DOCSLIB.ORG

Navigare Necesse Est. Possible Reconstruction of a Maritime

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Navigare Necesse Est. Possible Reconstruction of a Maritime Reconstruction of maritime activities in Roman Iader Mario Novak, Timka Alihodžić, Mario Šlaus ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW • Vol. 76 (1), 83–94 (2013) Navigare necesse est. Possible reconstruction of a maritime-activities related occupation based on the presence of auditory exostoses in an individual from the Roman period city of Iader Mario Novak1, Timka Alihodžić2, Mario Šlaus1 1Anthropological Centre, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia 2Archaeological Museum Zadar, 23 000 Zadar, Croatia ABSTRACT: Large bilateral auditory exostoses were recorded in the skeleton of an adult male buried in the Roman period necropolis of Zadar-Relja (the Roman colony of Iader) in southern Croatia. As the occur- rence of auditory exostoses in both past and modern populations has been correlated with prolonged exposure to cold water, the authors propose that during his lifetime this individual performed activities requiring frequent contact with cold water for an extended period of time. Apart from auditory exostoses, this individual also exhibits other pathological changes including pronounced skeletal robustness, benign cortical defects at the insertion of the pectoralis major muscles on both humeri and at the attachment sites of the costo-clavicular ligaments on both clavicles, and vertebral osteoarthritis in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. The most plausible explanation for all these changes is that this person spent most of his life working aboard a sea vessel as a sailor, boat builder or fisherman, and whose duties included frequent and intensive use of oars. This observation is based on the geographic and climatic location of Zadar, the described skeletal changes, the archaeological context of the site, recovered material artifacts and written historic sources and comparisons with similar studies. KEY WORDS: auditory exostoses, musculoskeletal stress markers, maritime activities, Roman period, Zadar Introduction They can be spheroid or oval, appearing Exostoses of the external auditory canal like a pea or a small bean, and they can (alternatively; auditory torus, auditory grow to completely block the auditory exostosis, torus acusticus or torus tympani- canal (Kennedy 1986). cus) are benign bone anomalies generally Until recently, the cause of auditory ex- located on the floor of the external audi- ostoses was thought to be genetic (Blake tory canal that typically occur bilaterally. 1880; Berry 1975), but most authors Original Article: Received December 13, 2012; Accepted for publication March 6, 2013 DOI: 10.2478/anre-2013-0001 © 2013 Polish Anthropological Society 84 Mario Novak, Timka Alihodžić, Mario Šlaus currently believe that the occurrence of freshwater resources through diving and auditory exostoses is primarily caused by other aquatic activities (Kennedy 1986). environmental factors (Kennedy, 1986; Today, auditory exostoses are com- Standen et al. 1997; Chaplin and Stewart mon in individuals who practise aquatic 1998; Velasco-Vazquez et al. 2000; Kro- sports, and the frequency of this trait and on et al. 2002). Among these, activities the degree of canal obstruction are pos- associated with continuous exposure to itively correlated with the intensity and cold water below 19°C, such as diving, length of time involved in aquatic sports aquatic sports, and ocean navigation are activities (Kroon et al. 2002). Several ar- considered the most important factors in chaeological and clinical studies (Hrdlic- the development of this anomaly (DiBar- ka 1935; DiBartolomeo 1979; Manzi et tolomeo 1979; Filipo et al. 1982; Kenne- al. 1991) identified either an absence, dy 1986). In the past several decades the or only occasional occurrence, of audito- occurrence and frequency of auditory ex- ry exostoses in individuals less than 20 ostoses has been studied in numerous ar- years of age, thus strongly implying that chaeological skeletal samples from differ- this is an acquired condition (Aufderhei- ent chronological periods and geographic de and Rodríguez-Martín 1998). locations (Ascenzi and Balistreri 1975; In this paper, we report the presence Kennedy 1986; Frayer 1988; Manzi et al. of exostoses in the external auditory 1991; Sakalinskas and Jankauskas 1993; canal of an adult male recovered from Standen et al. 1997; Gerszten et al. 1998; grave 7 in the Roman period necropolis Velasco-Vazquez et al. 2000; Okumura et of Zadar-Relja in Dalmatia, Croatia. In al. 2007; Agelarakis and Serpanos 2010; addition, precise reconstruction of the Miladinović-Radmilović 2010).). habitual activities of this individual is at- The most important analysis of a pro- tempted, based on the results of a com- posed correlation between continuous prehensive bio-archaeological analysis of exposure to cold water and auditory ex- all recorded skeletal pathological chang- ostoses occurrence in populations from es, together with recovered material arti- different geographic regions was most facts and available historic sources. likely the one conducted by Kennedy (1986). She hypothesized that lower fre- Material and methods quencies of auditory exostoses could be expected in polar and