his/her own | | | | E-Mail: [email protected] Please apply to Job ID# 16514 at research work the appointee will liaise closely with other LeCosPA was founded in 2007 with the aspiration of contributing to cosmology and particle astrophysics in AsiaMore and the world. than Its theoretical studies include Deadline for applications: 10 November 2013 www.bnl.gov/HR/careers members of the HEP electronics group. dark energy, dark matter, large-scale structure, neutrino cosmology, and quantum www.desy.de Salary will be in the range from £32,375 to £39,132 per gravity. The experimental investigations include the balloon-borne ANITA project Reach an international audience annum inclusive of London Allowance. The closing date for in Antarctica and the ground-based ARA Observatory at South Pole in search of The Helmholtz Association is Germany’s GZK neutrinos, and a satellite GRB telescope UFFO that is capable of slewing to largest scientific organisation. applications is 1 Dec 2013. Further details about the position 23 000 www.helmholtz.de the burst event within 1sec. and the application procedure can be found at These positions are available on September 1, 2014. Interested applicant should http://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/positions/ee_oct2013.shtml. email his/hermonthly application with curriculum unique vitae, research visitorsstatement, publication list and three letters of recommendation before December 15, 2013 to Ms. Yen-Ling Lee [email protected] Reach an For more information about LeCosPA, please visit its website at http://lecospa.ntu.edu.tw/ international audience Three letters of recommendation should be addressed to Prof. Pisin Chen, Director LeungMore Center than for Cosmology 23 000 and Particle monthly Astrophysics unique visitors Jobs for physicists and engineers National Taiwan University 48

CCOct13Cl_Taiwan_13x2 1 03/09/2013 15:29 CCNov13_Classified_46-51.indd 48 08/10/2013 15:21 CCNov13_Classified_46-51.indd 49 09/10/2013 15:00 Connecting motivated jobseekers with high-profile employers More than www. cerncourier Join us on Twitter for the latest V o l u m e 5250 3 N u 000 m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 More than monthly page views Join us on LinkedIn for the latest physics and engineering 250 000 physics and engineering positions positions monthly page views

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Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Are you ready to join our research Recruitment of Overseas High-level Talents and collaborations team for Name of Programs: galactic nuclei) , space astronomical instruments (including detectors, l National “Thousand Talents Program” (long term & short term electronics, and X-ray optics), particle physics, nuclear physics, programs) cosmology, astronomy, and accelerator-based light source physics Radiation Oncology? (preferably Higgs physics and other TeV high-energy physics), typical l National “Thousand Young Talents Program” pollutants environmental behavior and toxicology, Metallomics, l “Hundred Talents Program”(overseas outstanding talents) of Chinese relationship of protein structure and function, The interaction between We have two new exciting opportunities within our Academy of Sciences nano-materials and organism, the application of nano-materials l “Outstanding Talents Program” of Institute of High Energy Physics, in cancer diagnosis and treatment, new nano-material synthesis, Research and Collaborations team for Radiation Chinese Academy of Sciences modification, characterization and application of nano-materials, nuclear structural materials radiation damage effects, synchrotron Oncology professionals based out of the Recruitment Objectives: radiation beam lines and experiment techniques, computer software United Kingdom and USA. Based on the needs of the research areas and the disciplines and theory, distributed computing, network technology, medical development of the Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy imaging (nuclear detection technology, nuclear spectroscopy, nuclear 1: Director of Research and Collaborations, Oncology. of Sciences (hereafter referred to as “IHEP CAS”, we are now publicly electronics technology, image processing, image reconstruction Based near Gatwick, West Sussex. recruiting overseas outstanding talents and scholars of relevant algorithm) application accelerator (accelerator technology) disciplines who possess research abilities and innovation awareness. 