DOCSLIB.ORG

The Spanish Empire's Dark Matter

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Spanish Empire's Dark Matter The Spanish Empire’s Dark Matter: The Role of Contraband in the Iberian Atlantic, 1579-1625 by Patrick Funiciello B.A. in English Literature, May 1992, The University of North Texas M.A. Latin American Studies, May 2005, The George Washington University A Dissertation submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 31, 2016 Dissertation directed by Marcy Norton Associate Professor of History The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University certifies that Patrick Funiciello has passed the Final Examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of June 27, 2016. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. The Spanish Empire’s Dark Matter: The Role of Contraband in the Iberian Atlantic, 1579-1625 Patrick Funiciello Dissertation Research Committee: Marcy Norton, Associate Professor of History, Dissertation Director Peter Klaren, Professor of History and International Affairs, Committee Member William Becker, Professor of History and International Affairs, Committee Member ii © Copyright 2016 by Patrick Funiciello. All rights reserved iii Acknowledgments This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of funding from the Fulbright Foundation, the John Carter Brown Library, the Harvard University Atlantic History Seminar, and the Luso-American Foundation. I made my first acquaintance with the topic of smuggling in a previous master’s thesis on U.S.–Colombian relations. This introduction to the material provided me with a crucial mix of courage and naiveté that guided me in research trips to archives and libraries in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Providence, RI. Throughout this period of research, I gained new insights into the oft-neglected role of the Spanish Empire in the growth of global capitalism and discovered the formidable role that black and grey market commerce played in this narrative. The list of people who assisted me in shepherding this project along toward its conclusion is long. I owe a debt of deep gratitude to the most committed and patient of partners, my wife, Silvia Tucci. Coming from an academic family herself she well understood the challenges and the frustratingly glacial pace of the necessary research and was there to encourage me every step of the way. There is no way I would have finished without her constant support. I also wish to thank my advisor, Marcy Norton, for both her patience and incisive technical support. And lastly, I would like to thank my mother, who passed long before I was able to bring this project to its conclusion. iv Abstract of Dissertation The Spanish Empires’s Dark Matter: The Role of Contraband in The Iberian Atlantic (1579-1625) This dissertation analyses the impact of contraband trade—the selling of unlicensed or illegal goods—upon economic policy, economic growth, political stability, and merchant communities and institutions of the Spanish Empire between roughly 1579 and 1625, a period that includes both the apex of Spanish America’s silver exports and the start of its military, demographic, political, and economic decline in the metropole. By examining the phenomenon of illicit trade, this study highlights several aspects of mid-colonial phenomena such as the emergence of commercial institutions (consulados de comercio or trade guilds), growing administrative complexity, the discovery and acceptance of bureaucratic limitations, and the proliferation of sophisticated theories of moral, market, and political economy. It asserts that contraband, imperial Spain’s dark matter, a substance both hard to detect and nearly impossible to measure, comprised most of the actual ballast of Spanish commerce, a fact that was recognized by much of Spanish society, from consumers and petty traders to high-level functionaries and theorists. Unlike previous literature that has addressed illicit trade, this work dwells upon neither the criminality of contraband nor does it accept, unchallenged, the presumption that it necessarily had a crippling effect upon the Spanish Empire’s fiscal health; rather, it focuses on the wide berth and high level of tolerance granted contraband traders on the part of commissars, powerful merchants, functionaries of the Crown, and kings Philip II, Philip III, and Philip IV. This dissertation makes the case that illicit (black market, gray market, coerced, and fraudulent) commerce was the economic norm throughout the v empire and that early recognition of the logistical limits of enforcement and the necessity of contraband goods forged a status quo where much of this commerce, when discovered, was either lightly punished, papered over through bribery or post-facto legal instruments called composiciones, or ignored completely. Further to this point, many contrabandistas were ostensible model subjects who broke the law with full awareness that in an overstretched empire and within a poorly designed and difficult to control network of legal trade, an active, high level of contraband commerce was essential to knit buyers, sellers, and distributors together in a thin but far-reaching network of traders to reduce tensions arising from seasonal and chronic scarcities, gluts, and price fluctuations that often led to political unrest. The primary geographical and thematic foci of this study are the trade fairs of Nombre de Dios and Portobelo (Caribbean ports in modern-day Panama) and the activities of New Christian Portuguese merchants and their ecclesiastical and government enablers in Buenos Aires. These