Complete Table of Contents

VOLUME I

1900 Boxer Rebellion Fails to Remove Foreign Control in China, The ��1 1902 Philippines Ends Its Uprising Against the United States, The ... ��4 1903 Reformers Expose Atrocities Against Congolese Laborers ��7 1903 Pankhurst Founds the Women’s Social and Political Union, The ��11 1903 Panama Declares Independence from Colombia ��15 1904 International Agreement Attacks the White Slave Trade ��18 1905 Supreme Court Disallows a Maximum Hours Law for Bakers ��21 1905 Black Leaders Call for Equal Rights at the Niagara Falls Conference ��24 1906 Upton Sinclair Publishes The Jungle ��28 1906-1907 Iranian Constitution Bars Non-Muslims from Cabinet Positions, The ��32 1906 British Labour Party is Formed, The ��35 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act Become Law, The ��38 1906 Finland Grants Woman Suffrage ��42 1906 Bern Conference Prohibits Night Work for Women, The ��45 1906 Japan Protests Segregation of Japanese in California Schools ... ��49 1906 Muslim League Attempts to Protect Minority Interests in India, The ��52 1907 Legal Norms of Behavior in Warfare Formulated by the Hague Conference ��55 1908 Young Turk Movement Stages a Constitutional Coup in Turkey, The ��59 1908 Belgian Government Annexes the Congo, The ��62 1911 Students Challenge Corporal Punishment in British Schools ��66 1911 Sun Yat-sen Overthrows the Ch’ing Dynasty ��70 1911 Intellectuals Form the Society of American Indians ��73 1912 Massachusetts Adopts the First Minimum-Wage Law in the United States ��76 1912 Children’s Bureau is Founded, The ��79 1912 U.S. Marines Are Sent to Nicaragua to Quell Unrest ��83 1914 Ford Offers a Five-Dollar, Eight-Hour Workday ��87 1915-1920’s Armenians Suffer Genocide During World War I ��91 1915 Defense of India Act Impedes the Freedom Struggle, The ��94 1915 Germany First Uses Lethal Chemical Weapons on the Western Front ��98 1915 Women’s Institutes Are Founded in Great Britain ��102 1916 Brandeis Becomes the First Jewish Member of the Supreme Court ��105 1916 Easter Rebellion Fails to Win Irish Independence, The ��108 1916 Sanger Opens the First Birth-Control Clinic in the United States ��112 1916 Rankin Becomes the First Woman Elected to Congress ��115 1917 Mexican Constitution Establishes an Advanced Labor Code, The ��119 1917-1918 Bolsheviks Deny All Rights to the Russian Orthodox Church ��123 1917-1920 Baltic States Fight for Independence, The ��126 1917-1920 Finland Gains Independence from the Soviet Union ��128 1917-1924 Lenin and the Communists Impose the “Red Terror” ��132 1917 Lenin Leads the Russian Revolution ��136 1917 Congress Prohibits Immigration of Illiterates over Age Sixteen ��140

