HOSPITAL MUSI[ NEWSLETTER Published by the [ommittee on Music in Hospitals of the National Music [ouncil Ray Green, Editor and Acting Chairman 11 East 10th Street, New York, N . Y.

Volume 1 May, 1948 Number 1

Introducing the NEWSLETTER information on special projects established for purposes We hope the few items of information which are in- of exploring the use of hospital music or music research; cluded in this first issue of the HOSPITAL MUSIC announcements of hospital music clinics and training NEWSLETTER will be of gener:!l !.'1terest tc the reader. seminars; other information of a general or specialized Volume 1, No. 1, is a trial balloon that we hope will interest that may be found useful in a hospital music stimulate interest in future issues. We want and invite program. Additional features and sections of the NEWS- your comment and interest. The purpose of the NEWS- LETTER may be added as a need for them arises a.c.d LETTER is the exchange of information between hospi- mterest in them develops. Suggestions from contributors tals on their use of music with patients. We hope that and readers are invited. the pages of the NEWSLETTER will be used frequently by hospitals for this purpose. The Executive Committee of the National Music Exchange of lnformt1tion Council established the National Music Council Music in Hospitals Committee as a means of voluntary co- Hospitals of all types are invited to ordination of the cooperative efforts of member organ- participate in the exchange of information izations in hospital music programs throughout the coun- through the medium of the HOSPITAL try. The distribution of information on the use of music MUSIC NEWSLETTER. Hospitals under in hospitals is also an important function of the com- the jurisdiction of the Army, Navy, Air mittee. Through the medium of the NEWSLETTER the Force, Veterans Administration, state, Music in Hospitals Committee will attempt to facilitate county and city administrations, as well the exchange and distribution of information that offers as educational and private organizations hospitals the most direct and valuable assistance in music are included in this invitation. Please ad- program planning and operation. dress all news items to Ray Green, Editor, Helpful information might include narrative accounts HOSPITAL MUS IC NEWSLETTER, of program operation at a hospital; program aids, such 11 East 10th Street, New York, N. Y. as bibliography and source material; reports er descripfr:e

Hospitals Employing Full-Time Music Specialists ,f Dr. Roy Underwood, Head of the Department of Music Hill Crest Sanitarium, Birmingham, Ala. at Michigan State College and Chairman of the Music Arizona State Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz. Teachers National Association Committee on Music in VA Hospital, North Little Rock, Ark. Agnew State Hospital, Agnew, Cal. Hospitals, has recently completed a survey on music spe- Carmari llo State Hospital, Camarillo, Cal. cialists employed at hospitals all over the country. Dr. Compton Sanitorium, Compton, Cal. Underwood has submitted the following list of hospitals VA Hospital, Wilshire and ~Sawtelle, n, Cal. employing music specialists for publication in the NEWS- Los Angeles County General Hospital, Los Angeles 33, Cal. LETTER. Additional VA hospitals have been added to Norwalk State Hospital, Norwalk, Cal. Langley Porter Clinic, San Francisco, Cal. the list, bringing the total to 117 hospitals employing , Patton, Cal. full-time music specialists: Sonoma State Home, Eldridge, Cal. VA Hospital, Palo Alto, Cal. New Hampshire State Hospital, Concord, N. H . VA Hospital, Fort Lyon, Col. Greystone Park State Hospital, Greystone Park, N. J. Connecticut State Hospital, Middletown, Conn. VA Hospital, Lyons, N . J. Fairfield State Hospital, Newtown, Conn. New Jersey State Hospital, Trenton, N . J. Institute of Living, 200 Retreat Ave., Hartford 2, Conn. VA Hospital, Bath, N . Y. Norwich State Hospital, Norwich, Conn. VA Hospital, Bronx, N. Y. Alton State Hospital, Alton, Ill. Brooklyn State Hospital, 681 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn 3, N. Y. , Anna, Ill. Buffalo State Hospital, Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago State Hospital, 6500 W. Irving Park Rd., Chicago, Ill. VA Hospital, Canandaigua, N. Y. Dixon State Hospital, Dixon, Ill. VA Hospital, Castle Point, N. Y. Jacksonville State Hospital, Jacksonville, Ill. VA Hospital, Halloran, Staten Island, New York City, N . Y. Manteno State Hospital, Manteno, Ill. Marcy State Hospital, Marcy, N . Y. , Peoria, Ill. Montefiore Hospital, Gunhill Road, New York City, N. Y. VA Hospital, Danville, Ill. VA Hospital, Northport, Long Island, N . Y. VA Hospital, Downey, Ill. Rockland State Hospital, Orangeburg, N. Y. Evansville State Hospital, Evansville, Ind. New York Hospital, Westchester Div., White Plains, N. Y. Indiana State Hospital, Logansport, Ind. Willard State Hospital, Willard, N. Y. Madison State Hospital, North Madison, Ind. Grasslands Hospital, Valhalla, N. Y. VA Hospital, Marion, Ind. VA Hospital, Fayetteville, N. C. Cherokee State Hospital, Cherokee, Ia. Cambridge State Hospital, Cambridge, 0 . VA Hospital, Knoxville;, Ia. Longview State Hospital, Cincinnati 16, 0 . Menninger Foundation, Topeka, Kans. VA Hospital, Cleveland, 0. VA Hospital (Winter), Topeka, Kans. , 1960 W . Broad St., Columbus 15, 0. VA Hospital, Wichita, Kans. Dayton State Hospital, Dayton, 0 . VA Hospital, Fort Thomas, Ky. Hawthornden State Hospital, Macedonia, 0. Augusta State Hospital, Augusta, Me. Orient State School, Orient, 0. VA Hospital, Togus, Me. Toledo State Hospital, Toledo, 0. Spring Grove State Hospital, Catonsville, Md. Massillon State Hospital, Massillon, 0. VA Hospital, Perry Point, Md. Central State Hospital, Norman, Okla. Springfield State Hospital, Sykesville, Md. VA Hospital, Portland, Ore. Sheppard Enoch Pratt Hospital, Towson, Md. , Salem, Ore. VA Hospital, Bedford, Mass. VA Hospital, Vancouver, Ore. Boston Psychopathic Hospital, 74 Fenwood Rd., Boston, Mass. , Allentown, Pa. Bournewood Hospital, 300 Sou th St., Brookline, Mass. State Hospital, Byberry, Pa. Foxborough State Hospital, Foxborough, Mass. VA Hospital, Coatesville, Pa. , Taunton, Mass. , Danville, Pa. Metropolitan State Hospital, Waltham 54, Mass. Norristown State Hospital, Norristown, Pa. Mclean Hospital, Waverley 79, Mass. , Torrance, Pa. Westborough State Hospital, Westborough, Mass. State Hospital, Woodville, Pa. Caro State Hospital for Epileptics, Caro, Mich. VA Hospital, San Juan, Puerto Rico Pontiac State Hospital, Pontiac, Mich. State Hospital for Mental Diseases, Howard, R. I. Traverse City State Hospital, Traverse City, Mich. VA Hospital, Columbia, S. C. Ypsilanti State Hospital, Ypsilanti, Mich. VA Hospital, Fort Meade, S. Dak. Fergus Falls State Hospital, Fergus Falls, Minn. VA Hospital, Murfreesboro, Tenn. VA Hospital, Minneapolis, Minn. VA Hospital, Nashville, Tenn. VA Hospital, St. Cloud, Minn. , Terrell, Tex. St. Peter State Hospital, St. Peter, Minn. VA Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah VA Hospital, Biloxi, Miss. Northern State Hospital, Sedro Woolley, Wash. VA Hospital, Jefferson Barracks, Mo. Hospital for Mental Diseases, Milwaukee County, Milw:rnkee, Wis. Hastings State Hospital, Ingleside, Neb. Milwaukee Sanitorium, Milwaukee, Wis. Lincoln State Hospital, Lincoln, Neb. Central State Hospital, Waupun, Wis. VA Hospital, Lincoln, Neb. VA Hospital, Sheridan, Wyo. Norfolk State Hospital, Norfolk, Neb.

Bibliography on Hospital Music

A complete and comprehensive bibliography on hos- be issued separately if this is found more desirable. Fur- pital music is in the process of completion by the Editor ther information on this will appear in a later issue of of the NEWSLETfER. This material may be found suit- the NEWSLETTER able for release through the NEWSLETTER or it may Veterans Administration Hospital Music

The music program in the Recreation Service, Special "In addition to the parhopations above, December Services, in the Veterans Administration is probably the 1947 had 83,121 patient participations in ward sings and most comprehensive single hospital music program in op- community sings. and vocal instruction eration today. Detailed information on the VA hospital showed a decided increase during 1947. As contrasted to music program has appeared in a number of newspapers 2,928 participations in December 1946, the latest report and magazines and has been presented at national meet- shows 13,110 participations of which 4,467 were con- ings and conventions. The following summary of a spe- ducted on the specific recommendation of the medical cial report presents information which indicates the extent authorities. In addition, the 1,800 patient participations and scope of the program: in creative music activities, such as song writing, arrang- "A Special Report of Music Activities at 126 VA ing, and harmony were almost a six-fold increase over hospitals and centers has been prepared covering such the total recorded in 1946. activities between December 15, 1947, and January 15, "An indication of the passive participation side of the 1948, (referred to below as December 1947). A similar program can be noted by the fact that the latest report report for December 1946 from 122 VA hospitals and shows approximately 700,000 patients in attendance at centers allows a comparison of the progress in music music activities other than recorded programs. December activities during the calendar year 1947. 1946 indicated approximately 875,000 patients in atten- "Only 41 hospitals reported full-time music specialists dance, including recorded programs. on the Special Services staff at the end of 1947 as com- "The Tuberculosis Hospitals as a group show little pared to 49 hospitals at the end of 1946. The 41 hos- active participation by patients as compared with the pitals reported a total of 51 music specialists. other hospitals. An indication of this is seen by the fact GM&S TB NP that, exclusive of recorded programs, TB hospitals show 1946 1947 1946 1947 1946 19 47 only two active participations for every 100 passive par- No. of hospitals having: ticipations. General Medical and Surgical Hospitals show 3 Music Specialists· 0 0 2 a ratio of 24 active participations for every 100 passive 2 Music Specialists 2 j 1 participations, and Neuro-Psychiatric Hospitals show a l Music Specialist 19 0 14 ratio of 26 to 100. Total 27 21 3 1 19 19 "There were 609 organized hospital performing "Despite this lack of adequately trained music person- groups in all VA hospitals at the end of 1947. These nel, music activities were carried on in practically all the included 162 glee clubs, 151 choirs, 99 dance bands, 81 hospitals. This was made possible by volunteers from hillbilly bands, and 53 orchestras. Six percent of these nearby communities and members of the hospital staff. were in TB hospitals, 38 percent in NP hospitals, and A highly significant contribution to music leadership was 56 percent in GM&S hospitals. made by VA patients and members. "December 1947 showed considerable entertainment "December 1947 showed approximately 32,000 active presented to the patients by outside performing groups. patient participations in musical performing groups such During the month, these groups presented 3,500 musical as bands, orchestras, choirs, glee clubs, concerts and re- performances for bed patients in wards, and 1,800 per- citals. This compares favorably with 12,500 ·participations formances in theatres, auditoriums and recreation halls." in December 1946. The patient participations in De- Additional information on the VA hospital music cember 1947 included 4,963 participations specifically program may be obtained by writing to the Chief of recommended by medical authorities, as compared to Music, Recreation Service, Special Services, Veterans Ad- 1,782 participations recommended in December 1946. ministration, Washington 25, D. C. NM .C Sur'Ve')' on Music in Hospitals

The Survey on the Use of Music in Hospitals for and answers were received from 209 of these. The survey Mental and Nervous Diseases, made by the National was evaluated and a report written thereon by Dr. Willem Music Council, is available at 15c per copy. Address van de Wall and Dr. Samuel W. Hamilton. Requests for orders to 338 West 89th Street, New York 24, N . Y. this survey have been received from all parts of the This Survey was made in 1945 . Questionnaires were and from foreign countries. sent to 341 hospitals for nervous and mental patients,

Music Program Planning

The Activity Chart of the Music Program in the Vet- source of suggestions to those hospitals where music pro- erans Administration Hospitals and Centers shows graph- grams are already under way. The chart indicates a two- ically how the music program is planned and operated. way approach to the use of hospital music, ( 1) music The chart may be of assistance in setting up a program as recreation and (2) music activities requested by med- of music activities in other hospitals. It may also be a ical authorities.