key nodes in the official trade circuit were established to assure steady seasonal shipments of silver to settle the accounts of Sevillan and foreign merchants and to provide the Quinto Real (the king’s “fifth” tax on silver and gold established in 1504) to the Crown. The geographical contours of licensed imperial trade were a product of institutional and pioneer settlement imperative and timing rather than a purposefully devised geo-political program or efficient revenue-generating strategy. Where Spanish ships first arrived to build ports, churches, city halls, customs houses, presidios and, eventually, consulados de comercio and where they stored and exchanged goods and specie at the first trade fairs—locations like Panama, Cartagena, Lima, and vi Buenos Aires—typically determined patterns of activity and commitments that would last for centuries. In economic terms, vested interests and sunk costs commonly trumped innovation and profit maximization despite the obvious logistical superiority of, say, the southern Potosi-Buenos Aires-Seville route over the Potosi-Callao-Panama-Havana- Seville route in channeling silver, slaves, and lucrative commodities from the metropole to checkpoints in the Caribbean, Peru, and back. These focal points of inquiry will contribute to and respond to challenges posed by theoretical literature on the commercial revolution of early modern Europe, the rise of capitalism, business practices, communication technology, information exchange, and the Spanish Empire’s role as both a pioneer and an anachronistic laggard within this broader economic narrative. How did medieval trade fairs like Nombre de Dios and Portobelo function? What explains their persistence in Spain into the eighteenth century? What impact did monopoly licensing and exclusionary institutions have upon economic development and the Spanish Crown’s geo-political position in Europe? Did Spain’s commercial metropole (Seville), ever truly control the empire’s periphery? And how does one do effective economic history about a pre-statistical age given Spanish trade’s extreme degree of informality and its formidable reach and depth? This dissertation will address all of the above questions in an effort to better explain theories of Spanish rise and decline. The primary sources for this study come mainly from colonial archives in Seville and Madrid, which house documents relating to Iberian-American trade. Other important sources of colonial-era documents, contemporaneous economic treatises, travel accounts, vii and key secondary sources were located in London, Washington, DC, and at the John Carter Brown Library in Providence. More specifically, Audiencia documents from the Panama, Lima, Charcas, Santa Fe, Santo Domingo, and Buenos Aires collections, and those from Indiferente, Consulado, and Contratación, provide most of the administrative perspective on Iberian commerce. Economic theorists and chroniclers such as Luis Ortiz, Hevía Bolaños, Veitia Linage, Tomas de Mercado, and Sancho de Moncada, among others, provide a theoretical framework upon which to reconstruct contemporary theories of economic activity and licit and illicit trade. And non-Spanish travel accounts and merchant guidebooks from writers such as Thomas Gage, Samuel Champlain, Richard Hakluyt, and others will provide a foreign counterpoint to official Spanish reports. Since contraband was (and still is) in the eye of the beholder, a conditional product of its time and place, source material that clarifies the mentalité of theorists, Crown functionaries, and traders themselves will be heavily privileged and mined for guidance. viii Table of Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... iv Abstract of Dissertation .................................................................................................. v List of Figures
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930S
    Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930s Ariel Mae Lambe Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Ariel Mae Lambe All rights reserved ABSTRACT Cuban Antifascism and the Spanish Civil War: Transnational Activism, Networks, and Solidarity in the 1930s Ariel Mae Lambe This dissertation shows that during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) diverse Cubans organized to support the Spanish Second Republic, overcoming differences to coalesce around a movement they defined as antifascism. Hundreds of Cuban volunteers—more than from any other Latin American country—traveled to Spain to fight for the Republic in both the International Brigades and the regular Republican forces, to provide medical care, and to serve in other support roles; children, women, and men back home worked together to raise substantial monetary and material aid for Spanish children during the war; and longstanding groups on the island including black associations, Freemasons, anarchists, and the Communist Party leveraged organizational and publishing resources to raise awareness, garner support, fund, and otherwise assist the cause. The dissertation studies Cuban antifascist individuals, campaigns, organizations, and networks operating transnationally to help the Spanish Republic, contextualizing these efforts in Cuba’s internal struggles of the 1930s. It argues that both transnational solidarity and domestic concerns defined Cuban antifascism. First, Cubans confronting crises of democracy at home and in Spain believed fascism threatened them directly. Citing examples in Ethiopia, China, Europe, and Latin America, Cuban antifascists—like many others—feared a worldwide menace posed by fascism’s spread.