IX Complete Table of Contents Human Rights

1917 Balfour Declaration Supports a Jewish Homeland in Palestine, The ��142 1918-1919 Germans Revolt and Form Socialist Government ��146 1918 Parliament Grants Suffrage to British Women ��149 1919 Paris Peace Conference Includes Protection for Minorities, The ��152 1919-1920 “Palmer Raids” Lead to Arrests and Deportations of Immigrants ��156 1919 Soldiers Massacre Indian Civilians in Amritsar ��159 1919 League of Nations is Established, The ��163 1919 Students Demonstrate for Reform in China’s May Fourth Movement ��166 1919 International Labour Organization is Established, The ��169 1919 Saint-Germain-en-Laye Convention Attempts to Curtail Slavery, The ��173 1919-1920 Steel Workers Go on Strike to Demand Improved Working Conditions ��177 1920’s Ku Klux Klan Spreads Terror in the South, The ��180 1920 Advisory Councils Give Botswana Natives Limited Representation ��184 1920-1921 Ireland is Granted Home Rule and Northern Ireland is Created ��187 1920-1922 Gandhi Leads a Noncooperation Movement ��190 1920-1925 Great Britain Passes Acts to Provide Unemployment Benefits ��193 1920 American Civil Liberties Union is Founded, The ��197 1920 League of Women Voters is Founded, The ��200 1920 Nineteenth Amendment Gives American Women the Right to Vote, The ��203 1921 Capital Punishment is Abolished in Sweden ��207 1921-1924 Immigration Act of 1921 Imposes a National Quota System, The ��210 1921, 1925 Sanger Organizes Conferences on Birth Control ��213 1922 Nansen Wins the Nobel Peace Prize ��216 1923 Martial Law is Declared in Oklahoma in Response to KKK Violence ��220 1923 Nevada and Montana Introduce the Old-Age Pension ��223 1924 Congress Establishes a Border Patrol ��226 1924 U.S. Immigration Act Imposes Quotas Based on National Origins, A ��229 1924-1925 Hitler Writes Mein Kampf ��232 1925-1926 Mussolini Seizes Dictatorial Powers in Italy ��236 1925-1935 Women’s Rights in India Undergo a Decade of Change ��239 1925-1977 Pahlavi Shahs Attempt to Modernize Iran, The ��242 1925 Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming Becomes the First Female Governor ��246 1925 Japan Ends Property Restrictions on Voting Rights ��249 1925 Germany Attempts to Restructure the Versailles Treaty ��252 1926 British Workers Go on General Strike ��256 1926 League of Nations Adopts the International Slavery Convention, The ��260 1928 Minimum Age for Female British Voters is Lowered, The ��263 1930 Gandhi Leads the Salt March ��266 1931 Statute of Westminster Creates the Commonwealth, The ��269 1931 India Signs the Delhi Pact ��273 1932 El Salvador’s Military Massacres Civilians in La Matanza ��276 1932 Poona Pact Grants Representation to India’s Untouchables, The ��279 1933 Japan Withdraws from the League of Nations ��283 1933 Hitler Uses Reichstag Fire to Suspend Civil and Political Liberties ��286 1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt Appoints Perkins as Secretary of Labor ��290 1933 Nazi Concentration Camps Go into Operation ��293 1934 Indian Reorganization Act Offers Autonomy to American Indians, The ��296 1934 Stalin Begins Purging Political Opponents ��299 1935 Wagner Act Requires Employers to Accept Collective Bargaining, The ��302 1935 Social Security Act Establishes Benefits for Nonworking People ��305 X Human Rights Complete Table of Contents

1935 Social Security Act Provides Grants for Dependent Children ��309 1936 Consumers Union of the United States Emerges ��312 1936 Corporatism Comes to Paraguay and the Americas ��316 1937-1938 Japanese Troops Brutalize Chinese After the Capture of Nanjing ��319 1938 Congress of Industrial Organizations is Formed, The ��322 1938 HUAC Begins Investigating Suspected Communists ��326 1939 First Food Stamp Program Begins in Rochester, New York, The ��329 1939 Stalin Reduces the Russian Orthodox Church to Virtual Extinction ��332 1940-1943 Soviets Massacre Polish Prisoners of War in the Katyn Forest ��335 1941 Ho Chi Minh Organizes the Viet Minh ��339 1941 Roosevelt Outlaws Discrimination in Defense-Industry Employment ��342 1941 Atlantic Charter Declares a Postwar Right of Self-Determination, The ��345 1942 International League for Human Rights is Founded, The ��349 1942 Roosevelt Approves Internment of Japanese Americans ��352 1942 Congress of Racial Equality Forms, The ��356 1942 Ethiopia Abolishes Slavery ��359 1943-1948 Soviets Take Control of Eastern Europe ��363 1943 CORE Stages a Sit-in in Chicago to Protest Segregation ��367 1943 Zoot-Suit Riots Exemplify Ethnic Tensions in Los Angeles ��370 1943 Supreme Court Rules That States Cannot Compel Flag Salutes ��373 1943 Race Riots Erupt in Detroit and Harlem ��376 1943 Citizens Rescue Danish Jews from Germans ��380 1944 French Women Get the Vote ��383 1945 French Quell an Algerian Nationalist Revolt, The ��386 1945 United Nations Adopts Its Charter, The ��390 1945-1946 Japanese Commander is Ruled Responsible for His Troops’ Actions, A ��393 1945-1946 Nazi War Criminals Are Tried in Nuremberg ��396 1946 Perón Creates a Populist Political Alliance in Argentina ��399 1946 World Health Organization Proclaims Health as a Basic Right, The ��403 1946-1954 Nationalist Vietnamese Fight Against French Control of Indochina, The ��406 1946 United Nations Children’s Fund is Established, The ��409 1946 Spain is Denied Entrance into the United Nations ��413 1947 House Committee on Un-American Activities Investigates Hollywood, The ��417 1947-1951 Marshall Plan Provides Aid to Europe, The ��420 1947 Robinson Breaks the Color Line in Organized Baseball ��424 1947 CORE Stages the “Journey of Reconciliation” ��428 1947 Japanese Constitution Grants New Rights to Women ��432 1947 India Gains Independence ��435