sub-polar regions due to the avoidance of cold water be- Archaeological context cause of the risk of hypothermia, and in tropical regions where people were ac- The modern city of Zadar is situated on customed to warmer water, rarely below the eastern Adriatic coast in Croatia (Fig. 21°C (Kennedy 1986). She also found 1). Large-scale rescue archaeological ex- that populations living between 30° and cavations at the location of the central 45° north and south latitudes, where wa- necropolis of the Roman period colony ter temperatures are usually below 19°C, of Iader were carried out between 1989 exhibited higher frequencies of auditory and 2009 in the Relja district of the city exostoses. These elevated frequencies of of Zadar, uncovering over 2,000 graves. auditory exostoses also correlated with Most of these excavations were led by intensive exploitation of marine and/or the Archaeological Museum Zadar. 543 Reconstruction of maritime activities in Roman Iader 85 Fig. 1. Map of Croatia with the geographical loca- tion of Zadar graves, including both inhumations and incinerations, were excavated at the loca- tion of the Relja Shopping centre, during phase 2 between 2005 and 2009. Based on recovered artifacts, the burials in this location are dated between the 1st and the 4th centuries AD. Grave 7, excavated in 2005, was an in- humation burial in plain ground with no grave architecture. Fragments of Roman Fig. 2. Skeleton of the adult male, in flexed posi- tegulae and amorphous stones were de- tion, recovered from grave 7 in the Zadar-Relja posited above the skeleton, while natural necropolis bedrock was located on the north side of the individual’s lower extremities. The can be dated between the 7th and the 5th skeleton was in a flexed position, on its centuries BC (Gluščević 2005). right side, lying in a NE–SW direction Another inhumation grave excavated (Fig. 2), with bronze wire forming an an- during 2009 at the Relja site was almost kle bracelet around the right ankle. identical to grave 7 in the manner of its It is important to note here that in ad- burial. This individual was also interred dition to Roman period burials, the Relja in plain ground in a flexed position, but site also contained several flexed inhu- with no material artifacts (Alihodžić mation burials attributed to Liburnian 2009). Iron Age individuals who inhabited this Although these two graves are only region before the Romans. Analyses of approximately 100 metres apart, they are grave artifacts, particularly the very char- difficult to date more precisely because of acteristic fibulae, suggest these burials the lack of grave architecture and mate- 86 Mario Novak, Timka Alihodžić, Mario Šlaus rial artifacts. The only indicator of grave – small (blocking less than 1/3 of the date is the bronze wire ankle bracelet on canal), medium (blocking between 1/3 grave 7 skeleton. This bronze wire has and 2/3), and large (blocking more than interwoven endings resembling typical 2/3) and 3) unilateral or bilateral defect closed-type bracelets worn between the (Standen et al. 1997). 1st and 4th centuries AD. While the precise dating of these two Results graves remains undetermined, their lo- cation in the Roman period necropolis, The skeleton interred in grave 7 is that the complete absence of grave architec- of an adult male aged between 35 and 45 ture and the flexed positions of the skel- years. The skeleton is moderately well etons all suggest that these burials oc- preserved, with only several ribs and curred in the same chronological period. some of the small bones from the hands As already mentioned, the bronze ankle and feet missing. Irregularly shaped au- bracelet from grave 7 places this bur- ditory exostoses are present in both au- ial between the 1st and 4th century AD, ditory canals, with a somewhat higher during Roman rule in Zadar. It is there- degree of expression on the right side fore most likely that both grave 7 and (Fig. 3). Exostoses on the left side occur the second-mentioned grave contained postero-inferiorly and on the anterior remains of Liburnians who lived during wall, while on the right they are main- Roman domination, and who preserved ly present on the superior and posterior Liburnian heritage and ancient Liburnian walls. They are medium in size on the funeral customs. left side (blocking between 1/3 and 2/3 of the auditory canal) and large on the Methods used in the analysis right (blocking more than 2/3) (Fig. 4). Pathological changes unrelated to A comprehensive anthropological anal- auditory exostoses were observed in ysis of skeletal and dental remains of this individual. The entire appendicular the individual buried in grave 7 in the skeleton is remarkably robust. This is Zadar-Relja necropolis was conduct- particularly accentuated in the pectoral ed in the osteological laboratory of the girdle region and the upper extremities. Anthropological Centre of the Croatian Benign cortical defects are obvious at the Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The First Illyrian War: a Study in Roman Imperialism