    [Show full text]
  • Ottoman Merchants in the Adriatic. Trade and Smuggling
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of University of Primorska ACTA HISTRIAE • 16 • 2008 • 1-2 received: 2008-01-27 UDC 355.49:343.712.2(262.3)"14/16" original scientific article OTTOMAN MERCHANTS IN THE ADRIATIC. TRADE AND SMUGGLING Maria Pia PEDANI University Ca'Foscari of Venice, Department of Historical Studies, I-30123 Venezia, Dorsoduro 3484/d e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT th In the 15 century sultans discovered the economic importance of the Adriatic. th They accepted doges' rule on this sea but, at the end of the 16 century, the presence of Christian and Muslim pirates marred the relations between the two states. Ottoman merchants used to cross the Adriatic to reach the markets of Venice and Ancona. Be- sides regular trade there was also smuggling: above all arms were exported to the Empire while wheat went westwards. Several links united the two commercial commu- nities: for instance, subjects of the Republic embarked sometimes on Ottoman ships; in the ports of the Serenissima the sultan's merchants used to pay the same customs as Venetians and, sometimes, they also insured themselves with Venetian companies. The th wars of the end of the 17 century put a momentary stop to Muslim commercial activi- ties in Venice and in the Adriatic. However, at the beginning of the following century, Albanian vessels charged with Ottoman goods appeared again at St. Mark's docks, even if soon after, in the 1720s', short-sighted Venetian protectionist politics pushed them to prefer the port of Trieste.
    [Show full text]
  • Piracy, Illicit Trade, and the Construction of Commercial
    Navigating the Atlantic World: Piracy, Illicit Trade, and the Construction of Commercial Networks, 1650-1791 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Jamie LeAnne Goodall, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2016 Dissertation Committee: Margaret Newell, Advisor John Brooke David Staley Copyright by Jamie LeAnne Goodall 2016 Abstract This dissertation seeks to move pirates and their economic relationships from the social and legal margins of the Atlantic world to the center of it and integrate them into the broader history of early modern colonization and commerce. In doing so, I examine piracy and illicit activities such as smuggling and shipwrecking through a new lens. They act as a form of economic engagement that could not only be used by empires and colonies as tools of competitive international trade, but also as activities that served to fuel the developing Caribbean-Atlantic economy, in many ways allowing the plantation economy of several Caribbean-Atlantic islands to flourish. Ultimately, in places like Jamaica and Barbados, the success of the plantation economy would eventually displace the opportunistic market of piracy and related activities. Plantations rarely eradicated these economies of opportunity, though, as these islands still served as important commercial hubs: ports loaded, unloaded, and repaired ships, taverns attracted a variety of visitors, and shipwrecking became a regulated form of employment. In places like Tortuga and the Bahamas where agricultural production was not as successful, illicit activities managed to maintain a foothold much longer.
    [Show full text]
  • Entre La Guerra Y La Encomienda En Las Tierras Altas Del Tucumán Colonial, Virreinato Del Peru (1577-1630)
    Andes ISSN: 0327-1676 ISSN: 1668-8090 [email protected] Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Argentina PULARES: ENTRE LA GUERRA Y LA ENCOMIENDA EN LAS TIERRAS ALTAS DEL TUCUMÁN COLONIAL, VIRREINATO DEL PERU (1577-1630) Quiroga, Laura; Hopkins Cardozo, Miguel Nicolás; Alvarado, Ana Emilse PULARES: ENTRE LA GUERRA Y LA ENCOMIENDA EN LAS TIERRAS ALTAS DEL TUCUMÁN COLONIAL, VIRREINATO DEL PERU (1577-1630) Andes, vol. 29, núm. 2, 2018 Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Argentina Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12759121007 Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional. PDF generado a partir de XML-JATS4R por Redalyc Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto DOSSIER PULARES: ENTRE LA GUERRA Y LA ENCOMIENDA EN LAS TIERRAS ALTAS DEL TUCUMÁN COLONIAL, VIRREINATO DEL PERU (1577-1630) PULARES: BETWEEN THE WAR AND THE ENCOMIENDA IN THE HIGH LANDS OF THE COLONIAL TUCUMÁN, VICEROYALTY OF PERU (1577-1630) Laura Quiroga [email protected] UBA, Argentina Miguel Nicolás Hopkins Cardozo [email protected] Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Andes, vol. 29, núm. 2, 2018 Ana Emilse Alvarado [email protected] Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Argentina Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Recepción: 24/03/18 Aprobación: 20/09/18 Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/ Resumen: La historiografía del Tucumán aborda el estudio de los pulares basado en articulo.oa?id=12759121007 el supuesto de que la alianza con el dominio colonial es resultado de una continuidad en la estrategia de sus líderes frente a organizaciones políticas de mayor escala como el Tawantinsuyu.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas Donovan Professor Ruiz HIST129A-1 18 May 2020 Second