ACTIVITY CHART OF 1lU5IC PROGRAM IN VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HOSPITALS AND CENTERS

Kue ic Activities

Recreational Requested by Medical Authority

Specialized Activitiee

....."' >. rl Cll Po Po s:: ... "'Ql 0 (I) ::i ..... r. 8 0 rl"' s:: .... rl .... 0 ...... 0 al .... 0 Cll ::s "' (I) ... ,.c; 0 t.> ... D ...... C: ID O t.> 'O ., ~ ...... "' ... s:: ... ~ "'s:: p:; 0 0 'O s:: 0 s:: .. 0 H :;Q 1!"' 'O .... al 'O Ill ...... s:: 0 Cll ...... i:q (I) 'O p.. al .... 0 0 s:: ~ s:: !lO 'O p:; ~ " 'O ... Ill 0 'O s:: al ., Ql .!>d 0 .... >. "' .....s: p:; N --i ..0 0 0 ... ?! a o p rl ~ >.en "' .... Ill ::i ..... t.> oo ::i rl i:q .... (I) 'O ::i ::i ... (I) ~a s:: 0;:: s:: rl ""...... 0 cY 'O .. < ::s .... ll4 CJ) "' t.> (I) i:q e s:: ...... (I) ~~ () Cll ;:: ::i al Cll 0 0 > s:: .... 0 .... .o.>i: "' Cll 0 ..-.H ~ 'O ::i ...... ~ !!!: Cll .... Cll .... Cl ... 0 s:: Q) er rl >. s:: rl 'O > (I)"' rl Cll ..... ;:: 0 0 Cll "' s: .... "'::i :ij~ ::tl"' D ii:; ~ p:; t.> t.> en ~ H H =ii

NOT"i:: In addition t o specialized activities, mueic activitieE under liueic Recreation, .-i 14u sic Entertainment and Music Recreaticnal ...ro Instruction are available s:: t:: medical Q) Cll authorities upon request. 8 > ::i ..... rl ...... 0 al Cll "'0 s:: "'.... > H t.> Hospital Music N~

Vol. 1 September 1948 No. 2

Note To Readers At the request of the chairman of the Committee on We are gratified to announce that a lively and in- Music in Hospitals of the National Music Council, we terested response greeted the first issue of the HOSPI- give you the following notes, partly about measures for TAL MUSIC NEWSLEITER. Many requests for copies which we have definite plans. It is better not yet to of Vol. 1, No. 1, were received all of which we were speak of our ambitions, but as time goes on we expect able to fill. Our contributors have responded splendidly. them to develop into accomplishments. It is regretted that, due to space limitations in a single As regards equipment, we have 20 pianos to spread issue, we cann6f priht all the items received. This does thru 40 wards. In time this number will 6e materially not prevent us from reminding readers that a contin- increased. Meanwhile we hope to place a light piano uous EXCifANGE OF INFORMATION is invited. on a dolly and transport it back and forth thru a group Contributions not printed in this number will appear in of buildings that are connected by corridors. We have future issues of the NEWSLETTER. a few band instruments and hope that from our friends and other sources we shall considerably increase the Hospitals of all types are inYited to participate quantity of such equipment. in the exchange of information on their use of A visiting room that stands between two wards is a music, through the medium of the Hospital pleasant place for rehearsals and other small musical Music NEWSLETTER. Hospitals under the affairs. It suffers from the fact that miscellaneous traffic jurisdiction of the Army, Na'>'y, Air Force, Vet- passes thru it. We have a large auditorium used at times erans Administration, state, county and city ad- b.y the Music Department but more often for physical ministrations, as well as educational and pri'l'ate training and entertainment. The auditorium can seat 500 organizations are included in this in'l'itation. Ad- and is equipped with a record player and amplifier, a dress all news items to Rary Green, Editor, Hos- grand piano and a Hammond organ. At one end of the pital Music NEWSLETTER, 11 East 10th Street, hall is a low platform with pulpit and console, at the New York 3, N. Y. other end a stage with drops. No space being available on the first or second floor of this busy hospital we have taken some basement rooms and begun to fit them up A Hosp;tal Music Program Takes Shape for rehearsal and practice. We shall make them very by Dr. Samuel W. Hamilton useful. EDITOR'S NOTE: Dr. Samuel JP'. Hamilton, Superintendent of the Our first year will probably be spent in developing Essex County Overbrook Hospital, Cedar Grove, New Jersey, fundamental activities before we attempt anything that has prepared the following story for publication in the NEWS- LETTER. His interest in the effective use of ,music in hospitals can be called an experiment. is well known. Two choirs are rehearsing and participating in the Sun- Essex County Overbrook Hospital has a long tradition day music, Catholic and Protestant. A dance band of of musical activity. The late Frank Suenderhaft came to seven pieces plays creditably all thru the winter. We rein- the institution for stated sessions for 52 years. He en- force this with one leading instrument from outside. An couraged singing. He developed before the war a nurses' outdoor band of ten pieces has already played for the band of over 20 members. He brought in entertainers. fourth of July and other occasions and as it develops will He directed the chorus. His benign spirit inspired com- give occasional short programs on the lawn. Our weekly fort and peace in the hearts of many troubled patients community sing enlists 80 to 100 patients. One of them for five decades. His sudden death occured one after- has been a very competent master of ceremonies during noon as he was walking home frorri the hospital. his convalescence. The song books were compiled by our It was decided to expand the work of the department patients and mimeographed in Occupational Therapy. and after a hiatus of a few months, Mrs. Myrtle Fish Smaller gatherings are held each fortnight in the Recep- Thompson took charge of this department in April, 1948. tion Room. Programs include instrumental and vocal solos

Published by the Music in Hospitals Committee of the National Music Council, Ray Green, Editor and Acting Chairman, 11 East 10th Street, New York 3, N. Y. by patients who can thus have the satisfaction of help- Army, Navy and civilian hospitals took place. The locals ing entertain. Group singing is incidental. In the wards of the AFM have been able to meet hospital music re- we have scheduled 20 periods a week, as fast as pianos quirements by furnishing music all the way from single become available. Incidental recorded music is played in music instructors to complete orchestras.. About half of our waiting room where patients stop before going to last year's hospital performances were given in Veterans electro-shock therapy. Considerable coaching, arranging Administration installations. and consultation is performed. Our friends from outside In some hospitals staff psychiatrists work with music give us occasional entertainment. This summer we have units furnished by A;FM locals. Local 802, New York had concerts by the bands of a college of education, a City, has obtained the cooperation of Dr. Sam Parker, public school of music, and the Musicians' Union. Director of Psychiatry in the city hospitals. Dr. Parker Personnel consists thus far of only one active and very is working with the union on a project, "with a view to busy person, . the Musical Director. She enlists some determine the comparative values of different forms of assistance from the ward personnel and has the promise music in the handling of youthful mental problems." of valuable help from outside. She will, of course, have Detroit Local 5 presented a hospital concert which in- a full-time assistant to take patients back and forth and cluded music composed by a patient in the Wayne County relieve her of many routine duties. One can see possibili- General Hospital. Dr. Ira M. Altshuler, who is in charge ties of a coqsiderably larger department, if space, equip- of music at this hospital, says that the compositions were ment and payroll prove adequate. written "mainly for therapeutic purposes, and the operat- Our ideas about the importance of this department are ing force in this music-the creative principl~has been quite in line with those well expressed in previous issues utilized. By offering the patient the design-melody and of the NEWSLETTER. Music comes as near to being a letting him make the colorings-harmony-we are able universal emotional solvent as any human facility that to stimulate the creative principJe ... We are building we know. Experience has shown that it is extremely help- on the patient's asset . . . his talent for composing ful in reducing tension, in evoking an agreeable social music." In St. Louis, Local 2 is trying another experiment :i-ttitude, in giving expression to pent-up feeling, and in in cooperation with hospital psychiatric authorities. A lifting the level of emotional comfort in individuals and guitar teacher is visiting a local veterans' hospital once in whole groups. We are happy to be in position to offer a week. If the results justify it, the program will be these benefits to our patients and expect gradually to ex- expanded. pand our work for some time to come. Nevertheless, the bulk of the AFM's work in hospitals is purely recreational. Its value to the institutions is Recording and Transcription Fund great, owing to almost universal budget restrictions. of the Musicians have always been generous in contributing their American Federation of Musicians talents to charitable enterprises; now they have a program EDITOR'S NOTE: The following information is a digest

Published by the Hospital Music Committee of the National Music Council Ray G1·een, Editor and Aeling Chairman, 1 l EaJt 10th Street, 'ew Y ork 3, r. Y.

Vol. I, o. 3; January, 1949 Subscription, 1.00 per year; Single Copy, 40c

NEWSLETTER SUBSCRIPTIONS dynamics of abnormal beha ior. Finally, the prinople \X/ith this issue the HOSPITAL MUSIC NEWS- of music therapy are treated, and the application of these LETTER is being converted to a subscription basis. The principles in terms of personality dynamics will be E\XISLETTER will be issued three times a year, in demonstrated. January, May and eptember. The subscription rate will Each of the hour lectures will be followed by a two- he one dollar a year for three issues or forty cents per hour practicum, during which the students will work single copy. Subscriptions may start with any issue. ub- with, and study, patients who have been differentiated scribers wishing to start with this issue should remit in terms of level of functioning. This :will be accom- p.1yment by March l , 1949. Make all checks, money plished by means of student-planned and student-per- orders and postal notes payable to the formed programs of musica l entertainment throughout National Music Council, the hospital wards. The course is listed .n the West- 338 West 89th Street, New York 24, N. Y. minster catalogue as an elective Music Course with two semester hours credit. The music affiliation between the VA Hospital and WESTMINSTER COLLEGE OF MUSIC one of the nation's outstanding music colleges will be HELPS THE VETERAN dually beneficial. It will enable the interested students by J. E. Whitford to gain invaluable experience in the held, and allow