VOLUME II

1948 Gaitan’s Assassination Sparks La Violencia in Colombia ��439 1948 Indian Government Bans Discrimination Against Untouchables, The ��442 1948 Palestinian Refugees Flee to Neighboring Arab Countries ��450 1948 Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man is Adopted, The ��449 1948 Israel is Created as a Homeland for Jews ��453 1948 Autoworkers Negotiate a Contract with a Cost-of-Living Provision ��455 XI Complete Table of Contents Human Rights

1948 United States Airlifts Supplies to West Berlin, The ��458 1948 Truman Orders Desegregation of U.S. Armed Forces ��462 1948 United Nations Adopts a Convention on the Crime of Genocide, The ��466 1948 United Nations Adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The ��470 1949 Hundreds of Thousands Leave East Germany for the West ��473 1949 Spanish Becomes the Language of Instruction in Puerto Rico ��477 1949 Geneva Convention Establishes Norms of Conduct in Warfare, The ��480 1949 United Nations Creates an Agency to Aid Palestinian Refugees, The ��484 1950’s U.S. Government Encourages Native Americans to Settle in Cities ��488 1950 China Initiates a Genocide Policy Toward Tibetans ��492 1950 Israel Enacts the Law of Return, Granting Citizenship to Immigrants ��495 1950 China Occupies Tibet ��498 1950 European Convention on Human Rights is Signed, The ��501 1950 European Court of Human Rights is Established, The ��505 1950 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Statute is Approved, The ��508 1951 South Africa Begins a System of Separate Development ��512 1951 U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees is Adopted, The ��515 1951 Jouhaux is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ��519 1951 Organization of American States is Established, The ��522 1952 U.N. Convention on the Political Rights of Women Is Approved, The ��526 1952 Mau Mau Uprising Creates Havoc in Kenya, The ��529 1953 Government Policies Seek to End the Special Status of Native Americans ��533 1953-1956 United Nations Amends Its International Slavery Convention, The ��536 1953 Schweitzer Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ��539 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Ends Public School Segregation ��543 1954 United Nations Drafts a Convention on Stateless Persons, The ��546 1955-1956 Indian Parliament Approves Women’s Rights Legislation, The ��550 1955-1956 Presbyterian and Methodist Churches Approve Ordination of Women ��553 1955 United Nations Sets Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, The ��556 1955 Sudanese Civil War Erupts, The ��560 1955-1956 Parks is Arrested for Refusing to Sit in the Back of the Bus ��563 1956 Khrushchev Implies That Stalinist Excesses Will Cease ��567 1956 Mao Delivers His “Speech of One Hundred Flowers” ��571 1956 Egypt Attempts to Nationalize the Suez Canal ��574 1956 Hungarian Uprising is Quelled by Soviet Military Forces, A ��578 1957 SCLC Forms to Link Civil Rights Groups, The ��581 1957 Ghana Gains Independence ��585 1957 United Nations Adopts the Abolition of Forced Labor Convention, The ��588 1957 Wolfenden Report Recommends Decriminalizing Homosexual Acts, The ��592 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Creates the Commission on Civil Rights, The ��595 1957 Eisenhower Sends Troops to Little Rock, Arkansas ��599 1957 Papa Doc Duvalier Takes Control of Haiti ��602 1958 Mao’s Great Leap Forward Causes Famine and Social Dislocation ��606 1958 Pire is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ��609 1959 Castro Takes Power in Cuba ��613 1959 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights is Created, The ��616 1959 United Nations Adopts the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, The ��620 1960s Cubans Flee to Florida and Receive Assistance ��623 1960s Iraqi Government Promotes Genocide of Kurds, The ��627 1960 Greensboro Sit-ins Launch a New Stage in the Civil Rights Movement ��630 XII Human Rights Complete Table of Contents

