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Presidential Effort and International Outcomes: Evidence for An
Presidential Effort and International Outcomes: Evidence for an Executive Bottleneck David Lindsey and William Hobbs Abstract In this paper, we identify and test an implication of the claim that chief executives are uniquely effective diplomatic actors. To the extent that a leader's time is valuable and non-substitutable, there will always be more diplomatic problems that could ben- efit from a leader's scarce time than he or she can possibly address. This executive bottleneck should tighten when the opportunity cost of spending time on diplomacy rises, leading to decreased time spent on diplomacy and a consequent reduction in out- come quality. Using newly-collected data, we test for the existence of this bottleneck in American foreign policy. We demonstrate a large, persistent decrease in presidential time spent on foreign policy immediately prior to presidential elections and show that this corresponds to a substantial increase in the level of conflict within the Ameri- can bloc, where our framework predicts an indicative effect. We rule out prominent competing explanations for this distraction-conflict link. Forthcoming, Journal of Politics Replication files are available in the JOP Data Archive on Dataverse (http://thedata.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/jop). Supplementary material for this article is available in an online appendix. A recent body of research investigates the influence of individual leaders on foreign policy both directly, through the selection of particular policies, and indirectly, through influence over the bureaucracy and the national agenda (Downs and Rocke, 1994; Wood and Peake, 1998; Edwards and Wood, 1999; Peake, 2001; Byman and Pollack, 2001; Cohen, 2002; Dar- den, 2010; Chiozza and Goemans, 2011; Jervis, 2013). -
Extensions of Remarks 21071 H
June 28, 1976 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 21071 H. Res. 1211. May 21, 1976. Elects the Hon H. Res. 1218, May 26, 1976. Sets forth the shall have the responsibility for investigat orable John J. McFall, a Representative from rule for the consideration of H.R. 9560. ing health measures generally, health facili the State of California, as the Speaker pro H. Res. 1219. May 26, 1976. Sets forth the ties, health care programs, national health tempore during the absence of the Speaker rule for the consideration of H.R. 10930. insurance, public health and quarantine, and of the House. H. Res. 1220. May 26, 1976. Sets forth the biomedical research and development. H. Res. 1212. May 24, 1976. Expresses the rule for the consideration of H.R. 12169. H. Res. 1227. June 1, 1976. Interior and condolences of the House of Representatives H. Res. 1221. May 26, 1976. Sets forth the Insular Affairs. Recommends that the Board on the death of the Honorable Torbert H. rule for the consideration of H.R. 13555. on Geographic Names approve a proposal to Macdonald, Representative from the State H. Res. 1222. May 26, 1976. Sets forth the name two mountains in Ala.ska after the of Massachusetts. rule for the consideration of H.R. 13655. late Congressmen Hale Boggs and Nick H. Res. 1213. May 24, 1976. Judiciary. Refers H. Res. 1223. May 27, 1976. Post Office and Begich. H.R. 13943 to the Chief Commissioner of the Civil Service. Expresses the sense of the House of Representatives that the United H. Res. -
Die US-Amerikanische First Lady Und Die Inszenierung Der Präsidentenehe in Den Wahlkämpfen 1964 - 1996
Die US-amerikanische First Lady und die Inszenierung der Präsidentenehe in den Wahlkämpfen 1964 - 1996 Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophischen Fakultät der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Detlef Junker Zweitgutachter: PD Dr. Philipp Gassert Vorgelegt von Christine Weiss Isländische Str. 1 10439 Berlin Tel: 0163 3388109 Email: [email protected] Inhalt iii Inhalt Abbildungsverzeichnis.............................................................................................v Abkürzungsverzeichnis..........................................................................................vii A Einleitung........................................................................................................9 B Die First Ladys in den Wahlkämpfen 1964 - 1996....................................18 B 1 Die First Ladys in den Wahlkämpfen vor 1964......................................20 B 2 Lady Bird Johnson: Der Wahlkampf 1964.............................................33 B 2.1 Kurzbiographie ..............................................................................33 B 2.2 Der Wahlkampf 1964.....................................................................34 B 3 Pat Nixon: Die Wahlkämpfe 1968 und 1972..........................................50 B 3.1 Kurzbiographie ..............................................................................51 B 3.2 Der Wahlkampf 1968.....................................................................51 B 3.3 Der Wahlkampf 1972.....................................................................55 -
Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} All the Presidents' Spokesmen Spinning the News--White House Press Secretaries from Franklin D
Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} All the Presidents' Spokesmen Spinning the News--White House Press Secretaries from Franklin D. Roos All the Presidents' Spokesmen: Spinning the News--White House Press Secretaries from Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush by Woody Klein. Our systems have detected unusual traffic activity from your network. Please complete this reCAPTCHA to demonstrate that it's you making the requests and not a robot. If you are having trouble seeing or completing this challenge, this page may help. If you continue to experience issues, you can contact JSTOR support. Block Reference: #1db46670-d05d-11eb-b398-59eaa6d63de7 VID: #(null) IP: 116.202.236.252 Date and time: Fri, 18 Jun 2021 17:46:31 GMT. All the Presidents' Spokesmen: Spinning the News--White House Press Secretaries from Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush by Woody Klein. Our systems have detected unusual traffic activity from your network. Please complete this reCAPTCHA to demonstrate that it's you making the requests and not a robot. If you are having trouble seeing or completing this challenge, this page may help. If you continue to experience issues, you can contact JSTOR support. Block Reference: #1dea91a0-d05d-11eb-8d70-b5a0cc168032 VID: #(null) IP: 116.202.236.252 Date and time: Fri, 18 Jun 2021 17:46:31 GMT. Definition of Spin in Propaganda. Spin is a contemporary term for a form of propaganda that relies on deceptive methods of persuasion. In politics, business, and elsewhere, spin is often characterized by exaggeration, euphemisms, inaccuracies, half-truths, and excessively emotional appeals. A person who composes and/or communicates spin is referred to as a spin doctor. -
December 2011 Final For
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Foundation Newsletter December 2011 Justice John Paul Stevens 2011 William E. Simon Lecture in Public Affairs September 29, 2011 Susan Ford Bales and Foundation Trustee Steve Van Andel present bust of President Ford to Justice John Paul Stevens at the William E. Simon Lecture. Liz Cheney and Foundation Trustee Dick Cheney Foundation Trustee Jim Baker Foundation Trustee Frank Zarb Andrea Mitchell Foundation News Gerald R. Ford Letter from the Foundation Executive Director, Presidential Foundation Joseph S. Calvaruso BOARD OF TRUSTEES Steven M. Ford Chairman Congratulations to Elaine Didier, A special thanks to luncheon spon- Important Policy Hank Meijer Director of the Library and Museum, sors Amway, Mercantile Bank, and Failure: Energy.” Vice-Chairman and her team for 30 years of dedica- Thomas Cooley Law School, as well Ron Nessen, Red Cavaney tion to the Legacy of President Ford. as numerous table sponsors. Justice President Press Secretary to President Ford, A number of the staff have been Stevens’ remarks are published in recalled his time with the Ford Martin J. Allen, Jr. here all thirty years: David Horrock, this newsletter in their entirety. Chairman Emeritus Administration in presentations at Supervisory Archivist; Kenneth Hafeli, Justice Stevens has also recently Gregory D. Willard both the Library and Museum. Archivist; William McNitt, Archivist; published a new book, “A Supreme Secretary David Hoogendoorn Barbara McGregor, Education Court Memoir: Five Chiefs.” A big thanks goes out to Foundation Trustees and members of the Ford Treasurer Specialist; and Ron Krussell, Security Foundation Trustee Dick Cheney, Administration for speaking at the John G. Baab Officer. -
Jessica Sommerfeldt Senior Seminar Professor Bernstein December 19, 2017 Who's Afraid of Gerald Ford? How a Forgotten Presiden
Sommerfeldt 1 Jessica Sommerfeldt Senior Seminar Professor Bernstein December 19, 2017 Who’s Afraid of Gerald Ford? How a Forgotten Presidency Taught a Wounded Nation How to Forgive On April 4th, 2006, famed journalist and investigator Bob Woodward took the stage to address the audience at the University of Michigan’s Ford Library. “Be careful about judging and predicting when things will happen,” he advised. “Maybe it will look different in five years or more—try to stick to the facts.” Then he made a statement that the younger Bob Woodward would never have dreamed of saying: “I concluded that the pardon was the right thing for Ford to do—the sensible thing to do—and the courageous thing to do.”1 The pardon he was referring to, of course, was the one that followed what would forever be known as Woodward’s most shining achievement: after two years of spearheading the investigation of the Watergate wiretapping scandal alongside his partner, Carl Bernstein, President Richard Nixon was forced to resign from office, the first—and thus far, only— president to do so. One month later, on September 8, 1974, Nixon’s former vice president and successor, Gerald Ford, issued Nixon a blanket pardon for all offenses he had committed “or may have committed” over the course of his tenure as Chief Executive. Both reporters were inflamed, with Bernstein lamenting that “the son of the bitch pardoned the son of a bitch.” Five 1 Tian Lee, “Woodward: President Ford Knew What Needed to be Done,” (The University Record Online, April 10, 2006). -
