Reconstruction of maritime activities in Roman Iader

Mario Novak, Timka Alihodžić, Mario Šlaus

Anthropological Review • Vol. 76 (1), 83–94 (2013)

Navigare necesse est. Possible reconstruction of a maritime-activities related occupation based on the presence of auditory exostoses in an individual from the Roman period city of Iader

Mario Novak1, Timka Alihodžić2, Mario Šlaus1

1Anthropological Centre, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10 000 Zagreb, 2Archaeological Museum , 23 000 Zadar, Croatia

Abstract: Large bilateral auditory exostoses were recorded in the skeleton of an adult male buried in the Roman period necropolis of Zadar-Relja (the Roman colony of Iader) in southern Croatia. As the occur- rence of auditory exostoses in both past and modern populations has been correlated with prolonged exposure to cold water, the authors propose that during his lifetime this individual performed activities requiring frequent contact with cold water for an extended period of time. Apart from auditory exostoses, this individual also exhibits other pathological changes including pronounced skeletal robustness, benign cortical defects at the insertion of the pectoralis major muscles on both humeri and at the attachment sites of the costo-clavicular ligaments on both clavicles, and vertebral osteoarthritis in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. The most plausible explanation for all these changes is that this person spent most of his life working aboard a sea vessel as a sailor, boat builder or fisherman, and whose duties included frequent and intensive use of oars. This observation is based on the geographic and climatic location of Zadar, the described skeletal changes, the archaeological context of the site, recovered material artifacts and written historic sources and comparisons with similar studies.

Key words: auditory exostoses, musculoskeletal stress markers, maritime activities, Roman period, Zadar

Introduction They can be spheroid or oval, appearing Exostoses of the external auditory canal like a pea or a small bean, and they can (alternatively; auditory torus, auditory grow to completely block the auditory exostosis, torus acusticus or torus tympani- canal (Kennedy 1986). cus) are benign bone anomalies generally Until recently, the cause of auditory ex- located on the floor of the external audi- ostoses was thought to be genetic (Blake tory canal that typically occur bilaterally. 1880; Berry 1975), but most authors

Original Article: Received December 13, 2012; Accepted for publication March 6, 2013 DOI: 10.2478/anre-2013-0001 © 2013 Polish Anthropological Society 84 Mario Novak, Timka Alihodžić, Mario Šlaus currently believe that the occurrence of freshwater resources through diving and auditory exostoses is primarily caused by other aquatic activities (Kennedy 1986). environmental factors (Kennedy, 1986; Today, auditory exostoses are com- Standen et al. 1997; Chaplin and Stewart mon in individuals who practise aquatic 1998; Velasco-Vazquez et al. 2000; Kro- sports, and the frequency of this trait and on et al. 2002). Among these, activities the degree of canal obstruction are pos- associated with continuous exposure to itively correlated with the intensity and cold water below 19°C, such as diving, length of time involved in aquatic sports aquatic sports, and ocean navigation are activities (Kroon et al. 2002). Several ar- considered the most important factors in chaeological and clinical studies (Hrdlic- the development of this anomaly (DiBar- ka 1935; DiBartolomeo 1979; Manzi et tolomeo 1979; Filipo et al. 1982; Kenne- al. 1991) identified either an absence, dy 1986). In the past several decades the or only occasional occurrence, of audito- occurrence and frequency of auditory ex- ry exostoses in individuals less than 20 ostoses has been studied in numerous ar- years of age, thus strongly implying that chaeological skeletal samples from differ- this is an acquired condition (Aufderhei- ent chronological periods and geographic de and Rodríguez-Martín 1998). locations (Ascenzi and Balistreri 1975; In this paper, we report the presence Kennedy 1986; Frayer 1988; Manzi et al. of exostoses in the external auditory 1991; Sakalinskas and Jankauskas 1993; canal of an adult male recovered from Standen et al. 1997; Gerszten et al. 1998; grave 7 in the Roman period necropolis Velasco-Vazquez et al. 2000; Okumura et of Zadar-Relja in , Croatia. In al. 2007; Agelarakis and Serpanos 2010; addition, precise reconstruction of the Miladinović-Radmilović 2010).). habitual activities of this individual is at- The most important analysis of a pro- tempted, based on the results of a com- posed correlation between continuous prehensive bio-archaeological analysis of exposure to cold water and auditory ex- all recorded skeletal pathological chang- ostoses occurrence in populations from es, together with recovered material arti- different geographic regions was most facts and available historic sources. likely the one conducted by Kennedy (1986). She hypothesized that lower fre- Material and methods quencies of auditory exostoses could be expected in polar and sub-polar regions due to the avoidance of cold water be- Archaeological context cause of the risk of hypothermia, and in tropical regions where people were ac- The modern city of Zadar is situated on customed to warmer water, rarely below the eastern Adriatic coast in Croatia (Fig. 21°C (Kennedy 1986). She also found 1). Large-scale rescue archaeological ex- that populations living between 30° and cavations at the location of the central 45° north and south latitudes, where wa- necropolis of the Roman period colony ter temperatures are usually below 19°C, of Iader were carried out between 1989 exhibited higher frequencies of auditory and 2009 in the Relja district of the city exostoses. These elevated frequencies of of Zadar, uncovering over 2,000 graves. auditory exostoses also correlated with Most of these excavations were led by intensive exploitation of marine and/or the Archaeological Museum Zadar. 543 Reconstruction of maritime activities in Roman Iader 85