2: Director of Research and Collaborations, Oncology 4. IHEP “Outstanding Talents Program” Based in the USA. 1. National “Thousand Talents Program” Research directions: pixel detector, offline software, trigger and data A highly attractive remuneration package is available acquisition, event reconstruction, data processing, electronics in Research directions: R&D of advanced particle detectors, nuclear for the successful candidate. electronics, accelerator physics, accelerator technology (including particle physics experiments, ASIC, radiation-hard devices, sensors magnet power, high-frequency microwave, vacuum, control, beam and monitoring devices, accelerator physics, accelerator technology measurement, radiation protection, power source, magnets and (including magnet power, high-frequency microwave, vacuum, Responsibilities mechanical technology), cosmic ray physics (including high-energy control, beam measurement, radiation protection, power source, We are looking for someone for both positions to direct, manage and execute Gamma-ray astronomy), cosmic ray detection technology, theory magnets and mechanical technology), cosmic ray physics (including departmental objectives responsible for partner management, identifying new and observations of high-energy astrophysics (including compact high-energy gamma-ray astronomy), cosmic ray detection technology, collaboration partners and coordinating global Elekta sponsored research activities. stars, Gamma ray burst, active galactic nuclei) , space astronomical theory and observations of high-energy astrophysics (including The role is a key driver in ensuring Elekta’s continued success in the area of research instruments (including detectors, electronics, and X-ray optics), compact stars, Gamma ray burst, active galactic nuclei) , space and clinical partnering. particle physics, nuclear physics, cosmology, astronomy, and astronomical instruments (including detectors, electronics, and X-ray accelerator-based light source physics (preferably Higgs physics and optics), radiation damage effects of nuclear structural materials, typical Elekta are committed to working with our clinical partners on research into the area other TeV high-energy physics), synchrotron radiation beam line and pollutants’ environmental behavior and toxicology, Metallomics, of Radiation Therapy. Develop and maintain an effective clinical support platform for experiment techniques, relationship of protein structure and function, synchrotron radiation beam lines and experiment techniques, medical all oncology solutions and build strong working relationships with Elekta customers molecular imaging, medical physics imaging (nuclear detection technology, nuclear spectroscopy, nuclear and advocates. electronics technology, image processing, image reconstruction 2. National “Thousand Young Talents Program” algorithm), application accelerator (accelerator technology) Experience Research directions: pixel detector, offline software, trigger and data acquisition, event reconstruction, data processing, electronics in How to Apply • A Degree in a technical and clinical speciality would be preferable. (Physics, particle physics experiments, ASIC, radiation-hard devices, accelerator 1. Personal resumes (one in English and one in Chinese preferred) Maths, Engineering). physics, accelerator technology (including magnet power, high- 2. Three letters of recommendation by renowned experts of the • A strong knowledge of Elekta’s portfolio of products and a successful track record frequency microwave, vacuum, control, beam measurement, radiation field (referees may send the electronic version of the letters of of research is essential. protection, power source, magnets and mechanical technology), recommendation with their signature to the contact email provided cosmic ray physics (including high-energy Gamma-ray astronomy), below); At least three renowned overseas referees are required for • You will be required drive forward the already successful collaborations that cosmic ray detection technology, theory and observations of high- applicants of National “Thousand Talents Program”/“Thousand Elekta have developed. energy astrophysics (including compact stars, Gamma ray burst, active Young Talents Program” galactic nuclei) , space astronomical instruments (including detectors, • Experience of planning, team leadership, negotiating skills, problem solving electronics, and X-ray optics), particle physics, nuclear physics, 3. Chinese Academy of Sciences’ “Overseas Outstanding Talents” and senior project management needs to be demonstrated. Candidate Recommendation (Self-recommendation) Form or cosmology, astronomy, and accelerator-based light source physics • Elekta encourages professional development and offers opportunities for growth (preferably Higgs physics and other TeV high-energy physics), Typical Institute of High Energy Physics’ Outstanding Talent Candidate within the company. Other benefits include flexible working conditions, 25 days pollutants’ environmental behavior and toxicology, Metallomics, Recommendation (Self-recommendation) Form holiday, private medical insurance and pension. synchrotron radiation beam line and experiment techniques, medical If you are interested, please send your application materials in imaging (nuclear detection technology, nuclear spectroscopy, nuclear electronic files to the contacts provided below (please indicate on the electronics technology, image processing, image reconstruction subject of the email as: name+job category+where you’ve obtained Elekta is a human care company pioneering significant innovations and clinical algorithm) application