Chief of P11blic R elatio11s1 the Music Department at the Hospital to plan on an

Veteram Ad111inistration H orpital, Lyo11 s1 • / . additional seventy-four hours each week of talented and Attesting tG the success of the first year effort, the appropriate musical I erformance for the hospitalized music affiliation between the Westminster College of veterans of the closed wards. Music, Princeton, . J., and the Veterans Administra- The organization of the affiliation between Westminster tion Hospital, Lyon , . J., was renewed for the second ollege and the Lyons VA Hospital, and the develop· sc hol asti c year with the resumption of activity at the ment of the program to the high level that exists today, hospital October 12, 1948. the result of extensive staff work on the part of the On that evening, thirty-seven of the College's talented Recreation Section in general and the Music Department music students came to the ho pita! for the opening in 1 articular. orientation lecture in the regu lar weekly series covering The affiliation was first thought of by the Musi "The Principles and Practices of Music Therapy in the Director of the Hospital when it was apparent that t europsychiatric Hospital," which will combine the lec- g reater unity of effort and more extensive training of tu ring talents of Dr. Gerhardt Hirschfeld, Ward Surgeon, the forty volunteers from Westminster, who had begun Acute Service; Mr. Joseph Phelan, Psychologist; and to present programs on the hospital wards in October, Mrs. Helen Platten, Music Director. These lectures will 1947, was essential. be of one-hour duration, from 6:00 to 7:00 p.m., each The beginnings of the organizational work toward this Tuesday. end was started in November, 1947, when permission The course will pre ent an objective survey of the wa obtained from the Hospital Manager to go ahead psychiatric classification of patients, including the differ- with the project. Next, the subject was broached to the entiating characteristics of neuroses, and of functional Westminster College of Music authorities for their ap- and organic psychoses. Then a study will be made of proval. In rapid succession, the projected Music Therapy the interaction of biological and social factors, and of course was outlined and submitted to the New Jersey p ychological and environmental factors which determine Board of Education for their approval and for ~ccredita­ the occurrence of functional disturbances. The develop· tion, and permission was secured from the Hospital ment of personali ty, including the origin of moti ation, Manager for a staff psychiatrist to teach a formal course will be discussed, with particular relevance to the psycho- in Abnormal Psychology at the Coll ege one hour each week. The Office of the Director of Professional Edu- fectiveness of the course. The uncertamttes of transporta- cation at the Hospital . drew up a course of study, which tion are eliminated. Dinner is certain . With all the was presented to the New Jersey Board of Education for groups o~ hand, scheduling has been so arranged that approval. all the wards are covered, Tuesday being established as In February, 1948, the formal affiliation between the "Music Night" throughout the Hospital. Three lecturers two institutions was effected, the Board of Education share the course, eliminating last-minute cancellation of having accredited the course for two semester-hours credit, lectures, and more complete supervision of the students on the basis of a one-hour weekly lecture and a two-hour is possible. practicum. A group of twenty-two students enrolled in This last is important. The Music Director can con- the course, entitled Music Therapy, and began their .field tact the entire group in the interval between the conclu- work at the hospital for credit. The lectures were given sion of the evening meal and the start of the lecture, at the College by a staff psychiatrist, while the students for the purpose of giving instructions regarding any came in groups to the hospital on three different evenings change in the general policy or a particular program for during the week to present music programs in the the evening. In addition, it has made possible an im- various wards. portant innovation. At the end of the ward programs The response to these programs was splendid. The each Tuesday, there is now held a short, fiteen-minute enthusiasm and obvious enjoyment exhibited by the young meeting with the Music Director, concerning possible in- musicians was transmitted to the patients with a resultant cidents in the wards, outstanding reactions to the pro· participation or attention that surpassed expectations. gram, explanation of any bizarre conduct observed, or These groups were the .first to entertain in the acutely suggestions for possible changes in the programs, while disturbed wards, and their reception was the signal for all these matters are fresh in the students' minds. an expanded program of music for these wards, which Immediately after the lecture period begins, the two- has continued to date. Alli the groups sponsored a party hour practicum, which consists of the presentation of in one of these wards to end the season on a social note. periods of entertainment in the wards, starts. Previously An "all-star" cast from the groups presented a half-hour planned and rehearsed programs, of approximately one- of entertainment, and then there was an hour and one- half hour duration, are provided by each unit in three half dance at which refreshments were served. or four wards each night. For the purposes of these The first semester of the operation of the affiliation programs, the students have been divided into five groups, disclosed problems which have been eliminated this year with each of the groups having an appointed group at the outset. The most outstanding of these problems leader. was one of transportation. Last year the transportation This grouping is no casual thing. Prior to the official was supplied on two of the evenings by the American start of the course, all the enrollees were auditioned Red Cross Volunteers Motor Corps, and the third night with a view toward cataloguing both the type and degree by the Hospital bus. This proved far from satisfactory, of their talent. When the groups are arranged, care is since, due to inclement weather and other unexplained taken to provide a diversity of talent in each of the reasons, there were numerous last-minute cancellations groups. Taking these auditions into consideration, and with consequent loss of field-work by the students, and after having surveyed the individual student's back- disruption of the planned music program at the hospital. ground at the college, the group leaders are chosen. On The classroom lecture, too, ran into snags. Emergen- the basis of these auditions, too, some of the students cies at the hospital, and transportation difficulties in ad- were adjudged not yet ready to perform publicly, and, dition, sometimes prevented the assigned lecturer from in the beginning, will be spread among the groups to making his class, and it was virtually impossible to make observe and assist, until such time as they are ready for up these hours. a performing role. Finally, and not the least of the problems, was the The group leaders take an important liaison and super- fact that the students' field work was limited to a visory part in the overall program. After having planned comparatively small number of wards, since it was not and timed their anticipated -programs, they present them possible to schedule them on three nights without con- to the Music Director for possible corrections, additions flict with other programs, particularly ward movies. or deletions. Corrections may take the course of a change These difficulties, as well as others, have been over- in the type of music planned for a particular group of come this year by the revision of the operation of the patients, while deletions might be made by the removal course. All the enrolled students come on the one night, of one particular song from the anticipated evening pro- station transportation is provided, they are given their gram. The group leaders are charged with the responsi- dinner at the hospital, and, after their dinner, they re- bili ty for the general conduct of their group and with ceive their lecture course in the Nurses Classroom at the the forwarding of the directions of the Music Director. Hospital.. Every possible provision that can be taken on the plan- This is a vastly superior arrangement, both from the ning level has been directed toward the elimination of standpoint of the students themselves and for the ef- waste time. Wards are officially notified by memo of the time of the planned program for their wards, so that Sophomore Y ear they can be ready. Trained volunteers from civic, service Applied Music-Piano ...... Applied Music-Piano ...... 2 Applied Music- Voice ...... Applied Music- Voice ...... l or social organizations meet thei-r assigned groups at the Harmonic Theory III ...... Theory of Music T herapy I ...... 2 Instrumental Techniques I ...... Harmonic Theory IV ...... ~ classroom and escort them to their proper wards. Follc and Social Dancing ...... Instrumental Technique1 II ...... l Survey of Early Literature ...... Survey of Later Literature ...... 3 Even at this early stage in the semester, the Music Liberal Arte ...... 2 Philosophy of Man ...... 3 Phyaical Education ...... O Liberal Am ...... J Therapy course has "caught on" with the students, and Physical Education ...... • . . . . . O 17 their eagerness to assist the general music program at the 17 hospital even more generously has resulted in the forma- Junior Y ear tion of a "flying squadron" to be "on call' at the Col- A pplied Music - Piano ...... 2 Applied Music- Piano ...... lege. It is planned to use this group as a "fill -in," should Applied M usic-V oice ...... l A pplied M usic- Voice ...... Theory of Music Therapy 11 . . . . . 2 Theory of Music T herap y Ill ... . there be short-notice cancellations of any of the regularly Form and Analys is I ...... 2 Form and Analysia II ...... Instrumental T echniques III . . . . . l In trumental Techniques IV ...... scheduled Sunday evening music activities. Music Electives ...... -I Ed uca tional Psyc hology ...... Principle& of Pa'ychiatry ...... 2 Kinuiology ...... •. •. •. ... It is evident, even from a cursory glance, that the Bacteriology ...... • . . . . 3 Liberal Aru ...... effective formation of a working affiliation of this type 17 17 is no random thing. It is the product of careful organiza- tion, diligent administration, and tireless supervision. It Senior Year Applied Music-Piano ...... Applied Music- Piano ...... 2 is felt, however, that the time is very well spent, for Clinical Subjects ...... •...... Clin ical Subjects ...... 2 Orcheatration I ...... Or . hestration It ...... 2 from mutual programs like this comes an increased re- History of Music I ...... Hiftory of Music II ...... • . 2 Choral Conducting ...... Graduation Recital ...... •. O spect for the professional people of the Special Services Music Elective ...... Music Electi ves ...... , . .f General Ethics ...... Li beral Arts ...... • . f Division, further recognition of the forward-looking plan- Liberal Arts ...... • ...... 17 ning of the Veterans Administration in general, con - 17 tinued interest in rehabilitation work with the hospital- Interneship of nine months to be taken during the fifth year ized veteran, and invaluable experience in a comparatively of this course. new field for the students. Most important of all, it en- Total required for graduation: ables a considerable expansion of programs of worth- Music (applied and theoretical) ...... 80 semester hours Liberal Arts (including Biological while music for the enjoyment of the patients. subjects) ...... 54 seme ter hours The Editor of the NEWSLETTER wo11/d like to 1<1ke this 134 semester hours o/1po rtunity to thank Mr. Whitford for his fine spirit of coop· eration i11 making this information available. MaJ' we also extend Clinical Pacilitie1 our congratulations and comme11dt1tio11 to the members of the Clinical facilities for students of Music Therapy incl ude the H ospital staff and to the W estminster College of M usic for this following: 011tsta11ding example of hospital 1111tSic coordination. program Sacred H eart Sanitarium, Milwaukee /1/a1wing a11d operation, with its resultant benefits to the patients. St. Mary's Hill, Milwaukee t. Joseph Hospital, Beaver Dam, Wis. * * * Milwaukee County Hospital for Mental Diseases, Milwaukee MUSIC THERAPY IN EDUCATION Milwaukee Children's Hospital, Milwaukee Milwaukee Children's Convalescent Home, Milwaukee Alverno College of Music is one of the most recent Muirdale Sanatorium, Milwaukee additions to schools including courses in Hospital Music in their curriculum. In cooperation with the Sacred Heart The theory of Music Therapy, as indicated in the fore· School of Nursi ng, a complete course in Music Therapy going outline, is covered in the following way : is offered to those students who wish to train themselves Theory of M111ic T herapy I. in the field of Hospital Music. The College is conducted T he Principles and Practices of Music as Therapy. by the School Sisters of St. Francis, St. Joseph Corivent, The cope of Music Therapy. A study of the history of Music and is located at 1413 South Layton Boulevard, Mil- Therapy. A consideration of its physiological and psychological aspects. Field trips. Prerequisite.: Sophomore standing. waukee 4, Wisconsin . A list of clinical facilities available Theory of MUJic Therapy II. to students in the course is shown at the end of the The Principles and Practices of Music as Therapy. following curriculum outline. Emphasis on the application of music to all phases of therapy - pediatrics, geriatrics, orthopedics, tuberculosis, cardiac, general Al-verno College of Music medicine, surgica l, psychotic, and other special fields. The Degree of Bachelor of Mu.sic T heory of Mr11ic T herapy Ill. (Music Therapy Major) The Principles and Practices of Music as Therapy. Freshman Y ear Organizati on and administration of a Music Therapy program. Pir1t Seme11er Second Semester Attention focused on record s and materials. Houn Hou u Clinical SubjectJ I . Credit Credit Clinical subjects to include blindness and deafn ess, cardi ac Applied Music- Piano ...... 2 Applied M usic- Piano ...... 2 Harmonic T heory I ...... 4 Harmonic Theory II ...... 4 diseases, communicable diseases, general medical and surgical Survey of M usic Literature I . . . . . 2 Survey of M usic Literature Il. . . . 2 condition, orthopedi cs, tuberculosis, psychi atric, and other special Rhetoric and Composition I . . . . . 3 Rhetoric and Composition II . . . . . l General Zoology ...... 4 Introduction to Sociology ...... fi elds. Prerequisite: Theory of Music Therapy III. Liberal Arts ...... I Liberal Arts ...... Phyaical Educa tion ...... 0 Phy1ical Education ...... Cli11ical S11bjec11 II. Continuation of Clinical Subjects I. 16 16 PATIENT BEHAVIOR SCALES 4. Rate the patient on what he actually does and not by Maurice Lorr, M.D. on what you think he might do. .Clinical Psychology Section, Training the Raters Two factors markedly influence any ratings made by Veterans Administration, Washington, D. C. observers. The first factor that influences the accuracy Purpose and consistency of observations is the willingness to rate. . The Patient Behavior Scales are intended primarily for Cooperation is most readily elicited when there i~ an the systematic recording of patient behavior by nurses understanding and acceptance of the need and objectives and psychiatric attendants. However, this particular set of the program. of scales may be used by music technicians ·or qualified The second factor, the ability to rate, is affected by music volunteers under direction of the psychiatrist or a) The extent of the rater's opportunities for observ- attending physician, when the checking of patient progress ing the behavior of his patient; is a part of the assigned duties in a hospital music pro- b) The rater's awareness of the prospective items dur- gram. The scales included refer mainly to the directly ing the period of observation. observable aspects of the patient's behavior. Evidence for the less observable and ·inferred characteristics and symp- Therefore, it is important that the psychiatrist, the psy- toms of the patient is left for the psychiatrist or the psy- chologist, or the attending physician go over all the chologist to secure by judicious oral inquiry of the patient. scales in detail with those who are to act as observers m The Scales order to make certain that each one knows what is to be observed and why. It is suggested that the music Most of the items are six-point scales. Ratings ot a technicians or volunteers selected to make ratings be as- and f are assigned to extreme deviations of behavior, sembled to discuss while ratings of b .and e are given to intermediate or mild deviations from "normality." If behavior is relatively a) The purpose and value of behavior ratings. normal the ratings given are c and d depending upon b) The individual scales, in order that there be com- the ·direction in which the patient's behavior tends. The plete agreement as to the meaning of terms and remainder of the scales vary in length but are rated in the kinds of activity to be observed. a similar fashion. c) The guide points. d) The method of rating. The behavior t!l be rated on most of the scales is that which is most characteristic of the patient during the pre- It is further suggested that each rater be provided with ceding 24 hours. However, occasions may not arise to a copy of the Behavior Scales in order that he may study observe certain characteristics and for such traits (as 10, these scales and make trial observations on a few patients. 11, 12 and 13) observations over a longer period may The importance of observing the patient over a 24-hour be required. For each category such as Activity, the period upon the basis of the descriptions of behavior . psychologist or psychiatrist should read through the de- provided in the various scales should also be stressed . scription of behavior with the ward nurse, attendant, mu- The present set. of scales is derived from a set prepared sic technician, or qualified volunteer who · has· observed by Dr. Maurice Lorr of the Clinical Psychology Section, the patient. If this is not suitable, the rater should ques- Veterans Administration, Washington, D. C. . The set tion the nurse, attendant or music technician until suf- developed by Dr. Lorr is based upon aspects of the . ficient informatidn is secured for making a rating. Then Gardner Behavior Chart (P. H. Wilcox), the Psychiatric the behavior of the patient should be compared with the Rating Scale of Malamud, Hoagland, and Kaufman (Psy- various descriptions and the one most like that oi the chosomatic Medicine, Vol. 8, July-August, 1946) . Items patient selected. The alphabetical ·rating corresponding 1 through 9 are based on a set of scales developed by _to the description is then recorded on the record d1art. Anne Roe. The Norwich Rating Scale and the Raymond Guide Points for Rating Cattell personality variables also suggested a number 1. In making a rating, consider each item apart from of items. all other characteristics of the individual. All raters Rating Scales of Patient BehaYior have a tendency to rate on the basis of the general 1. Activity: A motJ nt over-all impressions and, therefore, tend to rate a. Motionless for considerable periods or stuporous. each item in the same way. Guard against this Does not spontaneously undertake any acti vi ty. "halo" effect by rating on the basis of observation. b. Underactive; seldom moving and then slowly. c-d. Active according to the situati on. Able to rest quiet! )', 2. Try to forget completely the diagnostic classifica- or to sit, read, talk, and play ga mes. tion in order not to be influenced by behavior ex- e. Usually restl ess an d busy but may be quiet for periods pected on the basis of the known diagnosis. up to half an hour. 3. Try not to be influenced .by previous ratings, if any H as short outbursts of ma rked activity. Easi ly stirred up by newco mers, mild co mmotions. have been made. Initially record your ratings on a f. Acutely restless, and exci ted. Rarely remai ns more than separate rating sheet before transference to the a few minutes in one pl ace. May have p ro l o n~ e d per· summary sheet. iods of running about. Requires sedation or restrai nt. 2. Appearance out people for the sake of company . a. Extremely untidy and slovenly. Never changes clothes c-d. Moves toward people in social situations. Enters into or cleans self unless forced. Clothes soiled with feces group activities but does not mind being left alone. food or dirt. May be forcibly bathed and changed. ' e. Moves away from people in social groups and isolates b. Slovenly and unconcerned about appearance but will himself. Will occasionally talk to others but does not clean up when told to do so. Clothes soiled with food join in games or ward activities. Usually seclusive. or dirt and disarranged. f. Nearly always seclusive and isolated. Stays alone and c-d. Gives reasonable attention t9 his appearance. Washes never talks or plays with others. when necessary without being told and keeps clothes 8. Mood Level tidy. a. Exhilarated, gay, ex uberant, laughing and singing. Ig- c. Over-scrupulous about tidiness and cleanliness. nores unpleasant aspects and difficulties of any situ- f. Excessively concerned about cleanliness and neatness. ation. Spends much time on clothes and personal appearance. b. Euphoric, happy, persistently cheerful even under in- 3. Activity Interest (Rate 011 special ward work or appropriate circumstances. occupational the1'apy) c-d. Mood appropriate to the situation. Neither very gay a. Tends to become completely absorbed in and enthusi- nor very blue. astic about the activities in which he engages. (Occu- e. Generally sad, depressed. Cries easily. pational therapy, games, drawing, music, etc.) f. Very depressed and melancholic. Cannot be cheered. b. Shows marked interest and desire to participate in 9. Mood Stability special ward and occupational activities. a. Maintains much the same mood throughout the day c-d. Participates in, and shows normal curiosity and interest whether cheerful or depressed. in the activities provided in the ward and elsewhere. b. Shows some rapid changes in mood apparently caused c. Passive and acquiescent but without active interest. Re- by conditions within the patient. Becomes happy, blue quires urging and supervision to maintain any activity or excited within a short time-interval. started by ward personnel. May read a little or watch c. Frequent and rapid changes in mood and feeling within games. a short period of time, apparently uncaused by outside f. Shows no interest in activities around him. Stops ac- events. May become gay, tearful, or angry during a tivity immediately if supervision is relaxed. Will not conversation. participate unless actively urged. 