1960 International Organization of Consumers Unions is Founded, The ��634 1960 Riots Erupt as Katanga Province Secedes from the Congo ��638 1960 United Nations Intervenes in the Congolese Civil War, The ��641 1960 Canadian Bill of Rights Prohibits Sexual Discrimination ��644 1960 Cyprus Gains Independence ��648 1961 Tamil Federal Party Agitates for Greater Language Rights, The ��652 1961 United States Peace Corps is Founded, The ��655 1961 Eichmann is Tried for War Crimes ��659 1961-1963 Pope John XXIII Issues “Mater et Magistra” and “Pacem in Terris” ��662 1961 Amnesty International is Founded ��666 1961 Berlin Wall is Built, The ��669 1961 Nonaligned Movement Meets, The ��672 1961 European Social Charter is Signed, The ��676 1961 Lutuli is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ��679 1962-1965 Council of Federated Organizations Registers Blacks to Vote, The ��683 1962 Algeria Gains Independence ��687 1962 Chávez Forms Farm Workers’ Union and Leads Grape Pickers’Strike ��690 1962 Meredith’s Enrollment Integrates the University of Mississippi ��694 1963 Equal Pay Act Becomes Law, The ��697 1963-1970 Soviet Jews Demand Cultural and Religious Rights ��700 1963 Gideon v. Wainwright Establishes Defendants’ Right to an Attorney ��703 1963 Civil Rights Protesters Attract International Attention ��707 1963 Organization of African Unity is Founded, The ��711 1963 Martin Luther King, Jr., Delivers His “I Have a Dream” Speech ��714 1963 Legislation Ushers in a New Era of Care for the Mentally Disabled ��718 1963 United Nations Issues a Declaration on Racial Discrimination, The ��721 1963 Greek and Turkish Inhabitants of Cyprus Clash over Political Rights ��724 1964-1979 Zimbabwe’s Freedom Fighters Topple White Supremacist Government ��728 1964 Twenty-fourth Amendment Outlaws Poll Taxes, The ��732 1964 United Nations Peace Force is Deployed in Cyprus, A ��735 1964 Palestinian Refugees Form the Palestine Liberation Organization ��738 1964 Three Civil Rights Workers are Murdered ��741 1964 Congress Passes the Civil Rights Act ��744 1964 Martin Luther King, Jr., Wins the Nobel Peace Prize ��748 1964 Discrimination in Accommodations is Forbidden by the U.S. Supreme Court ��751 1965 Nader Publishes Unsafe at Any Speed ��754 1965-1980’s Civil War Ravages Chad ��758 1965 Martin Luther King, Jr., Leads a March from Selma to Montgomery ��761 1965 Head Start is Established ��765 1965 Supreme Court Rules That State Laws Cannot Ban Contraceptives, The ��768 1965 Congress Passes the Voting Rights Act ��772 1965 African Americans Riot in Watts ��775 1965 Indonesia’s Government Retaliates Against a Failed Communist Coup ��778 1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act is Passed by Congress, The ��781 1965 British Parliament Votes to Abolish the Death Penalty, The ��784 1966 Canada Develops a National Health Plan ��788 1966 National Organization for Women Forms to Protect Women’s Rights, The ��791 1966-1976 Chinese Cultural Revolution Starts a Wave of Repression, The ��794 1966 Congress Requires Cigarette Warning Labels ��798 1966 Miranda v. Arizona Requires Police to Tell Arrested People Their Rights ��801 XIII Complete Table of Contents Human Rights

1966 Black Panther Party is Organized, The ��804 1966 U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is Adopted, The ��807 1967 Greek Coup Leads to a Military Dictatorship, A ��811 1967-1970 Secession of Biafra Starts a Nigerian Civil War, The ��814 1967 Kerner Commission Explores the Causes of Civil Disorders, The ��817 1967 Race Rioting Erupts in Detroit ��820 1967 Marshall Becomes the First Black Supreme Court Justice ��823 1967 Zero Population Growth Movement Spurs Environmental Consciousness, The ��827 1967 United Nations Issues a Declaration on Equality for Women, The ��830 1967 Congress Enacts the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ��833 1968 Congress Enacts the Bilingual Education Act ��836 1968-1989 Brezhnev Doctrine Bans Acts of Independence in Soviet Satellites, The ��840 1968 Civil Rights Act of 1968 Outlaws Discrimination in Housing, The ��844 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr., is Assassinated in Memphis ��847 1968 Leftists Rebel in France ��851 1968 Proclamation of Teheran Sets Human Rights Goals, The ��854 1968 Congress Passes the Architectural Barriers Act ��857 1968 Soviets Invade Czechoslovakia ��860 1968 Chicago Riots Mar the Democratic Convention ��864 1968 Chisholm Becomes the First Black Woman Elected to Congress ��868 1968 Statute of Limitations is Ruled Not Applicable to War Crimes, The ��871 1968 Cassin is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ��874 1968 Brazil Begins a Period of Intense Repression ��878