accelerator (accelerator technology) the job information) solutions for treating cancer and brain disorders. The company develops sophisticated tools and treatment planning systems for radiation therapy and radiosurgery, as well as 3. CAS “Hundred Talents Program” Means of Contact workflow enhancing software systems across the spectrum of cancer care. Research directions: particle physics experiment (detectors R&D, Contact Person: Wenli Zheng, Division for Human Resources, Institute offline software and physical analysis), nuclear electronics, accelerator of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences physics, accelerator technology (including magnet power, high- E-mail: [email protected] For further details and full job description of frequency microwave, vacuum, control, beam measurement, radiation both positions, please visit the careers section protection, power source, magnets and mechanical technology), TEL: (86) 010-88235879 Fax: (86) 010-88233102 accelerator physics, accelerator technology, high intensity proton Address: of our website at www.elekta.com or email accelerator technology, low-temperature superconducting technology, No. 19 (B), Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing [email protected] cosmic ray physics (including high-energy gamma-ray astronomy), (Postcode: 100049) cosmic ray detection technology, theory and observations of high- energy astrophysics (including compact stars, Gamma ray burst, active For more information please go to http://english.ihep.cas.cn/ Human care makes the future possible

CCNov13_Classified_46-51.indd 50 08/10/2013 15:21 CCNov13_Classified_46-51.indd 51 08/10/2013 15:21 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013

CCNov13_Classified_46-51.indd 50 08/10/2013 15:21 CCNov13_Classified_46-51.indd 51 08/10/2013 15:21 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Bookshelf Bookshelf conceptually. He argues further that these grasping the world with handles and probes. models and metaphors describe the way in the second edition, Krieger has physicists actually view the world and that provided some minor revisions to the text Reviews of Accelerator Science and electron-Beam Accelerator Facility to see the world in such terms is to be trained and has added a brief chapter on the role of Technology: Volume 5 – Applications (ceBAF) is in a sense the “LHc” of as a physicist. The analogies he chooses mathematics and formal models in physics. of Superconducting Technology to superconducting rF, employing originally to support his ideas are drawn from the This additional discussion is based on work Accelerators 360 fi ve-cell 1.5 GHz cavities. It is currently diverse areas of economics, computing, from two other books he has written in the By Alexander W Chao and Weiren Chou (eds.) undergoing an upgrade to 12 GeV (CERN anthropology, theatre and engineering. each intervening years. it is questionable whether World Scientifi c Courier november 2012 p30) with cavities of the fi rst fi ve chapters of the book is devoted the second edition is warranted. in this highly Hardback: £98 that will operate at 19.2 MV/m. The to exploring each of the analogies in detail. technical chapter Krieger goes so far as to E-book: £74 european X-ray free-electron laser project, The book begins with a discussion discern an analogy of analogies in physics Reviews of Accelerator Science and XFeL at DeSY, will use 800 nine-cell on division of labour according to the and mathematics – a so-called syzygy. Technology is a journal series that began in 1.3 GHz cavities operating at more than economist Adam Smith’s model of a Krieger claims that the book is for 2008 with the stated aim “to provide readers 22 MV/m, but it would be dwarfed by an iLc pin factory. The description of physical high-school students and upwards. However, with a comprehensive review of the driving with more than 15,000 cavities. situations in terms of interdependent it seems more appropriate for a specialized and fascinating fi eld of accelerator science Besides the contributions on the major particles and fi elds is analogous to the design audience. Doing Physics is aimed at and technology” – in a “journal of the topics of superconducting magnets and of a factory with its division of labour among sociologists and philosophers of science, highest quality”. it made an excellent start, rF, others are dedicated to cryogenic specialists. The second chapter considers rather than at the science community itself. with the fi rst volume presenting the history technology, industrialization and physical degrees of freedom as the parts indeed, for some the experience of reading of accelerators, followed by one that focused applications in medicine. in addition, of a complex model such as a clockwork the book could bring to mind a well known on medical applications (CERN Courier following the journal’s tradition, there are mechanism or a computer. chapter three quote by richard Feynman: “Philosophy May 2010 p51). With one volume published articles that are not related to the overall is devoted