Fig. 1. Map of Croatia with the geographical loca- tion of Zadar graves, including both inhumations and incinerations, were excavated at the loca- tion of the Relja Shopping centre, during phase 2 between 2005 and 2009. Based on recovered artifacts, the burials in this location are dated between the 1st and the 4th centuries AD. Grave 7, excavated in 2005, was an in- humation burial in plain ground with no grave architecture. Fragments of Roman Fig. 2. Skeleton of the adult male, in flexed posi- tegulae and amorphous stones were de- tion, recovered from grave 7 in the Zadar-Relja posited above the skeleton, while natural necropolis bedrock was located on the north side of the individual’s lower extremities. The can be dated between the 7th and the 5th skeleton was in a flexed position, on its centuries BC (Gluščević 2005). right side, lying in a NE–SW direction Another inhumation grave excavated (Fig. 2), with bronze wire forming an an- during 2009 at the Relja site was almost kle bracelet around the right ankle. identical to grave 7 in the manner of its It is important to note here that in ad- burial. This individual was also interred dition to Roman period burials, the Relja in plain ground in a flexed position, but site also contained several flexed inhu- with no material artifacts (Alihodžić mation burials attributed to Liburnian 2009). individuals who inhabited this Although these two graves are only region before the Romans. Analyses of approximately 100 metres apart, they are grave artifacts, particularly the very char- difficult to date more precisely because of acteristic fibulae, suggest these burials the lack of grave architecture and mate- 86 Mario Novak, Timka Alihodžić, Mario Šlaus rial artifacts. The only indicator of grave – small (blocking less than 1/3 of the date is the bronze wire ankle bracelet on canal), medium (blocking between 1/3 grave 7 skeleton. This bronze wire has and 2/3), and large (blocking more than interwoven endings resembling typical 2/3) and 3) unilateral or bilateral defect closed-type bracelets worn between the (Standen et al. 1997). 1st and 4th centuries AD. While the precise dating of these two Results graves remains undetermined, their lo- cation in the Roman period necropolis, The skeleton interred in grave 7 is that the complete absence of grave architec- of an adult male aged between 35 and 45 ture and the flexed positions of the skel- years. The skeleton is moderately well etons all suggest that these burials oc- preserved, with only several ribs and curred in the same chronological period. some of the small bones from the hands As already mentioned, the bronze ankle and feet missing. Irregularly shaped au- bracelet from grave 7 places this bur- ditory exostoses are present in both au- ial between the 1st and 4th century AD, ditory canals, with a somewhat higher during Roman rule in Zadar. It is there- degree of expression on the right side fore most likely that both grave 7 and (Fig. 3). Exostoses on the left side occur the second-mentioned grave contained postero-inferiorly and on the anterior remains of Liburnians who lived during wall, while on the right they are main- Roman domination, and who preserved ly present on the superior and posterior Liburnian heritage and ancient Liburnian walls. They are medium in size on the funeral customs. left side (blocking between 1/3 and 2/3 of the auditory canal) and large on the Methods used in the analysis right (blocking more than 2/3) (Fig. 4). Pathological changes unrelated to A comprehensive anthropological anal- auditory exostoses were observed in ysis of skeletal and dental remains of this individual. The entire appendicular the individual buried in grave 7 in the skeleton is remarkably robust. This is Zadar-Relja necropolis was conduct- particularly accentuated in the pectoral ed in the osteological laboratory of the girdle region and the upper extremities. Anthropological Centre of the Croatian Benign cortical defects are obvious at the Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. insertion of the pectoralis major muscles The gender and the age-at-death of the on both humeri and at attachment sites analyzed individual were determined us- for the costo-clavicular ligaments on the ing methods described in Buikstra and inferior sternal surfaces of both clavicles Ubelaker (1994). All observed patholo- (Fig. 5). Osteoarthritis, in the form of gies were recorded according to criteria slight osteophytes, is present on cervical proposed by Ortner (2003). (C6 and C7) and thoracic vertebral bod- Both external auditory canals were ies (T6, T7, T8, T9, and T10). macroscopically examined under pow- erful illumination of a magnifying glass. Discussion and conclusion The analysis also included recording of exostoses; 1) location (superior, inferior, Most experts today agree that auditory ex- anterior wall, or posterior wall); 2) size ostosis occurrence is correlated with envi- Reconstruction of maritime activities in Roman Iader 87