VOLUME III

1969 Supreme Court Extends Protection Against Double Jeopardy, The ��883 1969 Riots Against Police Harassment Launch the Gay Rights Movement ��885 1969 British Troops Restore Order in Northern Ireland ��889 1969 African Convention Expands the Definition of Refugees, An ��892 1969 NIMH Task Force Recommends Legalizing Homosexual Behavior, A ��896 1969 Inter-American Court of Human Rights is Established, The ��899 1969 International Labour Organisation Wins the Nobel Peace Prize, The ��903 1970 Borlaug Receives the Nobel Prize for Work on World Hunger ��906 1970-1971 U.S. Voting Age is Lowered to Eighteen, The ��909 1970 Cigarette Advertising is Banned from American Television and Radio ��913 1970 Four Students Are Killed at Kent State by the National Guard ��916 1970 Congress Ratifies the National Council on Indian Opportunity ��920 1970 Canada Invokes the War Measures Act Against Separatists in Quebec ��923 1970 Moscow Human Rights Committee is Founded, The ��927 1970 Lieutenant Calley is Court-Martialed for the Massacre at My Lai ��930 1970 Congress Passes the Clean Air Act Amendments ��934 1970 Chávez is Jailed for Organizing an Illegal Lettuce Boycott ��938 1970 Blue Lake Region in New Mexico is Returned to the Taos Pueblo, The ��942 1970 Family Planning Services Act Extends Access to Birth Control and Women’s Healthcare, The ��945 1970 Congress Passes the Occupational Safety and Health Act ��948 1971 Sri Lankans Promote Nationalism ��951 XIV Human Rights Complete Table of Contents

1971-1974 FBI and CIA Interference in the Civil Rights Movement is Revealed ��955 1971 Amin Regime Terrorizes Uganda, The ��958 1971 Women in Switzerland are Granted the Right to Vote ��960 1971 Conflicts in Pakistan Lead to the Secession of Bangladesh ��964 1971 Supreme Court Bans Employment Tests with Discriminatory Effects, The ��967 1971 Incarcerated Mental Patients are Given a Right to Treatment ��970 1971 Supreme Court Endorses Busing as a Means to End Segregation, The ��974 1971 Prisoners Riot in Attica ��977 1971 Parents Anonymous is Established to Treat Abusive Parents ��980 1971 United Nations Declares Rights for the Intellectually Disabled, The ��983 1972 Congress Passes the Equal Employment Opportunity Act ��986 1972-1982 Equal Rights Amendment Passes Congress but Fails to Be Ratified, The ��989 1972 Nations Agree to Rules on Biological Weapons ��993 1972 Burundi’s Government Commits Genocide of the Bahutu Majority ��997 1972 Supreme Court Abolishes the Death Penalty, The ��1000 1972 Marcos Declares Martial Law in the Philippines ��1003 1972 Arab Terrorists Murder Eleven Israeli Olympic Athletes in Munich ��1007 1973 Vietnam Releases United States Prisoners of War ��1011 1973-1978 Supreme Court Rejects Racial Quotas in College Admissions, The ��1014 1973 Roe v. Wade Expands Reproductive Choice for American Women ��1017 1973 Native Americans Occupy Wounded Knee ��1021 1973 Oppressive Military Rule Comes to Democratic Uruguay, An ��1025 1973 Emergency Provisions (Northern Ireland) Act is Passed, The ��1028 1973 Allende is Overthrown in a Chilean Military Coup ��1031 1973 Congress Responds to Demands of Persons with Disabilities ��1035 1973 United Nations Votes to Suppress and Punish Apartheid, The ��1038 1973 Homosexuality is Removed from the APA List of Psychiatric Disorders ��1041 1974 Medical Group Helps Gather Evidence of Torture in Greece and Chile, ��1045 1974 Congress Passes the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act ��1048 1974 Revolution Erupts in Ethiopia ��1052 1974 Solzhenitsyn is Expelled from the Soviet Union ��1056 1974 United States Grants Amnesty to Vietnam War Draft Evaders, The ��1059 1974 U.N. Declaration on Hunger and Malnutrition is Adopted, A ��1062 1975 Congress Enacts the Education for All Handicapped Children Act ��1066 1975 Southern Schools are Found to be the Least Racially Segregated ��1069 1975 Khmer Rouge Take Over Cambodia ��1072 1975 World Conference on Women Sets an International Agenda, The ��1076 1975 Civil Service Decides That Gay People are Fit for Public Service, The ��1079 1975 Helsinki Agreement Offers Terms for International Cooperation, The ��1082 1975 Congress Extends Voting Rights Reforms ��1086 1975 Congress Requires Bilingual Elections to Protect Minority Rights ��1089 1975 Congress Votes to Admit Women to the Armed Services Academies ��1093 1975 Declaration of Tokyo Forbids Medical Abuses and Torture, The ��1096 1975 East Timor Declares Independence but is Annexed by Indonesia ��1099 1975 U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons is Adopted, The ��1103 1975 United Nations Issues a Declaration Against Torture, The ��1106 1975 Sakharov is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ��1109 1976 India Adopts Compulsory Birth Control ��1113 1976-1979 Argentine Military Conducts a “Dirty War” Against Leftists, The ��1117