    The First Illyrian War: A Study in Roman Imperialism Catherine A. McPherson Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University, Montreal February, 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts ©Catherine A. McPherson, 2012. Table of Contents Abstract ……………………………………………….……………............2 Abrégé……………………………………...………….……………………3 Acknowledgements………………………………….……………………...4 Introduction…………………………………………………………………5 Chapter One Sources and Approaches………………………………….………………...9 Chapter Two Illyria and the Illyrians ……………………………………………………25 Chapter Three North-Western Greece in the Later Third Century………………………..41 Chapter Four Rome and the Outbreak of War…………………………………..……….51 Chapter Five The Conclusion of the First Illyrian War……………….…………………77 Conclusion …………………………………………………...…….……102 Bibliography……………………………………………………………..104 2 Abstract This paper presents a detailed case study in early Roman imperialism in the Greek East: the First Illyrian War (229/8 B.C.), Rome’s first military engagement across the Adriatic. It places Roman decision-making and action within its proper context by emphasizing the role that Greek polities and Illyrian tribes played in both the outbreak and conclusion of the war. It argues that the primary motivation behind the Roman decision to declare war against the Ardiaei in 229 was to secure the very profitable trade routes linking Brundisium to the eastern shore of the Adriatic. It was in fact the failure of the major Greek powers to limit Ardiaean piracy that led directly to Roman intervention. In the earliest phase of trans-Adriatic engagement Rome was essentially uninterested in expansion or establishing a formal hegemony in the Greek East and maintained only very loose ties to the polities of the eastern Adriatic coast.
    [Show full text]
  • A PRELIMINARY GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION of RELIEF CERAMICS from the NADIN NECROPOLIS a Thesis Presented to the Faculty Of
    A PRELIMINARY GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF RELIEF CERAMICS FROM THE NADIN NECROPOLIS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Elizabeth Gaj Proctor August 2019 © 2019 Elizabeth Gaj Proctor ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT This paper analyzes a collection of Hellenistic mold-made relief vessels discovered during the 2018 season of the Nadin-Gradina Archaeological Project through non-destructive portable x-ray fluorescence (pXRF). Archaeometric analysis allows for a reconsideration of previous conclusions about the origins of these vessels and possible trade connections at the site of Nadin. The goal of this study is to determine potential source groups for these vessels through their geochemical composition. While the suitability of pXRF as an analytical tool for archaeological ceramics has been debated, the qualitative design of this research project and the physical characteristics of these vessels allow pXRF to be utilized successfully. Statistical analysis of pXRF results indicate the presence of multiple source groups represented in the samples. The attribution of most of these samples to a smaller number of potential source groups indicates a strong connection between the residents of Nadin and at least two production centers. This thesis is intended to suggest preliminary conclusions about potential sources and suggest areas of further study to better understand the trade connections that brought these vessels to Nadin and the role of Nadin in the Ravni Kotari landscape. ii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Elizabeth Gaj Proctor received her BA from the University of Maine in 2017, majoring in Anthropology and minoring in Art History and Medieval and Renaissance Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Illyrian Policy of Rome in the Late Republic and Early Principate
    ILLYRIAN POLICY OF ROME IN THE LATE REPUBLIC AND EARLY PRINCIPATE Danijel Dzino Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics University of Adelaide August 2005 II Table of Contents TITLE PAGE I TABLE OF CONTENTS II ABSTRACT V DECLARATION VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES VIII LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS IX 1. Introduction, approaches, review of sources and secondary literature 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Rome and Illyricum (a short story) 2 1.3 Methodology 6 1.4.1 Illyrian policy of Rome in the context of world-system analysis: Policy as an interaction between systems 9 1.4.2 The Illyrian policy of Rome in the context of world-system analysis: Working hypothesis 11 1.5 The stages in the Roman Illyrian relationship (the development of a political/constitutional framework) 16 1.6 Themes and approaches: Illyricum in Roman historiography 18 1.7.1 Literature review: primary sources 21 1.7.2 Literature review: modern works 26 2. Illyricum in Roman foreign policy: historical outline, theoretical approaches and geography 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Roman foreign policy: Who made it, how and why was it made, and where did it stop 30 2.3 The instruments of Roman foreign policy 36 2.4 The place of Illyricum in the Mediterranean political landscape 39 2.5 The geography and ethnography of pre-Roman Illyricum 43 III 2.5.1 The Greeks and Celts in Illyricum 44 2.5.2 The Illyrian peoples 47 3. The Illyrian policy of Rome 167 – 60 BC: Illyricum - the realm of bifocality 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Prelude: the making of bifocality 56 3.3 The South and Central Adriatic 60 3.4 The North Adriatic 65 3.5 Republican policy in Illyricum before Caesar: the assessment 71 4.
