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Autotrophic Biological Nitrogen Removal in a Two-Stage System at Mainstream Conditions

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Autotrophic Biological Nitrogen Removal in a Two-Stage System at Mainstream Conditions ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en School of Engineering Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering AUTOTROPHIC BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL IN A TWO-STAGE SYSTEM AT MAINSTREAM CONDITIONS PhD Thesis in Environmental Science and Technology Supervised by: Dr. Julián Carrera Muyo Clara Reino Sánchez Bellaterra, September 2016 ©Clara Reino Sánchez, 2016 Autotrophic biological nitrogen removal in a two-stage system at mainstream conditions No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted in any means, without permission of the author, or when appropriate, of the publishers of the publications. Title: Autotrophic Biological Nitrogen Removal In A Two-Stage System At Mainstream Conditions Presented by: Clara Reino Sánchez Supervisors: Julián Carrera Muyo Doctoral Programme in Environmental Science and Technology, specialty in Environmental Technology. ICTA – Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals. Departament d’Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental. Escola d’Enginyeria. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra. Part of this work has been done at the Delft University of Technology (Delft, The Netherlands) under the supervision of Dr. J. Pérez Cañestro and Prof.Dr. M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. A Vito, Naso e Ana. CONTENTS Summary ……………………………………………………………………….…..………..vii Resumen ………………………………………………………………………………..….…ix List of Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols …………………………………………....xi CHAPTER 1. MOTIVATIONS AND THESIS OVERVIEW 1.1. Motivations ……………………………………………………………………….3 1.2. Thesis overview …………………………………………………………………..3 CHAPTER 2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2.1. The need of wastewater treatment ………………………………….………..…...7 2.2. Nitrogen removal in urban wastewater treatment plant .…………...…………......8 2.2.1. From activated sludge systems to the potential implementation of anammox in the mainstream 2.2.2. Implementation of anammox-based technologies for nitrogen removal in urban WWTPs: from sidestream to mainstream 2.3. The future of urban WWTPs ……………………..…………….………..…........16 CHAPTER 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS Objectives of the thesis ...……………………………………..…………….………..…........21 CHAPTER 4. GENERAL MATERIALS AND METHODS 4.1. Description of the reactors and experimental set-up …………………….……...25 4.1.1. Lab-scale airlift reactor 4.2.2. Lab-scale UASB reactor 4.2. Analytical methods ……………………………………………………………...27 4.2.1. Analysis of nitrogen species: ammonium, nitrite and nitrate 4.2.2. Chemical oxygen demand 4.2.3. Settling properties i 4.2.4. Total and volatile solids concentrations 4.3. Microbial analysis ……………………………………….………………………28 4.3.1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization 4.3.2. Pyrosequencing analysis CHAPTER 5. KINETIC AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AEROBIC GRANULES PERFORMING PARTIAL NITRITATION OF A LOW- STRENGTH WASTEWATER AT 10 °C Abstract………………………………………………………………..…………….…3 5.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………….……….37 5.2. Materials and Methods ……………..……………………………………...……38 5.2.1. Reactor set-up and operation 5.2.2. Inoculum and influent characteristics 5.2.3. Kinetic experiments 5.2.4. Fluorescence in situ hybridization 5.2.5. Pyrosequencing 5.2.6. Scanning electron microscopy 5.2.7. Specific analytical methods 5.3. Results and discussion ………………………………………………......……...43 5.3.1. Long-term operation at 10 °C 5.3.2. Kinetics 5.3.3. Microbial characterization 5.4. Conclusions ………………………………………………………………...…...57 CHAPTER 6. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON N2O PRODUCTION FROM A HIGHLY ENRICHED NITRIFYING GRANULAR SLUDGE PERFORMING PARTIAL NITRITATION AT MAINSTREAM CONDITIONS Abstract ………………………………………………...………………………….…61 6.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………...…………63 6.2. Materials and Methods …………………………………………………………..65 6.2.1. Configuration and operation phases of the reactor 6.2.2. Inoculum and influent characteristics ii 6.2.3. Specific analytical methods and N2O measurements 6.2.4. Calculation of the N2O production factors 6.2.4.1. Calculation of the N2O liquid concentration 6.2.5. Fluorescence in situ hybridization 6.3. Results and discussion ………………………………………………………..…71 6.3.1. Operation of the reactor 6.3.2. Microbial characterization of the granular sludge 6.3.3. Nitrous oxide production 6.4. Conclusions ……………………………………………………..