10. Assertiveness 4. Cooperation a. Orders the other patients around and/ or tells the a. Actively cooperative. Finds ways of cooperating despite nurses and the attendants what to do. Tends to be of- difficulties. Generally tends to say ' yes" when invited ficious. to cooperate. Willingly follows ward routine. b. Tends to dominate or influence other patients. Tends b. Passively resistant or obstructive. Tends to be "diffi- to make decisions in relations with other patients. cult." Will not help in ward routine beyond minimum. c-d. Makes his own decisions. May be assertive or submis- Requires much urging and persuasion in dressing and sive depending upon the realistic situation. undressing, food taking, and before complying with e. Tends to let other patients have their way and backs requests. down in a conflict. Lets others make .deci sions for him. c. Actively resistant to all routine procedures. Must be f. Submissive and docile. Pushed around or easily dom- dressed and undressed, fed and bathed. Will comply inated by other patients. with no request. 11. friendliness 5. Speech: Production a. Friendly and approachable. Trustful and free of sus- a. Noisily overtalkative. Shouts and yells. Incessantly pro- picion. Easy to speak to and to get along with. ductive. b. Often unfriendly and difficult to approach or to talk b. Talks excessively. Periodic outbursts of talking. with. Tends to be suspicious, hostile, and antagonistic. c-d. WilJ start a conversation or enter into it readily rn a Quick to believe that he is being unfairly treated. normal manner and in a moderate tone of voice. c. Usually unfriendly and difficult to approach or to get e. Does not start" a conversation, but- wi ll respond to a along with. Suspicious and unreasonably hostile with- direct question or remark. May limit himself to a very out apparent justification. May feel persecuted. brief response. 12. Self-S11fficie11cy f. Mute, for one or more days at a time. a. Self- sufficient; does not lean on others in situations 6. Speech: Coherence calling for independent decisions and action. Accepts a. Speaks in a coherent, relevant and logical fashion. responsibility and does what he says he will do. De- Conversation is logically consistent and connected by pendable and consistent in day to day behavior. some common idea or relationship. b. Partially dependent upon others in situations call ing b. Tends to speak in an incoherent fashion. Successive for independent decisions and action. Requires frequent elements of his thought are frequently inconsistent or reassurance, support and supervision in whatever he do not hang togethe~. Conversation rambles or is irrel- does. Can accept responsibility for carrying out simple evant. tasks. c. Speech is incoherent to a high degree. It appears to c. Completely dependent for support and direction' of all have little or no associative continuity. Speech appears activities. Unable to make own decisions. Cannot be to be sca ttered, disconnected, or confused. Sentences depended upon to carry out even simple tasks. Re- seem to make "word-salads." quires constant supervision. 7. Social Behavior 13. Self Esteem a. Constantly with others; actively avoids berng left alone. a. Continually expresses feelings of unworthiness, infer- Attracted by and moves toward people. iority and inadequacy. Makes numerous self-depreciatory b. Frequently with others. Not fond of being alone. Seeks remarks. b. Frequently expresses fee lings of unworthiness, guilt, MUSIC A T ROCKLAND STA T E HOSPITAL and inadequacy. ( Orangeburg, N. Y.) c-d. Expresses neither self-depreciatory nor expansive re- marks. by Dorothy K. W alker, Recreation D irector e. Often expresses feelings of self-importance, power and The Music Recreation Program at Rockland State Hos- confidence in capabilities not warranted by circwn- pital is carried on in much the same way as in other stances. psychiatric hospitals. We attempt to provide the patient f. Usually boastful, ex pansive and over-confident . Ex- with a pleasurable musical experience, thereby ai ding presses feelings of self-importance despite circum- stances. consciously or unconsciously, his mental recovery. ot all 14. Destructiveness of the 6500 patients can hope to be reached in the a. Frequently destructi ve of cl othing and furniture. H as week's schedule, although 50% of them receive some destroyed more than one object or garment. form of music "treatment. " b. Occasionally des tructive and/ or careless and uncon- Group "sings" are often the easiest form of musi cerned. participation, and are the most effective. These are held c-d. Reasonably careful of property and clothes. e. Very careful of property and clothes. Will not lend daily in the wards, few of the patients showing interest his own property. at first, but their number increasing as the period ad- f. Disturbed by destructiveness of others, or by own vances. For these "sings," either song-sheets or song- torn or damaged clothes; will not permit others to slid es are used. Each is advantageous in itself. Although touch or look at his property. the individual patient may not be able to read the words, 15. E11101io11al Behavior: Appropria1e11ess holding tbe sheets gives him a bit of confidence and a. Frequent and unpredictable silly giggling or laughter without appropriate stimulation. Emotional reactions courage to sing. TI1e song-slides tend to give better sing- typically out of harmony with the situation. ing results, as it is necessary for the participant to look b. Occasional giggling or inappropriate smiling. Emo- up at the screen, enabling him to follow the director. tional reactions and ex pressions not in keeping with This may not seem important, but psychologically each the situation. patient is more willing to assist if the results are pleasanter c. Spontaneous and natural responses to th e demands of to the ear. the situation. 16. Emotional Behavior: Amount Recorded music reaches our patients through the means a. Apathetic and indifferent. Exhibits no feeling to any of our hospital-made "music-boxes." For this purpose, a situation. a converted food-cart is used, carrying a turn-table, am- b. D ull and phlegmatic. Reacts with very little effect ; plifier and loud speakers. Our summer schedule consists rarely shows any feelings and then inadequately, de- of much "yard music," through the means of the "music- spite the situation. boxes." The cart is placed in any convenient room inside, c-d. Reacts adequately. Shows fee ling sufficient for the situation. or on a porch. The loud speaker, connected by a length e. Over-reacts emotionally to situations, sometimes ex- of extension cord, is hung from a window or stood at plosively. Expresses feelings readily, easily upset. an angle from which the music can best be projected. f. Over-reacts markedly with little or no stimulation. Ex - Not only are the patients in the yard listeners, but any presses feelings quickly ; becomes gay, angry or tearfu I. that might be confined in the ward participate in this May have spontaneous outbursts. way. The employees also react favorably to this enter- t 7. Attention a. Markedly distractible by internal or external conditions. tainment. Difficult or impossible to hold attention to any objec- The need for evening parties and entertainment is evi- tive. dent in hospital work. Ward parties, social dancing and b. Easily distracted by envi ronmental stimul i such a~ folk dancing evenings are held. Civic cooperation is ·en- sounds, and movements of other patients. Spasmodic couraged and sought. Outside entertainment in the form and scattered attention. c-d. ormall y alert to changes in the environment. Shows of plays or music programs is anticipated. These events usual attention span. Able to give attention. should be of the cheerful and commendable variety so e. Detached or preoccupied. Answers questions briefly and that the appreciation of the audience will have an oppor- relapses into revery. Difficu lt to hold attention. tunity to show itself. f. Completely withdrawn and apparently occupied with own thoughts. Cannot be drawn to pay attention. We have hospital music groups such as ord1estras, rhythm bands, choral g roups and choirs for religions * * * services. These arc all part of our working program. We NMC HOSP IT AL MUSIC PUBLICATIONS do not specialize in one particular project, but strive to A few copies of the National Music Council's Survey reach a large number of patients through all the activities. on the Use of Music in H ospitals for Mental and N er- We have used music during shock treatment and hydro- vous Diseases are still available at 15c per copy; also a therapy, lessening the apprehension and tension of the few copies of Volume I, Nos. 1 and 2 of the Hospital patient. N ewsletter, at ten cents per copy. Back numbers of the Individual attention is advised and is almost a neces- N MC BULLETIN containing articles on hospital music sity. Through encouragement and help to individual are available at $1 per copy. patients, enjoyment of music as an aid to treatment per- meates the group. An indexed list of patient-entertainers Fund itself, the first objective chosen was that of aid to who are called on and willing to assist has proved an hospitalized members of the armed forces. In line with important and active part of the set-up. Soloists, used in this objective, several Clinic Organs have been presented the wards, in Occupational Therapy classes or any other fo army, navy and veterans hospitals in this country. larger group performance, have proved to be an inspira- The Clinic Organ is a portable instrument designed for tion to patients. use in hospital wards, and has therapeutic as well as Personality is a real requ1S1te for any music worker. recreational value. Its lightweight keyboard may be placed Harmony in music brings results, so does harmony in on a patient's lap. Adjustable key tensions provide oppor- color. Why not harmony in disposition? A recreation tunity for therapeutic work with hand and arm muscles. employee should consider his job unsuccessful unless he During the past year the fraternity's International can reach his patients through pleasant and kindly asso- Music Fund program has included placement of several ciations. types of small instruments in veterans and other hospitals I have refrained from the use of the word "therapy." in this country. These have included auto-harps, pre- Here at Rockland Hospital, no one questions the fact pianos, and wire recorders. Veterans Administration Hos- that we give music recreation. A catatonic patient begins pitals which have received gift instruments are located at to show interest; manics are able to relax and listen; Batavia, N . Y., Butler, Pa., Swannanoa, N. C., Richmond, depressives beat various rhythms and give forth in song. Va. , Altanta, Ga., Cleveland and Dayton, 0 ., Fort Custer, Confinement through the winter and inclement weather Mich., Fort Thomas, Lexington, Louisville and Outwood, enables few patients to achieve complete energy release. Ky., Hines, Ill., Minneapolis and ~t. Cloud, Minn., At Rockland, music has served a definite purpose in Excelsior Springs, Mo., Dallas, Texas, San Fernando, Cal., this respect, through the encouragement of singing and and Albuquerque, N. M. Presentations were also made dancing or some active participation. It has been found lo Cleveland State Hospital and the Marine Hospital in that because of this release of energy, fewer sedatives and Cleveland, 0 . Forty-eight instruments were thus dis- restraints are necessary. tributed during the past year. These few examples, plus the patient's general plea, Of cons iderable interest has been the response from "Come again soon, the music makes me feel so good," hospital staff members to these gifts. The following are are evidence of the value of music, not only at Rockland excerpts from a few of the letters received by the Inter- State Hospital, but in hospitals throughout the country. national Music Fund Chairman after the instruments May we hope for the sincere and continued interest of the were placed- people on the outside, for an even greater cooperation F rom the Veteran's Hospital, St. Cloud, Minn.: "On of doctors and hospital employees, and for more workers behalf of our patients, we gratefully acknowledge receipt in the field to car.ry on our musical program, which is of the fifteen-bar autoharp. The Silvertone wire recorder tru ly a therapeutic asset. radio-phonograph is truly a wonderful gift. We have tried out the wire recorder, and tind everything is under con- * * trol. It is quite an invention. Please be assured that these SIGMA ALPHA IOTA AIDS IN THE gifts mean many hours of pleasure for our patients." HOSPITAL MUSIC PROGRAMS From the Veterans Hospital, Batavia, N . Y.: "These by Kathleen Davison, three gifts, the wire recorder radio-phonograph, autoharp National President, Sigma Alpha Iota and pre-piano have been put into use in this hospital Sigma Alpha Iota's activities 111 aiding the mus ic pro- for the benefit of patients. They are very welcome and grams of hospitals are carried out largely through the being greatly utilized. They provide a great deal of com- fraternity's International Music Fund. Inaugurated during fort, relaxation and recreation, and play a major part in the course of the recent war, the International Music occupying the full time of many patients ... They will Fund was established as a permanent part of the fraternity play an important part in therapeutic treatments as well program, designed to provide material helpfulness in as entertainment and recreation." rehabilitation efforts in this country and abroad so long From VA Hospital, Outwood, Ky.: 'This type of wire as the need for it exists. recorder is an outstanding donation for our Special Ser- The International Music Fund was specifically estab- vices program in this Tuberculosis Hospital. We plan to lished as an undertaking for alumnae chapters of the put it in immediate use by making recordings daily of fraternity, and the major responsibility for building and patients in our infirmary wards, on the same basis as an directing activities of the fund rests with these groups. inquiring reporter program, and then re-broadcastmg With the added interest of college chapters as well, the these over our hospital multi-channel system." project now enjoys enthusiastic support from the entire And from VA Hospital, Excelsior Springs, Mo.: "Each fraternity membership. day our patients are required to observe a 'rest period' Ead1 year the alumnae chapters select a project or from 12:30 to 2:30. Frequently special programs are projects to be carried out by the International Music broadcast over the radio at that time. Now we will be Fund. Immediately following actual establishment of the able to record these programs and play them back to the patients after the rest period is over. Also there is less noise in the dining room when the "The Auto-harp was turned over to some Gray Ladies orchestra plays than at other times; patients when they from the Red Cross who work here weekly as volunteers. fi nish eating sit back in their chairs and listen to the They took it into several of the ward dayrooms where music. Volunteers gather request numbers from patients they have found that a number of· the patients are inter- and th e orchestra p lays these or other numbers. ested in strumming this in trument because it is so simple " One patient in particular who was a very good mu- to play. sici an had his periods of ups and downs, bu t even when In addition to the nationally-directed Internatio na l in a regressed stage, he practiced on a clarinet and Mu ic Fund program, the fraternity's alumnae members apparently was interested in nothing else than music. actively support music programs of hospitals in their A volunteer spent many hours working with him at his own locales. Every encouragement is offered for the con- music. This patient is now on trial visit working in Rose- ti nuance of their war-time enthusiasm in hospital service. burg, but still comes to the hospital to practice and play In some instances musical activities are undertaken by with the orchestra. Patients are added to the orchestra as entire chapters in conjunction with hospital programs, and they express the desire for this activity. At present Mrs. a large number of individual members regularly serve McRae works with the orchestra group, and Miss Goode in aiding the general music programs of the ho pitals. works with individuals who ex press a desire to lea rn to Present plans for the International Music Fund during play instruments. the current year include the continuation of presenting "TI1e orchestra plays for parties, hospital shows, danc- small instruments to hospitals, and in addition the suppl y- ing classes and other entertainment, as requested. At one ing of music and musical instruments to Ewin Christian of the parties, a record was rnt by the local radio station, College and the Unversity of Seoul, both in Korea. This and played over the air at a later time. The present latter activity is being undertaken in co nnection with the orchestra consists of eight pieces, and also has a vocalist. work of the Music Rehabilitation Committee of the "Other uses of music at this hospital, all of which have National Music Council. some therapeutic va lue, are in the form of music for regressed patients after their morning sports activities. * They are returned to the ward where a portable dual- speed recorder is set up and records are played. At hrst THE VALUE OF MUSIC VOLUNTEERS there was little interest by the patients. However, evntu- The following (/ppe(fred in the November 12, 1948, lufo r- ally patients were requesting favorite pieces and at the matio1z Bulletin of the Veterans Administration Bu11ch Office present time, the entire ward looks forward to the music No. 11 , Seattle, 11Yashingto11. This 11u1teri"I W(IS /ire/ured for hour. publicatioll as a description of the workiugs of the music /1r o- gram at the VA hospital, Roseburg. Oregon. "Music is also being used in conjunction with continu- "Miss Helen Goode, a local high sd1ool teacher, tarted ous tubs, packs, and electric hock. Records are selected out working with on e or two patients on the piano and by the Physical Therapist, who has some musical back- then other instruments . The g roup grew in size and soon ground, and are played before, during and after the a five-piece orchestra was playing together. The patients treatment. The medical staff has indicated that more were interested and looked forward to the practice ses- benefit is derived from co ntinuous tubs and packs when sions, whid1 were held three times a week. Then they soothing and quieting music is used in conjunction with were called upon to provide entertainment for parties, them. dances, and other events. This was apparently the stimu- "Music is also played when patients enter or leave the lation needed, as they then began to learn new pieces theatre for motion pictures. It has been noted that good and to want more music. Then it was felt that if the , when pl ayed by better-than-average musi - orchestra played in the dining room during the noon cians, is enjoyed by all patients, whether it is piano, meal, a certain amount of benefit would be derived both violin or some other instrument. The instrument does not by the patients playing and those listening. May 9, seem to matter so much as does the quality of the music. Mother's Day and N ational Hospital Day, wa the time "Tb chorus and choi r have th eir places for those pa- selected for their first appearance . The .Hospital Manager tients who want to si ng. Some patients will si ng hymns and the medical staff felt that it was such a success that and others will not, so the two types of mu ic are not the orchestra was requested to continue to pl ay in the mixed but kept separate to satisfy both groups. From time dining room. In order that neither the players no r listen- to time records have been cut of their singing, and when ers should tire of this, it is carri ed out only tw ice a played back to the patients they have been amazed and week. When a march is played as patients enter or leave thrilled with the results, and from then on keep trying the dining room , they step along in time to the music. lo improve the quality of the singing." HOSPITAL MUSI[