    [Show full text]
  • An Adriatic Journey from Trieste to Dubrovnik: a Historic Introduction
    An Adriatic Journey from Trieste to Dubrovnik: A Historic Introduction The long, narrow Adriatic Sea has been both a bridge and a barrier between the Italian and Balkan peninsulas for millennia. Across its waters numerous civilizations and three great belief systems - Latin and Orthodox Christianity, and Islam - have both interacted and vied for supremacy. Our journey explores how the Adriatic was used as a trade corridor from the Mediterranean to Northern Europe and as a frontier between Europe and the Balkans. It begins in the seaport of Trieste in northeast Italy, and then traverses the stunning coast of the eastern Adriatic, through Croatia and Montenegro. Amidst the vibrant, cosmopolitan communities that inhabit this coastline today, you will encounter legacies of the many cultures—Illyrian, Greek, Roman, Venetian, Slav, Austro- Hungarian, Ottoman—that once traded and settled along these shores. Geography has shaped the history of the Adriatic. Much of its coastline is hemmed in by the high mountains of the Italian Apennine Range to the west and the Balkan Dinaric Alps to the east. Its east coast is also protected by a large number of picturesque coastal islands. Possession of its ports and islands has therefore determined much of its destiny as successive empires competed to control them and the lucrative trade routes that passed through them. Romans, Venetians and Habsburgs, for example, all prospered from controlling Trieste. Spectacularly located at the north-eastern end of the Adriatic Sea and close to the centre of Europe, Trieste provided merchants a port that allowed their goods to travel to the heart of Europe via the Alpine trade routes or to the Mediterranean via its sea trade routes.
    [Show full text]
  • ANTH 489 Romans, Arabs and Vikings
    ANTH 489 Romans, Arabs and Vikings. Seafaring in the Mediterranean during the Early Christian Era. Class 8: Liburnians: Warships from the 1st to the 5th Century AD. Roman Imperial sources mention a ship type in the 1st century BC, the liburnian, probably light and fast, without an outrigger. The term first appeared around the 5th century BC.In the Late Roman/Early Byzantine period (4th century AD) liburnian became a synonym of warship. Nobody really knows what liburnians looked like, and written sources do not give many clues. It seems that liburnians were small, with a maximum of two rowers in a room, but the sources don‟t not say whether each rower had an oar to himself. It seems that they had really sharp bows, designed for speed. In the late 1st century BC, at the Battle of Actium (31 BC), Octavian used some kind of these small, pirate vessels, possibly developed in the Illyrian coast, by a tribe of pirates. The Battle of Actium was fought between the forces of Octavian (63 BC – AD 14) and Mark Anthony (83 BC – 30 BC) and Cleopatra (69 BC – 30 BC) on September 2nd 31 BC. Actium was the last big naval battle of the Roman period. After that the Mediterranean became a Roman lake, the Mare Nostrum, where piracy was almost completely eliminated. Although surveys have been conducted on the area in the 1990s, no remains of this battle have been found. Nobody really knows what Octavian or Marc Anthony‟s ships looked like. Octavian, later Caesar Augustus, built Nicopolis (“city of victory”) to commemorate his victory over Mark Antony at the battle of Actium on September 2, 31 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF Datastream
    A Dividing Sea The Adriatic World from the Fourth to the First Centuries BC By Keith Robert Fairbank, Jr. B.A. Brigham Young University, 2010 M.A. Brigham Young University, 2012 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Program in Ancient History at Brown University PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND MAY 2018 © Copyright 2018 by Keith R. Fairbank, Jr. This dissertation by Keith R. Fairbank, Jr. is accepted in its present form by the Program in Ancient History as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date _______________ ____________________________________ Graham Oliver, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date _______________ ____________________________________ Peter van Dommelen, Reader Date _______________ ____________________________________ Lisa Mignone, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date _______________ ____________________________________ Andrew G. Campbell, Dean of the Graduate School iii CURRICULUM VITAE Keith Robert Fairbank, Jr. hails from the great states of New York and Montana. He grew up feeding cattle under the Big Sky, serving as senior class president and continuing on to Brigham Young University in Utah for his BA in Humanities and Classics (2010). Keith worked as a volunteer missionary for two years in Brazil, where he learned Portuguese (2004–2006). Keith furthered his education at Brigham Young University, earning an MA in Classics (2012). While there he developed a curriculum for accelerated first year Latin focused on competency- based learning. He matriculated at Brown University in fall 2012 in the Program in Ancient History. While at Brown, Keith published an appendix in The Landmark Caesar. He also co- directed a Mellon Graduate Student Workshop on colonial entanglements.