Fig. 3. The left and right temporal bones of the same individual, exhibiting bilateral auditory exostoses ronmental factors such as continuous ex- boat repairing (Agelarakis and Serpanos posure to cold water. While this trait was 2010; Miladinović-Radmilović 2010), associated with shell divers, fisherman, draining marshes and making canals (Mi- and sailors in past populations (Kennedy ladinović-Radmilović 2010), as well as ac- 1986; Frayer 1988; Standen et al. 1997; tivities including the frequent use of cold Velasco-Vazquez et al. 2000; Agelarakis water baths in the frigidarium (Manzi et and Serpanos 2010), diving, surfing, and al. 1991) or swimming in order to train sailing are considered the major causes (Ascenzi and Balistreri 1975) questions today (Filipo and Fabiani 1982; Fabiani that can to be answered are: “Can we re- et al. 1984; Chaplin and Stewart 2000; construct these activities in greater detail Kroon et al. 2002). Consequently, the bi- and thus more precisely? Is it possible to lateral presence of pronounced auditory determine the exact occupation this indi- exostoses in an adult male from Zadar is vidual performed during his lifetime with the help of historic written records, mate- Fig. 4. The right temporal bone with auditory ex- rial artifacts and other pathological chang- ostosis which occludes more than 2/3 of the auditory canal es recorded in the analyzed skeleton?” To accomplish this it is important to put Zadar as an archaeological site into most likely associated with activities in- its specific historical and geographi- volving prolonged exposure to cold wa- cal-climatic context. As already men- ter. Since these activities include a wide tioned, Zadar is situated on the eastern variety of occupations such as shell div- Adriatic coast, at north 44° latitude. It ing (Kennedy 1986; Standen et al. 1997; has a Mediterranean climate, with very Okumura et al. 2007), fishing (Kennedy mild, humid winters and very warm, 1986; Frayer 1988; Standen et al. 1997; dry summers. The most frequent types Okumura et al. 2007), sailing (Agelarakis of winds occurring in the Zadar region and Serpanos 2010), shipbuilding and are bura (a northerly cold wind which 88 Mario Novak, Timka Alihodžić, Mario Šlaus

