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Treatment of Domestic Sewage by Biological Contact Oxidation of Different Packings Under Hypoxia

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Treatment of Domestic Sewage by Biological Contact Oxidation of Different Packings Under Hypoxia Desalination and Water Treatment 181 (2020) 188–196 www.deswater.com March doi: 10.5004/dwt.2020.25036 Treatment of domestic sewage by biological contact oxidation of different packings under hypoxia Chunhong Shia,b,*, Yao Zhanga,b, Xiaolong Huanga,b, Xinfei Zhanga,b aSchool of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China, emails: [email protected] (C.H. Shi), [email protected] (Y. Zhang), [email protected] (X.L. Huang), [email protected] (X.F. Zhang) bBeijing Key Laboratory of Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China Received 26 May 2019; Accepted 12 October 2019 abstract Treating low C/N domestic sewage is one of the difficult tasks in wastewater treatment. This study investigated the treatment of low C/N domestic sewage under low dissolved oxygen condition via self-built biological contact oxidation reactor with composite packing and polyurethane suspen- sion packing. Meanwhile, MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was performed on the microbial communities on the surface of the packing to analyze the changes in microbial community structure. The results showed that polyurethane suspension packing reactor had better removal efficacy on + NH4–N, TN and COD than the combined packing reactor, and only the effluent indexes of poly- urethane suspension packing reactor could reach the first-class A emission standard of Discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant (GB 18918-2002). The removal of biological phosphorus of the single-contact oxidation process was not ideal and could be combined with anaerobic reactor. The richness and diversity of the bacterial community in polyurethane sus- pension packing reactor was higher than those of composite packing reactor. Polyurethane suspen- sion packing reactor contained relatively richer nitrification-related flora Nitrospira, which provide better growth and reproduction conditions for the denitrification-related flora Betaproteobacteria and Denitratisoma. The large amount of facultative heterotrophic bacteria in Proteobacteria had a significant effect on the removal of organic pollutants. This study provides a theoretical basis for subsequent in-depth research and practical application. Keywords: Low dissolved oxygen; Low C/N domestic sewage; Packing; Biological contact oxidation; Microbial community structure 1. Introduction more carbon sources, which increases the cost of the waste- water treatment [5]. The biological contact oxidation method Water pollution is a primary problem that plagues social is an efficient sewage treatment process, which combines development and survival [1–3]. It is difficult to treat urban the characteristics of activated sludge method and biofilm sewage with low concentration and low C/N ratio in south- method, and has the advantages of simple management, less ern China. There are many problems with the traditional residual sludge, impact load resistance and stable treatment biological method used to treat low C/N domestic sewage, effect. It is widely used in the treatment of industrial waste- such as excessive aeration, insufficient organic carbon source water and decentralized domestic sewage in China [6,7]. Yin and low nitrogen removal efficiency [4]. If aeration is used et al. [8] used anaerobic baffled reactor and two-step biolog- to increase the dissolved oxygen (DO), it is necessary to add ical contact oxidation to treat dyeing wastewater. The COD, * Corresponding author. 1944-3994/1944-3986 © 2020 Desalination Publications. All rights reserved. C.H. Shi et al. / Desalination and Water Treatment 181 (2020) 188–196 189 BOD and color of the effluent met the requirements of indus- of the reactor is a plexiglass cylinder of H500 mm◊Φ150 mm trial emission standards [8]. (i.d.) with an effective volume of 8 L, and can be filled Packings can be used to remove contaminants in a vari- with contact packing. One side of the reactor has a water ety of ways, such as adsorption [9], biodegradation, chemical inlet near the bottom, and the other side has a water out- reactions, etc. El-Khateeb et al. [10] used non-woven sheets of let or sampling ports every 90 mm from top to bottom, five polyethylene terephthalate (that could be made from waste in total. The bottom is equipped with a drainpipe. A high- plastic bottles) as packings for UASB/DHNW combined sys- temperature- sintered bubble stone aerator is installed under tem to treat domestic sewage, effectively removing COD, the inlet nozzle near the bottom of the reactor, which can BOD, TSS and fecal coliforms [10]. The choice of packings be connected to an external air pump