    [Show full text]
  • Interventions by the Roman Republic in Illyria 230 – 167 BC
    Interventions by the Roman Republic in Illyria 230 – 167 BC Submitted by Jack James Willoughby, to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics, September 2018. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. (Signature) ……………………………………………………………………………… Page 1 of 181 Abstract This thesis aims to determine how and why Rome undertook a series of interventions in Illyria during the period of 230 – 167 BC. The thesis is based on a detailed examination and consideration of the ancient written sources and the subsequent historiography on the subject. The Roman interventions in Illyria during this period have traditionally been treated as a component of wider studies of Roman expansion, although Rome’s involvement in Illyria has recently been examined by Dzino in his 2010 work Illyricum in Roman Politics 229BC-AD68. This work examined the development and integration of Illyricum in Roman political discourse, in which the Roman interventions were a smaller component in the broader study. A study of the Roman interventions in Illyria during the period of 230 – 167 BC has never previously been treated on this scale, nor effectively with a synthesis of the various approaches and pieces of evidence that are now available.
    [Show full text]
  • Cults and Religious Integration in the Roman Cities of the Drava Valley (Southern Pannonia)
    CULTS AND RELIGIOUS INTEGRATION IN THE ROMAN CITIES OF THE DRAVA VALLEY (SOUTHERN PANNONIA) BY BLANKA MIŠIĆ A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS AND PHILOSOPHY ROYAL HOLLOWAY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON JANUARY 2013 1 DECLARATION OF AUTORSHIP I, Blanka Mišić, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Signed: ______________________ Dated: _______________________ 2 For my dearest parents. 3 ABSTRACT This work is a detailed examination of pagan cults and deities in three settlements along the Pannonian section of the Drava river (Aquae Iasae – modern Varaždinske Toplice; Iovia- Botivo – modern Ludbreg; and Mursa – modern Osijek) situated within the present-day territory of Croatia. The evidence examined consists primarily of inscribed votive dedications in stone, dating from the Roman conquest of Pannonia to the late third century A.D. Evidence is examined within the theoretical framework of cultural change, taking into account recent theoretical developments in the concepts of “Romanisation”, acculturation, identity- expression and syncretisation in order to determine the extent of cultural and religious integration along the Drava. A thorough examination of evidence reveals the emergence of differing and flexible religious identities specific to each settlement although united by the larger prevailing trend of nature-divinity worship. Our Drava evidence also reveals that economic, social, political and geographic factors all produced an impact on the process and extent of cultural and religious integration, thus helping to form local, regional, provincial and imperial expressions of identity(ies). 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS………………………………………......07 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Hannibal's Elephants and the Liburnians
    Nada Bulić - Maria Mariola Glavan – Daniel Nečas Hraste Nada Bulić - Maria Mariola Glavan – Daniel Nečas Hraste 1 Hannibal’s Elephants and the Liburnians Izvorni znanstveni rad Research paper UDK 355.422:639.111.8 (450.75)”-0218/-0201 https://doi.org/10.32728/tab.17.2020.2 The Second Punic War is a relatively well-known episode from Roman history. Reliable, detailed ancient sources such as Livy and Polybius, however, don’t say much on the topic of Hannibal’s provisions. The authors of this paper believe that Hannibal’s path to Cannae was part of a premeditated military plan, according to which the Carthaginian army needed to pick up supplies near Cannae, with the Liburnians playing an important role. Facts supporting this theory are examined in the paper, with a close examination of the two most important lite- rary sources on the topic, Livy and Polybius, reexamined in the light of recent archaeological findings from the Liburnian region. Key words: Hannibal, Liburnia, Livy, Polybius, Second Punic War, provi- sions, elephants Obraz Hannibala jest skomplikowaną mozaiką – P. Matusiak begins her study on Hannibal with these words,2 and nothing less could be said of the war that made him famous. 1 Daniel Nečas Hraste (August 15th, 1959-November 1st, 2018), classical philologist, our dear friend and colleague of many years, a great lover of Livy. He participated in the creation of the idea for this paper, but soon after proposing the paper for the con- ference held in Pula in 2018, he fell ill with an illness that took his life much too soon, and he was unable to attend, passing away days after the conference.