XV Complete Table of Contents Human Rights

1976 IRA Prisoner Dies in an English Prison After a Hunger Strike, An ��1121 1976 Inuit File Claim to a Section of Canadian Territory ��1124 1976 Students in Soweto Rebel Against the White Government ��1128 1977 Biko is Murdered by Interrogators in South Africa ��1131 1977 WHO Sets a Goal of Health for All by the Year 2000 ��1135 1977 Zia Establishes Martial Law in Pakistan ��1138 1977-1981 Carter Makes Human Rights a Central Theme of Foreign Policy ��1141 1977-1981 Soviet Citizens’ Group Investigates Political Abuses of Psychiatry ��1144 1977 Soviets Crack Down on Moscow’s Helsinki Watch Group ��1148 1977 Spain Holds Its First Free Elections Since the Civil War ��1151 1977 Misuse of Psychiatry Is Addressed by the Declaration of Hawaii ��1155 1977 Two Founders of Peace People Win the Nobel Peace Prize ��1158 1977 United Nations Imposes an Arms Embargo on South Africa, The ��1161 1977 Sadat Becomes the First Arab Leader to Visit Israel ��1164 1977 Dissident Writer Mihajlov is Released from Prison ��1168 1977 Amnesty International is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ��1172 1978 Toxic Waste is Discovered at Love Canal ��1175 1978-1980 Lawyers’ Union Demands Justice and Political Reform in Syria, A ��1179 1978-1985 Indigenous Indians Become the Target of Guatemalan Death Squads ��1182 1978 European Court of Human Rights Rules on Mistreatment of Prisoners, The ��1186 1978 China Publicizes and Promises to Correct Abuses of Citizens’ Rights ��1189 1978 Italy Legalizes Abortion ��1192 1978 World Conference Condemns Racial Discrimination, A ��1195 1978 International Health Conference Adopts the Declaration of Alma-Ata, An ��1198 1978 Sadat and Begin are Jointly Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ��1201 1979 United Nations Issues a Declaration on South Africa, The ��1205 1979-1985 Khomeini Uses Executions to Establish a New Order in Iran ��1208 1979 Zulkifar Ali Bhutto is Hanged Despite Pleas from World Leaders ��1211 1979 Thatcher Becomes Great Britain’s First Female Prime Minister ��1214 1979 Supreme Court Upholds an Affirmative-Action Program, The ��1217 1979 Somoza is Forced Out of Power in Nicaragua ��1221 1979 United Nations Issues a Conduct Code for Law Enforcement Officials,The ��1224 1979-1981 Iranian Revolutionaries Hold Americans Hostage ��1227 1979 Mother Teresa is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ��1231 1979 U.N. Convention Condemns Discrimination Against Women, A ��1235 1979 Soviets Invade Afghanistan ��1237 1980’s Tamil Separatist Violence Erupts in Sri Lanka ��1241 1980-1990’s Hong Kong Residents Pressure Great Britain on Passport Issue ��1244 1980 Basques are Granted Home Rule but Continue to Fight for Independence ��1248 1980 Superfund is Established to Pay for Hazardous Waste Cleanup ��1251 1980-1983 Commission Studies Ethical and Legal Problems in Medicine and Research ��1255 1980 Sixty-three Persons are Beheaded for Attacking Mecca’s Grand Mosque ��1258 1980 Race Riot Breaks Out in Miami, Protesting Police Brutality ��1262 1980 Paraguayan Torturer is Found Guilty of Violating the Law of Nations, A ��1265 1980 Solidarity Leads Striking Polish Workers ��1268 1981 Missouri Program Provides Aid to Parents of Preschoolers, A ��1272 1981-1984 U.S. Court of Appeals Affirms the Navy’s Ban on Homosexuality, The ��1274 1981 World Health Organization Adopts a Code on Breast-Milk Substitutes, The ��1279 1981 OAU Adopts the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, The ��1283

XVI Human Rights Complete Table of Contents

1981 O’Connor Becomes the First Female Supreme Court Justice ��1285 1981 United Nations Votes to Protect Freedoms of Religion and Belief, The ��1289 1982 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is Enacted, The ��1292 1982 Palestinian Civilians are Massacred in West Beirut ��1296 1982 U.N. Principles of Medical Ethics Include Prevention of Torture, The ��1299 1982-1988 United Nations Responds to Problems of the Homeless, The ��1302 1983 Nigeria Expels West African Migrant Workers ��1306 1983 National Commission Against Torture Studies Human Rights Abuses, The ��1310 1983 Barbie Faces Charges for Nazi War Crimes ��1314 1983 Opposition Leader Benigno Aquino is Assassinated ��1317 1983 Amnesty International Adopts a Program for the Prevention of Torture ��1321 1983 Jackson Becomes the First Major Black Candidate for U.S. President ��1324