Conversation Number 504-15
1 NIXON PRESIDENTIAL MATERIALS STAFF Tape Subject Log Abuse of Governmental Power (AOGP) Segments (rev. 10/02) Conversation Number 504-15 Portion of a conversation between the President, John D. Ehrlichman, H. R. Haldeman, and Henry A. Kissinger. This portion was recorded on May 27, 1971 at an unknown time between 5:56 pm and 6:38 pm in the President's Oval Office. The National Archives and Records Administration prepared the following log of this conversation. [Segment 2] Leaks -National security tap on Gerard Smith -Subpoena -Surveillance ∴ [PROCESSING NOTE: WITHDRAWAL NO. 18 HAS BEEN DECLASSIFIED IN FULL] -Richard M. Helms [ -Breaking the law -Photographs -Surveillance operations -Government -Private person -New York Times -John Finney -Who's leaking 2 NIXON PRESIDENTIAL MATERIALS STAFF Tape Subject Log Abuse of Governmental Power (AOGP) Segments (rev. 10/02) Conversation Number 534-2 Portions of a conversation between the President, H. R. Haldeman and Henry A. Kissinger. These portions were recorded on July 1, 1971 at an unknown time between 8:45 and 9:52 a.m. in the President's Oval Office. The National Archives and Records Administration prepared the following log of this conversation. [Segment 2] [P, HRH] Pentagon Papers -Handling of case by someone for the White House -Charles T. Huston -Richard V. Allen -Henry E. Petersen -Comparison to the President's involvement in the Hiss case -Leaks -J. Edgar Hoover -John N. Mitchell -Ehrlichman -Orchestration of effort to leak information -Purposes -Declassification -Political benefits -Vietnam -Distraction from current issues -Focus on previous administrations -Type of person needed to handle the case ∴ [PROCESSING NOTE: NAME CHANGE] -Whittaker Chambers [ -Qualities required -Huston -Presidential involvement 3 NIXON PRESIDENTIAL MATERIALS STAFF Tape Subject Log Abuse of Governmental Power (AOGP) Segments (rev. -
A Workbook for the President-Elect
Hess MEMORANDUM To: The President-elect From: Stephen Hess Subject: What Do We Do Now? Congratulations on your victory! Now it’s time to get down to work. In the eleven short weeks until Inauguration Day, you must construct a government nearly from scratch. Making the transition from campaigning to governing is See a tricky business, as many of your predecessors have learned the hard way. To get off to a fast start, let me walk you through some of the myriad decisions that await you. What distinctive qualities do you need to look for in your chief of staff, press secretary, and the other top White House positions? White House Organizational Chart. How should you parcel out office space? Floor plans of the West Wing included. How can you construct a Cabinet that “looks like America”? See enclosed Cabinet charts. When choosing the length, style, tone, and theme Checkof your out inaugural photos of address, your four consult options. the analysis of what other presidents have done. What desk do you want A WORKBOOK FOR to sit behind in the Oval Office? Remember: This is an interactive workbook and you will have to work your THE PRESIDENT-ELECT way through case studies to avoid the mistakes of past presidents. Stephen Hess has advised on every transition since he was a young “ Hess’s workbook is a must for the aide to President Eisenhower. He is incoming administration. He touches senior fellow emeritus in Governance on everything from decorating the Studies at the Brookings Institution Oval Office, dodging Cabinet nomina- and Distinguished Research Professor of Media tion fights, and penning a memorable and Public Affairs at George Washington Univer- inaugural address to firing bumbling sity. -
President and the Press (2)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R
The original documents are located in Box 17, folder “President and the Press (2)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Ron Nessen donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Some items in this folder were not digitized because it contains copyrighted materials. Please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library for access to these materials. , KNIGHT NEWSPAPERS, INC. WASHINGTON BUREAU (202) 638-2844 1195 National Press Building. • NEViS RELEASE gx-Alional 1Jz~£is ~tub ~as~in_9lon FOR RELEASE TUESDAY AM's DECEMBER 30, 1975 The National Press Club and its Professional Relations committee have completed an eight-month study of White House press relations under President Ford. They have compiled a report noting accomplishments as well as failures and have made eight specific "findings and recommendations." A copy of the report is attached. This is the second such report by the National Press Club. An earlier study, completed in 1973, severely criticized the White House handling of press relations under former President Nixon. -
Press Secretary
