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Postmodernist Occasions: Language, Fictionality and History in South Asian Novels i Postmodernist Occasions: Language, Fictionality and History in South Asian Novels By Ayesha Ashraf MA English Literature, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University Quetta, 2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In English To FACULTY OF ENGLISH STUDIES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES, ISLAMABAD ©Ayesha Ashraf 2017 ii NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES FACULTY OF ENGLISH STUDIES THESIS AND DEFENSE APPROVAL FORM The undersigned certify that they have read the following thesis, examined the defense, are satisfied with the overall exam performance, and recommend the thesis to the Faculty of English Studies for acceptance: Thesis Title: Postmodernist Occasions: Language, Fictionality and History in South Asian Novels Submitted By: Ayesha Ashraf Registration #: 589-M.Phil/Lit/2011(Jan) Doctor of Philosophy Degree name in full English Literature Name of Discipline Prof. Dr. Munawar Iqbal Gondal _______________________ Name of Research Supervisor Signature of Research Supervisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Safeer Awan _______________________ Name of Dean (FOES) Signature of Dean (FOES) Maj. Gen. Muhammad Jaffar (R) _______________________ Name of Rector (for PhD Thesis) Signature of Rector Date iii Candidate Declaration Form I Ayesha Ashraf Daughter of Muhammad Ashraf Registration # 589-M.Phil/Lit/2011(Jan) Discipline English Literature Candidate of Doctor of Philosophy at the National University of Modern Languages do hereby declare that the thesis Postmodernist Occasions: Language, Fictionality and History in South Asian Novels submitted by me in partial fulfillment of PhD degree, is my original work, and has not been submitted or published earlier. I also solemnly declare that it shall not, in future, be submitted by me for obtaining any other degree from this or any other university or institution. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my Graduation the university has the right to withdraw my PhD degree. Signature of Candidate Date Ayesha Ashraf Name of Candidate iv Plagiarism Undertaking I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled Postmodernist Occasions: Language, Fictionality and History in South Asian Novels is solely my research work with no significant contribution from my any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and University National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad towards plagiarism. Therefore I as an Author of the above titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of PhD degree, the University reserves the rights to withdraw/revoke my PhD degree and that HEC and the University has the right to publish my name on the HEC/University website on which names of students placed who submitted plagiarized thesis. Student/Author Signature: Name: Ayesha Ashraf v ABSTRACT Thesis Title: Postmodernist Occasions: Language, Fictionality and History in South Asian Novels This dissertation aims to explore postmodernist occasions in Muhammad Hanif’s Our Lady of Alice Bhatti, Amitav Gosh’s The Glass Palace, and Kamila Shamsie’s Burnt Shadows by employing the theoretical lenses of Jean Francois Lyotard and Linda Hutcheon. The research draws its interest to explore the postmodernist occasions in the selected texts regarding language, fictionality, and history. Through textual analysis, this study critically scrutinizes the novels in the light of Hutcheon’s historiographic metafiction in order to investigate the multiplicity of histories. It explores the subversion of grand narratives of science, war, identity, nationalism, professionalism, history and faith through the idea of language games proposed by Lyotard. Moreover, it evaluates the strategies incorporated in the texts that reflect postmodern language that is ironic and flexible enough to carry the contextulised sensibilities. The research reveals that the selected novels as metafiction reject the ideology of modern fiction though they still retain some of its aspects. This dissertation is divided into seven chapters comprising of introduction, literature review, theoretical framework and research methodology, textual analysis (three sub chapters) and conclusion. It is a qualitative, exploratory and interpretive study. Since it is a qualitative research, therefore textual analysis has been used a research method in order to read language, fictionality, and history in the selected texts. As this study aims to trace the postmodernist occasions in the selected novels, it is likely to contribute to the production of knowledge in English literary studies. Keywords: Meta-narratives, Historiographic Metafiction, Fictionality, Language games, South Asian Novels. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS page THESIS AND DEFENSE APPROVAL FORM……………………………………....................ii CANDIDATE DECLARATION FORM………………………………………………............... iii PLAGIARISM UNDERTAKING………………………………………………….……………. iv ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………. .v TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………… vi DEDICATION…………………………………………………….. ……………………... ……….ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………….. ……... ……….………………………x 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….......01 1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………...01 1.2 Background of the study……………………………………………………………………. 01 1.3 Key Theorists……………………………………………………………………………….... 03 1.4 The selected novels…………………………………………………………........................... 04 1.5 Key terms and their definitions……………………………………………............................ 07 1.5.1 Postmodernist occasions………………………………………….…….……………...07 1.5.2 Language……………………………………………………………………...………..07 1.5.3 Fictionality………………………………..……………………………………….…...09 1.5.4 History as Historiographic Metafiction………………………………..........................10 1.6 Thesis Statement………. …………………………………………………………………....11 1.7 Research objectives..................................................................................................................12 1.8 Research Questions …………………………………………………………………….…....12 1.9 Delimitation. ……………………………………………………...........................................12 1.10 Research Plan …………………………………………………............................................13 1.11 Rationale of the study……………………………………………………………………....13 1.12 Significance of the Study …………………………………………...…………...……........14 2. A REVIEW OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE……………………...............................16 2.1Introduction…………….......................................................................................................... 16 2.2Review of literature…………………………………………………………………………...16 2.3 Conclusion………………..……………………………………………………………….....69 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……...……...70 vii 3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………...…………………………..….70 3.2 Metanarratives……….,.…………….......................................................................................70 3.3Language games………………………………………………………..……………………..71 3.4 Historiographic Metafiction……………………………………………………………….....74 3.4.1Parody…………………………………………………………………….…………….76 3.4.2 Self-reflexivity…………………………………………………………………………77 3.4.3 Irony……………………………………………….……..…………………………….78 3.4.4Intertextuality……………………………………………..……. …… ..........................80 3.5Research Methodology…………………………………………………………………...…..81 3.6 Research Method………………….………………………………………………...……….82 3.7 Conclusion……………..……………………………………………………………..……...84 4. TRANSFORMATION OF LANGUAGE IN MUHAMMAD HANIF’S OUR LADY OF ALICE BHATTI ………………………………………………………………………….…….85 4.1Introduction…………………………………………………………..…………………........85 4.2 Our Lady of Alice Bhatti………………………………………………………..…………....85 4.3 Linguistic Playfulness………………………………………………..……………………....87 4.4 Reader and the Text…………………………………………………………..……………...92 4.4.1 Epilogue………………………………………………………………………………..93 4.4.2 Self-reflexivity………………………………………………………….……………...95 4.4.3 Code-mixing…………………………………….………………………………...…...98 4.5 Subversion of metanarratives………………………………………………………….……102 4.5.1 Faith………………………………………..................................................................102 4.5.2 Nationalism……………………………………………………………...…................107 4.5.3Science……………………………………………………………………….….….....112 4.5.4 Professionalism…….……………………....................................................................115 4.5.5 Identity……….………………………………………………………………………119 4.6 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….127 5. POSTMODERN FICTIONALITY IN AMITAV GHOSH’S THE GLASS PALACE…128 5.1. Introduction………………………………………………..................................................128 5.2. The Glass Palace………………………………………………………………..…...........128 5.2.1 Intertextuality………………………………………………………...…………….…130 5.2.2 Fragmented Characters………………………………..................................................132 5.2.3 Parody………...……………………………….............................................................138 5.2.4 Memory, dream and fantasy………………………….........................................……146 5.2.5 The Glass Palace as a metaphor ………………………………………...……………149 5.2.6 Multiple stories……………………………………………………………….…...…..151 5.3. Conclusion………………………………………………………..….................................159 6. ANALYSIS OF KAMILA SHAMSIE’S BURNT SHADOWS AS HISTORIOGRAPHIC METAFICTION……………………………………………………………………………....160 6.1Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….....160
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