……………….83 CHAPTER 7. DEVELOPMENT OF NITRATATION ACTIVITY AFTER THE LONG-TERM STABLE PARTIAL NITRITATION OF A LOW-STRENGTH WASTEWATER IN A GRANULAR AIRLIFT REACTOR Abstract ………………………..……………………………………………………..87 7.1.Introduction ………………………………………………………………………89 7.2. Materials and Methods ……………….………………………………………….91 7.2.1. Reactor set-up and operation 7.2.2. Inoculum and influent characteristics 7.2.3. Anammox activity batch test 7.2.4. Fluorescence in situ hybridization 7.2.5. Specific analytical methods and calculations 7.3. Results and discussion ..…………………………………………………………93 7.3.1. Reactor operation 7.3.2. Development of the nitratation activity 7.3.2.1. Effect of solid retention time 7.3.2.2. Growth of anammox bacteria 7.3.3. Microbial characterization 7.3.4. Development of an enriched NOB biofilm in the riser of the airlift reactor 7.4. Practical Implications …………..………………………………………………107 7.5. Conclusions …………………………………………………………………….108 iii CHAPTER 8. LOW-STRENGTH WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN AN ANAMMOX UASB REACTOR: EFFECT OF THE LIQUID UPFLOW VELOCITY Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………..111 8.1. Introduction ……….……………………………………………………………113 8.2. Materials and Methods …………………………………………………………115 8.2.1. Reactor, experimental set-up and operation 8.2.2. Inoculum and synthetic wastewater 8.2.3. Calculations 8.2.4. Fluorescence in situ hybridization 8.2.5. Specific analytical methods 8.3. Results and discussion …………………………………………………………119 8.3.1. Operation of the UAnSB reactor 8.3.2. Effect of the liquid upflow velocity on the operation of the UAnSB reactor 8.3.2.1. Granualation 8.3.2.2. External mass transfer limitations 8.4. Conclusions …………….………………………………………………………130 CHAPTER 9. STABLE LONG-TERM OPERATION OF AN ANAMMOX UASB REACTOR AT MAINSTREAM CONDITIONS Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………..133 9.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………….135 9.2. Materials and Methods …………………………………………………………136 9.2.1. Reactor set-up and operation 9.2.2. Inoculum and wastewater characteristics 9.2.3. Maximum specific heterotrophic activity 9.2.4. Inorganic elements analysis 9.2.5. Calculations 9.2.6. Fluorescence in situ hybridization 9.2.7. Pyrosequencing 9.2.8. Specific analytical methods 9.3. Results ………….………………………………………………………………141 iv 9.3.1. Operation of the UAnSB reactor at low temperatures 9.3.2. Physicochemical characterization of the sludge bed 9.3.3. Microbial characterization of the sludge bed 9.4. Discussion ………………………………………………………………...……154 9.4.1. Effect of low temperature on the anammox activity 9.4.2. Effect of the real urban wastewater on the anammox activity 9.5. Conclusions ……………..………………………………………………...……162 CHAPTER 10. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. General conclusions ……………………...…………………………………………………165 CHAPTER 11. REFERENCES. References …………………………………………………………………………………..169 Annex I ……………………………………………………………………………………..187 Annex II……………………………………………………………………………….……197 v vi SUMMARY Urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are widely implemented over the industrialized world since urban wastewater treatment is needed before the discharge of the wastewater into the environment. In conventional activated sludge systems, nitrogen compounds are biologically removed through autotrophic nitrification and heterotrophic denitrification with a good effluent quality. Nevertheless, such treatment requires a lot of energy due to the aeration needed for nitrification and uses most of the organic matter for denitrification instead of producing biogas. For achieving an energy-neutral or even energy- positive urban WWTP the implementation of autotrophic biological nitrogen removal (BNR) in the mainstream has been proposed. Hence, the urban wastewater treatment would consist of a first step (A-Stage), where all the organic matter is removed and derived to biogas production, and a second step (B-Stage), where the nitrogen is removed through the autotrophic BNR process. Autotrophic BNR is a two-step process. First, half of the ammonium contained in the wastewater is oxidized to nitrite under aerobic conditions in a process called partial nitritation (PN); and secondly, the rest of the ammonium and nitrite generated are converted to dinitrogen gas through the anammox process without the need of oxygen and organic matter. Autotrophic BNR has been successfully applied for treating some industrial wastewaters and reject water from digested sludge (high-strength and warm wastewaters). However, it has never been applied in the mainstream of an urban WWTP (low-strength and cold wastewater) since mainstream conditions are more disadvantageous for the process. So far researchers have focused on implementing the autotrophic BNR in one-stage systems, where the whole process takes place in one single reactor. However,
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