    [Show full text]
  • Bones, Burials, and the Riddle of Truth: Reconstructing the Past Through What Has Been Left Behind
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2020 Bones, Burials, and the Riddle of Truth: Reconstructing the Past Through What Has Been Left Behind Jelena M. Begonja The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3768 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] BONES, BURIALS, AND THE RIDDLE OF TRUTH: RECONSTRUCTING THE PAST THROUGH WHAT HAS BEEN LEFT BEHIND by JELENA M. BEGONJA A master’s thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2020 © 2020 JELENA M. BEGONJA All Rights Reserved ii Bones, Burials, and the Riddle of Truth: Reconstructing the Past Through What Has Been Left Behind by Jelena M. Begonja This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in satisfaction of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. Date Alexander A. Bauer Thesis Advisor Date Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Bones, Burials, and the Riddle of Truth: Reconstructing the Past Through What Has Been Left Behind by Jelena M. Begonja Advisor: Alexander A. Bauer Mortuary archaeology is known to be the study of human remains and burials.
    [Show full text]
  • Lučka Uprava Zadar
    Welcome to Zadar! 1 Zadar city port The port of Zadar In terms of traffic, Zadar is the center of the region away from all European capitals which, taking that connects the north and the south of Croatia into consideration the history and the stunning by the most modern highway network in Europe. natural beauty, makes Zadar an excellent alterna- Located halfway between Venice and Dubrovnik, tive to the better-known but not more attractive Zadar has always been an important transit port tourist destinations in the region. and with today’s annual traffic of 2.4 million pas- sengers and 365.000 vehicles, it is placed among Zadar Port Authority has been founded in 1997. Zadar city port is placed in the heart the busiest ports in the Mediterranean. Besides by the Decision of Government of Republic of of the city. This position provides direct ac- the intense local, coastal and international traffic Croatia as non-profit legal entity whose founding, cess to shopping places, sight-seeing and connections with Italy, for the past few years, Port organization and activity is defined by Maritime other contents in the town. The passengers’ of Zadar is recording an increase of international domain and seaports Act. transfer to the port is fast and easy - walk- cruise ships visits. Thanks to the ideal geographi- ing distance between different localities is 5 cal location and mild Mediterranean climate there minutes. are almost no flight cancellations at the Zadar Main activities comprise: airport. Also, the airport is located only 1-2 hours In the Transport Development Strategy of • management, development and usage of Croatia it was determined that the lack of the New Port of Zadar, as a port open for available area in the port required the re- international public transport which due to location of the ferry traffic from the City its size and importance was nominated a port to the cargo port of Gaženica and the port of special international and economic construction of the new ferry terminal was interest for the Republic of Croatia foreseen as a priority investment.
    [Show full text]
  • Romanization of the Western Illyricum from Religious Point of View
    Godišnjak/Jahrbuch 2013,42:71-88 DOI: 10.5644/Godisnjak.CBI.ANUBiH-40.22 Romanization of the western Illyricum from religious point of view Nenad Cambi Split The Romans likely regarded all of the peoples are almost nontransparent. Only archaeological of Illyricum as belonging to a culturally coher- findings can hint at such conclusions. It is pos- ent ethnic group, which they obviously did not.1 sible to trace the continuity of the god-mother Since their anthroponomy and toponymy show religion in the northern Adriatic area from pre- only small differences between them, it is only historic to historical times.4 possible to differentiate several personal ono- As far as I understand the term, Romaniza- mastic formulae belonging to northern, middle tion was a process which covers conveying the or southern Illyrian ethnic groups.2 However, local peoples of a province to the Roman way of much bigger differences reveal religious systems life. This process is not covered by the term accul- and cults among the Illyrian peoples which leads turation since the latter does not encompass the to the conclusion that considerable differences political aspect of the process, which is extremely existed on the Balkans area that later belonged to important. The huge Roman Empire was inhab- the Roman province of Dalmatia. The religious aspect is much more important a sacred place in their old religion where a priest dressed in than anything else among cultural phenomena. woman’s robes presides, but in the Roman way (interpretatio This is why the Romans tried to absorb the lo- romana) they performed the cult of Castor and Pollux there cal cults into their religion.
    [Show full text]