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The Challenges of Sciences S.V. THE PONTIFICAL 103 ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Scripta Varia The Challenges 103 of Sciences A Tribute to the The Challenges of Sciences: A Tribute to the Memory of Carlos Chagas ofCarlos totheMemory Tribute The ChallengesofSciences:A Memory of Carlos Chagas EM AD IA C S A C I A E I N C T I I F A I R T V N M O P VATICAN CITY Working Group 2002 23-24 February 2001 MMII THE CHALLENGES OF SCIENCES A TRIBUTE TO THE MEMORY OF CARLOS CHAGAS Address: THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES CASINA PIO IV, 00120 VATICAN CITY PONTIFICIAE ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARUM SCRIPTA VARIA 103 THE CHALLENGES OF SCIENCES A TRIBUTE TO THE MEMORY OF CARLOS CHAGAS 23-24 February 2001 EM AD IA C S A C I A E I N C T I I F A I R T V N M O P EX AEDIBVS ACADEMICIS IN CIVITATE VATICANA MMII The opinions expressed with absolute freedom during the presentation of the papers of this meeting, although published by the Academy, represent only the points of view of the participants and not those of the Academy. ISBN 88 - 7761 - 081 - 6 © Copyright 2002 PONTIFICIA ACADEMIA SCIENTIARUM VATICAN CITY The Pontifical Academy of Sciences Casina Pio IV The Participants of the Symposium in Memory of Carlos Chagas 23-24 February 2001 CONTENTS Programme................................................................................. 9 List of Participants..................................................................... 12 General Introduction – M. Sánchez Sorondo ........................... 18 Speech of Greeting – M. Sela...................................................... 20 Introduction – A.M. Chagas....................................................... 21 A Tale: The Manuscript – C. Chagas .......................................... 22 A Tale: The Translation – C. Chagas ............................................. 26 SCIENTIFIC PAPERS The Main Lines of Multidisciplinary Research Implanted at the Institute of Biophysics by Carlos Chagas Filho D.F. de Almeida.......................................................................... 33 The Contribution of Cell Biology for a Better Understanding of Chagas’ Disease W. de Souza ................................................................................ 41 Sciences and Solidarity P. Germain .................................................................................. 56 L’homme de science et la société actuelle A. Blanc-Lapierre ....................................................................... 62 8 CONTENTS Biodiversity and the Human Prospect P.H. Raven .................................................................................. 71 Genetically Modified Organisms M.F. Singer ................................................................................. 78 Molecular Evolution: Comparison of Natural and Engineered Genetic Variations W. Arber ...................................................................................... 90 Constraints on the Origin and Evolution of Life C. de Duve .................................................................................. 102 Challenges and Achievements in Infectious and Autoimmune Diseases M. Sela ........................................................................................ 112 Carlos Chagas Filho: Scientist and Humanist R. Levi-Montalcini ..................................................................... 118 How to Find Better Drugs for the Treatment of AIDS P.A.J. Janssen.............................................................................. 125 The Challenges of Science M.F. Perutz ................................................................................. 127 Functional Aspects of Left-handed Nucleic Acids B.A. Brown II and A. Rich......................................................... 135 Society, Sciences, and the Future of our Species C. Pavan ...................................................................................... 159 TESTIMONIES C.E. di Rovasenda...................................................................... 167 R. Dardozzi................................................................................. 