Published by the Hospital Music Committee of the National Music .Cowru:il Ray Green, Editor and Acting Chairman, 11 East 10th Street, New York 3, N. Y. Vol. I, No. 4, May, 1949 Subscription, $1.00 per year; Single copy, 40c

THE USE OF MUSIC AS THERAPY finds joy and contentment through active participation IN THE TREATMENT OF in some form of music, while self-confidence and as- PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS surance are often restored to the advanced student or professional through musical activities. By Henrietta G. Price, O.T.R. The relaxing or emotional relief brought through music Director of Ocrnpational Therapy, is a great benefit to the depressed patient. To schizo- Sheppard and Enoch Prall 1-lospital, Tow,on, Md. phrenic patients, music requiring constant concentration one looks over the fine Report on a Survey made by If or the stimulation of duets is of value. For over~active the National Music Council, under the guidance and col- patients, either soothing music as a sedative or stimulating laboration of Dr. Samuel W. Hamilton and Dr. Willem music for the absorption of surplus energy may be used. van de Wall in 1944, one will realize the contribution Careful selection of the music used, according to the that this Council has made and is making in the thera- momentary mood of the patient is very important. peutic use of music for psychiatric patients. For paranoid patients, music may · be used to divert Their interest in discriminating between the truly sci- their interest into other channels and give temporary entific and therapeutic use of music from the purely relief from their constant suspicions. The well-guided use diversional, their help in counteracting the publication of of music with shock treatments is offering great possi- "magic cures," their emphasis upon proper psychiatric bilities. Also its use in connection with hydrotherapy is training for those administering this form of prescribed interesting many of our medical staff. The valuable recall treatment, and their effort in interesting the proper of past experiences and memories is often brought about authorities i:n this specialty are all being stressed by the through music, which offers in such instances a bridge Committee on Hospital Music of the National Music to reality. In our hospital, we emphasize the possible Council. therapeutic value of music from the point of view of Our hospital, which was included in this original sur- patient participation rather than that of listening value. vey, has for more than twenty-five years been fortunate As one of our physicians has said, "We think of it in having two psychiatrically trained musicians working specifically and therapeutically as a direct non-verbal under the prescription supervision and constant guidance approach to the individual's emotions." of a most cooperative, sympathetic and understanding The Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital, a privately psychiatric staff. In addition, the outside stimulation of endowed psychiatric hospital with a bed capacity of Dr. Adolf Meyer, Dr. Samuel Hamilton, Dr. Willem three hundred (but at present we have 187), gives van de Wall and other outstanding ·ndividuals, hospitals musical individual instruction to approximately eighteen and organizations has contributed much towards our to twenty-five men and women patients in voice, piano, work. violin, flute and drums. These patients have from one- We feel that music used either as a stimulant or a half hour to an hour weekly with the therapist. There sedative for neuro-psychiatric patients is recognized here are fourteen pianos in different parts of the hospital as a valuable therapy. It offers emotional relief and spir- which are available to patients, two small auditoriums, itual satisfaction and is not limited to the participants. and three music studios which are used for teaching, in The individual patient who contributes to our musical addition to ward pianos. The hospital owns other musical entertainments often attains the highest mental satis- instruments, violins, banjos, ukuleles, mandolins and faction in appearing before a group to sing or play. drums, and patients are often permitted to bring their Comraderie is created through group music. The amateur own instruments to the hospital.