Fig. 5. Pronounced musculoskeletal stress markers on the skeleton buried in grave 7: A) at the insertions of the pectoralis major muscles on both humeri; B) at the attachment sites of the costo-clavicular lig- aments on both clavicles brings good clear weather) and southerly in examination of the occurrence of au- winds (bringing cloudy, rainy but warm ditory exostoses, the most important weather). These prevail during winter, climatic characteristic of Zadar is the av- while mistral (a western wind) is more erage sea temperature. The annual aver- pronounced during summer. However, age sea temperature in Zadar is 16.2°C, Reconstruction of maritime activities in Roman Iader 89 with lowest average temperatures in this region during the late Iron Age and February (10.8°C), January (10.9°C), and early Antiquity. Liburnians were famous March (11.3°C). The average sea tem- skilled sea-traders and pirates. Their peratures exceed 19°C only during the ships operated along the entire Adriatic summer months, in June (20.4°C), July Sea, and according to Strabo (Geographica, (22.3°C), August (22.7°C), and Septem- 6, 269) they even held the island of Ko- ber (21.0°C) (Kraljev et al. 1995). rkyra - Korfu in modern Greece – during As a prehistoric settlement, Zadar was the 8th century BC. The Greek historian founded by the Liburnians in the 9th cen- Diodorus Siculus (80–29 BC) and a stone tury BC as one of their major centres. It Greek inscription recovered from the is- was a seaport with a safe harbor and the land of (dated to 384–383 BC) testi- departure point for numerous shipping fy to a great naval battle in the vicinity of trade routes (Suić 1981). Following the Hvar in 384 BC between Greek colonists Roman conquest of the eastern Adriatic from Pharos (Hvar) and the Iadasinoi (Li- coast, Zadar was populated by veteran burnian inhabitants of Zadar) where over soldiers and it earned the status of a Ro- 5,000 Iadasinoi lost their lives. This is the man colony in 48 BC (Colonia Iulia Iader). first historically documented naval battle This status was most likely bestowed by in the Adriatic (Novak 1950). Although Caesar himself (Suić 2003). Zadar’s nat- defeated, the Liburnians recovered and, ural, suitably positioned harbour offered as recorded by Livius (Ab Urbe condita, 10, safe shelter for ships sailing along the 2, 4), they continued harassing the nav- eastern Adriatic coast (Suić 1981). igable routes in the Adriatic (Zaninović, A large emporium of warehouses for 1988). In 229 BC, the Romans intervened trans-shipment and storage of goods was to protect their interests, and Florus situated beside Zadar harbour. The recov- (Epitome, 1, 21) noted that Liburnians, ered imported items clearly attest to the spread all along the coasts of the Adriatic fact that Iader maintained intensive trade sea from time immemorial, were the Ro- routes with emporiums in northern mans’ enemies on this occasion (II, 5). (), and to a lesser extent with the (Bell. Civ., 2, 39) made a par- western (Gallia) and eastern provinces ticular note of the liburnae, swift galleys (Suić 1981). Underwater findings of four that the Romans fought against when Liburnian ships, known as serillia liburni- they entered the Adriatic, but subse- ca, in Zaton near Zadar and in Caska on quently, the Liburnians from Zadar pro- the island of Pag, dated to the 1st century vided Caesar with ships during his war AD (Domjan and Brusić 1985; Gluščević against (Bell. Alex., 1, 42). Libur- 1987, 2002; Brusić 1995; Radić Rossi and nian ships are also mentioned by Caesar Boetto 2011) additionally confirm the im- (Bell. Civ., 3, 9, 1), and as liburnica navis portance of Zadar and its region in mar- they are mentioned by (Hist., 2, itime trade during the late Iron Age and 16, 35; 3, 12, 77) and (Aug., Roman periods as do other discovered 17). shipwrecks of merchant ships from the When all this data is combined with Roman period in the greater Zadar aqua- the climatic settings, the presence of torium (e.g. Jurišić 2000). pathological changes such as auditory Numerous historical sources testify to exostoses is not surprising. Unfortunate- the