168 Tables .......................................................................................... I-VI THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Symposium on: THE CHALLENGES OF SCIENCES A TRIBUTE TO THE MEMORY OF CARLOS CHAGAS (23-24 February 2001) Programme Friday, 23 February 2001 Chairman: N. Cabibbo 9:00 – 9:15 Welcome (N. Cabibbo) 9:15 – 9:25 General Introduction (M. Sánchez Sorondo) 9:25 – 9:30 Greetings (M. Sela) 9:30 – 9:40 A Tale by Carlos Chagas Filho (A.M. Chagas) 9:40 – 10:10 The Main Lines of Multi-disciplinary Research Implanted by Carlos Chagas Filho at the Institute of Biophysics (D. de Almeida) 10:20 – 10:50 The Contribution of Cell Biology for a Better Understanding of Chagas’ Disease W. de Souza 10 PROGRAMME 11:00- 11:30 Coffee-Break Chairman: W. Arber 11:30- 12:00 Science and Solidarity (P. Germain) 12:10 – 12:40 L’homme de science et la société actuelle (A. Blanc-Lapierre) 12:50 – 14:30 Lunch Chairman: A. Rich 14:30 –15:10 The Meaning of Biological Diversity: What Should We Do? (P.H. Raven) 15:10 - 15:50 Genetic Modification of Plants (M.F. Singer) 15:50 – 16:30 Coffee-Break 16:30 – 17:10 Molecular Evolution: Comparison of Natural and Engineered Genetic Variations (W. Arber) Saturday, 24 February 2001 Chairperson: M.F. Singer 9:00 – 9:30 Chance and Necessity in the Origin and Evolution of Life (C. de Duve) 9:40 – 10:10 Challenges and Achievements in Infectious and Autoimmune Diseases (M. Sela) PROGRAMME 11 10:20 – 10:50 Chagas’ Leadership in Science and in the Problem of Values (R. Levi-Montalcini) 11:00 – 11:30 Photograph of Participants and Coffee-Break Chairman: C. Pavan 11:30 – 12:00 How to Find Better Drugs for the Treatment of AIDS (P.A.J. Janssen) 12:10 – 12:40 Protein Aggregates in the Brain: Cause of Neurodegeneration and Dementias (M.F. Perutz) 12:50 – 14:50 Lunch Chairman: P.H. Raven 15:00 – 15:30 A Role for Left-Handed Double Stranded Nucleic Acid Helices in a Right-Handed World (A. Rich) 15:40 – 16:10 Society, Genetics, and the Future of Our Species (C. Pavan) 16:20 – 16:50 Coffee-Break 16:50 – 17:30 General Discussion LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Prof. Nicola CABIBBO, President H.E. Mons. Marcelo SÁNCHEZ SORONDO, Chancellor The Pontifical Academy of Sciences Casina Pio IV V-00120 Vatican City Tel: +39 0669883451 – Fax: +39 0669885218 e-mail: [email protected] Prof. Werner ARBER (Pontifical Academician) University of Basel Biozentrum, Department of Microbiology Klingelbergstrasse 70 CH-4056 Basel (Switzerland) Tel: +41 61 2672130 – Fax: +41 61 2672118 e-mail: [email protected] Prof. Antonio M. BATTRO Academia Nacional de Education Pacheco de Melo 2084 Buenos Aires (Argentina) Tel: +54 11 48062818 e-mail: [email protected] LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 13 Prof. André Joseph BLANC-LAPIERRE (Pontifical Academician) Académie des Sciences 23, quai de Conti F-75270 Paris Cedex 06 (France) Tel: +33 01 44414367 – Fax: +33 01 44414363 Mailing address: Résidence Voltaire I 14, rue du Général de Gaulle F-92290 Châtenay-Malabry (France) Tel: +33 01 43501120 Prof. Daniel P. BOVET Università di Roma “Tor Vergata” Department of Computer Science Via di Tor Vergata, 110 I-00100 ROMA (Italy) Tel: +39 0672597389 – Fax: +39 0672597460 e-mail: [email protected] Dr. Anna Margarida CHAGAS BOVET Doctor in Psychology Member of the International Society for Adolescent Psychiatry Roma (Italy) Prof. Darcy F. DE ALMEIDA Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Bloco “G” Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho Ilha do Fundao, Cidade Universitaria 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil) Tel/fax: +55 21 5520786 e-mail: [email protected] 14 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Prof. Christian DE DUVE (Pontifical Academician) Chrisian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology 75.50 Avenue Hippocrate 75 B-1200 Bruxelles (Belgique) Tel: +32 2 7647550 – Fax: +32 2 7647573 e-mail: [email protected] The Rockefeller University 1230 York Avenue New York, NY 10021 (USA) Tel: +1 212 3278149 – Fax: +1 212 3277974 e-mail: [email protected] Prof. Wanderley DE SOUZA Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Ciencias da Saude Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho CCS, Bloco G – Cidade Universitaria 21949 Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil) Tel: +55 21 21 2602364 – Fax: +55 21 21 2808193 e-mail: [email protected] and: [email protected] Prof. Renata Gaddini DE BENEDETTI Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” Department of Paediatrics mailing address: Via dei Monti Parioli, 40 I-00197 Roma (Italy) Prof. Paulo GADELHA Museu Da Vida Fundacao Osvaldo Cruz Avenida Brasil 4365 21045 – 900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brasil) Tel/Fax: +55 21 5905192 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 15 Prof. Paul GERMAIN (Pontifical Academician) Académie des Sciences 23, quai de Conti F-75006 Paris (France) Tel: +33 1 44414352 – Fax: +33 1 44414363 Prof. Paul A.J. JANSSEN (Pontifical Academician) Janssen Research Foundation Turnhoutseweg 30 B-2340 Beerse (Belgium) Tel: +32 14 442280 – Fax: +32 14 437334 Prof. Vladimir I. KEILIS-BOROK (Pontifical Academician) International Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics Warshavskoye sh. 79, Kor 2 Moscow 113556 (Russia) Tel: +7 095 1107795 – fax: +7 095 3107032 e-mail: [email protected] Prof. Rita LEVI-MONTALCINI (Pontifical Academician) Institute of Neurobiology, CNR Viale Marx, 15 I-00137 Roma (Italy) Tel: +39 0686090510 – Fax: +39 0686090269 H.E. Marco César Meira NASLAUSKY, Ambassador Embassy of Brazil to the Holy See Via delle Botteghe Oscure,
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