NEWSLETTER SUBSCRIPTIONS We invite you to join the growing list of HOSPITAL NEWSLETTER subscribers. The rate is one dollar a year for three issues or forty cents per single copy. Make checks and money orders payable to the NATIONAL MUSIC COUNCIL 338 West 89th Street, New York 24, N. Y. The music therapist arranges at least one musicale a educational institutions is something which will require month, given by the patients themselves to a large and much serious consideration. It would also be of tre- appreciative audience. Weekly recitals are also given in mendous value if some association or committee would our more disturbed wards, by convalescent patients or gather together information from all sources on this therapists. Many of our patients have received advanced subject and make these findings available to those work· musical training and wish to continue and further this ing and interested in this special field. interest. On the other hand, many are beginners. Many of us have had thrilling and satisfying experi- The hospital has a small dance orchestra which plays ences in reaching our patients through music, but there for afternoon patients' dances. An outside professional rs much research still to be done, and even after many orchestra is used for night dances. Community singing years, few of us feel qualified to say that we are using for large groups takes place once each month, and is also music scientifically as a treatment for psychiatric patients. used in the wards with disturbed patients. Interesting + + + musical guessing games are from time to time included in our monthly programs and this form of entertainment We have received a communication from Maurice has proved to be both helpful and stimulating. Also, Lorr, Ph.D., Assistant Chief Clinical Psychologist, incidental music is used for our fifteen or eighteen Psychiatry and Neurology Division of the Veterans Administration in Washington, pointing out that monthly entertainments, tiding over that boring or restless "M.D." appeared erroneously after his name on the period when an audience is being gathered together or set of "Patient Behavior Scales" which he prepared leaving. Special musical programs are arranged for Church for the January issue of the HOSPITAL NEWS- services. Appreciation classes are held, illustrated by LETTER. We regret this error and offer our sincere piano or symphonic records. At present, the hospital apologies to Maurice Lorr. In addition may we tell him that his set of Patient Behavior Scales continues owns four hundred records. to receive interested and stimulating comment from Interest is being shown and research is being made in medical authorities and hospital music personnel. the use of applied music in disturbed wards. An article + + + on this subject by Marjorie Ruegnitz, formerly on our We are happy to make a correction of authorship staff, appeared in the Occupational and Rehabilitation on the lead article, "Westminster College of Music Helps the Veteran," in the January HOSPITAL Magazine of October, 1946. In regard to music with NEWSLETTER. This story should have carried the shock treatment, careful observation and notes are being by-line of Mr. Harry D . Purcell, Recreation Section, kept on the use and selection of records, patients' re- Veterans Administration Hospital, Lyons, N. J. actions and psychiatrist's evaluations. Through an inadvertent error the article was attri- buted to J. E. Whitford, Chief of Public Relations We often find musical talent among the personnel ot at the hospital. Our humble apologies to Mr. Purcell, the hospital, who help in our musical programs. Also we and our thanks to him for an outstanding story. are most fortunate in our outside contacts. Musical groups We feel that the use of music in hospitals has been that are especially interested in our hospital volunteer given a great impetus by his article. NEWSLETTER their talent. This is not only of therapeutic value to our reader response seems to bear us out in this too. patients, but is an outstanding educational contact for the lay person, the artists brought to the hospital thus + + + having an opportunity to learn at first hand the modern NORTH CENTRAL CONFERENCE ON FUNCTIONAL MUSIC approach, care and attitude used in the institution and to gain a clearer understanding of the general behavior Esther Goetz Gilliland, Chairman, North Central Con- ference on Functional Music, prepared the following informa- of groups of psychiatric patients. tion on meetings held in Chicago, March 25-27. The Chicago While one may speak of occupational therapy and Musical College and the University of Professional recreational therapy as quite separate departments, in our Schools acted as sponsors and hosts to the Conference. The hospital all of the activities, such as shops, physical meeting was held for hospital musicians, physicians, psycholo- gists, occupational and recreational therapists and special teach- education, social interests, drama and music are correlated ers of the handicapped. and directed as one department. We attempt to bring The Conference Committee was made up of Esther Goetz the hospital life of each patient up to the highest normal Gilliland, Chicago Musical College, Chairman; Roy Underwood, level he is able to accept at the time, thus helping pre- Michigan State College, Vi ce-President, Music Teachers National pare him for the more difficult and still higher level the Association ; and Beatrice W ade, OTR, University of Illinois, Director of Occupational Therapy. outside community expects and demands of him. PURPOSE In closing, may I make a plea for scientifically planned Realization of the need for guidance and organization of and thorough medical and musical training for persons those actively engaged in the use of functional music to re· ' entering this special occupation. Whether this training habilitate the physically and mentally handicapped, was the will be carried out through courses such as that in motivating factor in organizing the North Central Conference on Functional Music. Similar conferences have been held re- Functional Music at the University of Kansas, with clinical cently in Boston under the leadership of A. Fl agler Fultz and hospital affiliations, and contemplated by other univer- at the University of Kansas under Dr. E. Thayer Gaston. By sities, or in conservatories affiliating with medical and gathering pioneer music workers together with recognized au· thorities in related fields, all of whom are interested in func- with Dr. J . L. Moreno Psychodrama Institute, Beacon Hill, tional music, and many of whom are accomplished musicians, N. Y . it is hoped to motivate more extensive and intensive scientific Jacob W. Klapman, M.D., Staff Psychiatrist, Chicago Com· application of music in therapy. Jt is also hoped that the nucleus munity Clinic, Department of Public Welfare. of a national organization may be formed to support and en- SATURDAY, MARCH 26, 1949-University of Illinois Pro- courage research, as well as to establish standards for the fessional Schools registration of workers. 9:30 A.M.-PANEL DISCUSSION, "Music as an Aid in Re- The Music Department of Michigan State College at East habilitating H andicapped Children." (The Deaf and Hard Lansing pioneered in offering a fo ur-year training course in of Hearing; Mentally Retarded; Cerebral Palsied; Those Music Therapy, leading to a Bachelor's degree. Students obtain with Speech Defects and Emotional Problems.) practical experience at Wayne County Hospital, Eloise, Michigan. Chairman, Ruth Ryder, Educational Director, Illinois Chil- The Chicago Musical College offers Bachelor of Music Edu- dren's H ospital School. cation and Master of Music Education degrees with concentra- Helen S. Lane, Ph.D ., Principal, Central Institute for the tion in therapy. Students obtain practical experience at the Vet- Deaf, St. Louis; Assa. Prof. of Psychology, Washington erans Administration Hospital, Downey, Jll. Students also may University. gain practical experience at North ·Shore Health Resort. Ex- E. A. Boos, Director E. A. Boos School of Educational perience with handicapped children may be gained at Jllinois Adjustment. Children's Hospital School. Martin F. Palmer, Sc. D ., Director, Institute of Logopedics, The Professional Schools of the University of Jllinois main- Wichita, Kan. tain an active School of Occupational Therapy. Music has been Rudolf Dreikurs, M.D ., Chairman, Department of Psychia- used for eight years at the Jllinois Neuropsychiatric Institute. try, Chicago Medical School; Consultant on Child Guidance. PROGRAM 1:00 P.M.-PANEL DISCUSSION, "Training Courses and Cer- FRIDAY, MARCH 25, 1949 tification." 10 :00 A.M.-MEETJNG, University of Illinois Professional Chairman, Roy Underwood, Head of Music Department, Schools Michigan State College. PANEL DISCUSSION-"Aspects of the Hospital Music Beatrice D . Wade, OTR, Director, Department of Occupa- Program from Various Viewpoints-Psychiatry, Occupational tional Therapy, University of Illinois; Board Member, Therapy, Recreational Therapy, Hospital Administration, A.O.T.A. Music, Integration of the Entire Program." Esther Goetz Gilliland, Director of Music Therapy De- Chairman, Alfred P. Bay, M.D., Superintendent, Manteno partment, Chicago Musical College; Head of Mu5ic De· State Hospital. partment, Wilson Branch, Chicago City Junior College; Forrest L. McAllister, Director Research and Community Music Therapy Counselor, Sigma Alpha Iota. Service, American Music Conference; Consultant V.A. Na- 2:00 P.M.-PANEL DISCUSSION, "The Influence of Music on tional Headquarters, Washington, D . C. Behavior." (Personality and Musical Choice, Fatigue and Bertha Schlotter, Institutional Therapy Consultant, Illinois Production in Industry, Mood Effects, Social Attitudes.) Department of Public Welfare. Chairman, Stanley G. Dulsky, Ph.D., Chief of Staff, Henrietta McNary, OTR, Director, Department of Occu- Chicago Psychological Institute ; authority on Industrial Psy- pational Therapy, Milwaukee-Downer College; Vice-Chair- chology and Child .Guidance. man Educational Committee, American Occupational Therapy Joan Benson, Assistant to Raymond B. Cattell, Ph.D ., Re- Association. search Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois. Leo Muskatvec, Music Therapist, Milwaukee County Hos- Norton F. Boom, Secretary, Boom Electric Co., Chicago pital for Mental Diseases; faculty Alverno College of Representative of Muzak, Inc. Music, Milwaukee, Wis. Kate Hevner Mueller, Ph.D., Educational Advisor, Indiana 12-1 :00 P.M.-TOUR HOSPJTAL- VJSIT EXHIBITS. University ; research on the Effects of Music. 2:00 P.M.-PANEL DISCUSSION, "Music as Adjuvant Ther- Max Kaplan, M.M., M.A., Social Science Department, Uni- apy." (Shock, Physical Reconditioning, Anesthesia. ) versity of Jllinois. Chairman, Samuel Liebman, M.D., M.S., Medical D irector, 8:00 P.M.-PANEL DISCUSSION, "Research Problems and North Shore Health Resort, Winnetka, Jll.; faculty, Uni- Procedures." versity of Jllinois Medical School. Chairman, Mandel Sherman, M.D ., Ph.D., Prof. of Re- Evelyn Flagsted, Music Therapist, V.A. H ospital, Minne- search Psychology, University of Chicago; National Re- apolis, Minn. search Council, Consultant in Doctoral Work, Chicago Howard Carter, Secretary, Council on Physical medicine, Musical College. American Medical Association. Louis Jacobs, M.D ., U. S. Public Health Service, Region Geraldine Light, M.D., Assistant Professor of Surgery, 4 and 5. University of Chicago, Billings Hospital. R. L. Cardinell, Muzak, Inc., New York City; associated 8:00 P.M.-PANEL DISCUSSION - "General Principles of with Prof. Harold Burris-Meyer, Stevens Institute of Tech- Group Therapy Applied to Music." nology, in research on general effects of auditory stimuli. Chairman, Jules H . Masserman, M.D ., Associate Professor, Ira M. Altshuler, M.D., M.A., Director Group and Music Nervous and Mental Diseases, Northwestern University; Therapy D epartment, W ayne County General Hospital, Regional V.A. Consultant in Psychiatry; Scientific Director, Eloise, Mich. National Foundation of Psychiatric Research. David Holguin, Midwest Regional Representative, Schillin- Seymour G. Klebanoff, Ph.D ., D epartment of Psychology, ger System of Musical Composition, faculty Chicago Musical Northwestern University; Chief Psychologist, V.A. Hospital, College. Downey, Ill. SUNDAY, MARCH 27, 1949 Alfred P. Solomon, M.D., Clinical Associate Professor of BUSINESS MEETING AND INFORMAL DISCUSSION, "Fu· Psychiatry, University of Illinois, Senior Attending Neuro- tu re Developments." (Organization, Further Research, Publi- Psychiatrist, St. Luke's Hospital, Chicago. cations, Appointment of Committees. ) Gertrude Harrow, Clinical Psychologist, V.A.; formerly Chairman, Hans Rosenwald. MONDAY, MARCH 28, 1949 Supervisory Teachers, 11 Teachers of the Mentally Handi- capped, 3 Speech Teachers, 3 Teachers of the Physically 8:00 A.M.-BILLINGS HOSPITAL, Visit to Clinic to Observe Handicapped, one Physical Education Teacher, 25 Music Music with Surgery. Teachers, 8 Occupational Therapy Teachers, 23 Occupa- 9:00 A.M.-NORTH SHORE LINE STATION, Visit to Dow- ney V.A. Hospital to Observe Music Program under D i- tional Therapists, 6 Physical Therapists, 17 Recreational rection of Frances Heinlen. (Equipment, Practice Rooms, Therapists, one Educational Therapist, 18 Musical Thera- Drum and Bugle Corps, Orchestra Practice.) pists, 3 Nurses, 11 Psychologists, one Community Service Worker, 4 Counselors, 4 Social Service, 1 Medical Sec- EXHIBITS INSTRUMENTS, RECORDING MACHINES, MATERIALS, retary, 2 Red Cross Volunteers, 1 P.T.A. National Chair- RECORDS, PAMPHLETS, REPRINTS, Library, Univer- man of Music, 5 Editors and Writers, 4 Research Workers, sity of Illinois Professional Schools. 