to the anthropological theory of forbidden will happen. The theatrical world of science is about as useful to scientists as a year, there are now fi ve in the series, which theme but are of concern to the accelerator kinship and marriage, comparing the rules provides an analogy to creation, where a ornithology is to birds.” For others, however, appears to show no signs of failing in its community worldwide. in this case, one of relationships to the rules of interaction vacuum is represented by a simple stage the book might provide some useful insights original goals. each has communicated a solenoidal magnets for the ATLAS and article discusses the education and training for the families of elementary particles setting on which something arises out of into patterns or relationships between specifi c topic through the words of highly cMS detectors. now, r&D effort is turning of the next generation of accelerator or for chemical species – who can marry nothing. Finally, machine-tool design is physics and the everyday world that they respected experts in articles that are well to nb3Sn, which can allow higher magnetic physicists and engineers, while another whom is like what can interact with what. used to describe the physicist’s toolkit, have not previously considered. illustrated and presented. The books they fi elds, for example for the High Luminosity reviews the history of the KeK laboratory TheCryogenFreeProbe#2-CERN conclusion is that anything that9/21/13 is not 2:58where PM the Page work 1 of doing physics is like ● Theresa Harrison, Warwick University. form hold the promise of becoming an LHc project (CERN Courier July/August in Japan. Altogether, this makes for more unrivalled encyclopaedia of accelerators. 2013 p41). than a journal volume – in my opinion, it is a This latest volume is no exception. it in this context, it is worth realizing that book, well worth reading. looks at the role of superconductivity in the biggest market for superconducting ● Christine Sutton, CERN. particle accelerators and how this intriguing magnets is for nuclear magnetic-resonance phenomenon has been harnessed in the spectroscopy – and it is here that a fi eld as Doing Physics: How Physicists Take Hold of pursuit of ever-increasing beam energy or high as 23.5 T has been reached in a magnet the World (2nd edition) intensity. it also considers the application based on nb3Sn. There is also interest in By Martin H Krieger of superconducting technology beyond high magnetic fi elds for magnetic resonance Indiana University Press Cryogen the realm of accelerators, for example in imaging (Mri) in medicine. in Mri the Paperback: £16.99 $24.00 medical scanners and fusion devices. As signal strength is related to the polarization E-book: £14.99 $21.99 Free Probe well as containing much technical detail it is of the protons in whatever is being scanned. First published over two decades ago, also full of fascinating facts. Increasing the magnetic fi eld from the 1.5 T Doing Physics has recently been released Stations Your perfect partner exactly 100 years ago, Heike that is currently used routinely to 10 T results as a second edition. The book relates C for quality Kamerlingh onnes speculated that a 10 T in a polarization that is almost seven times the concepts of physics to everyday M superconducting magnet “ought not to be higher, as well as improved signal-to-noise, experiences through a carefully selected vacuum components Applications include Y far away” (CERN Courier April 2011 p46). leading to a clear improvement in image series of analogies. it attempts to provide a nano science, materials The fi rst contributions to this volume, in quality. upcoming developments include 6 T non-scientifi c description of the methods and spintronics CM particular, outline some of the steps to 10 T magnets based on nb3Sn. employed by physicists to do their work, < MY – and why it took longer than onnes had The application of superconductivity what motivates them and how they make 5 K - 675 K cryocooler- originally hoped for the industrial-scale in particle accelerators extends of course sense of the world. based systems CY

production of high-fi eld superconducting to the acceleration system, with the use Martin Krieger began his academic career Vibration isolated for CMY magnets to become reality. A major of superconducting RF technology, fi rst in experimental particle physics but quickly sub-micron sample stability problem lay in fi nding superconducting proposed in 1961 (CERN Courier november realised that he was not suited to working in Up to 8 probes, DC to 67 GHz, plus fiber optics K materials with physical properties that 2011 p33). in this case, an important part large groups on experiments. Following his Zoom optics with camera and monitor allow large-scale fabrication into wires. of the r&D has focused on the physics PhD, he moved into the social sciences and The fi rst commercially produced wires and materials science of the surface – the began working on computing models for city Horizontal, vertical or vector magnetic field