importance of ships and seafaring in ly, archaeological artifacts and burial cus- 90 Mario Novak, Timka Alihodžić, Mario Šlaus toms recorded from grave 7 imply only ly pectoralis major muscles and costo-cla- that the analyzed individual’s ethnicity vicular ligaments, have been observed in was most likely a Romanized Liburnian, other archaeological skeletal collections. and the approximate time of his death In these studies, the recorded changes was between the 1st and 4th centuries AD, were associated with activities involving but they do not reveal anything about his watercraft propulsion; as in long-term profession. However, other pathological and intensive use of paddles and/or oars changes exist which help us reconstruct (Hawkey and Street 1992; Lai and Lowell his occupation. 1992; Hawkey and Merbs 1995; Eshed et The most telling pathological chang- al. 2004; Lieverse et al. 2009; Agelarakis es observed in the male from grave 7, and Serpanos 2010). In their study of apart from the auditory exostoses, are musculoskeletal stress indicators in an- the benign cortical defects at the inser- cient Hudson Bay Eskimos, Hawkey and tions of the pectoralis major muscles on Merbs (1995) suggested that intensive both humeri and at the attachment sites male use of kayaks with double-bladed of the costo-clavicular ligaments of both paddles caused heavy bilateral stress at medial clavicles. Benign cortical defects the attachment site of the costo-clav- act as musculoskeletal stress markers in- icular ligament, and also on teres major dicating that they are caused by chronic and pectoralis major muscle attachments. mechanical stress. In essence, they are Eshed et al. (2004: 314) concluded that linear depressions located at the muscle combined use of the costoclavicular liga- insertion sites of various skeletal ele- ment and pectoralis major muscle is con- ments, especially the long bones (Ows- sistent with movements “requiring an ley et al. 1991), and as such are reliable alternating rotary motion of the shoulder indicators of heavy physical labour. The girdle, a movement that has been inter- pectoralis major muscle inserts on the lat- preted as the likely result of using a dou- eral lip of the intertubercular groove of ble-bladed paddle in a boat”. the humerus and functions in adduct- Although osteoarthritic changes re- ing and medially rotating the arm, flex- corded on the cervical and thoracic ver- ing and extending the humerus, and its tebral bodies in this Zadar male may fixed insertion point assists in elevating be connected with age, they correlate the thorax (Cunningham 1905). The extremely well with chronic mechanical costo-clavicular ligament attaches on the stress and damage related to occupation. costal impression of the clavicle. It limits Numerous studies of archaeological se- elevation of the pectoral girdle and acts ries (Rogers et al. 1987; Knüsel et al. as a fulcrum during clavicular elevation, 1997; van der Merwe et al. 2006; Novak (Cave 1961). The etiology of cortical de- and Šlaus 2011) and modern clinical re- fects at the attachment sites of the cost- search (Spector and MacGregor 2004), clavicular ligaments on clavicles, also re- stress that age, repetitive mechanical ferred to as “kayaker’s clavicle” (Hawkey loading, movement, and genetic influ- and Merbs 1995: 333), can be associated ences are the main causes of the presence with strenuous activity of the pectoral and severity of vertebral osteoarthritis. girdle (Mann and Murphy 1990). Without delving further into the forma- Severe skeletal changes involving the tion of vertebral osteoarthritis, it is pos- pectoral girdle and upper limbs, especial- sible to surmise that the arthritic chang- Reconstruction of maritime activities in Roman Iader 91 es recorded in this individual are related mination is strengthened by the fact that to his continuous, long-term, hard phys- Zadar is situated at 44° north latitude and ical labour in seafaring connected activi- that the average annual sea temperature ties. A similar suggestion was proposed there is 16.2°C. This is fully consistent by Stirland and Waldron (1997) in