1 Chaplain, 1 Personnel Worker. HOSPITALS REPRESENTED STUDENTS PRESENT AT CONFERENCE Alton State, Alton, Ill.; Billings, University of Chicago; 3 Music Therapy Internes, 20 Music Therapy Students, Central Institute for the Deaf, St. Louis, Mo.; Cherokee, 16 Music Students, 19 O.T. Students, 8 Miscellaneous, 3 Iowa; Chicago State Hospital; Community Clinic, Depart- Puctice Teachers, 9 Psychology, 1 Medical. ment of Public Welfare, Cook County, Chicago; Detroit EXHIBITORS Medical, Detroit, Mich.; East Moline State, Ill. ; Elgin State, Decca Distributing Company, Gamble Hinged Music Com- Ill.; Illinois Children's Hospital School; Illinois Neuro- pany, Hall and McCreary Publishing Co., Lyon and Healy, psychiatric Institute; Institute of Logopedics, Wichita, Lyons Band Instrument Co., Targ and Dinner. Kans.; Kalamazoo State, Mich.; Kankakee State, Ill.; La NUMBER OF PATIENTS PARTICIPATING IN Rabida Sanatarium, Chicago; Manteno State, Manteno, Ill.; MUSIC IN HOSPITALS AND SCHOOLS Milwaukee County Hospital, Wis.; Mt. Pleasant State, Ia.; REPRESENTED, 40,565 North Shore Healtl1 Resort, Winnetka, Ill.; St. Luke's, + ... ·~ Chicago; St. Mary's Hill, Milwaukee, Wis.; Wayne County, Eloise, Mich.; Women's and Children's, Chicago. MUSIC IN UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HOSPITALS HOSPITALS AND CLINICS Beatrice Wade, OTR, Director of Occupational Therapy, V.A. Center, Chicago ; Danville, Ill. ; District Office No. 7, University of Illinois, has kindly secured permission for the Chicago; Downey, Ill. ; Hines, Ill. ; Marion, Ind.; Minne- NEWSLETTER to publish a descriptive listing of music used apolis, Minn.; Vaughan Unit, Chicago. in the occupational therpy program under her direction. The SCHOOLS, COLLEGES following is a listing of the use of music in the various treat- AND UNIVERSITIES REPRESENTED ment units of the University of Illinois Hospitals by the per- Alverno College of Music, Milwaukee, Wis.; American sonnel of the Occupational Therapy Department. This material Conservatory of Music, Chicago; Barat College, Lake Forest, was prepared for the convenience of the participants in the Ill. ; Chicago Conservatory of Music; Chicago Medical North Central Conference on Functional Music. School; Chicago Musical College; Chicago Teachers Col- lege ; De Paul University; Indiana University ; Jackson Music in Occupational Therapy State College, Ala. ; Metropolitan School of Music, Chicago; Medicine-Surgical Unit Michigan State College, East Lansing; Milwaukee Downer A. Radio: The occupational therapy unit has a radio College; Morgan Park Military Academy; Northwestern loan service (13 radios donated by the Women's University ; Notre Dame University; Rizzo School of Music, Auxiliary of the Chicago Campuses). The majority Chicago; University of Chicago; Washington University, of these radios are loaned to patients in the medical St. Louis, Mo.; Western Michigan College, Kalamazoo; Wilson Junior College, Chicago. and surgical wards. SCHOOLS FOR THE HANDICAPPED B. Phonograph : Barbour School, Rockford, Ill. ; Boos School, Plano, III.; a. In the unit: Patients enjoy listening to records Freeman School, Rockford, Ill.; Illinois Children's Hos- while they are working on their projects or are pital School; Institute of Logopedics, Wichita, Kan.; Chi- here for special treatment. One afternoon a week cago Public Schools-Avalon Park, Chalmers, Lloyd, Mar- shall, Schoop, Walsh. a music appreciation program is arranged for pa- ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED tients who are able to come to the unit. The American Medical Association, American Music Conference, records are carefully selected and are usually American Red Cross (Volunteers), Chicago Board of Edu- semi-classical. The occupational therapy students cation, Chicago Church Federation, Chicago Park District, plan the program and attempt to give the pa- Chicago Psychological Institute, Illinois Department of Pub- lic Welfare, Muzak Corporation, National Music Council, • tients a little background about the National Congress of Parents and Teachers, National So- and the music being played. ciety for Crippled Children and Adults, Sigma Alpha Iota, b. In the wards: The phonograph is used in the Music Research Foundation, United States Public Healtl1 wards when patients who enjoy music are not Service, Veterans Administration, Y.M.C.A. Hotel Recreation. able to come to the unit. The type of music de- TYPES OF PATIENTS FOUND IN HOSPITALS REPRESENTED pends upon the interests and tastes of the in- Arthritic, Blind, Cerebral Palsied, Deaf, Emotionally Dis- dividual patient. turbed, Epileptics, Hard of Hea ring, Medical, Mentally C. Piano: Used extensively in this unit, usually as a Deficient, Neurotic, Orthopedic, Paraplegic, Pediatric, Polio- medium of psychological treatment or in recreational myelitic, Psychotic, Psycho-neurotic, Rheumatic Fever, Speech Defects, Surgical, Tuberculosis. programs. It is also used occasionally for physical PROFESSIONS REPRESENTED restoration when finger exercise and/ or hand and Fifteen M.D.'s, one D.D.S., 9 Ph.D .'s, 8 Industrialists, 7 foot coordination are desired. D. Rhythm band: Sometimes used as part of the even- tine's, Christmas, Easter, etc. ing recreational program. As many as 25 or 30 pa- Summary of Observations Concerning tients participate at one time. Musical Activities E. Com 1111Jnity singing: Used a great deal in connection with evening recreational programs and special par- A. Sections A, B and C indicate that musical experience ties. Led by a student, the therapist, or one of the 1. Aids the patient in making a satisfactory hospital patients. adjustment F. Outside entertainment: Furnished by entertainers a. Through an association with a previous pleas- from outside the hospital; small orchestras, hill-billy ant musical experience bands, accordion players, opera singers, etc. b. By easing emotional stress and restlessness. G. Christmas Carols: The occupational therapy students 2. Assists in normalizing the attention span, appeals and staff sing Christmas Carols in all wards of the to more than one sense, and thus commands and sustains interest hospital each year. Song books are distributed to the patients and they sing with the carollers as they ar- 3. Develops self-help. In action songs the patient rive at the various wards. forgets his disability and attempts to follow the leader Orthopaedic Unit 4. Promotes social adjustment. Musical activities A. Passive musical experience: encourage patient to become acquainted with 1. Listening to the radio, victrola or outside enter- others tainers 5. Develops hobbies for some patients, even gives a. Types of individual patients: direction towards a career 1. Pre and post operative patient a. Creates desire for instruction in various fields 2. Tuberculous patient of music-vocal, instrumental and theory. b. Group of patients: b. Creates a drive for success in a career in 1. On the ward-all ages music or related areas for those with special 2. In the recreation room-all ages ability. 2. Listening to a well organized music hour: a. This has not been found practical for pre- Pedi4trU::s Unit school age group of patients. A. In occupational therapy unit: b. Young school children have a short attention The children enjoy and benefit from group singing span; respond to operettas, marches and pop· and rhythm band while in the unit. There are often ular songs. one or two who do not have the energy to play c. Adolescents respond to the above but also like vigorously, so that for these children recorded stories semi-classical and lighter symphonies. d~sjgned to acquaint them with musical instruments d. Adult patients in addition to the lighter have a definite place. Records of music and song are music enjoy serious music, concertos, sym- often played for the children to listen to as they phonies, etc. go about doing other things. This helps maintain a e. Identification of instruments as part of the cheerful atmosphere. music appreciation hour is adapted to the B. For isolated patients: various age groups. a. Recorded music and stories are taken to these pa- B. Active participation in musical experiences: tients by means of a portable phonograph. For 1. Individual participation: those who have their eyes bandaged, music 1ind a. Use of instruments such as tonettes, auto- stories encourage a more cheerful, cooperative harps, combs and mouth organs frame of mind. b. Amateur hour-singing or playing an instru- b. Patients who have a cardiac condition or Syden- ment ham's chorea must rest and relax. Music is an 2. Group participation-all ages : excellent medium. For example, the type of a. Community singing music best for them is that which has no sudden b. Rhythm band changes in tempo. c. Action songs c. Music and stories are important for those too d. Amateur hour-singing or playing instru- weak to participate in any other activity. ments, duets, quartets, etc. C. Evening group activities: e. Song games After the supper hour, activities are planned for the C. Music rued for accom paniment in other activities of children in the large wards. Group singing and patient: musical games play an active part in the develop- 1. Dramatics; 2. Solos; 3. Puppets; 4. Ballads; ment of socialization among the children. Some oi 5. Art media-such as modeling, pamtmg or these little patients who do not socialize with their drawing; 6. Special Day programs-St. Valen- ward mates will many times enter into the excite- ment of a game or join m singing with an inter- The Boston Conference aimed to bring together full- ested group. time hospital musicians from the Eastern Region of the Psychiatric Unit U. S. The Conference was carried on without formal Unit Program speakers or lecturers. Prior to the Conference a list of A. Music for the irrdividual: sources of problems was sent to each of the institutions a. Music instruction and practice periods for a pa- recommended by Roy Underwood, Chairman of the tient are provided only when prescribed by the MTNA Committee on Music in Therapy, and from psychiatrist in charge of the case. Both vocal and those returned, the program was outlined. instrumental lessons are given. Arthur Flagler Fultz, director of Musical Guidance, b. Lessons and practice periods for neurological Boston, was chosen Chairman of the Conference. J. Leslie cases are given by prescription when specific Cahill arranged a trip to witness a demonstration of the functional treatment for the upper extremities is new Elek-Trem, a device for improving the musical ordered by the doctor. effects of the Hammond Organ. B. Music for the group; a be.sic element in the social- The following persons were officially registered: Arthur ization of the patient, whether neurological or Flagler Fultz; J. Leslie Cahill, director of music at Metro- psychiatric: politan State Hospital, Waltham, Mass.; Phillip Doak, a. Types of musical activity : official observer for the Acoustical Society of America; 1. Group singing-choral and round Lais Hannaford, director of musical therapy at Allentown 2. Rhythm band State Hospital, Allentown, Pa.; Mrs. Evelyn Harris, 3. Instruments-piano, auto-harp, tonettes, musi- musical therapist at Spring Grove State Hospital, Catons, cal glasses Md.; Patricia Powers, director of musical therapy, Institute 4. Music for folk and square dancing at teas of Living, Hartford, Conn.; Joseph Seivold, director of 5. Music for social dancing at evening parties music, Springfield State Hospital, Sykesville, Md.; Robert 6. Music accompaniment for calisthenics each Turansky, director of music therapy at Torrance State morning Hospital, Torrance, Pa.; Mrs. A. Irene Whitney, secretary, 7. Singing games for "gym" activities Musical Guidance, Boston, Mass. 8. Music appreciation on Wednesday afternoons; I. Summary Notes on Reports of ActiYities Records; recognition games ; lives of artists; 1. Mrs. Evelyn Harris, Spring Grove State Hospital, discussion of symphonies; composition Catons, Md. Serves 1200 patients on a voluntary basis. 9. Music for creating a pleasant atmosphere dur- Volunteer services are for eight weeks, every day from ing Friday afternoon teas 9 to 4:30. Hospital has fifteen pianos, three portable 10. Music-piano or records as stimulation for reed organs, one glockenspiel, one zither, mouth organs, finger painting expression on Wednesday af- etc. Needs a music room. Music is given patients for the ternoons main purpose of discovering those who may have musical lVard Program ability, then finding out what they are interested in. A. Music for the individual (see A): Auto-harp; Mrs. Harris works with all types of patients ; chronics, vocal; records. disturbed, and convalescent. B. Music for the gwup (see B) : 2. Patricia Powers, Institute of Living, Hartford, a. Group singing-choral and round (if enough pa- Conn. Serves 400 patients as music teacher together with tients) for neurological wards and psychiatric an assistant called the "Educational Therapist." Patients wards are carefully classified and segregated. Has at her dis- b. Rhythm band for adult and children ( neuro- posal a Hammond Organ, library of approximately 3000 logical) records, forty-five pianos, and service by Muzak. Teaches c. Music appreciation with records for neurological piano, organ and voice by prescription, conducts music wards appreciation classes and community singing. Orchestra + + + and cHoir activities are ruled out because they may dis- REGIONAL MEETING turb other patients. It is a highly prescribed activity ON FUNCTIONAL MUSIC schedule in an expensive private institution. Mr. Arthur Flagler Fultz, Acting Chairman, Eastern 3. Lois Hannaford, Allentown State Hospital, Allen· Regional Music Teachers National Association Confer- town, Pa. Serves approximately 2000 patients. Hours 8 ence on Functional Music, sent in a report on a meeting to 11 : 30, and 1 to 4: 30. Activities largely follow pattern held in Boston November 20-21, 1948. The conference of public school music; include a mixed chorus and com- topic, "The Organization and Use of Functional Music munity singing assisted by O.T.'s. Two-manual pipe in Therapy," was discussed at the Boston City Club, and organ affords opportunity for solos, and for ensemble at Musical Guidance, 41 Mt. Vernon Street. A summary playing by patients on organ and piano. Volunteers are of findings and deliberations appears at the end of the selected for public performances. Ward singing with report. portable reed organ requires student aids. About 100 bed ~- --