Now available were of niobium-zirconium, as used in surface resistance being a key parameter. planning. He uses this experience to reﬂ ect options are available on our new website early superconducting magnets for bubble So far there are no commercial applications on the way science is done from a social Other configurations: LHe, LN2, room temperature T. +39.011.0968307 – F. +39.011.0968393 chambers. However, this alloy was soon for superconducting rF, but it has a role in science viewpoint. His aim is to explain how and UHV systems [email protected] - www.vaqtec.com superceded by niobium-titanium (nbTi) many types of particle accelerators, from doing physics is part of familiar general Contact us today: – the material of choice in high-energy high-current storage rings at light sources to culture. [email protected] physics for the past 40 years, culminating the high-energy machines of the future, such Krieger claims that physicists employ a www.janis.com /CryogenFreeProbeStation.aspx today in the superconducting magnets for as the international Linear collider (iLc). small number of everyday notions to “get a www.facebook.com /JanisResearch the LHc, as well as the huge toroidal and Jefferson Lab’s continuous handle on the world” experimentally and

52 53 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 CERN Courier November 2013 Bookshelf Bookshelf conceptually. He argues further that these grasping the world with handles and probes. models and metaphors describe the way in the second edition, Krieger has physicists actually view the world and that provided some minor revisions to the text Reviews of Accelerator Science and electron-Beam Accelerator Facility to see the world in such terms is to be trained and has added a brief chapter on the role of Technology: Volume 5 – Applications (ceBAF) is in a sense the “LHc” of as a physicist. The analogies he chooses mathematics and formal models in physics. of Superconducting Technology to superconducting rF, employing originally to support his ideas are drawn from the This additional discussion is based on work Accelerators 360 fi ve-cell 1.5 GHz cavities. It is currently diverse areas of economics, computing, from two other books he has written in the By Alexander W Chao and Weiren Chou (eds.) undergoing an upgrade to 12 GeV (CERN anthropology, theatre and engineering. each intervening years. it is questionable whether World Scientifi c Courier november 2012 p30) with cavities of the fi rst fi ve chapters of the book is devoted the second edition is warranted. in this highly Hardback: £98 that will operate at 19.2 MV/m. The to exploring each of the analogies in detail. technical chapter Krieger goes so far as to E-book: £74 european X-ray free-electron laser project, The book begins with a discussion discern an analogy of analogies in physics Reviews of Accelerator Science and XFeL at DeSY, will use 800 nine-cell on division of labour according to the and mathematics – a so-called syzygy. Technology is a journal series that began in 1.3 GHz cavities operating at more than economist Adam Smith’s model of a Krieger claims that the book is for 2008 with the stated aim “to provide readers 22 MV/m, but it would be dwarfed by an iLc pin factory. The description of physical high-school students and upwards. However, with a comprehensive review of the driving with more than 15,000 cavities. situations in terms of interdependent it seems more appropriate for a specialized and fascinating fi eld of accelerator science Besides the contributions on the major particles and fi elds is analogous to the design audience. Doing Physics is aimed at and technology” – in a “journal of the topics of superconducting magnets and of a factory with its division of labour among sociologists and philosophers of science, highest quality”. it made an excellent start, rF, others are dedicated to cryogenic specialists. The second chapter considers rather than at the science community itself. with the fi rst volume presenting the history technology, industrialization and physical degrees of freedom as the parts indeed, for some the experience of reading of accelerators, followed by one that focused applications in medicine. in addition, of a complex model such as a clockwork the book could bring to mind a well known on medical applications (CERN Courier following the journal’s tradition, there are mechanism or a computer. chapter three quote by richard Feynman: “Philosophy May 2010 p51). With one volume published articles that are not related to the overall is devoted to the anthropological theory of forbidden will happen. The theatrical world of science is about as useful to scientists as a year, there are now fi ve in the series, which theme but are of concern to the accelerator kinship and marriage, comparing the rules provides an analogy to creation, where a ornithology is to birds.” For others, however, appears to show no signs of failing in its community worldwide. in this case, one of relationships to the rules of interaction vacuum is represented by a simple stage the book might