VOLUME IV

1984 Sikhs in Punjab Revolt ��1329 1984 New York State Imposes the First Mandatory Seat-Belt Law ��1331 1984 APA Report Discusses the Homeless Mentally Ill, An ��1335 1984 Indira Gandhi is Assassinated ��1338 1984 Lethal Gas Kills Thousands in Bhopal, India ��1342 1984 Tutu Wins the Nobel Peace Prize ��1345 1985 Gorbachev Initiates a Policy of Glasnost ��1349 1985-1991 Minnesota Parents are Given Broader Choices in Public Education ��1353 1985 First Female Conservative Rabbi is Ordained, The ��1357 1985 French Government Agents Sink a Greenpeace Ship ��1360 1985 Manville Offers $2.5 Billion to Victims of Asbestos Dust ��1364 1985 Argentine Leaders are Convicted of Human Rights Violations ��1367 1986 Marcos Flees the Philippines ��1370 1986 Wiesel is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ��1374 1986 Muslims Riot Against Russians in Kazakhstan ��1377 1987 Black Workers in South Africa Go on Strike ��1381 1987 Fiji’s Elected Government is Ousted by the Military ��1384 1987-1991 Government-Supported Death Squads Quash J VP Insurrection in Sri Lanka ��1388 1987 Supreme Court Rules that Laws Can Force Groups to Admit Women, The ��1391 1987 Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act Becomes Law, The ��1394 1987 Palestinian Intifada Begins, The ��1397 1987 Arias Sánchez Is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ��1401 1987 A. H. Robins Must Compensate Women Injured by the Dalkon Shield ��1405 1988 Ethnic Riots Erupt in Armenia ��1408 1988 Hunger Becomes a Weapon in the Sudanese Civil War ��1411 1988 New York Opens “Shock” Incarceration Camps for Female Prisoners ��1415 1988 Government Mandates Collection of Data on Crimes Against Homosexuals ��1418 1988 Israel Convicts Demjanjuk of Nazi War Crimes ��1421 1988 Canada Passes the Tobacco Products Control Act ��1425 1988 Jury Awards Monetary Damages to the Estate of a Smoker, A ��1428 1988 Ethnic Unrest Breaks Out in Yugoslavian Provinces ��1431

XVII Complete Table of Contents Human Rights

1988 Congress Formally Apologizes to Japanese Internees ��1435 1988 Iraq’s Government Uses Poison Gas Against Kurdish Villagers ��1438 1988 Benazir Bhutto Becomes the First Woman Elected to Lead a Muslim Country ��1441 1988 Namibia is Liberated from South African Control ��1445 1989 Amnesty International Exposes the Cruelty of the Death Penalty ��1448 1989 Hungary Adopts a Multiparty System ��1452 1989 Kashmir Separatists Demand an End to Indian Rule ��1455 1989 Kenyan Government Cracks Down on Dissent, The ��1458 1989 Oregon Legislates Guaranteed Basic Health Care for the Uninsured ��1462 1989 Anti-Abortion Groups Challenge Abortion Laws ��1465 1989 Soviet Troops Leave Afghanistan ��1469 1989 U.S. Surgeon General Reports on Tobacco and Health, The ��1472 1989 Vietnamese Troops Withdraw from Cambodia ��1475 1989 Presidential Candidates are Killed in Colombian Violence ��1478 1989 Soviet Farmers are Given Control of Land and Selection of Crops ��1482 1989 Solidarity Regains Legal Status in Poland ��1485 1989 Demonstrators Gather in Tiananmen Square ��1490 1989 National Organization for Women Sponsors an Abortion Rights Rally, The ��1497 1989 Helsinki Watch Report Proposes Reform of Refugee Laws, A ��1501 1989 Poland Forms a Non-Communist Government ��1504 1989 Supreme Court Rules on Execution of the Intellectually Disabled and Young, The ��1508 1989 Texas’ Method of Funding Public Schools is Ruled Unconstitutional ��1510 1989 Wilder Becomes the First Elected Black Governor ��1514 1989 Berlin Wall Falls, The ��1518 1989 United Nations Adopts the Convention on the Rights of the Child, The ��1518 1989 Tibet’s Dalai Lama is Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ��1521 1989 Voters in Chile End Pinochet’s Military Rule ��1525 1989 Ceausescu is Overthrown in Romania ��1528 1990 Albania Opens Its Borders to Foreign Nationals ��1532 1990 Mandela is Freed ��1536 1990 Sandinistas are Defeated in Nicaraguan Elections ��1539 1990 Soviet Troops Withdraw from Czechoslovakia ��1543 1990 Lithuania Declares Its Independence from the Soviet Union ��1543 1990 Algeria Holds Its First Free Multiparty Elections ��1551 1990 Gorbachev Agrees to Membership of a United Germany in NATO ��1554 1990 Congress Passes the Americans with Disabilities Act ��1557 1990 Iraq Invades and Ravages Kuwait ��1561 1991 De Klerk Promises to Topple Apartheid Legislation ��1565 1991 Yugoslav Army Shells Dubrovnik ��1568 1991 Demise of the U.S.S.R. Paves the Way for Reforms in Former Soviet Union ��1572 1992 Riots Erupt in L.A. after the Four LAPD Officers who Beat Rodney King areAcquitted ��1576 1993 The Candelária Massacre Focuses Attention on the Plight of Brazil’s Street Children ��1580 1995 The Dayton Peace Accords are Held in Ohio ��1583 1998 The United States Passes the International Religious Freedom Act ��1586 2000 Millennium Development Goals are Established ��1589 2000 The U.S. Passes the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act ��1593 2000 The Taliban Destroys Religious and Historical Artifacts and Perpetrates Violence against Women 1596 2001 The U.S. Launches a “War on Terror” in Iraq and Afghanistan in Response to 9/11 ��1599 2001 The World Conference against Racism is Held in South Africa ��1603