patients are visited per week, using song sheets and books. ings. Vinylite recordings of chimes playing Protestam Miss Hannaford gives about twelve private vocal and and Catholic hymns are used on these "outside only'" piano lessons per week. Two attendants supervise practice. programs. The hospital forbids individual possession of No time for orchestra. Public school music used is de- radios and record players and patients do not handle signed for children from first to eighth grade. Rote and materials. action songs as used in grades one and two, also rhythm 6. J. Leslie Cahill, Metropolitan State Hospital, Wal- band music; rhythm band for grade three; two-part tham, Mass. Serves 2000 adult patients, 400 employees, chorus work is done at sixth grade level. Adult patients 350 children in the children's unit, and students in the form a mixed quartet and a male quartet. .d.ecitals are Nursing School. Auditorium seats 1100. They have music open to public in the music room, which seats about in the wards. He recommends community singing in forty. Programs are printed in the local newspapers. convalescent wards. They have a mixed chorus, patient Patients come back to the hospital for programs. chorus, choral group of student nurses, quartet, "Reveries'" 4. Joseph Seivold, Springfield State Hospital, Sykes- group, and develop patient "stars" for top-billing on ville, Md. Serves 3050 patients, adults. This hospital has their broadcasting system. Two outdoor broadcasts a no occupational therapy department. Music director works year, one at Christmas, when they broadcast with an without supervision; makes up his own schedule. A doctor electronic carillon and choral group of student nurses in may recommend a patient (mostly piano players). His one half hour of unfamiliar carols, and one during the greatest success is with instrumental music (Mr. Seivold summer, when they broadcast the games. Inside, at is a band man) . They have a band, orchestra and piano Christmas the choral group costumes its members as students. Instruments are supplied by popular appeal and waiters and goes to the wards with a reed organ to sing. by the State, which spent $200 for five violins. 'fhe pro- Communion services are held once a month for Protest- gram is arranged in morning and afternoon shifts. The ants and Catholics, at which he uses Hammond Organ band and orchestra play for public programs, church and chimes, with patient choirs. During Christmas week suppers, baseball games, the annual Fourth of July pic- a special candlelight service engages a quartet singing nic, and a lawn concert every Wednesday afternoon. quiet music with special lighting effects. A unique Band plays for bi-monthly dances. The string ensemble twenty minute program was developed with the physical plays in wards during winter months. Not much indi- educational director, in a period of exercise about 9 A.M. vidual work is done. There are music appreciation classes. They weave a story about going from Boston to New They have a small room, ten by fifteen feet, equipped York. Each stop has its appropriate music and exercises, with a piano and twelve chairs. done with live music. Therapies, combinations of enter- 5. Robert Turansky, Torrance State Hospital, Torrance, tainment, relaxation for nurses, and a very alert leader Pa. Serves 2800 adult patients. He has the help of a with an eye for entertainment values plus patient loyalties, part-time choir director and pianist. Outlines his activities make for a very active and comprehensive schedule at under "reactionary" work, broadcasting, instrumental this hospital. (band, orchestra) and interviews with patients (after 7. Arthur Flagler Fultz, director, Musical Guidance, reading case histories) . He makes all his own band ar- Boston, Mass. Serves 3000 patients at Boston State Hos- rangements, according to the abilities of the players. He pital (psychiatric), 350 patients in other hospitals under plays drums himself, or some other instrument, to avoid his direction through students being given clinical train- directing them. Program includes some private lessons ; ing, and four or five private patients referred by social choir of about thirty voices with two rehearsals per week. agencies, physicians, and the community at large to The orchestra plays for dances. They arrange their play- Musical Guidance. His work toud1es psychiatric, medical ing in sequences against a therapeutic background, going and orthoFedic patients. Program stems from a rationale from polkas, to light fox-trots, to waltzes for each dance of the psychology of musical experience with a carefully set. Five hundred patients attend movies. He plays Ham- planned sd1edule of musical situations designed to permit mond Organ before, for singing with projector and slides. extensive observation, rating, and manipulation ot musical He described his "reactionary" work as taking place in experiences of patients. Program includes community sing- violent wards, duration about one half-hour at a time. ing, using projector and slides, male glee club, women's Uses portable organ. Reactions seem more noticeable "song club," music appreciation groups, vocal classes with women. Uses hymns anywhere in this program. His (five patients, one of whom is focus of worker's atten- broadcasting system has six channels, for organ, chimes, tion, the others furnishing so ial setting for the activity), record-player, pick-up churd1, or any other auditorium private and individual piano and voice lessons. Music programs. He schedules a Sunday outdoors broadcast used in Protestant church choir for Sunday services led from 1 to 1 :30 P.M., daily dining-room music in central by Protestant Chaplain. Mr. Fultz directs the Music dining-room for lunch and supper, and a daily musicale Division of the Department of Occupational Therapy, from 11 :30 to 12 :15. All piped music is straight instru- which points his activities toward this service, but he has mental, no vocals, not even Christmas Carols. Sunday is the whole-hearted cooperation and support of the medical the only scheduled program broadcast outside of build- and nursing services also. Work is organized under musical therapies (individual and group), recreational occupy a more balanced ratio in the patient's day. This and diversional activities, educational, social, and special would also serve the purpose of getting rid of indis- classifications of activity. He has accumulated much re- criminate radio programs, facilitating public relations, and search on carefully defined musical situations, such as insuring the cooperation of the whole staff. studies in The Perceptual Organization of Timbre, The 3. Problems of methodology grow out of the first Nature of Musical Disturbance in Aphasia, Factor Varia- two. The tendency of many workers is to leap for random tion in Nine Types of Musical Experience, and some bits of method or materials in a frantic effort to improve exploratory experimentation in the use of spectrograms their work. It was felt that the most significant steps as diagnostic tools in the field of phonation. He uses need to be taken in the formulation of a program em- many kinds of equipment, including the Fultz Clinic bracing the larger concepts of the task. Organ, tunable tumblers, dulcitone, portable pipeless pipe- 4. Problems of finance met in this connection ranged tone (reed) organ, autoharp, tonettes, portable recorder, from those of the volunteer trying to obtain some com- portable record player, and an extensive rating system pensation "just for expenses" to the full-time worker producing profiles of patients' musical experiences, which trying to present a program effective enough to justify are introduced into his reports to the physicians. His expenditures. Equipment problems, materials and sup- observations make possible the classification of nine types plies were discussed. Some are able to obtain things to of musical experience. work with from funds supplied by canteens, while II. Seminar Discussion others have furnished entire music rooms with donations The above notes set forth the gist of the reports from such sources as the American Red Cross, Federation presented by each person attending the meeting. In addi- of Music Clubs, and community gifts. tion to the reports presented, Phillip Doak expressed the 5. Problems often stem from the pathological con- eagerness of the Acoustical Society of America to co- ditions of patients. This factor disrupts choirs, glee clubs, operate in furthering experimental approaches to prob- and all organized efforts in the musical activity, small or lems of functional music. Also there was received an large. But a thoroughly planned and well-organized outline of the activities in this field at the Sheppard and program seems to be the answer. Even with the highly Enoch Pratt Hospital at Towson, Md., by mail from Mrs. unreliable state of affai rs attending patient participation, Marshall L. Price, O.T.R. The informal presentation of there is no tendency among the music workers to lean each story permitted interruption by other members at upon the outside community for help if it can be ob- the conference table, and issues were thoroughly dis- tained among the patients. cussed on the spot. Since this was more or less contigu- In retrospect, it is felt that this sort of round-table ous with the reports, the discussions may best be presented conference is a most useful aid for the individual worker. in the summary below. While the larger instructional conference with much III. Summary of Findings and Deliberations panelling and lecturing accomplishes a different objective, 1. The number one problem felt by all was the it seemed to be the consensus of opinion that even were complex of needs which grow out of a lack of research. these other features to be added in the future, there Each worker showed amazing adaptiveness and ingenuity should not be sacrificed the chance to sit down in small to work with what are often poor and inadequate facili- groups and enter into a whole-hearted discussion of ties. The desire to find meaning in what they undertake hospital music work. The registrants were unanimous in with patients is uppermost in their thinking. None is their desire to repeat the Conference in a subsequent year. content simply to keep a blindly operated musical routine + + + of programs. They showed much interest in the schedule of recording, classifying and modifying the behavior pat- NMC HOSPITAL MUSIC PUBLICATIONS terns of patients advocated by Musical Guidance, and ex- Volume I, Nos. 1 and 2 of the Hospital Newsletter, pressed a willingness to cooperate in some such program ten cents per copy. Vol. I, No. 3 forty cents. Back num- toward a more perfect realization of the meaning and bers of the NMC BULLETIN containing articles on hos- control of their procedures. pital music, $1 per copy. 2. Problems of organization seemed· next in import- ance. The over-all planning of activities so as to arrange + + + for a progressive sequence of attractive musical experiences suggested the advisability of weekly schedules, instruc- ARTICLES ON MUSIC IN THERAPY tions to attendants, and the publication of such plans "Sing Me to Sleep, Doctor," by Steven M. Spencer, well in advance, so that others would know how to co- Saturday Evening Post, January 29, 1949. operate intelligently. Also it suggested the application "Music and Volunteers," by Ray Green, The Volun- of therapies so that music, recreation and drama might teer (Red Cross Magazine), April-May, 1949.