    1 Thomas Donovan Professor Ruiz HIST129A-1 18 May 2020 Second Paper Prompt One Despite being largely ignored in our age the awe inspiring value of art becomes apparent in a multitude of instances. Be it for the expression of the human condition, one’s individual experience, or the perspective of a culture, great art has served as enlightened entertainment for humankind. However, outside of the realm of intellectual pastimes, art finds a rather unique value in its relation to the study of history. For, art of a past age gives the current age a greater understanding of the past’s conception of themselves and their world. The most common example of such is the work of the supposive Homer who in his poems expresses the Greek values and mirrors elements of the power struggles of the day. The same can be noted of the Spanish play The Trickster of Seville, a work which provides insight into the culture and politics of old 17th century Iberia. As this is art’s relation to a historian, a primary source that allows a brief look into the culture and age which produced it. The seventeenth century saw Spain under the Habsburg monarchy who ruled the most powerful empire in Europe yet the cracks of Spanish society had already come to the forefront of Spanish intellectual discourse.1 The Trickster of Seville, a work produced around the 1600s by the Spanish playwright Tirso de Molina, lived during a time of Spanish history that is characterized by art which describes Spain as a nation filled with those who had an attitude 1 Lynch, John 2 which turned away from productive work in the hopes of finding quick success instead.2 Such can be understood when contemplating the vast wealth acquired by the conquests of the new world.
    [Show full text]
  • Diccionario General
    Jujuy Diccionario General 1992 1593-CUARTO CENTENARIO DE LA FUNDACION DE JUJUY-1993 1 2 JUJUY DICCIONARIO GENERAL Ediciones Gobierno de la Provincia de Jujuy JUJUY 1992 3 4 GOBERNADOR DE LA PROVINCIA DE JUJUY Dr. ROBERTO RUBEN DOMINGUEZ VICE – GOBERNADOR Dr. JOSE CARLOS FICOSECO MINISTRO DE GOBIERNO Dr. HUGO FERNANDO ELEIT SECRETARIO DE EDUCACION Y CULTURA Lic. JOSE ALBERTO AGÜERO DIRECTOR PROVINCIAL DE CULTURA Tte: Cnl.(R.E.) ANTONIO PALEARI 5 Gobierno de laProvincia de Jujuy Gobernador Los pueblos que no conocen su historia no razonan a partir de ella, no tiene la posibilidad de construir, con seriedad, su futuro. Este Diccionario General viene a sumar un aporte invalorable para la reflexión histórica de Jujuy, como pueblo que desea construir su futuro sobre bases sólidas. Es fruto de un trabajo en equipo. Fue realizado con seriedad metódica y veracidad documentada. Reunió la labor de calificados especialistas e intelectuales de Jujuy. Es oportuna esta obra cuando lso jujeños nos encontramos conmemorando el CUARTO CENTENARIO de la fundación de la Provincia de Jujuy. Se constituirá en la lectura obligada para repensar nuestros cuatro siglos de jujeñeidad. El eterno agradecimiento a los jujeños y jujeñas que hicieron posible esta obra. Muy especialmente al Gobernador que la dispuso: RICARDO JOSE MANUEL DE APARICI; y al entrañable amigo que la sostuvo con su inclaudicable voluntad: ANTONIO PALEARI. ROBERTO RUBEN DOMINGUEZ GOBERNADOR 6 COMITE DE REDACCION DIRECCION GENERAL: ANTONIO PALEARI (Ad. Hon.) ASESOR: Emilio Bidondo (Ad. Hon.) AUTORES DE LOS VOCABLOS M.I.C. - MARIA ISOLINA COMAS M.C. - MARCELO CONSTANT M.E.F. - MARIA ELENA FERNANDEZ A.F.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflictos De Poder En El Tucumán Hispano: Alonso De Ribera Y El Obispo Hernando De Trejo Y Sanabria (1606-1611)