provide some useful insights original goals. each has communicated a solenoidal magnets for the ATLAS and article discusses the education and training for the families of elementary particles setting on which something arises out of into patterns or relationships between specifi c topic through the words of highly cMS detectors. now, r&D effort is turning of the next generation of accelerator or for chemical species – who can marry nothing. Finally, machine-tool design is physics and the everyday world that they respected experts in articles that are well to nb3Sn, which can allow higher magnetic physicists and engineers, while another whom is like what can interact with what. used to describe the physicist’s toolkit, have not previously considered. illustrated and presented. The books they fi elds, for example for the High Luminosity reviews the history of the KeK laboratory TheCryogenFreeProbe#2-CERN conclusion is that anything that9/21/13 is not 2:58where PM the Page work 1 of doing physics is like ● Theresa Harrison, Warwick University. form hold the promise of becoming an LHc project (CERN Courier July/August in Japan. Altogether, this makes for more unrivalled encyclopaedia of accelerators. 2013 p41). than a journal volume – in my opinion, it is a This latest volume is no exception. it in this context, it is worth realizing that book, well worth reading. looks at the role of superconductivity in the biggest market for superconducting ● Christine Sutton, CERN. particle accelerators and how this intriguing magnets is for nuclear magnetic-resonance phenomenon has been harnessed in the spectroscopy – and it is here that a fi eld as Doing Physics: How Physicists Take Hold of pursuit of ever-increasing beam energy or high as 23.5 T has been reached in a magnet the World (2nd edition) intensity. it also considers the application based on nb3Sn. There is also interest in By Martin H Krieger of superconducting technology beyond high magnetic fi elds for magnetic resonance Indiana University Press Cryogen the realm of accelerators, for example in imaging (Mri) in medicine. in Mri the Paperback: £16.99 $24.00 medical scanners and fusion devices. As signal strength is related to the polarization E-book: £14.99 $21.99 Free Probe well as containing much technical detail it is of the protons in whatever is being scanned. First published over two decades ago, also full of fascinating facts. Increasing the magnetic fi eld from the 1.5 T Doing Physics has recently been released Stations Your perfect partner exactly 100 years ago, Heike that is currently used routinely to 10 T results as a second edition. The book relates C for quality Kamerlingh onnes speculated that a 10 T in a polarization that is almost seven times the concepts of physics to everyday M superconducting magnet “ought not to be higher, as well as improved signal-to-noise, experiences through a carefully selected vacuum components Applications include Y far away” (CERN Courier April 2011 p46). leading to a clear improvement in image series of analogies. it attempts to provide a nano science, materials The fi rst contributions to this volume, in quality. upcoming developments include 6 T non-scientifi c description of the methods and spintronics CM particular, outline some of the steps to 10 T magnets based on nb3Sn. employed by physicists to do their work, < MY – and why it took longer than onnes had The application of superconductivity what motivates them and how they make 5 K - 675 K cryocooler- originally hoped for the industrial-scale in particle accelerators extends of course sense of the world. based systems CY

52 53 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 9 N o v e mber 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier November 2013 Particle and High Energy Physics Books Inside Story from CRC Press

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With an international reach, answer questions and co-create artworks – their visualizations of fundamental CMS provides an ideal concepts in physics. Three months earlier, in preparation, cMS organized an platform to communicate interactive virtual visit to the experiment for the students – a three-to-four-point online science through art. video-conference connection with guides both on the surface and underground. Students could ask questions and direct the The Joanneum universal Museum in Graz guides to see various areas of cMS. The is Austria’s oldest publicly accessible workshop had two parts. On the fi rst day, museum and the largest general museum in the researchers gave a cMS masterclass, central europe. in June this year, 200 years where the students learned to visualize and after its foundation, i was in this inspiring The incredible Science-Art collider, one of analyse real LHc data. They then learned | £44.99 | 978-1-4665-9459-3 August 2013 | £44.99 | 978-1-4398-8446-1 August 2013 | £82.00 |978-1-4665-1317-4 December 2012 building with a group of students from two the students’ artworks created during the about how artists visualize science and local schools. We