THE WHITE HOUSE TRANSITION PROJECT 1997-2021 Smoothing the Peaceful Transfer of Democratic Power REPORT 2021—30 OFFICE OF THE PRESS SECRETARY Martha Joynt Kumar, Director The White House Transition Project Smoothing the Peaceful Transfer of Democratic Power WHO WE ARE & WHAT WE DO The White House Transition Project. Begun in 1998, the White House Transition Project provides information about individual offices for staff coming into the White House to help streamline the process of transition from one administration to the next. A nonpartisan, nonprofit group, the WHTP brings together political science scholars who study the presidency and White House operations to write analytical pieces on relevant topics about presidential transitions, presidential appointments, and crisis management. Since its creation, it has participated in the 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2017, and now the 2021. WHTP coordinates with government agencies and other non-profit groups, e.g., the US National Archives or the Partnership for Public Service. It also consults with foreign governments and organizations interested in improving governmental transitions, worldwide. See the project at http://whitehousetransitionproject.org The White House Transition Project produces a number of materials, including: . WHITE HOUSE OFFICE ESSAYS: Based on interviews with key personnel who have borne these unique responsibilities, including former White House Chiefs of Staff; Staff Secretaries; Counsels; Press Secretaries, etc. , WHTP produces briefing books for each of the critical White House offices. These briefs compile the best practices suggested by those who have carried out the duties of these office. With the permission of the interviewees, interviews are available on the National Archives website page dedicated to this project: . -
Regional US History Bee Round #1
Regional US History Bee Round 1 1. This man created the artwork Let Us Prey, which depicts a group of vultures with human-like faces, meant to represent members of Tammany Hall. While working for Harper’s Weekly, this man popularized the image of the elephant to represent the Republican Party. Who is this political cartoonist who satirized men like Boss Tweed? ANSWER: Thomas Nast 052-13-91-01101 2. This policy was aided by General John DeWitt’s Military Proclamation Number One, and it was specifically enforced by Executive Order 9066. This policy resulted in people, including many Nisei living in California, being sent to places like the Manzanar camp. What is this World War II policy that involved the forcible relocation of thousands of Asian Americans? ANSWER: Japanese internment [accept words like “internment” or “relocation” for “internment,” accept “Japanese-Americans” for “Japanese,” prompt on Asian-American internment] 052-13-91-01102 3. This action’s performance resulted in Press Secretary Jerald terHorst resigning in 1974. This action is performed by the president each year on a turkey, and Jimmy Carter did it in regards to Vietnam War draft dodgers. What is this action which Gerald Ford performed on Richard Nixon, thus ensuring Nixon could not be prosecuted for the Watergate scandal? ANSWER: giving a presidential pardon [accept pardoning Nixon until “each year”] 052-13-91-01103 4. This first name is held by the widow of Malcolm X. This is the first name of a woman who wrote about “the problem that has no name” within domesticity and in a shortened form, the first name of a First Lady who started a namesake California hospital to treat substance abuse. -
President Gerald R. Ford's Leadership at the Helsinki Conference
The Promises We Keep: President Gerald R. Ford’s Leadership at the Helsinki Conference Christopher R. Kline Honors Thesis University of Michigan College of Literature, Science and the Arts, History Department Advised by Dr. Maris Vinovskis, Bentley Professor of History March 31, 2014 1 Introduction: The Promises We Keep: President Ford’s Leadership at the Helsinki Conference Gerald R. Ford served in the United States Congress for almost a quarter of a century and his greatest aspiration was to become the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Yet in 1974, he became president of the United States during one of the most challenging times in the nation’s history. Domestically, the economy was suffering from rampant inflation and the highest unemployment since the Great Depression. Internationally, U.S. relationships were strained with Cold War rival, the Soviet Union. Public and congressional faith in the executive branch’s ability to resolve these challenges had been shattered by the Vietnam War and Watergate crises. Given the magnitude of the nation’s problems, coupled with the fact that he would face an election in two short years, President Ford could have understandably focused on a course of action to resolve domestic issues and bolster his own image at home. Instead, he pursued a course of action to resolve international issues and elevate America’s image in the world. Gerald Ford ascended to the presidency with a steadfast belief that America was duty bound to play a prominent global leadership role. In his first foreign policy address to a joint session of Congress he declared, “The leadership of the United States of America, since the end of World War Two, has sustained and advanced the security, well-being, and freedom of millions of human beings besides ourselves.”1 To fulfill America’s demanding responsibility, President Ford pursued an ambitious and visible foreign policy.