    Librosdelacorte.es PRIMAVERA-VERANO nº 16, AÑO 10 (2018) ISSN 1989-6425 CONFLICTOS DE PODER EN EL TUCUMÁN HISPANO: ALONSO DE RIBERA Y EL OBISPO HERNANDO DE TREJO Y SANABRIA (1606-1611) Daniela Alejandra Carrasco (Universidad Nacional de Salta-Argentina) RESUMEN En este trabajo expondremos sobre el sistema de gobierno de la Monarquía Hispana en relación a una de sus regiones alejadas del centro político, la Gobernación del Tucumán. Nos centraremos en el gobierno de Alonso de Ribera (1606-1611), destacando su gestión en el marco de las políticas planteadas para América por Felipe III y su valido el duque de Lerma, e instrumentalizadas por el Conde de Lemos. Asimismo, estudiaremos el rol político desempeñado por el obispo del Tucumán don Hernando de Trejo y Sanabria y los enfrentamientos que tuvo con el gobernador. PALABRAS CLAVE: Monarquía Hispana; Gobernación del Tucumán; proyecto político; élite local; enfrentamientos de poder. CONFLICTS OF POWER IN THE HISPANIC TUCUMÁN: ALONSO DE RIBERA AND BISHOP HERNANDO DE TREJO Y SANABRIA (1606-1611) ABSTRACT In this work we will be exhibited on the system of government of the Hispanic Monarchy in relation to one of its regions far from the political center, the Governorate of Tucumán. We will focus on the government of Alonso de Ribera (1606-1611), highlighting its management within the framework of the politics raised for America by Felipe III and his favorite the duke of Lerma, and manipulated by the count of Lemos. Also, there will be studied the political role played by the bishop of the Tucumán don Hernando de Trejo y Sanabria, and the clashes that had with the governor.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Price Revolution in European Industrialization: an Explanation with Respect to the Social and Economic Transformation of Europe
    Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of Economics Master’s Program THE ROLE OF THE PRICE REVOLUTION IN EUROPEAN INDUSTRIALIZATION: AN EXPLANATION WITH RESPECT TO THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE Buğra Altuğ YILMAZ Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2019 THE ROLE OF THE PRICE REVOLUTION IN EUROPEAN INDUSTRIALIZATION: AN EXPLANATION WITH RESPECT TO THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE Buğra Altuğ YILMAZ Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of Economics Master’s Program Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2019 i ii iii iv ABSTRACT [YILMAZ, Buğra Altuğ]. [The Role of the Price Revolution in European Industrializatıon: An Explanation With Respect to the Social and Economic Transformation of Europe]. [Master Thesis], Ankara, [2019]. The industrialization period of Europe was a milestone in the economic history. Its consequences are still faced by modern nation states. Hence, the roots of the Price Revolution – the great inflation of sixteenth century which was experienced in Europe – and its effects to this process was questioned in this thesis. First of all the social transformation of Europe – transition from feudalism to capitalism – was briefly analyzed by considering the mercantilist era as well. This period was important for us to focus on the monetization of the economies. At the same time, the relationship between the precious metal inflow, minting activities and the inflation was questioned. To create an insight on the case, price indexes of various cities in Europe and price trends of different sectors were given. Then, the demand base of the Price Revolution – its relationship with the population – was considered in the frame of quantity theory of money.
    [Show full text]
  • New Monarchs, Exploration & 16Th Century Society
    AP European History: Unit 1.3 HistorySage.com New Monarchs, Exploration & 16th Century Society I. “New” Monarchs: c.1460-1550 Use space below for A. Consolidated power and created the foundation for notes Europe’s first modern nation-states in France, England and Spain. 1. This evolution had begun in the Middle Ages. a. New Monarchs on the continent began to make use of Roman Law and declared themselves “sovereign” while incorporating the will and welfare of their people into the person of the monarch This meant they had authority to make their own laws b. Meanwhile, monarchies had grown weaker in eastern Europe during the Middle Ages. 2. New Monarchies never achieved absolute power; absolutism did not emerge effectively until the 17th century (e.g. Louis XIV in France). 3. New Monarchies also were not nation-states (in the modern sense) since populations did not necessarily feel that they belonged to a “nation” a. Identity tended to be much more local or regional. b. The modern notion of nationalism did not emerge until the late 18th and early 19th centuries. B. Characteristics of New Monarchies 1. Reduced the power of the nobility through taxation, confiscation of lands (from uncooperative nobles), and the hiring of mercenary armies or the creation of standing armies a. The advent of gunpowder (that resulted in the production of muskets and cannon) increased the vulnerability of noble armies and their knights b. However, many nobles in return for their support of the king gained titles and offices and served in the royal court or as royal officials 2.