were participating in an Science&Art@School event in Graz. (Image technology. on the second day, four groups interdisciplinary workshop to bridge art and credit: M Hoch.) of students, assisted by the art educators the scientifi c world of particle physics. I am and scientists, created artworks inspired by a physicist at cern/cMS but also an artist the aim was to develop a serious project to particle physics, which were then displayed who tries to express my scientifi c work in bring art and science together at school. to the public at the museum. an artistic manner and i want to inspire the in collaboration with the education and Science&Art@School is part of the younger generation to get in touch with our outreach groups of both cern and cMS, bigger project, Art@cMS, which started fascinating scientifi c world. In my contact together with the institute for High energy in 2012 with a collaboration between the with non-science students, i often sense Physics (HePHY) in Vienna – the local Miami artist Xavier cortada and physicist their reservation regarding scientifi c topics cMS institute for the event in Graz – we Pete Markowitz of Florida international and a fear of being wrong. By getting them were able to set up the Science&Art@ university. cortada’s artwork In search of involved in a different way via the language School project within the framework of the the Higgs Boson was shown at cern during of art, they might discover the many PATHWAY european project. the cMS collaboration week in April 2013. beautiful aspects of the scientifi c universe. The workshop in Graz was the fi rst of what in December, Alison Gill, a sculptural artist If we want to have a signifi cant impact i hope will be many similar occasions for from the uK, will present her artwork with in reaching out for new science audiences, Science&Art@School. interdisciplinary in “science inspiration partner” ian Shipsey we need to use extended communication its approach, interactive and ﬂ exible in its and in March 2014 it will be the turn of the channels. Art is defi nitely one that gives us design and international in its scope, the idea italian painter Paco Falco with physicist the possibility to invite a larger public to get is to promote fruitful dialogue between the Pierluigi Paolucci. During the recent open

in touch without making them feel excluded arts and the particle-physics community by days at cern, Quantum, a co-production of | £44.99 | 978-1-4665-1063-0 2012 September | £76.99 | 978-1-4398-3770-2 2012 May | £52.99 |978-1-4200-7906-7 December 2012 from science because they do not understand engaging high-school and university students collide@cern and the Forum Meyrin by it. The big advantage of art is that it is in the act of creating a work of art, inspired choreographer Gilles Jobin, was presented at subjective, while science is objective. no one by the big questions that drive scientifi c cMS Point 5 (see p29). can be told that they are wrong if they try to work at cMS and cern. in most school ● Art@cMS upcoming events: understand the meaning of an artwork. curricula, physics and art are thought of – and “unseen Dimensions” symposium So, within the cMS collaboration we have taught as – separate subjects. on the other (28 october–1 november) and exhibition set up Art@cMS as a vehicle for dialogue hand, in the Science&Art@School project, (29 october–29 november), city between scientists, artists and the public as my colleague Angelos Alexopoulos from of London School, London; “Art of and to have a sustainable effect on science cern’s education and Public outreach Science, Beauty in creation” Science communication and inspiration. The aim Group says, we believe that particle physicists night (8 november) and exhibition is to tap into the worldwide network of the and artists share fertile common ground in (8 november–13 December) rWTH, cMS collaboration and invite artists from all their parallel efforts to explore and understand Aachen; “Faszination ursprung” exhibition over the world to get in touch and contribute physis (the Greek word for nature). (12 november–18 January) Deutsches ideas, concepts and artwork. The two-day event in Graz brought Museum/WissenschaftsZentrum, Bonn. However, it is not only about professional together 62 high-school students, art ● Michael Hoch, CMS/Austrian Academy of Sciences. artists. in cMS we want to inspire young and physics teachers from the Graz A physicist and artist, he is the founder of Art@CMS people to think in a different way and we international Bilingual school and BorG (http://cms.web.cern.ch/content/artcms). His artwork take their thoughts and ideas seriously. school, along with particle physicists from of the CMS detector was shown in an exhibition at the Art, like science, is a serious subject, so HePHY, to exchange insights, ask and experiment in July. December 2007 | 978-1-58488-931-1 | £69.99 | 978-1-58488-931-1 December 2007 | £82.00 | 978-1-4398-7312-0 2012 May | £89.00 |978-1-4200-6471-1 August 2011 54 www.crcpress.com

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