their with Kennedy’s (1986) hypothesis that comprehensive study of vertebral pathol- most auditory exostoses in past societies ogies recorded in the skeletal remains of occurred in populations living between the crew of the ship Mary Rose. Here, they the 30° and 45° north and/or south lat- concluded that the pathological changes itudes where water temperatures are of Schmorl’s nodes and vertebral osteo- usually below 19°C. It is possible that arthritis in the spines of the members of the auditory exostoses in this individu- the Mary Rose crew were almost identical al resulted from activities related to the to those in an older group of men from frequent use of cold water baths in the the medieval parish cemetery in Nor- frigidarium (Manzi et al. 1991), or from wich, and that these changes were relat- shell diving (e.g. Okumura et al. 2007), ed to activities performed on board ship. but the simultaneous presence of identi- One of the most comprehensive stud- fied pathological changes indicating con- ies of auditory exostoses and reconstruc- stant heavy physical labour render these tions of possible habitual activities based pastimes highly unlikely. The changes on musculoskeletal stress markers was include pronounced skeletal robustness conducted by Agelarakis and Serpanos and musculoskeletal stress markers on (2010). They recorded bilateral audito- the pectoral girdle and upper limbs in ry exostoses in an adult male from the combination with cervical and thoracic Greek town of Thasos dated between the vertebral body arthritis. These chang- 5th and 3rd centuries BC. Combining ar- es are entirely consistent with chronic chaeological evidence, historic records, mechanical stress suffered undertaking anthropological data, and ethnographic vigorous activities aboard a sea vessel. documentation, they concluded that the Our hypothesis is further confirmed by individual in their study, who also exhib- numerous historical sources which attest ited auditory exostoses, was most likely to the exceptional role that seamanship a crew member responsible for repairing and ships played in the everyday life of moored or hauled wooden boats, and the late Iron Age and early Roman inhab- that the specific role of this individual itants of Iader and its surrounds. In sum- was to dive and investigate the vessel’s mary, the observed physical character- submerged hull (Agelarakis and Serpa- istics of the studied skeleton, combined nos 2010). with historic documents and material ar- Following careful evaluation of all tifacts, strongly suggest that the individ- data presented in this paper, we consider ual interred in grave 7 in the Zadar-Relja that the most plausible profession of the necropolis was most likely a Romanized individual whose remains were recovered Liburnian who spent most of his life from grave 7 in the Zadar-Relja cemetery working aboard a sea vessel as a sailor, was closely associated with prolonged boat builder or fisherman, and whose exposure to cold water – resulting in de- duties, among others, included frequent velopment of large bilateral exostoses in and intensive use of oars. Although we the external auditory canal. This deter- are currently unable to elucidate further 92 Mario Novak, Timka Alihodžić, Mario Šlaus details of this individual’s life, the re- Changes and Maritime Activities in Clas- sults of future multidisciplinary studies, sical Period Thasos Island. Mediterranean especially the ongoing archaeological ex- Archaeology and Archaeometry 10:45–57. cavations at the site and planned stable Alihodžić T. 2009. Relja – parkiralište. Hrvat- ski arheološki godišnjak 6:540–43. isotope analysis, should more precisely Ascenzi A, Balistreri P. 1975. Aural exostoses define his life-style and profession. in a Roman skull excavated at the “Baths of the swimmer” in the ancient town of Acknowledgments Ostia. J Hum Evol 4:579–84. Aufderheide AC, Rodríguez-Martín C, Langs- The authors thank Dr. Smiljan Gluščević, joen O. 1998. The Cambridge Encyclopae- director of the Archaeological Museum dia of Human Paleopathology. 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