    [Show full text]
  • 22-23 Silver DBQ Workshop.Pptx
    The Creation of a Global Trading Network DBQ Writing Workshop DBQ Essay • Will be part of the second session of the testing period. • In total, the second session will be 100 minutes, but you should allocate only 60 minutes (including reading period) for the writing of the DBQ. • The DBQ is 25% of the total AP Test grade. • The DBQ is scored out of 7 total possible points. • There will always be 7 documents, at least one of which will be a visual. • Students are required to bring in additional evidence from outside of the documents. • Nothing can get you multiple points! No double dipping! No double jeopardy! DBQ Essay Rubric • Contextualization- 1 point • Response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, during, or continue after the time frame of the question. • Thesis- 1 point • Responds to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis/claim that establishes a line of reasoning. It may not simply restate or rephrase the prompt. • Evidence- 3 points • Evidence from the Documents: 2 points • 1 point: Uses the content from at least three documents to address the topic of the prompt • 2 points: Supports an argument in response to the prompt using at least six documents • Evidence beyond the documents: 1 point • Uses at least one additional piece of specific historical evidence (beyond that found in the documents) relevant to an argument about the prompt. • Analysis and Reasoning: 2 points • Sourcing: 1 point • For at least three documents, explains how or why the document’s POV, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience is relevant to an argument.
    [Show full text]
  • Circuito Ciudad De Salta Y Alrededores” Investigación De Contenidos: Lic
    1 INDICE OBJETIVO DE LA CARTILLA................................................................................................................................ 5 RESULTADOS ESPERADOS ................................................................................................................................ 5 RESUMEN......................................................................................................................................................... 5 MAPA DE RECORRIDO ...................................................................................................................................... 6 IDEAS – PALABRAS-CLAVE ................................................................................................................................ 6 DESARROLLO DE LOS ATRACTIVOS Y TEMATICAS DE GUIADO.......................................................................... 7 SALTA CAPITAL .................................................................................................................................................... 7 AVENIDA BELGRANO........................................................................................................................................... 7 COLEGIO NACIONAL ............................................................................................................................................ 8 JUAN CARLOS DÁVALOS ...................................................................................................................................... 8 PARQUE
    [Show full text]
  • The Sustainable Debts of Philip II: a Reconstruction of Spain's Fiscal
    The Sustainable Debts of Philip II: A Reconstruction of Spain’s Fiscal Position, 1560-1598* Mauricio Drelichman Hans-Joachim Voth The University of British Columbia ICREA/Universitat Pompeu Fabra and and CIFAR CEPR This Draft: January 2010 Abstract: The defaults of Philip II have attained mythical status as the origin of sovereign debt crises. We reassess the fiscal position of Habsburg Castile, deriving comprehensive estimates of revenue, debt, and expenditure from new archival data. The king’s debts were sustainable. Primary surpluses were large and rising. Debt/revenue ratios were broadly unchanged across Philip’s reign. Castilian finances in the sixteenth century compare favorably with those of other early modern fiscal states at the height of their imperial ambitions, including Britain. The defaults of Philip II therefore reflected short-term liquidity crises, and were not a sign of unsustainable debts. * For helpful comments, we thank Daron Acemoglu, George Akerlof, Carlos Alvarez Nogal, Fernando Broner, Albert Carreras, Marc Flandreau, Caroline Fohlin, Regina Grafe, Avner Greif, Viktoria Hnatkovska, Angela Redish, Alberto Martín, Paolo Mauro, David Mitch, Kris Mitchener, Joel Mokyr, Lyndon Moore, Roger Myerson, Kevin O’Rourke, Sevket Pamuk, Richard Portes, Leandro Prados de la Escosura, Nathan Sussman, Alan M. Taylor, Francois Velde, Jaume Ventura, and Eugene White. Seminar audiences at American University, Harvard, Sciences Po, Hebrew University, UBC, UPF, UC Irvine, LSE, HEI Geneva, NYU-Stern, the ECB, and Rutgers, as well as the EHA meetings in Austin, the CREI / CEPR Conference on “Crises – Past, Policy, and Theory”, CIFAR, NBER, CEPR – ESSIM, the BETA Workshop, and the Utrecht Workshop on Financial History offered advice and constructive criticism.
    [Show full text]