XVIII Human Rights Complete Table of Contents

2002 Milošević is Charged with War Crimes and Genocide in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo ��1606 2002 The International Criminal Court is Established ��1608 2003 The United Nations passes the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families ��1612 2003 .Japan Passes Law Requiring Sterilization of Transgender People in Order to Achieve Official Recognition ��1616 2004 Abu Ghraib Prisoner Abuse Becomes Public ��1619 2004 The First Same-Sex Marriage is Performed in Massachusetts ��1622 2004-2005 The Orange Revolution Breaks out in Ukraine ��1625 2004-2005 The Sudanese Government Commits Genocide in Darfur ��1629 2005 The Cedar Revolution Breaks out in Lebanon ��1632 2006 The Global Internet Freedom Consortium is Founded ��1634 2006 The United Nations forms the International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala ��1638 2006 The UN Passes a Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ��1641 2006 The UN Human Rights Commission is Reformed as the Human Rights Council ��1644 2006 WikiLeaks Gives Whistleblowers a New Platform ��1647 2006 China Establishes Nine Principles on Encouraging and Standardizing Outward Investment ��1650 2007 Charles Taylor of Liberia is Tried for War Crimes ��1654 2007-2008 Religious Violence Breaks out in Odisha, India ��1657 2008 The Ahmadiyya Community in Indonesia is Attacked ��1660 2011 The Arab Spring Breaks out in Several Middle Eastern Countries ��1665 2012 The United Nations Reaffirms Commitment to the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation ��1668 2012 Hugo Chavez Dies in Venezuela ��1671 2013 The Dominican Republic Deports and Denies Nationality to Haitians ��1675 2014- Crisis in Yemen Puts Millions on the Brink of Starvation ��1678 2014- Uyghurs are Sent to Re-Education Camps in Xinjiang, China ��1682 2014 ISIS Comes to Power in Iraq and Syria ��1685 2014 UN Commission of Inquiry Report on North Korea Details Human Rights Abuses ��1688 2015 The United Nations Adopts an Agenda for Sustainable Development ��1691 2015 China Revokes One-Child Policy ��1694 2016 Burmese Military Commits Genocide of the Rohingya Muslim Minority in Rakhine State ��1697 2016 Fidel Castro Dies in Cuba ��1700 2017 Turkish President, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Becomes “President for Life” ��1703 2017 Gay Chechens are Purged ��1706 2018 Peace Talks Begin on the Korean Peninsula ��1709 2018 France Reports 74 Percent Increase in Anti-Semitic Crimes ��1712 2018 The Trump Administration Separates Families at the Border ��1715 2019 Jamal Khashoggi is Assassinated at the Saudi Consulate in Istanbul ��1718

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF EVENTS �� 1723 CATEGORY INDEX �� 1733 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX �� 1747 KEY FIGURES �� 1759 SUBJECT INDEX �� 1775

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