to realize oxygenation in biological contact oxidation processes is critical, requiring and aeration function. packings with high mechanical strength, hydraulic stability Two reactors was pre-packed and labeled as No. 1 and and specific surface area to allow more biofilms to adhere to No. 2. No. 1 reactor was filled with the composite packing, the packing. Especially under the condition of DO less than and No. 2 reactor was added with polyurethane suspended 2 mg/L, it is still able to attach, grow and maintain the high packing (recorded as 1# packing, 2# packing, respectively). activity of microorganisms [11,12]. The fill ratio of reactors No. 1 and No. 2 was 50% (packing In recent years, molecular biology methods such as gra- volume/reactor effective volume). Both packings (Fig. 2) dient gel electrophoresis, clone library and high-throughput were purchased from a packing plant in Beijing, and their sequencing have been widely used to study the microbial physical and chemical properties are shown in Table 1. Fig. 3 community structure and diversity in wastewater treatment. is the SEM for experimental selected packings. Polyurethane MiSeq high-throughput sequencing is based on Illumina’s suspension packing has a mesh structure inside with many sequencing technology. Simultaneous large-scale parallel voids and a smooth surface. The interior of composite pack- sequencing of millions of gene fragments by reversible termi- ing is branched and dense. nation reagent method enables accurate and rapid analysis of results and is therefore widely used in microbial commu- 2.2. Experimental operating parameters nity structure and diversity in wastewater treatment [13–15]. In this paper, a biological contact oxidation reactor experi- In the experiment, the inlet water of the reactor was mental device was designed. Under the condition of low DO manually distributed. The simulated domestic sewage was (1.5–2.0 mg/L), the treatment effect of two different packing mixed with NH4Cl, NaNO2, K2HPO4, potassium hydrogen biological contact oxidation processes on low C/N domestic phthalate and glucose. The inoculated sludge was taken sewage was investigated. MiSeq high-throughput sequenc- from the Gaobeidian sewage treatment plant. After the ing was used to analyze the microbial community structure preparation work was completed, the peristaltic pump and in different packings and to provide basic data and theoret- the outlet valve of the tower top were opened, and the sim- ical guidance for the development of a low C/N domestic ulated domestic sewage was taken out from the inlet tank wastewater process with good denitrification effect and low and pumped into the reactor to realize the continuous water energy consumption. inlet and outlet. The air pump was turned on, and the DO content in the reactor was controlled by the rotor regulating flow meter. 2. Materials and methods The biofilm was cultured from activated sludge inoc- ulation in the start-up phase of the bioreactor. We first 2.1. Experimental device and process used a high-concentration sewage to grow the biofilm, The experimental device and process of the biological and then used a low-concentration sewage to acclimate contact oxidation reactor are shown in Fig. 1. The main body the biofilm. After the reactor was operated for 30 d, the Outlet 1 Filler 2 Sampling port layer Oxidation reactor 3 4 Inlet Intake tank 5 Flowmeter Peristaltic pump Aeration pump Draining mud Fig. 1. Experimental device and process of the biological contact oxidation reactor. 190 C.H. Shi et al. / Desalination and Water Treatment 181 (2020) 188–196 (a) (b) Fig. 2. Experimental selected packings ((a) composite packing and (b) polyurethane suspension packing). Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of packings Sort Size (mm) Specific surface Porosity area (m2·m–3) (%) Composite packing Φ150 290–310 96 Polyurethane suspension packing D20 1,000–1,200 >99 a b Fig. 3. SEM for experimental selected packings ((a) composite packing and (b) polyurethane suspension packing). adhesion of the biofilm was enhanced, and the biochemical function became more efficient. At this time, the effluent 2.3. Analysis methods water became gradually clearer. When the removal rate + 2.3.1. Determination and analysis of water quality indicators of COD and NH4–N in the effluent was greater than 60%, the biofilm cultivation is successful [16]. After the reactor The concentration of COD in the influent and efflu- was stably operated, biological samples of the two packing ent water was determined by potassium dichromate rapid + surface biofilms were collected and analyzed for microbial digestion spectrophotometry. The concentration of NH4–N composition. The operating parameters and influent water was determined by Nessler’s reagent spectrophotometry. quality indicators of the biological contact oxidation
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